初高中衔接知识点的专题强化训练

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初高中英语衔接12个专题+练习

初高中英语衔接目录专题一：名词 (2)专题二：形容词、副词 (13)专题三：动词 (22)专题四：数词、冠词 (40)专题五：代词 (49)专题六：介词、连词 (62)专题七：句型 (73)专题八：宾语从句 (86)专题九：状语从句 (92)专题十：定语从句 (101)专题十一：主谓一致 (106)专题十二：短语动词和句型 (112)练习（一）完型专练 (122)练习（二）阅读专练 (129)专题一：名词一、名词的数1．单数和复数可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。

复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾“-s”构成，其主要变法如下：（1）一般情况在词尾加-s，例如：book→books，girl→girls，boy→boys，pen→pens,doctor→doctors。

（2）以s，x，ch，sh，结尾的词加-es，例如：bus→buses，class→classesb ox→boxes，watch→watches，brush→br ushes。

（3）以ce, se, ze,（d）ge结尾的名词加s，例如：orange—oranges。

（4）以辅音母加y结尾的词变“y”为“i”再加-es,例如：city→cities,factory→factories, country→countries, family→families。

但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s，如：boy→boys,day→days。

（5）以o结尾的词多数都加-es。

例如:he ro→heroes，potato→potato es，tomat o→tomatoes,但词末为两个元音字母的词只加-s。

例如：zoo→zoo s，radio→radios，还有某些外来词也只加-s，例如：photo→photos，piano→pianos。

（6）以f或fe结尾的词，多数变f为v再加-es，例如：knife→knives，leaf→leaves, half→halves。

初高中衔接英语语法专题（15专题,50页）专项练习

初⾼中衔接英语语法专题（15专题,50页）专项练习初⾼中衔接英语语法专项练习I名词和冠词1.Beyond ________ stars, the astronaut saw nothing but ________ space.A. the; XB. X; XC. X; theD. the; the2.Alexander Graham Bell invented ________telephone in 1876.A. XB. aC. theD. one3.________terrible weather we’re having these days!A. How aB. What aC. HowD. What4.—Where’s Jack?—I think he’s still in ________ bed, but he might just be in ________bathroom.A. X; XB. the; theC. the; XD. X; the5.We have worked out the plan and now we must put it into ________.A. factB. realityC. practiceD. deed6.Many people are still in ________ habit of writing silly things in ________public places.A. the; theB. X; XC. the; XA. cup of coffeeB. coffee’s cupC. cup for coffeeD. coffee cup8.— How did the boss pay you?— As a rule, we were paid ________.A. by the hourB. by hourC. by an hourD. by hours9.I am very obliged to him, for he has done me________.A. many kindnessB. lots of kindnessC. many kindnessesD. much kindness10.— Could you leave me your dictionary?—Certainly, but it isn’t really________.A. of much useB. of great usefulC. much usefulD. for much use11.________is needed badly in the stricken areas.A. A lot of clothesB. Many a clothC. Much clothingD. Plenty ofclothes/doc/141143eddc3383c4bb4cf7ec4afe04a1b071b0e6.htmlst year the old woman fired two ________in her house.A. woman servant’sB. women servantC. woman servantD. womenservantsB. Men and children shoesC. Man and child’s shoesD. Men’s and child’s shoes14.They are such diligent ________that they have already made ________.A. students; so much progressB. student; great progressesC. students; such much progressD. students; so great progress15.Like ________of the per iod, he didn’t see any jet plane.A. another ChineseB. some GermenC. many JapanesesD. other Indians16.The house with many guests in it was suddenly________.A. in fireB. on a fireC. on fireD. in a fire17.Mr. Smith gave us ________how to learn English well.A. a good advice onB. some good advice onC. two good advice4 onD. some piece of good advice on18.I’m full now, would you like ________ bread?A. one more B . some more C. any more D. another piece19.Scientists are trying to find ________ that they can prevent pollution.A. meanB. meansC. waysD. method20.He didn’t know if there was ________on the line but there was something heavy.A. fishB. a fish21.Would you fetch me ________ here?A. 3 chalksB. 3 box of chalkC. 3 pieces of chalksD. 3 boxes of chalk22.The workers can complete our new library in ________.A. 2 and half a monthB. 2 months and halfC. 2 and a half monthsD. 2 monthes and a half23.This painting ________has interested many visitors.A. in water colorsB. with water colorC. in water colorD. by water colors24.Can you show me the ________taken by those ________students?A. photos; boyB. photoes; boyC. photos; boysD. photoes; boys25.He bought ________eggs for four yuan.A. 2 dozenB. 2 dozensC. 2 dozen ofD. 2 dozens of26.________ in the forest like to eat ________certain kind of wild rose.A. Deer; theB. Deer; aC. Deers; someD. Deers; a27.He is worried about tomorrow’s driving test, would you please have ________ with him?A. wordsB. a word28.There is a bottle of ________in the hand of the ________teacher.A. chemical; chemicalB. chemistry; chemistryC. chemicals; chemistryD. chemicals; chemist29.It’s good ________to wait in line.A. habitB. wayC. mannerD. manners30.If you want to reduce your weight, you’d better take ________.A. restB. the advicesC. more exerciseD. morningexercise31.In 1980 Mr. Li was made ________ of our school.A. headmasterB. a headmasterC. the headmasterD. of headmaster32.He wants three ________at the same time.A. cups of coffeeB. cup of coffeeC. coffeeD. cups of coffees33.You can’t fill up the form in ________.A. the pencilB. a pencil c. pencils D. pencil34.________she has got!A. What good knowledge of EnglishB. What good a knowledge of EnglishC. How good knowledge of EnglishA. a; businessB. X; businessC. a; the businessD. X; businesses36.The old farmer raises a lot of ________on his farm.A. cows and sheepsB. cows and sheepC. cow and sheepsD. cow and sheep37.She broke a ________while she was washing up.A. glass wineB. wine glassC. glass of wineD. glass of thewine38.Three years is the ________to a soldier in our country.A. usual service lengthsB. usual length of serviceC. lengthy service usuallyD. service of lengths usually39.— What did Tom do?— He turned on ________.A. televisionB. the televisionC. a televisionD. televisions40.He had the boy finish writing ________article last night.A. a 800-wordsB. a 800-wordC. an 800-wordsD. an 800-word41.The grammar of ________Chinese language is quite different from that of ________Japanese.42.________ducks I bought last Sunday have all died from eating ________worms in the fields.A. The; theB. X; theC. The; XD. X; X43.She is in ________hospital and will have ________operation ________next Friday.A. a; X; XB. the; an; theC. X; an; XD. a; X; the44.No wonder________more people go to ________evening, ________better it will be.A. the; X; theB. the; the; theC. X; an; XD. X; X; X45.The two ________bought ________before moving into the new house.A. Germans; several pieces of furnitureB. Germen; a few pieces of furnitureC. Germans; some furnitureD. Germen; just two furniture46.________is red. This is ________.A. Her; her sister-in-lawB. Her; sister-in-law’sC. Hers; her sister-in-law’sD. her’s; her sister’s-in-law47.It is said that they will get in ________good harvest this year.A. theB. aC. veryD. X48.I ordered________book some time ago. ________book has arrived now.49.________Chinese managed to keep the method________secret.A. The; aB. The; theC. X; aD. X; the50.It’s ________ most interesting story. But it isn’t ________most interesting one.A. the; the B; a; the C. the; a D. X; the51.There is ________ “m” in the word “mother”.A. aB. anC. theD. X52.They got to the island________.A. in a boatB. by a shipC. by the airD. by the way53.________dinner is on the table now. They will have ________good dinner.A. The; theB. The; aC. A; theD. A; a54.She took her daughter by ________hand.A. herB. aC. bothD. the55.The old man entered the yard, ________.A. stick in handB. a stick in the handC. stick in his hand56.He is going to make ________with that girl.A. the friendB. a friendC. friendsD. the friends57.________brothers are two honest shoe-makers.A. SmithB. The SmithC. The SmithsD. That Smith58.When we were ________, we often wrote compositions________.A. at school; in classB. in school; in the classC. at schools; in classD. in school; inclasses59.He has poor eyesight. so the teacher asked him to sit in ________the room.A. front ofB. the front ofC. first row ofD. the row one of60.________Atlantic is ________second largest ocean in the world.A. X; theB. The; XC. X; aD. The; the 1—10. ACDDC CDACA 11—20. CDAAD CBBCB 21—30. DCAAA BBCDC 31—40. AADDA BBBBD 41—50. BACBA CBBAB 51—60. BABDA CBABDII代词和数词1.— Is ________ here?— No, Bob and Tim have asked for leave.A. anybodyB. everybodyC. somebodyD. nobodyB. onesC. someD. the others3.We couldn’t eat in a restaurant because ________of us had ________money on us.A. all; noB. any; noC. none; anyD. no one; any4.His camera is more expensive than________.A. hersB. herC. itD. its5.Two ________died of cold last winter.A. hundreds old peopleB. hundred old peopleC. hundreds old peoplesD. hundred old peoples6.Shortly after the accident, two ________ police were sent to the spot to keep the order.A. dozen ofB. dozensC. dozenD. dozens of7.The hero of the story is an artist in his ________.A. thirtiethB. thirtyC. thirty’sD. thirties8.He lent me two books, but ________of them are too difficult for me.A. allB. bothC. neitherD. noneB. EachC. EveryoneD. Anyone10.Only ________ of them are pleased with the result.A. a fewB. fewC. littleD. a little11.John and Jack have gone to the meeting, but ________students in the class are still in the classroom.A. otherB. othersC. the otherD. the others12.There are many apples on the table; Mary took one and Jane ________.A. the otherB. an other oneC. the other oneD. another13.________of them were in good health, but both insisted on being given more work.A. NeitherB. NoneC. EitherD. Each14.I found ________ pleasant to walk through the woods.A. usB. itC. thatD. ourselves15.I left my umbrella in the room and took ________by mistake.A. hisB. herC. itA. a new oneB. some new onesC. some newD. a new pair17.You’ll have to borrow ________dictionary. I’m suing ________.A. somebody else’s; myB. somebody’s; myC. somebody else’s; mineD. somebody’s; mine18.— How many birds do you see in the tree?— ________.A. NoneB. no oneC. No manyD. Not many ones19.The population of the USA is larger than ________of Canada.A. thoseB. thatC. the oneD. X20.The house ________ is all right. Only the furniture is too old.A. itselfB. of itselfC. by itselfD. of its own21.Would you like ________more bread?A. someB. anyC. otherD. another22.— Where are my glasses?—I haven’t found ________.A. it23.________comes will be welcome.A. HeB. WhoC. WhoeverD. No matter who24.________people try to improve their English at home with books or tapes; ________use radios or TV programs; ________go to evening classes.A. Some; some; othersB. Many; others; othersC. Some; some; someD. Many; some;others25.Sit down and make ________at home.A. youB. himC. itD. yourself26.________is good ________you to think like that.A. it; forB. It; ofC. That; ofD. This; for27.Someone turned the light off, ________?A. did heB. didn’t sheC. did theyD. didn’t they28.Such a girl as ________should not be looked down upon.A. hersB. sheC. herD. herselfD. Why30.I went to see a friend yesterday________ lent me this book.A. whoB. and whoC. that heD. and he31.He had a bad cold. ________why he didn’t come.A. It’sB. That’sC. This is d. So32.He knows ________about the computer, but he doesn’t know exactly ________it costs.A. a little; whatB. a little; how manyC. little; how muchD. little; themoney33.— Do you want this notebook?— Yes, I want ________.A. oneB. soC. itD. very much34.Don’t tell ________. it is strictly between you and ________.A. someone else; meB. anyone; themC. anyone else; meD. them; we35.________ being elected President came ________a surprise to us.A. He; toB. Him; likeC. His; likeC. so did weD. we did37.There is a knock at the door. You go to answer. You ask “________”A. Who is itB. Who are youC. What’s your nameD. the same to you38.—I’m glad to meet you.— ________.A. Thank youB. All the sameC. Me, tooD. The same toyou39.He doesn’t live in the school; he has a house of ________.A. hisB. himselfC. his ownD. his own one40.Is the book ________you are looking for?A. thatB. whichC. the oneD. X41.“One must do ________duty.” mean “Everyone must do ________duty.”A. one’s; hisB. his; hisC. his; one’sD. one’s; one’s42.The shoes are two sizes too big. Will you please show me ________?A. other pairD. the other one43.________doesn’t matter much ________dress you are going to wear.A. This; whichB. It; whichC. that; whatD. It; who44.They talked about the things and the people ________they saw on the way to the station.A. whoB. thatC. allD. whom45.The cover of the book is red, ________anybody can see.A. asB. itC. thatD. what46.He has two pencils, ________was given by his brother as a birthday gift.A. the longer oneB. one of themC. the longestD. The longer ofwhich47.From the news program on TV we can learn ________is going on in the world.A. thatB. all whatC. whatD. which48.________broke out in 1914.A. First World WarB. The First World WarC. The World War OneD. One World War49.We have produced ________steel this year as we did in 1978.C. as twice manyD. as twice much50.Some ________houses were washed away by floods.A. thousandsB. thousandC. thousands ofD. thousand of51.About ________of the fields in the country were floods.A. two thirdB. two thirdsC. two of thirdsD. second-third52.The Communist Party of China was founded on ________.A. July, 1, 1921B. 1921, July 1C. 1921,7,1D. July 1, 192153.His work is better than ________.A. anyoneB. anyone elseC. anyone else’sD. anyone’s else54.— Have the people got the money now?— Yes, the police gave________.A. them to themB. it to itC. it to themD. them to it55.He has bought several ________.A. 20-cent stampsB. 20-cents-stampC. 20-cents stampD. 20-cnetsA. In the 1990B. In the 1990’sC. In 1990D., In 1990’s57.After cutting the apple________, he found ________ of it was rotten.A. in half; halfB. into halves; a halfC. in half; a halfD. into 2 halves; ahalf58.The computer has ordered ________cars this year.A. more twoB. two moreC. two othersD. the others two59.At that time he was just a ________.A. boy of 16B. 16 year old boyC. 16 years old boyD. 16-years-oldboy60.________were at the top of the mountain, we had a good time.A. Three of mine brothersB. Three of us brotherC. The \three of our brotherD. The three of us brothers1—10. BACAB CDBBA 11—20. CDABA DCABA 21—30. ABCAD BDBAD 31—40. BACCD AACCC 41—50. ACBBA DCBAC 51—60. BDCCA BABADIII形容词和副词1.Tony is going camping with ________boys.A. little two otherB. two little otherC. two other littleD. little other twoC. well enoughD. good enough3.— Shall I sit at this end of the boat or the other end?— If you keep still, you can sit at ________end.A. neitherB. eachC. eitherD. any4.It is impossible for so ________people to do so________work in a single day.A. few; muchB. few; manyC. little; muchD. little; many5.After the new technique was introduced, the factory produced ________tractors in 1988 as the year before.A. as twice manyB. as manyC. twice as manyD. twice many as6.Which is ________country, Canada or Australia?A. a largeB. largerC. a largerD. the larger7.— Will you take this dictionary to Mr. Anderson, please?—Sorry, I can’t, he________.A. doesn’t any more study hereB. doesn’t any longer there studyC. doesn’t study any more thereD. doesn’t study there any longer8.— I have to pay 100 dollars for this toy car.D. worth it9.The color TV set in the Yellow Crane Commercial Building will be ________, but ________.A. cheaper; not as goodB. cheaper; not as betterC. more cheap; not as betterD. more cheap; not as good10.Her voice sounds________.A. sweetlyB. sweetC. to be sweetlyD. to be sweet11.May I have ________more water-melons (西⽠)?A. anyB. everyC. someD. each12.He is not planning to go________.A. anywhereB. somewhereC. nowhereD. everywhere13.I don’t like this ink, I like ________ink.A. some othersB. anotherC. an otherD. some other14.The work pleased the old man; this work________.A. pleasedB. was pleasedC. pleasingD. was pleasingB. uselyC. usefulD. useless16.Do you know the name of that________?A. funny, little, red mosquito-like insectB. little, funny, mosquito-like insectC. red, little, funny, mosquito-like insectD. little, mosquito-like, funny, red insect.17.We can finish our lecture________quickly if you keep quiet for a few minutes.A. fairlyB. wellC. tooD. soon18.—Let’s go to the seashore this morning.— We are planning to; in fact we have the picnic basket packed ________.A. howeverB. stillC. yetD. already19.She is ________too old to travel long.A. quiteB. veryC. farD. many20.— I wish Mubble would drive us to the airport.— He has ________to take us all.A. too small a carB. very small a carC. a too small carD. such small acar21.Piddy’s plan was ________.A. so good as, if no better than oursB. as good as, if not better than oursC. as good like, if no better than our’sD. as well as, if not better than ours22.The more we looked at the mountain, ________.A. the less we liked itB. we like it lessC. better we like itD. it looked better23.Who lives ________here?A. farthest awayB. furthest awayC. the farthest fromD. the furtheraway24.— How was the party?— Fine except that we arrived________.。

初高中化学衔接的六个主要知识点测试题(含答案)

初高中化学衔接的六个重要知识点本卷列出了初高中衔接比较紧密的的六个考点，并非难点，但都是重点。

这些知识点掌握如何对高中化学的学习影响很大，建议初升高的同学们利用暑假，对照自我检查复习一下。

每题只有一个选项符合题意。

考点一：学习化学要使用的化学符号（1-5）①元素符号：表示元素。

基本要求：熟练掌握1-20号以及锌、铁、锡、铅、铜、汞、银、铂、金、溴、碘、锰、钡等元素的符号。

②化学式：表示物质组成。

基本要求：熟练书写，简单计算相对分子质量、元素含量等。

1. 下列化学用语既能表示一种元素，又能表示一个原子，还能表示一种物质的是A．O B．Zn C．N2D．CO2．金属活动性由强至弱的顺序及元素名称、符号均正确的一组是A．钾K>钙Ca>钠Na>镁Mg B．铝Al>锌Zn>铁Fe>锡XiC．铅Pb>铜Cu>贡Hg D．金Au>银Ag>铂Pt3.由种类相同的元素组成的一组物质是A．冰和干冰B．银和水银C．烧碱和纯碱D．水和双氧水4.下列物质的化学式的读法和写法都正确的是A．碳酸钠NaCO3B．硫酸H2SO3C．氧化铁Fe2O3 D．氢氧化钾K(OH)25.某含铁盐化学式为Na2FeO4，具有较强的杀菌消毒功能，是一种绿色、无污染的净水剂，其中铁元素的化合价是A. +2B. +3C.+4D. +6考点二：物质分类（6-9）基本要求：理解物质分类的基本方法，并能由此总结初中阶段重点学习过哪些单质、酸、碱和盐以及有机化合物6. 下列物质不属于有机物的是A．甲醛(HCHO) B．葡萄糖(C6H12O6) C．醋酸(CH3COOH) D．碳酸(H2CO3) 7. 下列四组物质中，均属于氧化物的是A．氧气、氧化钙、四氧化三铁B．水、二氧化硫、高锰酸钾C．空气、氧化铜、五氧化二磷D．干冰、氧化镁、二氧化锰8．化学工业上人们常说的“三酸两碱”除硫酸、盐酸和纯碱（Na2CO3）外，还有一种酸和碱你认为可能是A．碳酸、烧碱B．硝酸、Ca(OH)2C．硝酸、烧碱D．醋酸、NaOH9. 1887年瑞典化学家阿伦尼乌斯认为凡在水溶液中电离出的阳离子全部是H+的物质就是酸，凡在水溶液中电离出的阴离子全部是OH-的物质就是碱并由此诞生了酸碱电离理论。

初高中衔接教材含答案

黄冈中学初高中数学衔接教材{新课标人教A版}100页超权威超容量完整版典型试题举一反三理解记忆成功衔接{黄冈中学教材系列}第一部分如何做好初高中衔接 1-3页第二部分现有初高中数学知识存在的“脱节” 4页第三部分初中数学与高中数学衔接紧密的知识点 5-9页第四部分分章节讲解 10-66页第五部分衔接知识点的专题强化训练 67-100页第一部分，如何做好高、初中数学的衔接● 第一讲如何学好高中数学●初中生经过中考的奋力拼搏，刚跨入高中，都有十足的信心、旺盛的求知欲，都有把高中课程学好的愿望。

但经过一段时间，他们普遍感觉高中数学并非想象中那么简单易学，而是太枯燥、乏味、抽象、晦涩，有些章节如听天书。

在做习题、课外练习时，又是磕磕碰碰、跌跌撞撞，常常感到茫然一片，不知从何下手。

相当部分学生进入数学学习的“困难期”，数学成绩出现严重的滑坡现象。

渐渐地他们认为数学神秘莫测，从而产生畏惧感，动摇了学好数学的信心，甚至失去了学习数学的兴趣。

造成这种现象的原因是多方面的，但最主要的根源还在于初、高中数学教学上的衔接问题。

下面就对造成这种现象的一些原因加以分析、总结。

希望同学们认真吸取前人的经验教训，搞好自己的数学学习。

一高中数学与初中数学特点的变化1 数学语言在抽象程度上突变。

不少学生反映，集合、映射等概念难以理解，觉得离生活很远，似乎很“玄”。

１确实，初、高中的数学语言有着显著的区别。

初中的数学主要是以形象、通俗的语言方式进行表达。

而高一数学一下子就触及抽象的集合语言、逻辑运算语言以及以后要学习到的函数语言、空间立体几何等。

2 思维方法向理性层次跃迁。

高中数学思维方法与初中阶段大不相同。

初中阶段，很多老师为学生将各种题建立了统一的思维模式，如解分式方程分几步；因式分解先看什么，再看什么。

即使是思维非常灵活的平面几何问题，也对线段相等、角相等,分别确定了各自的思维套路。

因此，初中学习中习惯于这种机械的、便于操作的定势方式。

初高中数学衔接知识点及习题

数学亲爱的2019 届平冈学子：从2016 年开始，广东省高考数学试题使用全国I 卷，纵观今年高考数学试题，我们发现它最大的特点就是区分度特别大，选拔性很明显，难度相比以前广东自主命题难度大大提升。

打铁还需自身硬，因此，让自己变强大才是硬道理。

假期发给你们的这本小册子，是为了使你们在初高中数学学习上形成较好的连续性，能有效地克服知识和方法上的跳跃，利于激发你们学习数学的兴趣。

你们一定要利用好暑假，做好充分的准备工作。

1、记数学笔记，特别是对概念理解的不同侧面和数学规律，教师为备战高考而加的课外知识。

记录本章你觉得最有价值的思想方法或例题，以及你还存在的未解决的问题，以便今后将其补上。

2、建立数学纠错本。

把平时容易出现错误的知识或推理记载下来，以防再犯。

争取做到：找错、析错、改错、防错。

达到：能从反面入手深入理解正确东西；能由果朔因把错误原因弄个水落石出、以便对症下药；解答问题完整、推理严密。

3、熟记一些数学规律和数学小结论，使自己平时的运算技能达到了自动化或半自动化的熟练程度。

4、经常对知识结构进行梳理，形成板块结构，实行“整体集装”，如表格化，使知识结构一目了然；经常对习题进行类化，由一例到一类，由一类到多类，由多类到统一；使几类问题归纳于同一知识方法。

5、阅读数学课外书籍与报刊，参加数学学科课外活动与讲座，多做数学课外题，加大自学力度，拓展自己的知识面。

6、及时复习，强化对基本概念知识体系的理解与记忆，进行适当的反复巩固，消灭前学后忘。

7、学会从多角度、多层次地进行总结归类。

如：①从数学思想分类②从解题方法归类③从知识应用上分类等，使所学的知识系统化、条理化、专题化、网络化。

8、经常在做题后进行一定的“反思”，思考一下本题所用的基础知识，数学思想方法是什么，为什么要这样想，是否还有别的想法和解法，本题的分析方法与解法，在解其它问题时，是否也用到过。

9、无论是作业还是测验，都应把准确性放在第一位，通法放在第一位，而不是一味地去追求速度或技巧，这是学好数学的重要问题。

初高中政治知识衔接知识点及练习题

初高中政治知识衔接知识点及练习题第一课社会主义从空想到科学、从理论到实践的发展1.从原始社会到奴隶社会【误区澄清】1.原始社会没有压迫、没有剥削，是一个理想的社会。

（）纠错：原始社会虽然不存在剥削、压迫，但是由于生产力水平低下，原始人生活极其艰苦，维持生存非常困难，处于野蛮状态。

因此，原始社会不是一个理想的社会。

2.在奴隶社会，奴隶主残酷剥削和压迫奴隶。

因此，奴隶社会代替没有剥削和压迫的原始社会是历史的巨大倒退。

（）纠错：奴隶社会代替原始社会后，金属工具的广泛使用、城市的出现、文字的发明和应用、脑力劳动和体力劳动的分工等，促进了生产力的发展，使人类摆脱蒙昧野蛮的状态，迈入了文明时代的门槛，这是历史的进步。

3.在封建社会，地主阶级掌握国家政权是地主阶级剥削农民的基础。

（）纠错：在封建社会，封建土地所有制是地主阶级剥削农民的基础。

封建地主阶级正是凭借对土地的占有，使农民不得不依附于地主，屈从于地主阶级的奴役。

4.收取地租、征收苛捐杂税和强迫农民服徭役这封建统治的特点。

（）纠错：收取地租、征收苛捐杂税和强迫农民服徭役是地主剥削农民的方式；君主专制和等级森严是封建统治的特点。

5.资本家剥削工人的秘密是无偿占有工人创造的劳动价值。

（）纠错：资本家剥削工人的秘密是无偿占有工人创造的剩余价值。

剩余价值=工人创造的劳动价值—工人的工资。

6.生产力与生产关系之间的矛盾是资本主义社会一切矛盾和冲突的总根源。

（）纠错：资本主义基本矛盾是生产力与生产关系之间的矛盾在资本主义社会的体现，是资本主义社会一切矛盾和冲突的总根源。

【名师点拨】1..比较原始社会、奴隶社会、封建社会、资本主义社会的生产方式封建社会铁制农具得到广泛使用和推广，手工业进一步发展，生产力发展到新水平地主占有绝大部分土地，通过收取地租等方式，占有农民大部分劳动成果。

相对于奴隶，农民有一定的人身自由，有自己的劳动工具甚至少量土地，劳动成果除缴纳地租外，还能留下一部分归自己支配面对地主阶级的经济剥削和政治压迫，农民阶级的反抗斗争从严没有停止过。

2024【专题训练】初高中英语衔接专题

【专题训练】初高中英语衔接专题初高中衔接练习I. Multiple choicesPart 1 11. Tom and Linda are from Australia. A. students B. girls C. boysD. sisters12. There is a lot of traffic in this city, look both ways before crossing the street.A. soB. andC. butD. for13. The world is becoming smaller and smaller because the Internet brings us.______A. the closeB. closerC. the closerD. close14. –Hello! I haven’t seen you for years. --Oh, John ?A. How are youB. How do you doC. How about youD. What are you15. Please pay your attention to your spelling. You’ve dropped “d”in the word Wednesday.A. anB. theC. aD. /16. –B y the way, do you know the National Spelling Bee? --No, I’ve never heard of it. Tell me , please.A. what is itB. what it isC. it is whatD. is it what17. Believe it or not, more than half of your body weight water.A. comes acrossB. comes fromC. comes byD. comes to18. the help of the Internet, we can learn what other people around the world are doing.A. ByB. ThroughC. WithD. For19. We won’t go sightseeing if tomorrow.A. it rainsB. it will rainC. it would rainD. it rained20. Tom a lot of friends since he came to China last year.A. madeB. makesC. is makingD. has made21. –H ow many students are there in your newly-built school? --Two thousand in classrooms.A. fourB. fourthC. fortyD. the fortieth22. Alice has been in China for several years. She be a big girl now.A. needB. mustC. canD. may23. I think high school students should not pocket money.A. be givingB. have givenD. be given24. Miss Green is the only person can help you with your English.A. sheB. whomC. whichD. who25. –Lucy, let me help you fix your computer. -- . I can manage it myself.A. That’s OKB. No, thanksC. Perhaps notD. Not at allPart 2 11. -- is that man over there? --That’s my brother.B. WhatC. WhereD. How12. –D o you enjoy your stay in Hangzhou? --Yes. I’ve had wonderful time.A. /B. aC. theD. an13. Shark is getting old and cannot jump as as he did.A. highB. higherC. highestD. much higher14. –Will you watch the World Cup match this year?--No, but I several World Cup matches since I was a small child.A. had seenB. seeC. was seeingD. have seen15. English in Canada, Australia and New Zealand as well as America and Britain.A. speaksB. is speakingC. is spokenD. spoke16. –Where is mom now? --I’m not sure. She be in the kitchen.A. shallB. mayC. needD. must17. Ted’s mother kept telling Ted not to tell lies, but didn’t help.A. whichB. itC. sheD. he18. I usually goto school bike, but sometimes I go to school foot.A. with; onB. on; byC. on; withD. by; on19. There are about two students in the newly built school.A. thousandB. thousandsC. thousand ofD. thousands of20. –Why didn’t Alice come to the party last night? --I do n’t know .A. why didn’t sheB. why she didn’tC. why did sheD. why she did21. Please the lights when you leave the classroom.A. turn inB. turn upC. turn offD. turn out22. Beth has a beautiful . Listen! She is singing very well.A. voiceB. lookC. soundD. smell23. There are some dangerous fishes in this river, and I’ve warned Jack here.A. not to swimB. to not swimC. swim not toD. to swim not24. She worked so quietly no one knew she was there.A. whichB. afterC. asD. that25. –What a nic e day! Let’s go for a picnic on the beach together. -- .A. GoodbyeB. Good ideaC. Good jobD. Good day Part 31.All pilots must the passengers safety.A. be responsible forB. be responsible toC. respond forD. respond to2.“ Is there here?” Mary entered the room and shouted.A. anybodyB. somebodyC. somethingD. anything3. Chinese, we study English , maths, physics in school.A. ExceptB. BesidesC. BesideD. Without4.If it is true, it interesting questions.A. raisedB. roseC. raisesD. rises5.The two found their luggage in the end.A. GermanB. GermenC. GermansD. Germany6.Is a human brain a more powerful than a computer?A. calculateB. calculationC. calculatingD. calculator7.His father as well as us his work.A. are pleased withB. is pleased withC. are pleased ofD. is pleased for8.– Which of the two English dictionaries will you buy?– I will buy of them , so I can give one to my friend, Helen.A. eitherB. neitherC. bothD. all9.The students of Class Three have already finished the lessons.A. twenty –fifthB. twenty-ninethC. 23thD. twentieth-six10.Everybody in Troy went to sleep the guards.A. includeB. includesC. includingD. included11.Because of his poor health, his dream of becoming a basketball player could not be realized.A. come trueB. be recognizedC. be rememberedD. be recalled12.The boy the spelling mistake.A. aware ofB. was unaware ofC. is unawareD. unaware of13.Everybody should the environment pollution.A. prevent…fromB. protect…fromC. stop…fromD. keep…from14.The kind old lady the poor dog as I he were her son.A. looked afterB. looked forward toC. looked forD. looked through15.Chris is a . The police think he killed the old man and are trying to catch him.A. suspectB. criminalC. detectiveD. guilty16.The famous detective told me about a(n) h e dealt with last moth.A. storyB. actionC. adventureD. case17. The antique shop sometimes sells fakes. They customers from time to times.A. sellB. cheatC. attackD. purchase18.If you a crime,you must expect to be punished by law.A. watchB. commitC. makeD. find19.A young man in black M rs White’s bracelet last week.A. robbed ofB. robbedC. stoleD. stole of20.Doris for six years.A. was in prisonB. put into jailC. was sent into prisonD. went into jailII. 完形填空When I was three years old just before my sister was born, my mom asked me what we should name the new baby. I sai d, “Let’s call 26 Gravy(肉汁)!”You know, we pour gravy over meat and it tastes good! My parents found my 27 interesting, but named the new baby Caroline, instead.Having a sister 28 my life. When my sister and I played together, we 29 got into fights and got angry with each other if we did 30 wrong. It sometimes drove our parents crazy.31 at the sametime, we learned to share our things and to forgive(原谅) each other when we got32 .In North America, there are many kinds of families, but 33 families have a boy and a girl. Of course, some have three or more. In China, most children 34 have brothers or sisters, and they have to learn those things in other ways, which is more 35 .When I 36 away to university, my sister 37 me she wished I still lived at 38 . She wasn’t used to getting all the atte ntion from my parents. But Chinese children get all the attention for all their life!Some middle school 39 in China wish they had a brother or sister. If you are one of them, I 40 a good idea for you. Treat your friends and classmates as your brothers and sisters!26. A. her B. him C. me D. them27. A. news B. idea C. lesson D. story28. A. began B. saw C. changed D. enjoyed29. A. never B. again C. seldom D. often30. A. something B. everything C. anything D. nothing31. A. But B. So C. Or D. Through32. A. angry B. excited C. hungry D. worried33. A. few B. several C. all D. most34. A. shouldn’t B. don’t C.needn’t D. wouldn’t35. A. beautiful B. difficult C. careful D. friendly36. A. took B. put C. moved D. came37. A. asked B. answered C. told D. warned38. A. home B. work C. school D. family39. A. students B. teachers C. workers D. lovers40. A. give B. have f C. learn D. makeIII. 阅读理解A) I have never taken cooking classes. I learned cooking from my mother because she was really interested in teaching me how to cook. The main reason forthis was because when my mother got married, she didn’t know how to cook anything, not even an egg. My grandmother never allowed her to stay in the kitchen when she was cooking.My mother did not start to cook until she was 25 years old. In the beginning, it was very hard for her. Therefore, she had to take cooking classes to prepare our meals. After having that experience, she decided to teach me how to cook because she didn’t want me to have the same experience.I remember when I was seven years old, and my other was cooking, I was with her in the kitchen enjoying cooking. I always helped her. Sometimes we prepared meals that my mother already knew how to make, and sometimes we prepared them from recipes. Nowadays, I am really thankful for that experience because I don’t need help to cook a meal. I can cook for me alone or for a group of people; it doesn’t matter.I will do the same with my c hildren because I don’t want them to have the same experience as my mother. If one day I am not with them, I want to be sure that they can carry on their lives without me.41. The writer’s mother learned cooking .A. from the writer’s grandmotherB. all by herselfC. by taking cooking classD. from cooking books42. The writer’s mother taught the writer how to cook because .A. she wanted the writer to be more independent(独立)B. the writer was interested in cookingC. she thought it a must for a woman to learnD. she needed more help when she was cooking43. The underlined work “recipes”in this passage most probably means.______A. instructions on how to prepare foodB. experiences of cooking foodC. some well-known cooksD. tools for cooking and heating food44. We can learn from the passage that the writer’s children will .A. hate cookingB. learn cookingC. teach cookingD. forget cooking45. The writer must think cooking is to learn in life.A. interestingB. difficultC. enjoyableD. importantB) Banbury House Tel: 564839Enjoying mixing with other students in pleasant accommodation (住宿) 30 minutes from the station and close to all main bus routes. Single and double rooms. Students provide own food but all cleaning services offered. Please bring your own bed things.Three Seasons Tel: 445987We can provide all types of accommodation for all types of single student. Rooms are fully prepared with bed things and have reasonable prices. Full board possible. 35—40 minutes from main universities and the city.Sturtin Hostel Tel: 876333We offer beautiful views. It lies in pleasant countryside. Relax after a long day by swimming in the pool or using the exercise gym. Separate study rooms available. No children. Bar & restaurant.First Shop Tel: 223300Ideal for new students, we provide double rooms. If you wish, we can offer help in finding a suitable person to share a room with. All washing and cleaning services offered at extra charge.Large canteen and three bathrooms on each floor.46. Which number would you ring if you are interested in sports?A. 564829B. 445987C. 876333D. 22330047. offers help in finding a room-mate.A. Banbury HouseB. Three SeasonsC. Sturtin HostelD. First Shop48. If you live in Banbury House, you have to .A. do cooking by yourselfB. do cleaning by yourselfC. travel by trainD. take a school bus49. The articles above are mainly for .A. family accommodationB. student accommodationC. travel accommodationD. cheap accommodation50. The four texts above are most probably .A. lettersB. noticesC. invitationsD. advertisementsC) Many years ago when people had no thermometers(温度计), they usually touched a thing to see how hot or cold it was. The following experiment shows easy it was to make a mistake.Take three glasses: the first one with very hot water, the second one with very cold water, and the third one with water at room temperature. Then you put a finger of one hand in the hot water, and a finger of the other hand in the cold water. You hold your fingers in the two glasses for a That is minute. Then you use each finger, one after another, one after another, to see how hot or cold the water in the third glass is. You will find that the water is warm to the finger that was in the coldwater before, but the finger which was in the hot water will feel cold in the same glass of water.That is why you must always find the temperature in a scientific way. You must not try to tell the temperature as it seems to you.You will often make a mistake if you take something that seems to you for a real fact. For example, when you are going to an Amusement park by bus and you want to get there very quickly, it seems to you that your bus is going very slowly, slower than the other buses. But if it is Sunday and you have much free time, it seems to you all the buses and cars are going very fast.51. The experiment tells us that sometimes it is to make a mistake.A. interestingB. difficultC. easyD. helpful52. The water in the third glass is .A. colder than the water in the first glassB. hotter than the water in the first glassC. colder than the water in the second glassD. as cold as the water in the second glass53. What will you find if you put the finger which was in the first glass into the second glassaccording to the experiment?A. The water is hotter than it is in the first glass.B. The water is as hot as it is in the first glass.C. The water is at room temperature.D. The water is colder than it is in the first glass.54. How should we find the temperature according to the passage?A. Try to tell as it seems to us.B. Try to use our fingers.C. Try to tell in a scientific way.D. Try to touch something to see how hot it is.55. We can learn something about from the passage.A. B. C.physics chemistry psychology(心理学)D. biology(生物学) IV. 词语填空用方框中所给单词的适当形式填空，使短文通顺、正确、连贯（每个单词限用一次）The United States is known for its fast food. A lot of people don’t have the time to shop and cook and clean up 56 a meal. Today, fast food is 57 cheap, which makes it even more attractive. And it is everywhere— not only in the United States 58 around the world. Now, 59 , there is a group of people who would like to see us stop 60 so much fast food. These people belong to the Slow Food Movement.The Slow Food Movement started in Italy in 1986. It was 61 by Carlo Petrini, a food critic who 62 owned a restaurant. He and his friends wanted to encourage more people to slow 63 and learn to prepare and enjoy good food again. 64 began by meeting in small 65 to organize dinners and wine tastings. They also began toencourage 66 local farmers to go back to the old ways of growing food and caring for farm animals. They felt that food that was raised carefully tasted 67 .This small Italian group grew, 68 in 1989 the International Slow Food Movement was born in Paris. Today there 69 78,000 members in 100 countries. There is also a 70 magazine, printed in six languages, including Japanese.V. 短文改错Cell phones can be see almost everywhere in 71.school now. Many teacher say that we students 72.should not use cell phones at school. But I think 73.it should be allowed to use at school because 74.we want to get touch with our parents. Cell 75.phones can be used almost anywhere or at any 76.time. What more, cell phones can be great fun, 77.too. Besides make phone calls, we can also play 78.games and sent text messages to our friends by 79.cell phone. Don’t you think of they are necessary?80.VI. 书面表达假如你刚去澳大利亚的一所高中读书，在上第一节课时，你填（打勾）了一张表格（见听力测试第二大题）。

高一英语初高中衔接专题一名词考点集汇讲解和训练20

✧初中英语语法大全语法网络图
✧专题一名词1、名词的种类：
1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。

现将构成方法与读
名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。

所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，of加名词构成。

前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。

二是由介词
3. of所有格的用法：
用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book
用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students
用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed。

初高中数学衔接知识点专题word版含答案

初高中数学衔接知识点专题（一）★ 专题一数与式的运算【要点回顾】 1．绝对值[1]绝对值的代数意义：．即||a = ． [2]绝对值的几何意义：的距离． [3]两个数的差的绝对值的几何意义：a b -表示的距离． [4]两个绝对值不等式:||(0)x a a <>⇔；||(0)x a a >>⇔．2．乘法公式我们在初中已经学习过了下列一些乘法公式：[1]平方差公式：； [2]完全平方和公式：； [3]完全平方差公式：．我们还可以通过证明得到下列一些乘法公式： [公式1]2()a b c ++=[公式2]33a b =+(立方和公式) [公式3]33a b =- (立方差公式)说明:上述公式均称为“乘法公式”． 3．根式[1]0)a ≥叫做二次根式，其性质如下：(1) 2= ；= ；= ；= ． [2]平方根与算术平方根的概念：叫做a的平方根，记作0)x a =≥，其(0)a ≥叫做a 的算术平方根．[3]立方根的概念：叫做a的立方根，记为x =4．分式[1]分式的意义形如A B 的式子，若B 中含有字母，且0B ≠，则称A B 为分式．当M ≠0时，分式AB具有下列性质：（1）；（2）． [2]繁分式当分式A B 的分子、分母中至少有一个是分式时，AB就叫做繁分式，如2m n p m n p+++，说明：繁分式的化简常用以下两种方法：(1) 利用除法法则；(2) 利用分式的基本性质． [3]分母（子）有理化把分母（子）中的根号化去，叫做分母（子）有理化．分母有理化的方法是分母和分子都乘以分母的有理化因式，化去分母中的根号的过程；而分子有理化则是分母和分子都乘以分母的有理化因式，化去分子中的根号的过程【例题选讲】例1 解下列不等式：（1）21x -< （2）13x x -+-＞4．例2 计算：（1）221()3x + （2）2211111()()5225104m n m mn n -++（3）42(2)(2)(416)a a a a +-++ （4）22222(2)()x xy y x xy y ++-+例3 已知2310x x -==，求331x x +的值．例4 已知0a b c ++=，求111111()()()a b c b c c a a b+++++的值．例5 计算(没有特殊说明，本节中出现的字母均为正数)：（1）（2）1)x ≥（3）（4）例6设x y ==，求33x y +的值．例7 化简：（1）11xx x x x -+- （2）222396127962x x x x x x x x ++-+---+ （1）解法一：原式=222(1)11(1)1(1)(1)11x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x ++=====--⋅+-++--+-++ 解法二：原式=22(1)1(1)(1)111()x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x++====-⋅-+-++--+-⋅ （2）解：原式=2223961161(3)(39)(9)2(3)3(3)(3)2(3)x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x ++--+-=---++-+-+--22(3)12(1)(3)(3)32(3)(3)2(3)(3)2(3)x x x x x x x x x x +-------===+-+-+说明：(1) 分式的乘除运算一般化为乘法进行，当分子、分母为多项式时，应先因式分解再进行约分化简；(2) 分式的计算结果应是最简分式或整式．【巩固练习】1．解不等式 327x x ++-<2．设x y ==，求代数式22x xy y x y +++的值．3．当22320(0,0)a ab b a b +-=≠≠，求22a b a b b a ab+--的值．4．设x=，求4221x x x ++-的值．5．计算()()()()x y z x y z x y z x y z ++-++-++-6．化简或计算：(1)3÷ (2)(4) ÷+1AC |x －1||x －3|● 各专题参考答案 ●专题一数与式的运算参考答案例1 （1）解法1：由20x -=，得2x =；①若2x >，不等式可变为21x -<，即3x <； ②若2x <，不等式可变为(2)1x --<，即21x -+<，解得：1x >．综上所述，原不等式的解为13x <<．解法2： 2x -表示x 轴上坐标为x 的点到坐标为2的点之间的距离，所以不等式21x -<的几何意义即为x 轴上坐标为x 的点到坐标为2的点之间的距离小于1，观察数轴可知坐标为x 的点在坐标为3的点的左侧，在坐标为1的点的右侧．所以原不等式的解为13x <<．解法3：2112113x x x -<⇔-<-<⇔<<，所以原不等式的解为13x <<．（2）解法一：由10x -=，得1x =；由30x -=，得3x =； ①若1x <，不等式可变为(1)(3)4x x ---->，即24x -+＞4，解得x ＜0，又x ＜1，∴x ＜0；②若12x ≤<，不等式可变为(1)(3)4x x --->，即1＞4，∴不存在满足条件的x ；③若3x ≥，不等式可变为(1)(3)4x x -+->，即24x -＞4，解得x ＞4．又x ≥3，∴x ＞4．综上所述，原不等式的解为x ＜0，或x ＞4．解法二：如图，1x -表示x 轴上坐标为x 的点P 到坐标为1的点A 之间的距离|PA |，即|PA |＝|x －1|；|x －3|表示x 轴上点P 到坐标为2的点B 之间的距离|PB |，即|PB |＝|x －3|．所以，不等式13x x -+-＞4的几何意义即为|PA |＋|PB |＞4．由|AB |可知点P 在点C (坐标为0)的左侧、或点P 在点D (坐标为4)的右侧．所以原不等式的解为x ＜0，或x ＞4．例2（1）解：原式=221[()]3x ++222222111()()()2(22()333x x x x =++++⨯+⨯⨯43281339x x x =-+-+ 说明：多项式乘法的结果一般是按某个字母的降幂或升幂排列．（2）原式=33331111()()521258m n m n -=-（3）原式=24222336(4)(44)()464a a a a a -++=-=-（4）原式=2222222()()[()()]x y x xy y x y x xy y +-+=+-+3326336()2x y x x y y =+=++ 例3解：2310x x -== 0x ∴≠ 13x x∴+= 原式=22221111()(1)()[()3]3(33)18x x x x x x x x+-+=++-=-= 例4解：0,,,a b c a b c b c a c a b ++=∴+=-+=-+=-∴原式=b c a c a b a b c bc ac ab+++⋅+⋅+⋅222()()()a ab bc c a b c bc ac ab abc ---++=++=- ① 33223()[()3](3)3a b a b a b ab c c ab c abc +=++-=--=-+3333a b c abc ∴++= ②，把②代入①得原式=33abcabc-=-例5解：（1）原式6==- （2）原式=(1)(2)2 3 (2)|1||2|(1)(2) 1 (1x 2) x x x x x x x x -+-=->⎧-+-=⎨---=≤≤⎩说明||a =的使用：当化去绝对值符号但字母的范围未知时，要对字母的取值分类讨论．（3）原式ab =（4）原式===例6解：22(277 14,123x y x y xy ===+=-⇒+==- 原式=2222()()()[()3]14(143)2702x y x xy y x y x y xy +-+=++-=-=说明：有关代数式的求值问题：(1)先化简后求值；(2)当直接代入运算较复杂时，可根据结论的结构特点，倒推几步，再代入条件，有时整体代入可简化计算量．【巩固练习】1．43x -<< 2． 3．3-或2 4．3-5．444222222222x y z x y x z y z ---+++ 6．()(((13,23,4-。

初高中衔接之复句知识点+练习题答案版

初高中语文衔接之复句一、复句定义：复句：是由两个或两个以上意义相关,结构上互不作句子成分的分句组成的句子。

例如：觉新唯唯应着，做出很恭顺的样子。

他惶恐地站在祖父面前，不敢叫醒祖父，自己又不敢走。

二、复句的类型复句中的分句之间有着一定的逻辑关系，根据分句之间不同的逻辑事理关系，可以把复句分为并列、承接、递进、选择、转折、因果、假设、条件、解说、目的等类型。

1、并列复句：由两个或两个以上的分句并列组合而成，叙述相关的几件事情或说明相关的几种情况，分句之间没有主次之分。

关联词：既... ...又... ... 一方面... ...一方面... ... 不是... ...而是... ... 也、又、还、例：树木既能绿化环境，又能制造出新鲜空气，既能平衡生态环境，又能保护地球。

我到这座城市一方面是洽谈业务，另一方面是看望老朋友不是意识决定存在，而是存在决定意识。

她会打篮球,也会打网球。

2、承接复句：也称顺承复句、连贯复句。

几个分句表示连续发生的事情或动作，彼此顺序不能变动。

关联词：“A, 于是B”、“A, 然后B”“A, 接着B”、“A, 便B”例句：她进入这个世界，便奉献给这个世界以真诚。

3、递进复句：由两个有递进关系的分句组成，后一个分句表示的意思比前一个分句进了一层。

关联词：不但（不光、不只、不仅）…… 而且而且、并且、尚且……何况……别说A,就连（就是）B例句：他不仅学习好，而且工作好，尤其是思想好。

老年人尚且有那么大的干劲，何况我们青年人呢？4、选择复句：几个分句分别说出几种情况，要求从中选择一种，表示或此或彼，非此即彼，与其这样不如那样等意思。

关联词：与其......不如...... ；宁可......也不...... ；或者......或者......；要么......要么......；不是... ...就是... ...例句：不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默中灭亡。

文章与其长而空，倒不如短而精。

5、转折复句：由两个有转折关系的分句组成，后一个分句的意思不是顺着前一个分句的意思说下去，而是来一个转折，转到相反的意思上去。

中考物理专题复习《初高中物理衔接类问题》练习

中考物理专题复习《初高中物理衔接类问题》牛顿第三定律、动能、重力势能、弹性势能、机械能守恒定律、实际电流表和理想电流表、单摆摆动周期、平抛运动、斜抛运动、万有引力、电场力、凸透镜成像规律、磁力等问题，在初中阶段都没有量化的表达，有的只是定性的说明，但初中课程教学中，有的只是经过拓展学习，初步的达到了和高中阶段所学内容十分接近，在知识和知识简衔接处，用到一定的物理方法就完全可以达到高中阶段所学知识的水平。

在中考中，为了选拔能力素养突出的学生，物理试题的命制就会以初高中衔接知识为素材。

所以毕业班学生多学习这些问题，中考成绩会更加突出。

一、牛顿第三定律1.作用力和反作用力：两个物体之间的作用总是相互的，一个物体对另一个物体施加了力，后一个物体同时对前一个物体也施加力.2. 牛顿第三定律内容：两个物体之间的作用力和反作用力总是大小相等、方向相反、作用在同一条直线上.理解要点：(1)作用力和反作用力相互依赖性，它们是相互依存，互以对方作为自已存在的前提；（2）作用力和反作用力的同时性，它们是同时产生、同时消失，同时变化，不是先有作用力后有反作用力；（3）作用力和反作用力是同一性质的力；（4）作用力和反作用力是不可叠加的，作用力和反作用力分别作用在两个不同的物体上，各产生其效果，不可求它们的合力，两个力的作用效果不能相互抵消，这应注意同二力平衡加以区别。

（5）一对平衡力与作用力、反作用力的比较二、机械能守恒定律（一）动能1．概念：物体由于运动而具有的能量，称为动能。

2．动能表达式：221υm E K =3．动能定理（即合外力做功与动能关系）：12K K E E W -=4．理解：①合F 在一个过程中对物体做的功，等于物体在这个过程中动能的变化。

②合F 做正功时，物体动能增加；合F 做负功时，物体动能减少。

③动能定理揭示了合外力的功与动能变化的关系。

5.适用范围：适用于恒力、变力做功；适用于直线运动，也适用于曲线运动。

完整版)初高中数学衔接知识试题

完整版)初高中数学衔接知识试题整式乘法与因式分解训练试题(1)一、填空：1）若x=5，则x=5；若x=-4，则x=-4.2）若(5-x)(x-3)²=(x-3)⁵-x，则x的取值范围是18/19. 3）(2+3)(2-3)=-5；4）若x+ax+b=(x+2)(x-4)，则a=-2，b=8.5）计算992+99=1091.二、选择题：1）若x²+mx+k是一个完全平方式，则k等于m²。

（C）2）不论a，b为何实数，a²+b²-2a-4b+8的值可以是零。

3）成立的条件是x≠2.4）若(x+y)/(2x-y)=5/4，则y/x=1/2.5）计算a-(-a)=2a。

6）多项式2x-yx-15y的一个因式为x-3y。

三、解答题1.正数x,y满足x+y=2xy，求(x-y)/(x+y)的值．解：将x+y=2xy变形得到(x+y)/(xy)=2，即1/x+1/y=2. 将(x-y)/(x+y)变形得到(x+y)/(x-y)=1/(1-2xy)。

因此(x-y)/(x+y)=1-2xy=1-(x+y)/(xy)=1-2= -1.所以(x-y)/(x+y)的值为-1.2.分解因式：1）x⁵y²-x²y⁵=(xy²-y⁴)(x⁴+x³y+x²y²+xy³+y⁴)2）x²+5x-24=(x+8)(x-3)3）a²-2a-15=(a-5)(a+3)4）12y²-5y-2=(4y+1)(3y-2)5）3x²-10x+3=(3x-1)(x-3)6）(a²-a)²-14(a²-a)+24=(a-3)(a-4)(a²-a-6)7）x²+2x-1=(x+1)²-28）x⁴+x³-5x²+x-6=(x-1)(x+2)(x²+x-3)9）(a-b)²-4(a-b-1)=(a-b-3)(a-b+1)3.（1）已知3a+3b=-9，求2a+4ab+2b-6的值。

初高中衔接数学专题训练

初高中衔接数学专题训练★ 专题一数与式的运算1、解下列不等式：（1）21x -< （2）13x x -+-＞4 （3）327x x ++-<2、计算：（1）221()3x + （2）2211111()()5225104m n m mn n -++（3） 42(2)(2)(416)a a a a +-++ （4）22222(2)()x xy y x xy y ++-+（5）()()()()x y z x y z x y z x y z ++-++-++-3、已知2310x x -==，求331x x +的值．4、已知0a b c ++=，求111111()()()a b c b c c a a b+++++的值．5、计算(没有特殊说明，本节中出现的字母均为正数)：（1）（2）1)x ≥ （3）（4）3÷(6)(8) ÷6、设x y==33x y+的值．7、化简：（1）11xxxxx-+-（2）222396127962x x x xx x x x++-+---+ 8、设x y==22x xy yx y+++的值．9、当22320(0,0)a ab b a b+-=≠≠，求22a b a bb a ab+--的值．10、设x=，求4221x x x++-的值．★ 专题二因式分解1、把下列各式分解因式：(1) 34381a b b - (2) 76a ab - （3）2222()()ab c d a b cd ---（4）2222428x xy y z ++- (5) 2524x x +- (6) 2215x x --(7) 226x xy y +- (8) 222()8()12x x x x +-++ (9) 21252x x --(10) 22568x xy y +- （ 11）3234x x -+ (12) 2222()()ab c d cd a b -+-(13) 22484x mx mn n -+- (14) 464x + (15) 32113121x x x -+-(16) 3223428x xy x y y --+2、已知2,23a b ab +==，求代数式22222a b a b ab ++的值．3、现给出三个多项式，1212-+x x ，13212++x x ，x x -221，请你选择其中两个进行加法运算，并把结果因式分解.4、已知0a b c ++=，求证：32230a a c b c abc b ++-+=．★ 专题三一元二次方程根与系数的关系1、若12,x x 是方程22630x x -+=的两个根，则1211x x +的值为( ) A ．2B ．2-C ．12D ．922、若t 是一元二次方程20 (0)ax bx c a ++=≠的根，则判别式24b ac ∆=-和完全平方式2(2)M at b =+的关系是( )A ．M ∆=B ．M ∆>C ．M ∆<D ．大小关系不能确定3、设12,x x 是方程20x px q ++=的两实根，121,1x x ++是关于x 的方程20x qx p ++=的两实根，则p = ___ __ ，q = _ ____ ．4．已知实数,,a b c 满足26,9a b c ab =-=-，则a = ___ __ ，b = _____ ，c = _____ ． 5、已知关于x 的一元二次方程2320x x k -+=，根据下列条件，分别求出k 的范围：（1）方程有两个不相等的实数根；（2）方程有两个相等的实数根；（3）方程有实数根；（4）方程无实数根．6、已知实数x 、y 满足22210x y xy x y +-+-+=，试求x 、y 的值．7、若12,x x 是方程2220070x x +-=的两个根，试求下列各式的值： (1) 2212x x +； (2) 1211x x +； (3) 12(5)(5)x x --；(4) 12||x x -．8、已知12,x x 是一元二次方程24410kx kx k -++=的两个实数根． (1) 是否存在实数k ，使12123(2)(2)2x x x x --=-成立？若存在，求出k 的值；若不存在，请说明理由． (2) 求使12212x x x x +-的值为整数的实数k 的整数值．9、已知关于x 的方程230x x m +-=的两个实数根的平方和等于11，求证：关于x 的方程22(3)640k x kmx m m -+-+-=有实数根．10、若12,x x 是关于x 的方程22(21)10x k x k -+++=的两个实数根，且12,x x 都大于1． (1) 求实数k 的取值范围；(2) 若1212x x =，求k 的值．★ 专题四平面直角坐标系、一次函数、反比例函数1、函数y kx m =+与(0)my m x=≠在同一坐标系内的图象可以是（）xA ．xB ．xC ．xD ．2、已知()12,A y 、()2,3B x -，根据下列条件，求出A 、B 点坐标．(1) A 、B 关于x 轴对称；(2) A 、B 关于y 轴对称；(3) A 、B 关于原点对称． 3、已知一次函数y ＝kx ＋2的图象过第一、二、三象限且与x 、y 轴分别交于A 、B 两点，O 为原点，若ΔAOB 的面积为2，求此一次函数的表达式。

初高中化学衔接知识点+配套练习

高一化学初高中知识衔接解析与练习主要内容主要通过对物质的组成、分类以及物质之间的关系的总结,对初中所学内容进行整合,又为高中化学的学习打下基础;使同学们能在直观的层面上较明显的认识物质分类及同类物质间的相似性及其应用;认识分类这种科学方法对化学研究的作用;了解物质的组成、结构和性质的关系;起到初中化学和高中化学衔接的作用;知识点精析化学是研究物质的组成、结构、性质及变化规律的一门自然科学;在初中我们已经了解了一些物质组成和结构的知识,对元素、分子、原子——等基本概念有了一定的认识;进入高中的学习我们不仅要能从以前学过的微观、宏观来认识物质,更应该从物质的结构入手以体会结构决定性质;当然除了了解物质的组成我们还会在今后进一步去学习那些肉眼看不到的微粒是靠什么作用结合在一起的,这些作用会导致物质的性质有什么不同,从而理解物质结构决定性质的道理;随着人类社会的进步,科学知识的丰富,原来那些只靠经验得到的化学成果已经无法满足人类的需求;一系列新的问题摆在化学家的面前要求得到圆满的回答;为什么煤能燃烧而其他的岩石却不能金属为什么会生锈为什么柔软的高岭土经过高温的焙烧就变成了晶莹坚固的花瓶要得到这些问题的谜底,人类就必须对世界上的一切物质进行研究;可是我们所研究的对象是一个非常庞大的集体,所以为了更好地认识物质,人们常根据物质的组成、状态、性能等对物质进行分类;“分类”是学习化学非常重要的一个学习方法;例如：根据组成对物质的分类：混合物、纯净物；单质、化合物；金属、非金属；氧化物、酸、碱、盐,我们可将它们以图表的形式展现出来;例如：各类物质的概念及代表物在这里要说明的是同一类物质在性质上相似,例如酸性氧化物,它还有一个俗名叫酸酐;我们中学所学的酸酐中大多数都能溶于水,不溶于水的很少像SiO2;于是同学们在学习的时候就应该记少的那半儿;而碱性氧化物中能溶于水的比较少见的有K、Na、Ba、Ca的氧化物;如何判断酸性氧化物和它对应的酸呢我们从已学过的知识入手,例如：C的氧化物我们学过两种即CO、CO2,那么谁是H2CO3的酸酐呢我们的回答应该是CO2,它们之间的关系呢进一步观察我们会发现CO2、H2CO3中的C元素都是+4价,因此今后我们可以用这种方法去判断酸性氧化物和它对应的酸;我们知道化学的研究对象是物质,随着学习的不断深入,你还要用发展的眼光不断地总结积累,你会发现碱性氧化物都是金属氧化物而酸性氧化物不都是非金属氧化物;当然物质分类的方式不仅一种,根据我们研究的对象及内容的不同,可把我们研究的物质按不同的方式分类;例如：酸我们可以按元数分电离H原子的个数；从是否含氧含氧酸、无氧酸；从电离的程度强酸和弱酸；做氧化剂的元素的不同氧化性酸和非氧化性酸等;同理,像碱、盐等其它物质也可以多种分类;通过把不同的物质进行分类,我们会发现同一类别的物质在性质上有相似的地方即我们通常说的通性,然后在今后的学习中我们再通过物质结构等知识的学习,进一步去研究物质间的规律,就会逐步掌握元素化合物学习的规律和方法,变被动学习为主动学习;物质分类的作用除了便于了解掌握同类物质的性质还在于引导我们去发现物质之间的转化关系,下面我们就对单质、氧化物、酸、碱和盐之间的相互关系进行以下讨论：O2H2O （）C——（）——（）——CaCO3（）（）HClBa——（）——Ba(OH)2——（）相信同学们利用初中所学知识不难完成上述转化关系,接下来同学们可以以单质、氧化物、酸、碱和盐分别为出发点去寻找它们之间的反应关系并将它们之间的关系绘制成一个表格,在这里给同学们举一个例子：从这两条系列、八个点,我们不难看出这些物质在纵向上的衍生关系以及横向及交叉的相互关系,八点图间蕴藏了多少化学反应,下面我们就重点解读一下“八点图”中的反应;1. 金属单质＋非金属单质→无氧酸盐2. 碱性氧化物＋酸性氧化物→含氧酸盐3. 碱＋酸→盐＋水4. 酸性氧化物＋碱→盐＋水5. 碱性氧化物＋酸→盐＋水6. 酸＋盐→新酸＋新盐7. 碱＋盐→新碱＋新盐8. 盐＋盐→新盐＋新盐9. 金属单质＋盐→金属单质＋盐10. 金属单质＋酸→盐＋H2我们应该怎样运用这些关系,在用的过程中要注意些什么呢一. 找规律：我们都很熟悉碱＋酸→盐＋水,通过对3、4、5的观察你会发现酸性氧化物广义上来讲就是酸,碱性氧化物在广义上就是碱,这样在今后的学习中我们就可以用这个规律去书写化学方程式;例如：CO2+CaOH2＝CaCO3↓+H2O SO2+CaOH2＝CaSO3↓+H2O二. 反应条件限制：1. 酸＋金属→盐＋H2金属为活泼金属；酸一般用稀硫酸、稀盐酸；不用两者,稀HNO3制备氢气时,不用K、Ca、Na特别活泼的金属；2. 碱＋盐碱+盐反应时要求两者都必须可溶,生成物之一为不溶即可；3. 碱＋指示剂碱必须可溶;三. 酸和盐反应的规律：1. 强酸制备弱酸 2HCl+CaCO3＝CaCl2+CO2↑+H2O2HCl+Na2SO3＝2NaCl+SO2↑+H2O2. 高沸点、难挥发性酸制备低沸点、易挥发性酸2NaCl+H2SO4浓＝Na2SO4＋2HCl↑ NaNO3+H2SO4浓＝NaHSO4＋HNO3↑当然我们不是想把所有的知识局限在“八点图”上,而是以它为例说明如何寻找各类物质之间的关系,同学们也可以从不同的角度进行总结归纳;解题方法指导例1. 下列说法正确的是：A非金属氧化物都是酸性氧化物B凡是酸性氧化物都可以直接与水反应生成相对应的酸C与水反应生成酸的氧化物,不一定是该酸的酸酐D金属氧化物都是碱性氧化物本题考察同学对氧化物的分类,酸酐及酸的认识,由于像CO、NO这些不成盐氧化物所以A不对;SiO2难溶于水,Al2O3为两性氧化物故C正确;2. 下列关于氧化物的叙述正确的是：A酸性氧化物均可与碱反应B酸性氧化物在常温常压下均为气态C金属氧化物都是碱性氧化物 D不能跟酸反应的氧化物一定能跟碱反应本题要求利用初中对酸性氧化物性质的知识的积累,不难得出酸性氧化物在广义上可认为就是酸,不难得出A正确;3. 下列物质中：①Cl2O7,HClO ②SO2,H2SO4③NO2,HNO3④SiO2,H2SiO3⑤Mn2O7,HMnO4酸与酸酐相对应的是A②③ B③④ C④⑤ D①③④抓住酸酐与其对应的酸中该元素的化合价一致这一特点即可选出C正确;典型例题分析1. 只含有一种元素的是A. 可能是纯净物也可能是混合物B. 可能是单质也可能是化合物C. 一定是纯净物D. 一定是一种单质解析：在今后的学习中我们还要学习同素异形体的概念,即同种元素组成的不同的单质叫做同素异形体,那么像P元素可以形成白磷或红磷等单质,而白磷或红磷是两种不同的物质;所以A选项正确;2. 下列有关氧化物的叙述正确的是A. 酸性氧化物均可跟碱起反应B. 金属氧化物都是碱性氧化物C. 非金属氧化物都是酸性氧化物D. 不能跟酸反应的氧化物一定能跟碱反应解析：在高中的学习中要不断地总结和积累,逐渐加深对概念的理解;例如：Al2O3是两性氧化物,NO、CO是不成盐氧化物既不与酸也不与碱反应成盐;因此,只有A正确;3. 00年全国下列广告用语在科学性上没有错误的是A. 这种饮料中不含有任何化学物质B. 这种蒸馏水绝对纯净,其中不含有任何离子C. 这种口服液含丰富的氮、磷、锌微量元素D. 没有水就没有生命解析：这是生活中经常遇到的话,考察同学们对基本概念的综合应用能力;答案为D强化练习一、标出下列指定元素的化合价N．2、N．H3、N．H4Cl、N．O、N．O2、N．2O4、HN．O3；H2S．、S．O2、S．O3、H2S．O4、BaS．O4；C．l2、NaC．l、HC．l、HC．lO、HC．lO4、HC．lO3、KC．lO3；C．H4、C．O、C．O2、H2C．O3、NaHC．O3、CaC．O3；在下列化合物中根原子团下方划一短线,并标出根的化合价① KOH ② Na2CO3③ BaSO4④ NH4Cl ⑤ AgNO3⑥ KMnO4⑦ NH4NO3⑧ Cu2OH2CO3⑨ KClO3⑩ K2MnO4二、写出下列物质的化学式碳酸___ ___、碳酸钠__ ____、碱式碳酸铜______________、碳酸氢钠_________、碳酸钙__________、碳酸氢钙_____________；氯化氢_________、氯气________、氯化钾___________、二氯化锰___________、氯酸___________、氯酸钾___________、二氧化氯___________、氧化二氯___________；硝酸___________、硝酸钾___________、硝酸钡___________、硝酸铵___________、硝酸铜___________、硝酸汞___________、硝酸银___________；硫酸___________、硫酸铵___________、硫酸氢铵___________、硫酸钡___________、硫酸铝___________、硫酸铁___________、硫酸亚铁___________；磷酸___________、磷酸钠___________、磷酸氢钠___________、磷酸氢二钠___________、磷酸氢铵___________、磷酸钙___________、磷酸二铵___________；氮气、硫磺、白磷、金刚石、氦气、二氧化硅、氖气、二氧化氮、氩气、氧化铁、氧化铝；氢氧根离子、硫酸根离子、碳酸根离子、硝酸根离子、铵根离子 ;三、写出下列反应的化学方程式1.三氧化硫和水反应_____________________________2.氧化钙和水反应_______________________________3.氧化钠和水反应_______________________________4.二氧化碳和澄清的石灰水反应_______________________________5.碳酸钙高温分解_______________________________6.碳和二氧化碳高温反应_______________________________7.乙醇在空气中燃烧_______________________________8.铁和稀硫酸_______________________________9.氧化铜和碳加热_______________________________10.氧化铁和CO加热_______________________________11.四氧化三铁和CO加热_______________________________12.碱式碳酸铜加热_______________________________13.氢氧化铁中加入稀硫酸_______________________________14.氧化铁中加入到稀硝酸中_______________________________15.铁和硝酸汞溶液反应_______________________________16.少量的锌加入到FeSO4和稀硫酸的混合液中_______________________________17.碳酸氢钙溶液中滴加盐酸_______________________________18.碳酸镁中加入硫酸_______________________________19.写出有O2生成的三个反应______________________________________________________________、_______________________________20.写出有水和气体生成的三个反应______________________________________________________________、_______________________________四．写出下列物质在水中的电离方程式1．碳酸钠 2．硫酸3．硝酸 4．硝酸铜5．碳酸氢钙 6．硝酸铵7．硫酸铝 8．高锰酸钾9．氯酸钾 10．氢氧化钙11．磷酸钠 12．硝酸钡13．氯化铁 14．氯化铵五、实验题1．下列各组物质中,都含有少量的杂质,分别用什么试剂可以将括号内的杂质除去只要求写所加物质的名称或方法及化学方程式lCOCO2；2KClKClO3；3KNO3KCl ；4NaClNa2CO3；5FeSO4CuSO4；b 6NaOHCaOH 2 ；7CuNO 32CuSO 4 ；2．只用一种试剂鉴别下列物质,在横线上填所加试剂的化学式或名称lBaCl 2、NaCl 、K 2CO 32NaNO 3、MgCl 2、NH 42SO 43CaCl 2、NaNO 3、H 2SO 44NaCl 、H 2SO 4、CaOH 23．从玻璃棒、漏斗、100毫升量筒,胶头滴管,试管夹、10毫升量筒,铁架台,药匙等仪器中,选取合适的仪器填入下列横线上：2%1取用粉末状药品要用；2量取5毫升液体用；3给试管里的物质加热,必须使用；4．如下图所示,该装置有洗气、检验及储气等多种用途;1若用此装置来除去氢气中混有的少量水蒸气时,在广口瓶内应该盛放的试剂是2若要验证氢气中是否混有氯化氢气体,广口瓶内应该盛放的试剂是3若用来收集气体,当气体从b 端通入时,能收集到的气体可以是 ;5．只有氯化钡溶液和简单的仪器装置,鉴别稀硫酸和碳酸钠溶液任意编号为甲、乙溶液;操作如下： 1 分别取少量甲、乙溶液于两支试管中,各滴加氯化钡溶液,两支试管中都产生白色沉淀;下面还要进行怎样的操作,才能把它们鉴别出来;将鉴别的步骤、现象及最终结论,填写在相应的横线上;2 _______________________________________________________3_______________________________________________________附：强化练习答案：一、1、0、—3、—3、+2、+4、+4、+5；—2、+4、+6、+6、+6；0、—1、—1、+1、+7、+5；—4、+2、+4、+4、+4、+4；2、① KOH ② Na 2CO 3 ③ BaSO 4 ④ NH 4Cl ⑤ AgNO 3⑥ KMnO 4 ⑦ NH 4NO 3 ⑧ Cu 2OH 2CO 3 ⑨ KClO 3 ⑩ K 2MnO 4二、H 2CO 3、Na 2CO 3、Cu 2OH 2CO 3、NaHCO 3、CaCO 3、CaHCO 32；HCl 、Cl 2、KCl 、MnCl 2、HClO 3、KClO 3、ClO 2、Cl 2O ；HNO 3、KNO 3、BaNO 32、NH 4NO 3、CuNO 32、HgNO 3、AgNO 3；H 2SO 4、NH 42SO 4、NH 4HSO 4、BaSO 4、Al 2SO 43、Fe 2SO 43、FeSO 4；H 3PO 4、Na 3PO 4、Na 2HPO 4、Na 2HPO 4、NaH 2PO 4、NH 42HPO 4、Ca 3PO 42、NH 42HPO 4、N 2、S 、P 、C 、He 、SiO 2、Ne 、NO 2、Ar 、Fe 2O 3、Al 2O 3；OH -、SO 42-、CO 32-、NO 3-、NH 4+；三、1、SO 3+H 2O=H 2SO 4 2、—1 —1 —1 +1 —1 —2 —1 —1 —2 —2 +1 —2CaO+H2O=CaOH2 3、Na2O+H2O=2NaOH 4、CaCO3+CO2少量=CaCO3↓+H2O、CaCO3+CO2过量=CaHCO3；5、CaCO3高温CaO+CO2↑ 6、C+CO2高温2CO 7、C2H6O2+3O2点燃2CO2+3H2O；8、Fe+H2SO4=FeSO4+H2↑；9、2CuO+C △2Cu+CO2；10、Fe2O3+3CO△2Fe+3CO2；11、Fe3O4+4CO△3Fe+4CO2；12、Cu2OH2CO3△2↑+H2O；13、2FeOH3+3H2SO4=Fe2SO43+3H2O；14、Fe2O3+6HNO3=2FeNO33+3H2O；15、Fe+HgNO2=Hg+FeNO32；16、Zn+CuSO4=ZnSO4+Cu；17、CaHCO32+2HCl=CaCl2+CO2+H2O；18、MgCO3+H2SO4=MgSO4+CO2+H2O 19、2KClO3△2KCl+3O2、2KMnO4△K2MnO4+MnO2+O2↑、2H2O电解2H2↑+O2↑；20、Na2CO3+2HCl=2NaCl+CO2↑+H2O、NaHCO3+HCl=NaCl+CO2↑+H2O、NH4HCO3△NH3↑+H2O+CO2↑四、1、Na2CO3=2Na++CO32—；2、H2SO4=2H++SO42—；3、HNO3=H++NO3—；4、CuNO32=Cu2++2NO3-；5、CaHCO32=Ca2++2HCO3—；6、NH4NO3=NH4++NO3—；7、Al2SO43=2Al3++3SO42—；8、KMnO4=K++MnO4—；9、KClO3=K++ClO3—；10CaOH2=Ca2++2OH—；11、Na3PO4=3Na++PO43—；12、BaNO32=Ba2++2NO3—；13、FeCl3=Fe3+3Cl—； 14、NH4Cl=MH4++Cl—;五、1、1NaOH溶液；2NaOH+CO2=Na2CO3+H2O；2加热,2KClO3 △2↑；3AgNO3溶液,AgNO3+KCl=AgCl↓+KNO3；4HCl,Na2CO3+2HCl=2NaCl+CO2↑+H2O；5Fe,Fe+CuSO4=FeSO4+Cu；6Na2CO3,Na2CO3+CaOH2=CaCO3↓+2NaOH；7BaNO32,BaNO32+CuSO4=BaSO4↓+CuNO32;2、1稀H2SO42NaOH溶液3Na2CO3溶液4Na2CO3溶液；3、1药匙210mL量筒 3试管夹4、1浓H2SO42紫色石蕊试液3H2、NH3;5、2取与甲反应后浊液过滤,将滤液滴入乙中；3若乙中白色沉淀溶解,则甲为H2SO4,乙为Na2CO3；若乙中沉淀不溶解,则甲为Na2CO3,乙为H2SO4;。

初高中化学衔接知识点专题

初高中化学衔接知识点专题一、物质的组成和分类1. 物质的组成- 原子：是构成物质的最小单位，构成元素。

- 分子：由两个或更多原子组成，可以是同种元素或不同元素的组合。

- 元素：由具有相同原子数的原子组成，不能被化学手段分解为其他物质。

- 化合物：由两种或更多不同元素的原子经化学反应形成的物质。

2. 物质的分类- 纯物质：由单一种类的物质组成，可以是元素或化合物。

- 混合物：由两种或更多种类的物质混合而成，不同的组成可以形成不同的性质。

二、化学反应1. 化学反应的特征- 反应物：参与反应的物质。

- 生成物：在反应中生成的物质。

- 反应物质的质量守恒：反应前后总质量的保持不变。

- 能量变化：化学反应过程中伴随能量的吸收或释放。

2. 反应类型及示例- 合成反应：两个或更多物质结合形成一种新物质。

例：2H2 + O2 → 2H2O- 分解反应：一种物质分解成两个或更多的新物质。

例：2H2O → 2H2 + O2- 取代反应：一种元素或离子取代另一种元素或离子的位置。

例：Cu + 2AgNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag- 氧化还原反应：涉及电子的转移，也称为氧化反应和还原反应的组合。

例：2Fe + 3O2 → 2Fe2O3三、离子反应1. 离子的概念- 阳离子：带正电荷的离子。

- 阴离子：带负电荷的离子。

2. 离子反应及示例- 氯离子的沉淀反应：Cl-与其他金属离子结合形成沉淀。

例：AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl↓ + NaNO3- 碳酸盐的酸反应：碳酸盐与酸反应产生二氧化碳气体。

例：CaCO3 + 2HCl → CO2↑ + CaCl2 + H2O- 钠、钾离子的酸碱中和反应：与酸反应产生盐和水。

例：NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O以上是初高中化学衔接知识点的专题，介绍了物质的组成和分类、化学反应的特征及类型，以及离子反应的概念和示例。

希望对你的学习有所帮助！。

初高中数学衔接知识点的专题强化训练因式分解习题集及答案

初高中数学衔接知识点的专题强化训练因式分解习题集及答案【要点回顾】因式分解是代数式的一种重要的恒等变形，它与整式乘法是相反方向的变形．在分式运算、解方程及各种恒等变形中起着重要的作用．是一种重要的基本技能．因式分解的方法较多，除了初中课本涉及到的提取公因式法和公式法(平方差公式和完全平方公式)外，还有公式法(立方和、立方差公式)、十字相乘法和分组分解法等等．1．公式法常用的乘法公式：[1]平方差公式：；[2]完全平方和公式：；[3]完全平方差公式：．[4]2++=()a b c[5]33+=(立方和公式)a b[6] 33a b-= (立方差公式)由于因式分解与整式乘法正好是互为逆变形，所以把整式乘法公式反过来写，运用上述公式可以进行因式分解． 2．分组分解法从前面可以看出，能够直接运用公式法分解的多项式，主要是二项式和三项式．而对于四项以上的多项式，如ma mb na nb +++既没有公式可用，也没有公因式可以提取．因此，可以先将多项式分组处理．这种利用分组来因式分解的方法叫做分组分解法．分组分解法的关键在于如何分组．常见题型：（1）分组后能提取公因式（2）分组后能直接运用公式 3．十字相乘法（1）2()x p q x pq +++型的因式分解这类式子在许多问题中经常出现，其特点是：①二次项系数是1；②常数项是两个数之积；③ 一次项系数是常数项的两个因数之和．∵2()x p q x pq +++2()()()()x px qx pq x x p q x p x p x q =+++=+++=++， ∴2()()()x p q x pq x p x q +++=++运用这个公式，可以把某些二次项系数为1的二次三项式分解因式．（2）一般二次三项式2ax bx c ++型的因式分解由2121221121122()()()a a x a c a c x c c a x c a x c +++=++我们发现，二次项系数a 分解成12a a ，常数项c 分解成12c c ，把1212,,,a a c c 写成1122a c a c ⨯，这里按斜线交叉相乘，再相加，就得到1221a c a c +，如果它正好等于2ax bx c ++的一次项系数b ，那么2ax bx c ++就可以分解成1122()()a x c a x c ++，其中11,a c 位于上一行，22,a c 位于下一行．这种借助画十字交叉线分解系数，从而将二次三项式分解因式的方法，叫做十字相乘法．必须注意，分解因数及十字相乘都有多种可能情况，所以往往要经过多次尝试，才能确定一个二次三项式能否用十字相乘法分解． 4．其它因式分解的方法其他常用的因式分解的方法：（1）配方法（2）拆、添项法【例题选讲】例1 （公式法）分解因式：(1) 34381a b b -；(2) 76a ab -例 2 （分组分解法）分解因式：（1）2222()()ab c d a b cd --- （2）2222428x xy y z ++-例 3 （十字相乘法）把下列各式因式分解：(1) 2524x x +- (2) 2215x x --(3)226x xy y +-(4) 222()8()12x x x x +-++ 解：（1）24(3)8,(3)85-=-⨯-+=2 524[(3)](8)(3)(8)x x x x x x ∴+-=+-+=-+（2） 15(5)3,(5)32-=-⨯-+=-2 215[(5)](3)(5)(3)x x x x x x ∴--=+-+=-+（3）分析：把226x xy y +-看成x 的二次三项式，这时常数项是26y -，一次项系数是y ，把26y -分解成3y 与2y -的积，而3(2)y y y +-=，正好是一次项系数．解：222266(3)(2)x xy y x yx x y x y +-=+-=+-(4) 由换元思想，只要把2x x +整体看作一个字母a ，可不必写出，只当作分解二次三项式2812a a -+．解：22222()8()12(6)(2)x x x x x x x x +-++=+-+-(3)(2)(2)(1)x x x x =+-+-例4 （十字相乘法）把下列各式因式分解：(1) 21252x x -- ；(2) 22568x xy y +-解：(1) 21252(32)(41)x x x x --=-+ 324 1-⨯(2) 22568(2)(54)xxy y x y x y +-=+-1 254y y-⨯说明：用十字相乘法分解二次三项式很重要．当二次项系数不是1时较困难，具体分解时，为提高速度，可先对有关常数分解，交叉相乘后，若原常数为负数，用减法”凑”，看是否符合一次项系数，否则用加法”凑”，先”凑”绝对值，然后调整，添加正、负号．例5 （拆项法）分解因式3234-+x x【巩固练习】1．把下列各式分解因式：(1) 2222-+- (2)ab c d cd a b()()22484-+-x mx mn n(3) 464x+ (4) 32-+-113121x x x(5) 3223--+428x xy x y y2．已知2,23a b ab +==，求代数式22222a b a b ab ++的值．3．现给出三个多项式，1212-+x x ，13212++x x ，x x -221，请你选择其中两个进行加法运算，并把结果因式分解.4．已知0a b c ++=，求证：32230a a c b c abc b ++-+=．专题二因式分解答案例1分析：(1) 中应先提取公因式再进一步分解；(2) 中提取公因式后，括号内出现66a b -，可看着是3232()()a b -或2323()()a b -．解：(1) 3433223813(27)3(3)(39)a b b b a b b a b a ab b -=-=-++． (2)76663333()()()a ab a a b a a b a b -=-=+-2222()()()()a a b a ab b a b a ab b =+-+-++ 2222()()()()a a b a b a ab b a ab b =+-++-+例2（1）分析：按照原先分组方式，无公因式可提，需要把括号打开后重新分组，然后再分解因式．解：22222222()()ab c d a b cd abc abd a cd b cd ---=--+2222()()abc a cd b cd abd =-+-()()()()ac bc ad bd bc ad bc ad ac bd =-+-=-+（2）分析：先将系数2提出后，得到22224x xy y z ++-，其中前三项作为一组，它是一个完全平方式，再和第四项形成平方差形式，可继续分解因式．解：22222224282(24)x xy y z x xy y z ++-=++-222[()(2)]2(2)(2)x y z x y z x y z =+-=+++-例5 解： 323234(1)(33)x x x x -+=+--2(1)(1)3(1)(1)x x x x x =+-+-+-2(1)[(1)3(1)]x x x x =+-+--22(1)(44)(1)(2)x x x x x =+-+=+-【巩固练习】1．22(1)()();(2)(42)(2);(3)(48)(48);bc ad ac bd x m n x n x x x x +--+--+++2(4)(1)(3)(7);(5)(2)(2)x x x x y x y ----+．2．283；3．22211(1)(31)422x x x x x x +-+++=+ (4)x x =+其他情况如下：)1)(1(1)21()121(222-+=-=-+-+x x x x x x x ；2222)1(12)21()1321(+=++=-+++x x x x x x x .4．322322++-+=-+++()()a a cbc abc b a ab b a b c。

初高中化学衔接知识点专题

初高中化学衔接知识点专题
=======================
化学是一门研究物质组成、性质、变化以及能量转化的科学。

它在初中和高中的研究中都占有重要的地位。

为了帮助初中毕业生顺利过渡到高中化学研究，以下是一些初高中化学衔接的重要知识点。

1. 基本概念
- 化学元素和化合物的概念
- 原子、分子和离子的概念及其间的关系
- 常见元素的符号和周期表的应用
- 化学方程式的基本表示和平衡方法
2. 反应类型
- 酸碱中和反应
- 氧化还原反应
- 金属活动性和金属反应
- 碳水化合物的燃烧反应
- 酯的酸酐反应
3. 物质的组成
- 元素与化合物的组成关系
- 原子、分子与式量的关系
- 质量守恒定律在化学反应中的应用
4. 化学键和化合物
- 离子键和离子化合物
- 共价键和共价分子化合物
- 金属键和金属化合物
- 极性分子和分子间力
5. 物质的性质
- 酸碱性和pH值的概念
- 溶液中物质的离解和电离程度
- 电导率和电解质的区别
- 物质的颜色和吸收光谱
这些知识点涵盖了初中化学研究的基础，也奠定了学生进入高
中化学研究的基础。

高中化学研究将进一步深入探索这些知识并扩
展到更复杂的概念和实验。

初中毕业生应通过巩固和复以上知识点，为高中化学研究打下坚实的基础。

> 注意：以上知识点仅作为初高中化学衔接的一般参考，具体
教学内容仍需根据各地教育要求和教材进行调整和确认。

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