河北医科大学3025骨外科学2017年考博真题试卷
2017年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题
2017年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题2017年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题Part I Listening Comprehension(30%)略Part II Vocabulary(10%)Section ADirections:In this section,all the sentences are incomplete.Four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D are given beneath each of them.You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence,then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have____effects on bones.A.adverseB.prevalentC.instantD.purposeful32.Drinking more water is good for the rest of your body,helping to lubricate joints and___toxinsand impurities.A.screen outB.knock outC.flush outD.rule out33.Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medical helpto____the problem.A.affiliateB.alleviateC.aggravateD.accelerate34.Generally,vaccine makers_____the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a process that can takefour to six months.A.penetrateB.designateC.generateD.exaggerate35.Danish research shows that the increase in obese people in Denmark is roughly____to theincrease of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.A.equivalentB.temporaryC.permanentD.relevant36.Ted was felled by a massive stroke that affected his balance and left him barely able tospeak____.A.bluntlyB.intelligiblyC.reluctantlyD.ironically37.In a technology-intensive enterprise,computers____all processes of the production andmanagement.A.dominateB.overwhelmC.substituteD.imitate38.Although most dreams apparently happen____,dream activity may be provoked by externalinfluences.A.homogeneouslyB.instantaneouslyC.spontaneouslyD.simultaneously39.We are much quicker to respond,and we respond far too quickly by giving____to our anger.A.ventB.impulseC.temperD.offence40.By maintaining a strong family_____,they are also maintaining the infrastructure of society.A.biasB.honorC.estateD.bondSection BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence.Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.rm the manager if you are on medication that makes you drowsy.A.uneasyB.sleepyC.guiltyD.fiery42.Diabetes is one of the most prevalent and potentially dangerous diseases in the world.A.crucialB.virulentC.colossalD.widespread43.Likewise,soot and smoke from fire contain a multitude of carcinogens.A.a matter ofB.a body ofC.plenty ofD.sort of44.Many questions about estrogen’s effects remain to be elucidated,and investigations areseeking answers through ongoing laboratory and clinical studies.A.implicatedB.impliedC.illuminatedD.initiated45.A network chatting is a limp substitute for meeting friends over coffee.A.accomplishmentB.refreshmentplementD.replacement46.When patients spend extended periods in hospital,they tend to become overly dependent andlose interest in taking care of themselves.A.extremelyB.exclusivelyC.exactlyD.explicitly47.Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problem of trafficcongestion.A.AmelioratedB.aggregatedC.deterioratedD.duplicated48.It was reported that bacteria contaminated up to80%of domestic retail raw chicken in theUnited States.A.inflamedB.inflictedC.infectedD.infiltrated49.Researchers recently ran the numbers on gun violence in the United States and reported thatright-to-carry-gun laws do not inhibit violent crime.A.curbB.induceC.lessenD.impel50.Regardless of our uneasiness about stereotypes,numerous studies have shown clear differencebetween Chinese and western parenting.A.specificationsB.sensationsC.conventionsD.conservations PartⅢCloze(10%)Directions:In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For each blank,there are four choices marked A,B,C and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.It was the kind of research that gave insight into how flu strains could mutate so quickly.The same branch of research concluded in2005that the1918flu started in birds before passing to humans.Parsing this animal-human51could provide clues to52the next potential super flu,whichalready has a name:H5N1,also known as avian flu or bird flu.This potential killer also has a number:59%.According to the WHO,nearly three-fifths of the people who53H5NI since2003died from the virus,which was first reported54humans in Hong Kong in1997before a more serious55occurred in Southeast Asia between2003and2004.(It has since spread to Africa and Europe.)Some researchers argue that those mortality numbers are exaggerated because WHO only56cases in which victims are sick enough to go to the hospitals for treatment.57,compare that to the worldwide mortality rate of the1918pandemic;it may have killed roughly50million people,but that was only10%of the number of people infected,according to a2006estimate.H5NI’s saving grace—and the only reason we’re not running around masked up in public right now—is that the strain doesn’t jump from birds to humans,or from humans to humans,easily. There have been just over600cases(and359deaths)since2003.But58its lethality,and the chance it could turn into something far more transmissible,one might expect H5NI research to be exploding,with labs59the virus’s molecular components to understand how it spreads between animals and60to humans,and hoping to discover a vaccine that could head off a pandemic.51.A.rejection B.interface plement D.contamination52.A.be stopped B.stopping C.being stopped D.having stopped53.A.mutated B.effected C.infected D.contracted54.A.in B.on C.with D.from55.A.trigger unch C.outbreak D.outcome56.A.counts B.amounts to C.accounts for D.accumulates57.A.Thereafter B.Thereby C.Furthermore D.Still58.A.given B.regarding C.in spite of D.speaking of59.A.parses B.parsed C.parsing D.to parse60.A.potently B.absolutely C.potentially D.importantlyPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Directions:In this part,there are six passages,each of which is followed by five questions.For each question,there are four possible answers marked A,B,C,and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneIf you are reading this article,antibiotics have probably saved your life—and not once but several times.A rotten tooth,a knee operation,a brush with pneumonia;any number of minor infections that never turned nasty.You may not remember taking the pills,so unremarkable have these one-time wonder drugs become.Modern medicine relies on antibiotics—not just to cure diseases,but to augment the success of surgery,childbirth and cancer treatments.Yet now health authorities are warning,in uncharacteristically apocalyptic terms,that the era of antibiotics is about to end.In some ways,bacteria are continually evolving to resist the drugs.But in the past we’ve always developed new ones that killed them again.Not this time.Infections that once succumbed to everyday antibiotics now require last-resort drugs with unpleasant side effects.Others have become so difficult to treat that they kill some 25,000Europeans yearly.And some bacteria now resist every known antibiotic.Regular readers will know why:New Scientist has reported warnings about this for years.We have misused antibiotics appallingly,handing them out to humans like medicinal candy and feeding them to livestock by the tonne,mostly not for health reasons but to make meat cheaper.Now antibiotic-resistant bacteria can be found all over the world—not just in medical facilities,but everywhere from muddy puddles in India to the snows of Antarctica（南极洲）.How did we reach this point without viable successors to today’s increasingly ineffectual drugs? The answer lies not in evolution but economics.Over the past20years,nearly every major pharmaceutical company has abandoned panies must make money,and there isn’t much in short-term drugs that should be used sparingly.So researchers have discovered promising candidates,but can’t reach into the deep pockets needed to develop them.This can be fixed.As we report this week,regulatory agencies,worried medical bodies and Big Pharma are finally hatching ways to remedy this market failure.Delinking profits from the volume of drug sold(by adjusting patent rights,say,or offering prizes for innovation)has worked for other drugs,and should work for antibiotics—although there may be a worryingly long wait before they reach the market.One day,though,these will all to resistance too.Ultimately,we need,evolution-proof cures for bacterial infection:treatments that stop bacteria from causing disease,but don’t otherwise inconvenience the little blighters.When resisting drugs confers no selective advantage,drugs will stop breeding resistance.Researchers have a couple of candidates for such treatment.But they fear regulators will drag their feet over such radical approaches.That,too,can be fixed.We must not neglect development of the sustainable medicine we need,the way we have neglected simple antibiotic R&D.If we do,one day another top doctor will be telling us that the drugs no longer work—and there really will be no help on the way.61.In the first paragraph,the author is tying to_____.A.warn us against the rampant abuse of antibiotics everywhereB.suggest a course of action to reduce antibiotic resistanceC.tell us a time race between humans and bacteriaD.remind us of the universal benefit of antibiotics62.The warning from health authorities implies that_____.A.the pre-antibiotic era will returnB.the antibiotic crisis is about to repeatC.the wonder drugs are a double-edged swordD.the development of new antibiotics is too slow63.The appalling misuse of antibiotics,according to the passage,_____.A.has developed resistant bacteria worldwideB.has been mainly practiced for health reasonsC.has been seldom reported as a warning in the worldD.has been particularly worsened in the developing countries64.The market failure refers to____.A.the inability to develop more powerful antibioticsB.the existing increasingly ineffectual drugs in the marketC.the poor management of the major pharmaceutical companiesD.the deprived investment in developing new classes of antibiotics65.During the presentation of the two solutions,the author carries a tone of_____.A.doubtB.urgencyC.indifferenceD.helplessness Passage TwoThis issue of Science contains announcements for more than100different Gorgon Research Conferences，on topics that range from atomic physics to developmental biology.The brainchild（某人的主意）of Neil Gordon of Johns Hopkins University,these week-long meetings are designed to promote intimate,informal discussions of frontier science.Often confined to fewer than125 attendees,they have traditionally been held in remote places with minimal distractions.Beginning in the early1960s,I attended the summer Nucleic Acids Gordon Conference in rural New Hampshire，sharing austere（简朴的）dorm facilities in a private boy’s school with randomly assigned roommates.As a beginning scientist,I found the question period after each talk especially fascinating,providing valuable insights into the personalities and ways of thinking of many senior scientists whom I had not encountered previously.Back then,there were no cellphones and no internet,and all of the speakers seemed to stay for the entire week.During the long,session-free afternoons,graduate students mingled freely with professors.Many lifelong friendships were begun, and—as Gordon intended—new scientific collaborations began.Leap forward to today,and every scientist can gain immediate access to a vast store of scientific thought and to millions of other scientists via the Internet.Why,nevertheless,do in-person scientific meetings remain so valuable for a life in science?Part of the answer is that science works best when there is a deep mutual trust and understanding between the collaborators,which is hard to develop from a distance.But most important is the critical role that face-to-face scientific meetings play in stimulating a random collision of ideas and approaches.The best science occurs when someone combines the knowledge gained by other scientists in non-obvious ways to create a new understanding of how the world works.A successful scientist needs to deeply believe,whatever the problem being tackled,that there is always a better way to approach that problem than the path currently being taken.The scientist is then constantly on the alert for new paths to take in his or her work,which is essential for makingbreakthroughs.Thus,as much as possible,scientific meetings should be designed to expose the attendees to ways of thinking and techniques that are different from the ones that they already know.66.Assembled at Gordon Research Conference are those who____.A.are physicists and biologistsB.just start doing their sciencesC.stay in the forefront of scienceD.are accomplished senior scientists67.Speaking of the summer Nucleic Acids Gordon Conference,the author thinks highly of____.A.the personalities of senior scientistsB.the question period after each talkC.the austere facilities aroundD.the week-long duration68.It can be inferred from the author that the value of the in-person scientific conference_____.A.does not change with timesB.can be explored online exclusivelyC.lies in exchanging the advances in lie scienceD.is questioned in establishing a vast store of ideas69.The author believes that the face-to-face scientific conferences can help the attendeesbetter_____.A.understand what making a breakthrough means to themB.expose themselves to novel ideas and new approachesC.foster the passion for doing scienceD.tackle the same problem in science70.What would the author most probably talk about in the following paragraphs?A.How to explore scientific collaborations.B.How to make scientific breakthroughs.C.How to design scientific meetings.D.How to think like a genius.Passage ThreeBack in1896,the Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius realized that by burning coal we were adding carbon dioxide to the air,and that this would warm the Earth.But he mentioned the issue only in passing（顺便地），for his calculations suggested it would not become a problem for thousands of years.Others thought that the oceans would soak up any extra CO2,so there was nothing much to worry about.That this latter argument has persisted to this day in some quarters highlights our species’propensity（倾向）to underestimate the scale of our impact on the planet.Even the Earth’s vast oceans cannot suck up CO2as quickly as we can produce it,and we now know the stored CO2is acidifying the oceans,a problem in itself.Now a handful of researchers are warning that energy sources we normally think of as innocuous could affect the planet’s climate too.If we start to extract immense amounts of power from the wind,for instance,it will have an impact on how warmth and water move around the planet,and thus on temperatures and rainfall.Just to be clear,no one is suggesting we should stop building wind farms on the basis of this risk.Aside from the huge uncertainties about the climatic effects of extracting power from the wind,our present and near-term usage is far too tiny to make any difference.For the moment,any negative consequences on the climate are massively outweighed by the effects of pumping out even more CO2.That poses by far the greater environmental threat;weaning ourselves off fossil fuels should remain the priority.Even so,now it is the time to start thinking about the long-term effects of the alternative energy sources we are turning to.Those who have already started to look at these issues report weary, indifferent or even hostile reactions to their work.That’s understandable,but disappointing.These effects may be inconsequential,in which case all that will have been wasted is some research time that may well yield interesting insights anyway. Or they may turn out to be sharply negative,in which case the more notice we have,the better.It would be unfortunate to put it mildly,to spend countless trillions replacing fossil-fuel energy infrastructure（基础建设）only to discover that its successor（替代物）is also more damaging than it need be.These climatic effects may even be beneficial.The first,tentative models suggest that extracting large amounts of energy from high-altitude jet streams would cool the planet, counteracting the effects of rising greenhouse gases.It might even be possible to build an energy infrastructure that gives us a degree of control over the weather:turning off wind turbines here, capturing more of the sun’s energy there.We may also need to rethink our long-term research priorities.The sun is ultimately the only source of energy that doesn’t end up altering the planet’s energy balance.So the best bet might be invest heavily in improving solar technology and energy storage—rather than in efforts to harness, say,nuclear fusion.For the moment,all of this remains supposition（推测）.But our species has a tendency to myopia.We have nothing to lose,and everything to gain by taking the long view for a change.71.In the first two paragraphs,the author is trying to draw our attention to____.A.the escalating scale of the global warmingB.the division of scientists over the issue of global warmingC.reasons for us to worry about extra CO2for the oceansD.the human tendency to underestimate the harmful effects on the planet72.The author’s illustration of wind-power extraction reflects____.A.the priority of protecting the environmentB.the same human propensity as mentioned previouslyC.the best strategy of reducing the environmental threatD.the definite huge uncertainties about the climatic effects73.The author argues that it would be unfortunate to replace fossil fuels only to find out that____.A.the successors are also damagingB.the countless trillions spent are wastedC.the alternative energy sources don’t workD.the research invites indifferent or even hostile reactions74.According to the author,the best strategy is____.A.to counteract the effects of rising greenhouse gasesB.to develop a degree of control over the weatherC.to extract large amounts of energy from windD.to explore solar energy and its storage75.It can be concluded from the passage that we need to take the long view on____.A.human existence on the planetB.humanity’s energy suppliesC.our environmental threatsD.our tendency to myopiaPassage FourOptical illusions are like magic,thrilling us because of their capacity to reveal the fallibility of our senses But there’s more to them than that,according to Dr.Beau Lotto,who is wowing the scientific world with work that crosses the boundaries of art,neurology,natural history and philosophy.What they reveal,he says,is that the whole world is the creation of our brain.What we see, what we hear,feel and what we think we know is not a photographic reflection of the word,but an instantaneous unthinking calculation as to what is the most useful way of seeing the world.It’s a best guess based on the past experience of the individual,a long evolutionary past that has shaped the structure of our brains.The world is literally shaped by our pasts.Dr.Lotto,40,an American who is a reader in neuroscience at University College London,has set out to prove it in stunning visual illusions,sculptures and installations,which have been included in art-science exhibitions.He explains his complex ideas from the starting point of visual illusions,which far from revealing how fragile our senses are show how remarkably robust they are at providing a picture of the world that serves a purpose to us.For centuries,artists and scientists have noted that a grey dot looks lighter against a dark background than being against a light background.The conventional belief was that it was because of some way the brain and eye is intrinsically wired.But Dr.Lotto believes it’s a learnt response;in other words,we see the world not as it is but as it is useful to us.“Context is everything,because our brains have evolved to constantly re-define normality,”says Dr.Lotto.“What we see is defined by our own experiences of the past,but also by what the human race has experienced through its history.”This is illustrated by the fact that different cultures and communities have different viewpoints of the world,conditioned over generations.For example,Japanese people have a famous inability to distinguish between the“R”and the“L”sound.This arises because in Japanese the sounds are totally interchangeable.“Differentiating between them has never been useful,so the brain has never learnt to do it.It’s not just that Japanese people find it hard to tell the difference.They literally cannot hear the difference.”Dr.Lotto’s experiments are grounding more and more hypotheses in hard science.“Yes,mywork is idea-driven,”he says.“But lots of research,such as MRI brain scanning,is technique-driven.I don’t believe you can understand the brain by taking it out of its natural environment and looking at it in a laboratory.You have to look at what it evolved to do,and look at it in relationship to its ecology.”76.What does the word“them”in the first paragraph refer to?A.Human senses.B.The fallibility of senses.C.Revealing capacity.D.Optical illusions.77.According to the passage,what is known about Dr.Beau Lotto?A.Though he is a neuroscientist,he has shocked the scientific world with his extensiveresearch in art,neurology,natural history and philosophy.B.Dr.Lotto is a professor at University College Landon who is specialized in a number ofdisciplines such as art,neurology,natural history and philosophy.C.Dr.Lotto has been attempting to exhibit his creative productions in art-science exhibitionsin the hope of proving his idea on optical illusions.D.Dr.Lotto has set out to create visual illusions,sculptures and installations which wellcombined the knowledge of art,neurology,natural history and philosophy.78.Which of the following statements can be inferred from Dr.Lotto’s study?A.People should believe their brains rather than their eyes as the world,to a great measure,iscreated and shaped by human brain.B.People should never believe their senses for what they see,hear,feel,and the truth may becontrary to the photographic image of the world.C.People should never believe their eyes for what they see are only accidental and temporaryforms of the world,which varies in accordance with contexts.D.People should be aware that their eyes can play tricks on them as what they see is actuallycreated by their brains which are shaped by their past experiences.79.According to Dr.Lotto,what is the reason for the fact that a grey dot looks lighter against adark background than being against a light background?A.It is a fact that the dot emerged to be lighter against a dark background than being against alight one.B.Human senses are remarkably robust at providing a picture of the world that serves apurpose to us through what they have learnt from past experiences.C.It is because of some way the brain and eye is intrinsically wired.D.Because the context in which the little dot placed has changed to be lighter.80.Which of the following statements is true about the research in neuroscience?A.Investigation on the brain involves scrutinizing a network in which both environment andthe brain itself function together.B.Both idea-driven and technique-driven are popular research methods in research study inneuroscience.C.People cannot carry out research study on brain in laboratory where it is isolated fromhuman body.D.Brain can be investigated in isolation with other faculties and organs as long as the researchis carried out in proper natural context.Passage FiveThe biggest thing in operating rooms these days is a million-dollar,multi-armed robot named da Vinci,used in nearly400,000surgeries nationwide last year—triple the number just four years earlier.But now the high-tech helper is under scrutiny over reports of problems,including several deaths that may be linked with it and the high cost of using the robotic system.There also have been a few disturbing,freak incidents:a robotic hand that wouldn’t let go of tissue grasped during surgery and a robotic arm hit-ting a patient in the face as she lay on the operating table.Is it time to curb the robot enthusiasm?Some doctors say yes,concerned that the“wow”factor and heavy marketing have boosted use. They argue that there is not enough robust research showing that robotic surgery is at least as good or better than conventional surgeries.Many U.S.hospitals promote robotic surgery in patient brochures,online and even on highway billboards.Their aim is partly to attract business that helps pay for the costly robot.The da Vinci is used for operations that include removing prostates,gallbladders and wombs, repairing heart valves,shrinking stomachs and transplanting organs.Its use has increased worldwide, but the system is most popular in the United States.For surgeons,who control the robot while sitting at a computer screen rather than standing over the patient,these operations can be less tiring.Plus robot hands don’t shake.Advocates say patients sometimes have less bleeding and often are sent home sooner than with conventional laparoscopic surgeries and operations involving large incisions.But the Food and Drug Administration is looking into a spike in reported problems during robotic surgeries.Earlier this year,the FDA began a survey of surgeons using the robotic system. The agency conducts such surveys of devices routinely,but FDA spokeswoman Synim Rivers said the reason for it now“is the increase in number of reports received”about da Vinci.Reports filed since early last year include at least five deaths.Whether there truly are more problems recently is uncertain.Rivers said she couldn’t quantify the increase and that it may simply reflect more awareness among doctors and hospitals about the need to report problems.Doctors aren’t required to report such things;device makers and hospitals are.Company spokesman Geoff Curtis said Intuitive Surgical has physician-educators and other trainers who teach surgeons how to use the robot.But they don’t train them how to do specific procedures robotically,he said,and that it’s up to hospitals and surgeons to decide“if and when a surgeon is ready to perform robotic cases.”A2010New England Journal of Medicine essay by a doctor and a health policy analyst said surgeons must do at least150procedures to become adept at using the robotic system.But there is no expert consensus on how much training is needed.New Jersey banker Alexis Grattan did a lot of online research before her gallbladder was removed last month at Hackensack University Medical Center.She said the surgeon’s many years of experience with robotic operations was an important factor.She also had heard that the surgeon was among the first to do the robotic operation with just one small incision in the belly button,instead of four cuts in conventional keyhole surgery.81.Why did FDA begin to scrutinize da Vinci?A.The number used in operation has been tripled.B.It is too expensive.C.It is reported to have frequent mechanical breakdown.wsuits increase with death case reports.82.According to some doctors,which of the following is NOT the reason to curb the enthusiasmfor da Vinci?A.The high cost causes unreasonable marketing.B.It is not as good as traditional surgeries.C.It needs more statistics to prove its value.D.It is necessary for doctors to consider some problems.83.What does FDA spokeswoman Synim Rivers mean?A.Doctors and hospitals should be responsible for those problems.B.It is doctors that think da Vinci robots are problematic.C.There are so many problems reports that FDA has to do an enquiry.D.FDA hasn’t finished the previous enquiry about the surgeons who used robots.84.What is correct about training according to the Geoff Curtis?A.A lack of sufficient training on the part of surgeons.B.A lack of sufficient training an the part of company.C.Doctors and hospitals are not sufficiently trained on specific procedures.D.Doctors and hospitals are not sufficiently trained on how to use robots.85.What is the best title for this passage?A.Four Hands Better than Two?B.Too Good to Be TrueC.Smart RobotsD.Who Is the Killer?Passage SixIn a poor,inland,gang-infested part of Los Angeles,there is a clinic for people with type1 diabetes.As part of the country health care system,it serves persons who have fallen through all other safety-net options,the poorest of the poor.Although type2diabetes is rampant in this part of。
河北医科大学病理学2011,2012,2017--2019年考博真题
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Hale Waihona Puke 4. 癌性增生和反应性增生区别。 5. 写出4种肠道溃疡性疾病，并列举一种的病理表现。 6. 动脉粥样硬化病理过程、并发症及临床表现。 7. 肺癌大体分型、组织分型。
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多，又称细胞内外的物质蓄积。
蓄积的物质可以是：（1）过量的细胞固有成分（2）外源性、内源性物质（３）色素
（1）细胞水肿（cellular swelling）
1）主要原因：感染、中毒、缺氧
2）发生机制:病因→细胞线粒体受损→ATP↓→细胞膜Na+-K+泵功能↓→Na+、H2O进入细胞内。
3）形态改变 ①肉眼观察：器官体积增大、色泽浅淡。②光镜观察：细胞肿大、胞浆淡染或清亮。
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河北医科大学
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释 1. 脂肪变形 2. 异型性 3. 槟琅肝 4. 化生 5. 肉芽肿 6. 异位内分泌 7. 栓塞 8. 组织芯片 9. 假性肥大 10. 肺心病 11. 新月体 二、简答题 1. 良恶性肿瘤区别。 2. 支气管肺癌分类。 3. 坏死的基本病变？ 4. 霍奇金淋巴瘤的分型及临床特点。 5. 良性肿瘤和恶性肿瘤的区别？ 三、论述题 1. 门脉高压临床表现，慢性支气管炎，肾小球肾炎。 2. 举例说明淤血导致的病理改变及后果。
C．光镜观察：脂滴在心肌细胞内呈串珠状排列。
同源性细胞之间)
常见类型:.鳞状上皮化生：常见于气管、支气管、子宫颈 肠上皮化生：发生于胃粘膜。
骨科博士入学试题集
骨科博士入学试题集1.名词解释LShenton线：沿闭孔上缘划线并向外侧延伸与股骨颈下缘相连，正常髋关节呈一连续性弧线，如该线中断说明髋臼与股骨头关系异常。
2.McMurray征：患者仰卧，检查者一手拇指及其余四指分别按住膝关节内外侧间隙，一手握住足跟部，极度屈膝。
在伸膝过程中，当小腿内收、外旋时有弹响或合并疼痛，说明内侧半月板损伤；当小腿外展、内旋时有弹响或合并疼痛，说明外侧半月板有病变。
3.Finkelsteintest:患者握拳（拇指埋于拳内），使腕部尺偏，若桡骨茎头处出现疼痛为阳性。
阳性者提示桡骨茎头狭窄性腱鞘炎。
4.Brodieabscess（:慢性局限性骨脓肿）brodie于1836年首先描述，多见于儿童和青年，胫骨上端和下端，股骨、肱骨和桡骨下端为好发部位，偶见于椎体等扁平骨。
一般认为系低毒力细菌感染所致，或因全身抵抗力强而使化脓性骨髓炎局限于骨端的一部分。
X线可见长骨干骺端或骨干皮质骨显示圆形或椭圆形低密度骨质破坏区，边缘较整齐，周围密度增高为骨质硬化区，硬化带与正常骨质间无明确分界。
（分4型，P1245）5.C odman’striangle:长骨骨肉瘤位于干骺端的骨髓腔中央或为偏心性。
一侧或四周的骨皮质被浸润和破坏，其表面的骨外膜被掀起，切面上可见肿瘤上、下两端的骨皮质和掀起的骨外膜之间形成三角形隆起，其间堆积由骨外膜产生的新生骨。
此三角称为Codman三角。
seque’ssign:患者仰卧，屈髋、膝，于屈髋位伸膝时，引起患肢痛或肌肉痉挛者为阳性。
腰椎间盘突出征的表现之一。
7.Charcot’sjoint:夏科氏关节是指由于某些神经系统疾病引起的关节病变，也被称为神经性关节炎。
常见病因有脊髓痨、脊髓空洞症等。
原发的神经病变可以造成关节深部感觉障碍，对于关节的震荡、磨损、挤压、劳倦不能察觉因而也不能自主地保护和避免，而神经营养障碍又可使修复能力低下，使病人在无感觉状态下造成了关节软骨的磨损和破坏，关节囊和韧带松弛无力，易形成关节脱位和连枷关节。
骨科考博试题
⾻科考博试题⼀、名词解释：1.Bone-fascia compartment syndrome ⾻筋膜室综合征：即由⾻、⾻间膜、肌间隔和深筋膜形成的⾻筋膜室内肌⾁和神经因急性缺⾎⽽产⽣的⼀系列早期症候。
最多见于前臂与⼩腿，常由创伤⾻折的⾎肿和组织⽔肿使其室内内容物体积增加或外包扎过紧、局部压迫使⾻筋膜室体积减⼩⽽导致⾻筋膜室内压⼒增⾼所致。
当压⼒达到⼀定程度可使供应肌⾁的⼩动脉关闭，形成缺⾎-⽔肿-缺⾎的恶性循环。
根据其缺⾎程度可导致：濒临缺⾎肌挛缩；缺⾎肌挛缩、坏疽。
2..V olkmann’s Contracture；缺⾎性肌挛缩Volkmann’s Contracture（福克曼缺⾎性挛缩）是⾻折严重并发症之⼀，是⾻筋膜室综合征处理不当的严重后果。
由于肢体严重缺⾎，造成肌⾁坏死或挛缩，⼜因神经缺⾎和瘢痕压迫，常有神经部分瘫痪，致肢体严重残废。
多发⽣于上肢肱⾻髁上⾻折或尺桡⾻⾻折后，典型的畸形为“⽖形⼿”。
3.挤压综合征（crush syndrome,CS）系肢体、臀部等肌⾁丰富的部位受到压榨或长时间重⼒压迫，致肌⾁缺⾎坏死并引起肢体肿胀、肌红蛋⽩尿、⾼⾎钾为特点的急性肾功能衰竭的综合征。
4.脂肪栓塞综合征：发⽣于成⼈，由于⾻折处髓腔内⾎肿张⼒过⼤，⾻髓被破坏，脂肪滴进⼊破裂的静脉窦内，引起肺、脑脂肪栓塞。
临床上出现呼吸功能不全、发绀，胸部拍⽚有⼴泛肺实变，即暴风雪改变。
动脉⾎氧低可导致烦躁不安、嗜睡、甚⾄昏迷死亡。
常见下肢的多发⾻折患者。
5.⾻化性肌炎：由于关节扭伤、脱位或关节附近⾻折，⾻膜剥离造成⾻膜下⾎肿，处理不当使⾎肿扩⼤，机化并在关节附近软组织内⼴泛⾻化，造成关节活动功能障碍。
特别多见于肘关节和⾻盆⾻折术后。
6.急性⾻萎缩（Sudeck's atrophy),即损伤导致关节附近痛性⾻质疏松，亦称反射性交感神经性⾻营养不良。
好发于⼿、⾜⾻折后，典型症状是疼痛和⾎管舒缩紊乱。
疼痛与损伤程度不⼀致，随邻近关节活动⽽加剧，局部有烧灼感。
骨科各校考博真题
骨科各校考博真题概述：骨科是医学中的一个重要学科，考博是骨科医生进一步深造的重要途径。
为了更好地帮助考生备考，了解骨科各校考博真题是非常关键的。
本文将针对骨科各校考博真题进行详细介绍，旨在为考生提供参考和指导。
一、北京大学1. 题目：脊柱骨折的分类和治疗原则2. 题目：骨外科手术常见并发症及其处理方法3. 题目：股骨颈骨折的分类和手术治疗4. 题目：骨肿瘤的诊断和治疗进展5. 题目：髋关节置换术后并发症的预防和处理方法二、复旦大学1. 题目：大关节置换术后的康复训练原则2. 题目：骨代谢疾病的常见临床表现和诊断方法3. 题目：关节镜在骨科疾病中的应用和发展趋势4. 题目：肩袖断裂的病因和治疗方案5. 题目：骨关节炎的分型和保守治疗方法三、上海交通大学1. 题目：关节镜下前交叉韧带重建术的手术步骤及注意事项2. 题目：骨折愈合的影响因素及改善方法3. 题目：颅骨外伤的危险因素和治疗原则4. 题目：骨质疏松的预防和治疗策略5. 题目：膝关节置换术的适应症和手术技巧四、中山大学1. 题目：创伤性颈椎骨折的急救处理方法2. 题目：髋关节镜检查的操作步骤和要点3. 题目：股骨头坏死的诊断和分期方法4. 题目：脊柱侧弯的病因和治疗原则5. 题目：骨质疏松性骨折的诊断和治疗进展总结：了解骨科各校考博真题对考生备考具有重要意义。
不同学校的考试内容涵盖了骨科的各个方面，包括骨折分类和治疗原则、手术并发症处理、骨肿瘤的诊断和治疗、关节置换术后康复、骨关节炎的治疗等。
考生可以结合真题进行针对性的复习，提高备考效果。
在备考过程中，建议考生多做题、多练习，熟悉各个学校的考题风格，加强知识点的掌握，提高解题能力。
同时，考生也应该关注骨科领域的最新进展，了解最新的研究成果和临床应用，为考试做好充分准备。
最后，祝愿所有考生取得优异成绩，顺利进入理想的骨科医学研究领域！。
2017年上半年河北省主治医师(骨外科学)职业考试试题
2017年上半年河北省主治医师(骨外科学)职业考试试题一、单项选择题（每题的备选项中，只有 1 个事最符合题意）1、Maffucci综合征属于A．骨组织肿瘤B．软骨组织肿瘤C．纤维组织肿瘤D．骨髓组织肿瘤E．滑膜组织肿瘤2、以下关于移植器官保存方法的叙述中，哪一项是正确的A．首先应用器官灌洗液在35～37℃充分灌洗移植器官B．移植器官应进行超低温保存C．UW液不含乳糖酸，是目前应用最为广泛的器官保存液D．尽管移植器官在低温保存下仍存在新陈代谢，但基本不消耗ATPE．从37℃降至0℃，细胞新陈代谢率下降到原来的1/123、下列哪项不是骨关节结核判断病变是否治愈的标准A．全身情况良好，体温正常，血沉正常B．无明显局部症状C．脓肿消失或钙化D．病灶边缘骨轮廓清晰E．起床活动3个月无复发表现4、下列外科疾病中，引起代谢性碱中毒最常见的是A．腹泻B．乙状结肠扭转C．低位小肠梗阻D．幽门梗阻E．高位小肠梗阻5、移民流行病学是对移民人群的疾病分布进行研究，以探讨病因。
若移民中某病的发病率及死亡率与原居住地人群的发病率或死亡率接近，而与移民地当地居民人群的发病率及死亡率不同，则引起发病率及死亡率差别的主要原因A．遗传因素B．环境因素C．遗传和环境交互作用D．很难判断E．与上述因素都无关6、颈椎病的手术指征，是__A．颈痛伴手麻木B．头痛、头晕、眩晕C．颈肩痛较重，手握力减退，X线片有骨棘生成，椎间隙狭窄D．反复发作，症状严重，长期保守疗法无效，有脊髓受压或瘫痪E．颈肩痛，手部肌力减弱，头痛头晕，耳鸣7、患儿5岁，两个月来经常夜啼，哭述右膝关节痛，右腿拒动，不敢行走及站立。
曾去医院检查并拍片，未见右膝明显异常。
考虑哪个部位有问题A．右髋关节B．右膝关节C．右踝关节D．右胫骨E．右股骨8、酸雨的主要前体物质是A．CO2B．COC．O3D．SO2E．PAH9、最有可能出现异常的实验室检查A．血沉B．血细胞计数C．寻找红斑狼疮细胞D．类风湿絮状沉淀试验E．抗链球菌溶血素”O”滴定度10、在队列研究中，最常用于分析疾病与危险因素联系程度的指标是A．RRB．ORC．ARD．PARE．P值11、某单位从1990年起对职工糖尿病的发病情况进行研究。
2017年上半年河北省骨外科学主治医生入职考试题
2017年上半年河北省骨外科学主治医生入职考试题一、单项选择题（共26题，每题的备选项中，只有 1 个事最符合题意）1、下列哪种疾病最为可能A．急性腰扭伤B．腰椎管狭窄C．腰椎弓根峡部裂D．腰4～5椎间盘突出E．闭塞性脉管炎2、这种肿瘤组织内的主要肿瘤细胞为A．巨细胞(破骨细胞)B．Ⅰ型基质细胞C．软骨细胞D．滑膜细胞E．成骨细胞3、某羽毛球运动员，20岁，近半年来右肘部外侧疼痛，运动后加剧，检查时右肘外侧压痛，但肘关节功能正常。
最可能的诊断为A．桡神经损伤B．肘关节陈旧性脱位C．肱骨髁上陈目不暇旧性骨折D．肱骨慢性化脓性骨髓炎E．肱骨外上髁炎4、下列外科疾病中，引起代谢性碱中毒最常见的是A．腹泻B．乙状结肠扭转C．低位小肠梗阻D．幽门梗阻E．高位小肠梗阻5、女性，45岁，右乳无痛性肿块1年，肿块直径约2cm，右腋窝未扪及肿大淋巴结。
此病人最不可能的诊断是A．乳腺囊性增生B．急性乳房炎C．乳腺癌D．乳腺纤维腺瘤E．Paget病6、成人椎体结核和椎体肿瘤在X线平片上的主要鉴别点是__A．椎体的破坏程度B．是否有死骨形成C．椎间隙是否狭窄或消失D．椎体有无压缩变形E．椎旁软组织阴影7、22岁男患，运动中摔倒，诉左髋痛，检查左髋部叩痛，患肢无外旋畸形，X线片示左股骨颈中段骨折，患侧股骨颈略短，Pauwels角60度，侧位片远折端无移位。
本例为下列哪种类型？A．左股骨颈，经颈内收型骨折B．左股骨颈，经颈外展型骨折C．左股骨颈，无移位完全型骨折D．左股骨颈经颈，内收，嵌插型骨折E．左股骨颈中段不完全内收型骨折8、该病人明确诊断，最有价值的辅助检查方法是A．腰椎MRI检查B．腰椎X线片检查C．腰椎B超D．肌电图检查E．脊髓造影9、骨折急救的主要方法是A．骨折固定B．骨折复位C．恢复功能D．解除疼痛E．消除肿胀10、心肺脑复苏中，为防止脑水肿最常用的方法和措施是A．降温，脱水治疗B．维持循环，呼吸功能稳定C．纠正酸中毒D．抗感染治疗E．激素治疗11、下列措施中哪一项不适宜采用A．手术治疗，椎板开窗减压髓核摘除B．卧硬板床休息及药物治疗C．骨盆牵引及理疗D．封闭治疗(硬膜外注射皮质激素类药物)E．硬膜外麻醉下推拿12、关于肘关节损伤后遗症哪种说法不正确A．肘内翻畸形的发生率为9%～57%，内翻大于20°时即应手术矫形B．肘关节骨化性肌炎的发生率儿童高于成年人C．肘关节损伤后可继发尺神经炎D．肘外翻达35°以上者应考虑手术治疗E．创伤性骨化性肌炎与进行性骨化性肌炎不是一种疾病，发病部位与表现亦不相同13、化脓性关节炎与关节结核的关节液区别点在于A．黏稠度B．臭味C．白细胞总数及中性粒细胞所占比例D．积液量的多少E．红细胞量的多少14、关于颈部的检查，错误的是__A．左心衰竭时可见到颈静脉怒张B．正常人平卧位时，颈静脉可稍见充盈，但其范围不超过锁骨上缘至下颔角距离的1/3C．心包积液B寸可见颈静脉怒张D．上腔静脉梗阻时可见颈静脉怒张E．当正常人立位和坐位时，颈外静脉不显露15、某医生收集了某市范围内12个区县的年人均烟草销量和肺癌患病率，然后加以分析，以探索烟草销售量与肺癌患病的关系，这种研究属于A．分析性研究B．生态比较研究C．横断面研究D．社区干预研究E．队列研究16、骨折急救处理中哪项不恰当__A．凡有骨折可疑的病人，均按骨折处理B．复位已戳出创口的骨折端C．创口包扎，止血D．妥善固定患肢，若有显著畸形，可手力牵引，使之挺直E．迅速运往医院17、”浮髌征”阳性，见于膝关节A．少量积液B．中等量积液C．大量积液D．滑膜增生E．关节内粘连18、缺钾性碱中毒时出现反常性酸性尿，原因是A．肾远曲小管排K+减少，排H+增多B．Na+-H+交换减少C．肾小管对HCO3ˉ的重吸收增加D．血中H2CO3升高E．以上都不是19、胸骨左缘第1、2肋间及其附近区域听到连续性杂音见于__A．二尖瓣关闭不全B．主动脉瓣关闭不全C．二尖瓣狭窄D．主动脉瓣狭窄E．动脉导管未闭20、某医师欲对某病患者进行健康相关生命质量调查，在设计调查表的过程中，下列哪项是错误的A．措词要准确、通俗易懂B．措词尽可能使用专业术语C．有关的项目一项不能少，无关的项目一项也不列D．尽量使用客观和定量的指标E．项目排列先易后难21、与骨、关节结核发病无关的因素有A．病人的体质B．免疫力C．局部解剖特点D．有结核病接触史E．局部的积累性劳损22、一个12岁小女孩，无意中发现左膝下内侧有一突出骨性肿块，你认为最大可能是什么病A．骨囊肿B．半月板囊肿C．骨巨细胞瘤D．骨软骨瘤E．骨结核23、主动脉瓣第二听诊区适合听诊__A．舒张期杂音B．第一心音分裂C．收缩期杂音D．第二心音分裂E．连续性杂音24、男性54岁，车祸，右胫腓骨中1/3粉碎骨折，复位后夹板固定，因右小腿肿胀足趾剧烈疼痛伤后36小时转诊，检查：右足趾明显肿胀，青紫，感觉麻木，足趾活动差，毛细血管充盈尚存在，取除夹板见右小腿肿胀甚，皮温较高且皮肤有水泡出现，考虑并发最可能为A．腓总神经损伤B．胫前动脉损伤C．胫后动脉损伤D．胫动脉损伤E．骨筋膜室综合征25、青年男性病人，腰痛、僵硬，逐渐出现驼背，X线片见骶髂关节模糊，间隙消失，可能诊断是A．慢性腰扭伤B．腰肌劳损C．腰椎结核D．腰椎间盘突出症E．强直性脊柱炎26、肘关节骨折脱位可能并发A．动静脉损伤B．周围神经损伤C．缺血性肌肉痉挛D．缺血性骨坏死E．损伤性骨化二、多项选择题（共26题，每题的备选项中，有 2 个或 2 个以上符合题意，至少有1 个错项。
外科学考博试题及答案
外科学考博试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 外科感染中最常见的致病菌是：A. 金黄色葡萄球菌B. 大肠杆菌C. 肺炎链球菌D. 真菌答案：A2. 以下哪项不是外科手术的基本原则？A. 无菌原则B. 无创原则C. 快速原则D. 安全原则答案：C3. 以下哪项是开放性骨折的特点？A. 骨折端不与外界相通B. 骨折端与外界相通C. 骨折线完全在皮肤下D. 骨折线完全在骨髓内答案：B4. 急性阑尾炎最典型的临床表现是：A. 腹痛B. 恶心呕吐C. 右下腹固定压痛D. 发热答案：C5. 以下哪项是乳腺癌的高危因素？A. 长期吸烟B. 长期饮酒C. 家族遗传史D. 长期素食答案：C二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 简述外科手术切口的分类及其特点。
答案：外科手术切口根据其感染风险分为三类：清洁切口、可能污染切口和污染切口。
清洁切口是指手术区域无炎症，无感染，且手术过程中未进入呼吸道、消化道、泌尿生殖道及口咽部。
可能污染切口是指手术区域可能存在细菌，但无明显感染，如胃肠道手术。
污染切口是指手术区域有明显感染或手术过程中进入有菌环境，如脓肿切开引流。
2. 描述急性胆囊炎的诊断要点。
答案：急性胆囊炎的诊断要点包括：右上腹疼痛，尤其是Murphy征阳性；发热和白细胞计数升高；腹部超声检查发现胆囊壁增厚、胆囊内结石或胆囊周围积液；有时可伴有黄疸。
3. 解释何为“无菌技术”及其在外科手术中的重要性。
答案：无菌技术是指在手术过程中采取的一系列措施，以防止手术区域受到微生物污染。
这包括使用无菌器械、穿戴无菌手术衣和手套、保持手术区域清洁等。
无菌技术在外科手术中至关重要，因为它可以显著降低术后感染的风险，提高手术成功率。
三、论述题（每题25分，共50分）1. 论述外科手术前的准备要点。
答案：外科手术前的准备要点包括：详细的病史采集和体格检查，以评估患者的整体健康状况和手术风险；必要的辅助检查，如血常规、凝血功能、心电图、肝肾功能等；术前禁食和禁水，以减少术中呕吐和误吸的风险；术前抗生素的使用，以预防感染；心理支持和教育，以减轻患者的焦虑和恐惧。
历年各高校骨科考博试题精选
一、总结的骨科试题问答题脊柱内固定治疗进展〔1999复旦大学外科博士试题〕肱骨髁上骨折的诊治原那么〔2000复旦大学外科博士试题〕肱骨髁上骨折分型及手术适应症〔2004中山医科大学外科博士试题〕骨间后神经嵌压综合征的病因,临床表现,诊断及治疗〔2001复旦大学外科博士试题〕颈椎病的分类〔2002复旦大学外科博士试题〕骨肉瘤的临床及X线表现/分型/治疗进展〔2003复旦大学外科博士试题〕脊柱侧凸的分类,测量及X线判断病变是否稳定〔2004复旦大学外科博士试题〕脊柱侧弯定义分类治疗〔1997中山医科大学外科博士试题〕椎管狭窄症的定义、病因、临床表现、诊断和治疗〔2006复旦大学外科博士试题〕肱骨髁上骨折的治疗原那么〔1995中山医科大学外科博士试题〕全髋关节置换适应症、禁忌症及并发症〔1995中山医科大学外科博士试题〕骨结核好发部位、治疗原那么〔1996中山医科大学外科博士试题〕骨折愈合临床标准〔1996中山医科大学外科博士试题〕L4椎体滑脱的治疗原那么〔1998中山医科大学外科博士试题〕人工关节松动的原因〔1999中山医科大学外科博士试题〕颈椎病手术指征？前后入路选择〔2000中山医科大学外科博士试题〕手急性化脓性腱鞘炎和深部间隙感染与解剖的关系？〔2000中山医科大学外科博士试题〕特发性脊柱侧弯中，结构性侧弯和非结构性侧弯的区别。
〔2001中山医科大学外科博士试题〕膝关节半月板损伤的临床表现及诊断〔2004中山医科大学外科博士试题〕简述股骨头缺血性坏死的Ficat分期〔2006中山大学外科学博士试题〕-骨关节炎的诊断和治疗〔2006中山大学外科学博士试题〕试述人工膝关节置换术后的并发症〔2006中山大学外科学博士试题〕骨组织工程的治疗进展〔2006中南大学湘雅医学院骨科学博士试题〕良性恶性骨肿瘤的鉴别及骨肉瘤的治疗进展〔2006中南大学湘雅医学院骨科学博士试题〕脊髓型颈椎病的诊断标准，手术方案及其依据〔2006中南大学湘雅医学院骨科学博士试题〕手的功能位，手外伤的急救原那么〔2006中南大学湘雅医学院骨科学博士试题〕股骨远端骨折的AO分型，治疗原那么及术前、术中并发症〔2006中南大学湘雅医学院骨科学博士试题〕生物学接骨〔2004上海交大医学院骨科博士试题〕骨性关节炎的治疗〔2004上海交大医学院骨科博士试题〕腰椎滑脱的分级〔2004上海交大医学院骨科博士试题〕胫骨平台骨折的治疗〔2004上海交大医学院骨科博士试题〕二期愈合组织学〔2005上海交大医学院骨科博士考题〕生物学固定机理〔2005上海交大医学院骨科博士考题〕慢性骨髓炎〔2005上海交大医学院骨科博士考题〕良恶性骨肿瘤鉴别〔2005上海交大医学院骨科博士考题〕股骨颈骨折内固定,关节置换适应症〔2005上海交大医学院骨科博士考题〕病例分析:骨筋膜室综合症〔2005上海交大医学院骨科博士考题〕名词解释Nelaton’s line/复旦大学医学院2003年骨科学Vater-Pacinian Corpuscle/复旦大学医学院2003年骨科学Ward’s triangle复旦大学医学院2003年骨科学/2003三军大骨科博士腕管综合症/复旦大学医学院2003年骨科学/2006二军大骨科博士试题肩部撞击症/复旦大学医学院2003年骨科学/2006二军大骨科博士试题手部无人区/1999中山医科大学外科博士试题脊柱侧弯/1999中山医科大学外科博士试题应力缓冲效应/1999中山医科大学外科博士试题BMP /2003、2005二军大骨科博士试题Frank's分型/2003西安医科大骨科博士嗅鞘细胞/2003西安医科大骨科博士Weak up test/2003西安医科大骨科博士新月征/2003西安医科大骨科博士腱鞘巨细胞瘤/2003西安医科大骨科博士张力带固定/2003二军大骨科博士试题肥大型骨不愈/2003二军大骨科博士试题CRAMS评分法/2006二军大骨科博士试题V AS评分法/2006二军大骨科博士试题SCI/2006二军大骨科博士试题artificial gut/2006二军大骨科博士试题perioperative period/2006二军大骨科博士试题V olkman挛缩/2006二军大骨科博士试题Perthes病/2006二军大骨科博士试题OPLL/2006二军大骨科博士试题脊髓震荡/2003二军大骨科博士试题静力锁钉/2003二军大骨科博士试题tutrial cord syndrome/2005二军大骨科博士试题Jefferson fracture/2005二军大骨科博士试题Bohler angle/2005二军大骨科博士试题Brown-Sequard syndrome/2005二军大骨科博士试题Bragd sign/2005二军大骨科博士试题McGarge's line/2006二军大骨科博士试题中央脊髓综合征/2003三军大骨科博士Abbreviation Jnjury Scale/2003三军大骨科博士Contagious */2003三军大骨科博士Bennet 骨折/2003三军大骨科博士骨不连/2004华中科技大骨科博士)骨筋膜室综合征/2004华中科技大骨科博士解剖学复位/2004华中科技大骨科博士骨筋膜室综合征/2004华中科技大骨科博士病理脱位/2004华中科技大骨科博士全关节结核/2004华中科技大骨科博士关节僵硬/2004华中科技大骨科博士解剖学复位/2004华中科技大骨科博士骨筋膜室综合征/2004华中科技大骨科博士病理脱位/2004华中科技大骨科博士全关节结核/2004华中科技大骨科博士关节僵硬/2004华中科技大骨科博士骨筋膜室综合征/2004华中科技大骨科博士解剖学复位/2004华中科技大骨科博士骨筋膜室综合征/2004华中科技大骨科博士病理脱位/2004华中科技大骨科博士全关节结核/2004华中科技大骨科博士关节僵硬/2004华中科技大骨科博士二、骨科名词解释1.高尔夫球肘〔Golfer's elbow〕即肱骨内上髁炎，是由于肘部过度活动引起肘部屈肌附着处疼痛。
博士考试外科学试题及答案
博士考试外科学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 以下哪项不是外科手术的基本原则？A. 无菌原则B. 无创原则C. 快速原则D. 个体化原则2. 外科手术中，最常见的感染类型是：A. 细菌性感染B. 真菌性感染C. 病毒性感染D. 寄生虫感染3. 以下哪个不是外科手术的常见并发症？A. 出血B. 感染C. 疼痛D. 过敏4. 外科手术中，以下哪个操作不属于基本操作？A. 切开B. 缝合C. 切除D. 放射治疗5. 以下哪个是外科手术中常用的止血方法？A. 电凝B. 冷冻C. 药物D. 按摩6. 外科手术中，以下哪个不是常用的麻醉方式？A. 局部麻醉B. 椎管内麻醉C. 全身麻醉D. 表面麻醉7. 以下哪个不是外科手术的术后护理措施？A. 观察生命体征B. 伤口护理C. 预防感染D. 立即进食8. 外科手术中，以下哪种情况需要紧急处理？A. 轻微出血B. 术中发现肿瘤C. 术中出现心跳骤停D. 术后轻度疼痛9. 以下哪个不是外科手术的术前准备？A. 血常规检查B. 心电图检查C. 禁食禁水D. 术后饮食计划10. 外科手术中，以下哪个不是手术器械？A. 手术刀B. 镊子C. 止血钳D. 听诊器答案：1. C2. A3. D4. D5. A6. D7. D8. C9. D 10. D二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 请简述外科手术的无菌操作原则。
2. 描述一下外科手术中常见的止血方法。
3. 术后护理中，如何预防感染？三、论述题（每题25分，共50分）1. 论述外科手术中的风险评估和风险管理的重要性。
2. 论述外科手术的术前准备和术后护理的重要性。
结束语：外科手术是医学领域中非常重要的一部分，它不仅要求医生具备高超的技艺，还需要对手术的每一个环节都有深入的了解和严格的控制。
通过本试题，我们希望考生能够对外科手术的基本原则、操作技巧、风险管理以及术前术后的护理有更全面的认识，从而在未来的医学实践中能够更好地服务于患者。
2017年医学博士考试《外语》真题及详解
2017年医学博士考试《外语》真题(总分100, 考试时间90分钟)Section A1. Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medical help to______ the problem.A affiliateB alleviateC aggravateD accelerate答案:B解析：风湿病学家建议，那些持续疼痛和痛苦的人首先应该借助医疗来缓解问题。
affiliate"接纳，为……工作"，alleviate"减少，减缓"，aggravate"增加"，accelerate"加速"。
根据题意，正确答案为B。
2. An allergy results when the body have a(n)______reaction to certain substances introduced to it.A spontaneousB negativeC adverseD prompt答案:C解析：当身体对某种外来物质产生不良反应时，就会出现过敏现象。
spontaneous"同时的"，negative"负面的"，adverse"不利的"，prompt"立刻的"。
在有关过敏的语境里，一般"不良反应"用an adverse reaction，而不用negative，正确答案为C。
3. Diabetes is one of the most______and potentially dangerous diseases in the world.A crucialB virulentC colossalD prevalent答案:D解析：糖尿病是世界上最普遍的潜在危险疾病之一。
河北医科大学骨外科学(3025)2011,2016--2017年考博初试真题
河北医科大学
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：骨外科学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、简答题（每题20分，共计100分）
1.Pilon骨折的治疗原则。
2.胫骨平台骨折Shatzker分型。
3.膝关节的局部解剖。
4.距骨的解剖及骨折治疗原则。
5.保膝研究的最新进展。
河北医科大学
2011年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：骨外科学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
1.BMP
2.转化生长因子
3.骨保护素
4.基质金属蛋白酶
5.血管内皮生长因子
6.颈干角
二、问答题
7.髋部骨折的分型及治疗
8.胫骨平台骨折的chatzker分型及治疗
9.脊柱三柱理论的划分及临床意义
10.骨质疏松的定义，分类、治疗。
11.脊髓型颈椎病的诊断及鉴别诊断
12.颈椎前路手术的并发症
河北医科大学
2016年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：骨外科学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
简答题（每题20分）
1、跟骨骨折的治疗进展
2、胫骨平台的Schatzker分型，及各型的损伤机制
3、什么是弹性模量，弹性模量与钢板，钢钉，骨折固定的关系4ຫໍສະໝຸດ 骶骨骨折Denis分型及其临床意义
河北省2017年西医综合之外科学考试试卷
河北省2017年西医综合之外科学考试试卷一、单项选择题（共24题，每题的备选项中，只有 1 个事最符合题意）1、下列孔洞中，属于颅后窝的是__A．筛孔B．卵圆孔C．圆孔D．枕骨大孔E．棘孔2、16岁男性患者，临床诊断为急性肾炎，则下列哪项表现是该患者必有的A．肾功能异常B．血清补体C3下降，8周内恢复C．循环免疫复合物阳性D．ASO滴度升高3、Goodpasture综合征的首选治疗是A．甲泼尼龙(甲基强的松龙)冲击B．血浆置换C．血液透析D．环磷酰胺冲击4、进行性血胸的主要治疗措施是A．用止血剂B．用升压药C．胸腔闭式引流D．剖胸探查止血5、原发性高血压的最重要的致病原因是A．摄盐量过多B．吸烟C．交感神经兴奋性增强D．遗传素质6、以炎性细胞渗出为主的炎症最先出现的病理过程是A．白细胞边集B．白细胞游C．化学趋化作用D．吞噬作用7、早期易发生血道转移的甲状腺癌类型是A．乳头状癌B．滤泡癌C．髓样癌D．未分化癌8、下列的无症状细菌尿患者中，不需要治疗的是A．老年人B．学龄前儿童C．妊娠妇女D．肾移植者E．青年人9、加单氧酶(混合功能氧化酶)的特点是A．将氧分子加入底物，故称加单氧酶B．主要参与细胞提供能量的氧化过程C．催化底物脱氢，以氧为受氢体产生H2O2 D．催化氧分子中一个氧原子进入底物，另一个被还原产生水10、突然发作的心绞痛，其胸痛部位常位于__A．左肩背部B．上腹部C．左或右胸D．胸骨体中段、上段的后方E．心尖部11、下述哪项凝血因子的合成不需维生素K参与A．因子B．因子ⅡC．因子ⅨD．因子Ⅲ12、核酶是指A．核内的DNA酶B．核内的RNA酶C．核内的蛋白酶D．具有催化功能的RNA分子13、当同时存在水、电解质和酸碱平衡失衡时，首先应A．调节Na+不足B．调节CI-不足C．调节K+不足D．调节酸碱失衡E．调节容量不足14、男性，45岁，右肋痛3个月，微热，巩膜轻度黄染，肝于吸气时肋下1.0cm，质中等，右膈外侧抬高。
2017年医学博士英语统考真题及答案解析
2017年医学博士英语统考真题及答案Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension (30% )Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said.The question will be read only once. After you hear the question, read thefour possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer andmark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man : No wonder. You haven't had a bite all day.Question : What's the matter with the woman?You will read :A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.1. A. To have a coffee. B. To hold her teddy bear.C. T o take her medicine.D.T o talk with the doctor.2.A.They are ill-tempered.B.They rarely listen to him.C.They often give a wrong diagnosis.D.They always prescribe wrong medications.3.A. His lovely voice. B. His Italian background.C. His attraction appearance.D. His patience with patients.4. A. 2 30 pm today. B. 2:00 pm today.C. 2 : 30 pm tomorrow.D. 2 : 00 pm tomorrow.5.A. He should take one pill 13 minutes before sleep for 30 days.B.He should take one pill 13 minutes before sleep for 13 days.C.He should take one pill 30 minutes before sleep for 13 days.D.He should take one pill 30 minutes before sleep for 30 days.6.A. Go to the cinema. B. Eat out in a restaurant.C. Have a drink or bite in a bar.D. T ake a walk down the High Street.7.A. Thursday, the 16th. B. Friday, the 17th.C. Sunday, the 19th.D. Monday, the 20th.8.A. Mark De Weck B. Mark Te WeckC. Marc De WeckD. Marc T e Weck9.A. It could be three days.B. It could be three months.C. That's an easy question to answer.D. That's an impossible question to answer.10. A. The woman herself. B. The woman's mother.C. The woman's husband.D. The woman's sister-in-law.11.A. It’s a benign tumor. B. It’s a malignant tumor.C. It’s a inherited disease.D. It’s on the man’s right shoulder.12.A. He is a hematologist. B. He is a hepatologist.C. He is a psychologist.D. He is a neurologist.13.A. Because his wife, Sally, wants him to do so.B. Because his company has asked him to do so.C. Because he suspects that he might be infected.D. Because he is applying for emigration to Australia.14. A. She used to handle her own luggage, but not anymore.B. She wants to take her luggage to the car by herself.C. She loves hauling her luggage around herself.D. She needs a hand from the man.15. A. Shocked. B. Nervous.C. Annoyed.D. Contented.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one dialogue and two passages. After each one, you will hear five questions. After each question read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter ofyour choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Dialogue16.A. A difficult case. B. A trivial illness.C. A deadly disease.D. A serious condition.17. A. Cough . B. Fever.C. Stuffed nose.D. Sore throat.18. A. A cold. B. Allergy.C. Sinusitis.D. Pneumonia.19.A. Whether the man should seek a second opinion.B. Whether the doctor’s diagnosis is correct or not.C. Whether the doctor should prescribe an antibiotic.D. Whether CompliCare should cover the man’s expenses.20.A. Nice and patient. B. Rushed and impatient.C. Rational and eloquent.D. Conservative and stubborn.21.A. Simply from the contents of their texts.B. Just from the number of texts they send.C. Merely from the books they read at leisure.D. Right from the way they spell certain words.22.A. 2, 030 sociology students.B. 2, 300 sociology students.C. 2, 030 psychologist students.D. 2, 300 psychologist students.23. A. Spiritual life. B. Image and wealth.B. Academic success. D. Morality and aesthetics.24. A. 30% of the survey-takers texted more than 300 times a day.B. 30% of the survey-takers texted more than 400 times a day.C. 12% of the survey-takers texted at least 300 times a day.D. 12% of the survey-takers texted at least 400 times a day.25. A. T oo much texting can make you shallow.B. Texting is nothing but a wonder of Technology.C. T exting has more disadvantages than advantages.D. T oo much texting results in poorly performing students.Passage Two26. A. Effective weight loss. B. Enhanced appetite.C. Improved healthD. Brain fitness.27. A. A 12-week weight loss program.B. A 12-month weight loss program.C. A 12-week aerobic exercise program.D. A 12-month aerobic exercise program.28.A. Exercise sometimes is just futile and not beneficial.B. Exercise should be encouraged, weight loss less emphasized.C. Aerobic exercise can do good to people both mentally and physically.D. Poor weight loss can inevitably result in disappointment and low self-esteem.29.A. T o control weight.B. To live well and longC. T o be together with friends.D. T o enjoy the marvelous feeling of exercise.30.A. Exercise: Value beyond Weight Loss.B. Exercise: the Way to Well-being.C. Exercise for a Better LifeD. Exercise for Weight LossPart Ⅱ Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A B, C and D, are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word or phrasethat best completes the sentences. Then, mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have_______ effects on bones.A. adverseB. prevalentC. instantD.purposeful32. Drinking more water is good for the rest of your body, helping to lubricate joints and _____ toxins and impurities.A. screen outB. knock outC. flush outD.rule out33.Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medical help to ______ the problem.A. affiliateB. alleviateC. aggravateD. accelerate34.Generally, vaccine makers_____ the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a process that can takefour to six months.A. penetrateB. designateC. generateD. exaggerate35. Danish research shows that the increase in obese people in Denmark is roughly______ to the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.A. equivalentB. temporaryC. permanentD. relevant36. T ed was felled by a massive stroke that affected his balance and left him barely able to speak______.A. bluntlyB. intelligiblyC. reluctantlyD. ironically37.In a technology-intensive enterprise, computers______ all processes of the production and management.A. dominateB. overwhelmC. substituteD. imitate38.Although most dreams apparently happen______, dream activity may be provided by external influences.A. homogeneouslyB. instantaneouslyC.spontaneouslyD. simultaneously39.We are much quicker to respond, and what we respond far too quickly by giving______ to our anger.A. ventB. impulseC.temperD. offence40. By maintaining a strong family_____, they are also maintaining the infrastructure of society.A. biasB.honorC. estateD. bondSection BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which canbest keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlinedpart. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41. Inform the manager if you are on medication that makes you drowsy.A. uneasyB.sleepyC. guiltyD.fiery42. Diabetes is one of the most prevalent and potentially dangerous diseases in the world.A. crucialB. virulentC. colossalD.widespread43. Likewise , soot and smoke from fire contain a multitude of carcinogens.A. a matter ofB. a body ofC. plenty ofD. sort of44.Many questions about estrogen’s effects remain to be elucidated, and investigations are seeking answers through ongoing laboratory and clinical studies.A. implicatedB. impliedC. illuminatedD. initiated45.A network chatting is a limp substitute for meeting friends over coffee.A. accomplishmentB.refreshmentplementD.replacement46. When patients spend extended periods in hospital, they tend to become overly dependent and lose interest in taking care of themselves.A.extremelyB.exclusivlyC.exactlyD. explicitly47.Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problem of traffic congestion.A. amelioratedB.aggregatedC.deterioratedD. duplicated48. It was reported that bacteria contaminated up to 80% of domestic retail raw chicken in the United States.A. inflamedB. inflictedC.infectedD. infiltrated49. Researchers recently ran the numbers on gun violence in the United States and reportedthat right-to-carry-gun laws do not inhibit violent crime.A.curbB.induceC.lessenD.impel50.Regardless of our uneasiness about stereotypes, numerous studies have shown clear difference between Chinese and western parenting.A.specificationsB.sensationsC.conventionsD.conservationsPart Ⅲ Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, thereIt was the kind of research that gave insight into how flustrains could mutate so quickly. The same branch of researchto humans. Parsing ( 分析provide clues to ___52___ the next potential superflu, whichThis potential killer also has a number: 59%. According to WHO, nearly three-fifths of the people who ___53___ H5N1since 2003 died from the virus, which was first reported___54___ humans in Hong Kong in 1997 before a more serious___55___ occurred in Southeast Asia between 2003 and 2004. Some researchers argue that those mortality numbers are exaggerated because WHO only ___56___ cases in whichvictims are sick enough to go to the hospitals for treatment.___57___, compare that to the worldwide mortality rate of the 1918 pandemic; it may have killed roughly 50 million people, but that was only 10% of the number of people infected, according to a 2006 estimate.H5N1's saving grace--and the only reason we're not2003. But ___58___ its lethality, and the chance it could tumresearch to be exploding, with labs ___59___ the virus'sanimals and___60___ to humans, and hoping to discover avaccine that could head off a pandemic.参考答案：1听力Section A Short Conversations1. A. To have a coffee. 2. B. They rarely listen to him. 3. D. His patience with patients. 4. A. 2:30 pm today. 5. D. He should take one pill 30 minutes before sleep for 30 days. 6. C. Have a drink or bite in a bar. 7. D. Monday, the 20th. 8. C. Marc De Weck. 9. D. That's an impossible question to answer. 10. D. The woman's sister-in-law. 11. A. It's an benign tumor. 12. A. He is a hematologist. 13. D. Because he is applying for emigration to Australia. 14. B. She wants to take her luggage to the car by herself. 15. C. Annoyed. Section BLong Conversation 16. B. Atrivial illness.17. C. Stuffed nose.18. A. A cold.19. C. Whether the doctor should prescribe an antibiotic.20. A. Nice and patient.Passage One21. B. Just from the number of texts they sent.22. D. 2,300 psychology students.23. B. Image and wealth.24. C. 12% of the survey-takers texted at least 300 times a day.25. A. Too much texting can make you shallow.Passage Two26. C. Improved health.27. C. A 12-week aerobic exercise program.28. B. Exercise should be encouraged, weight loss less emphasized.29. D. To enjoy the marvelous feeling of exercise.30. A. Exercise: Value beyong Weight Loss. 2词汇Section A31. A adverse32. C. flush out33. B. alleviate34. C. generate35. A. equivalent36. B. intelligibly37. A. dominate38. C. spontaneously39. A. vent40. D. bondSection B41. B. sleepy42. D. widespread43. C. plenty of44. C. illuminated45. D. replacement 46. A. extremely47. C. deteriorated48. C. infected49. A. curb50. C. conventions51. A. interface52. B. stopping53. D. contracted54. A. in55. D. outbreak56. A. counts57. D. still58. A. given59. C. parsing60. C. potentially阅读理解答案Passage One61. A. warn us against the rampant abuse of antibiotics everywhere62. A. the pre-antibiotic era will return63. A. has developed resistant bacteria worldwide64. B. the existing increasingly ineffectual drugs in the market65. D. helplessnessPassage Two66. C. stay in the forefront of science67. B. the question period after each talk68. A. does not change with times69. B. expose themselves to novel ideas and new approaches70. C. How to design scientific meetingsPassage Three71. D. the human tendency to underestimate the harmful effects on the planet72. D. the definite huge uncertainties about the climatic effects73. A. the successors are also damaging74. D. to explore solar energy and its storage75. B. humanity's energy suppliesPassage Four76. A. how to facilitate their creativity77. B. the evidence-based preliminary results for grant application78. D. benefited from the system he advocates79. C. to encourage starting scientists to be innovative80. C. are independent doing innovative sciencePassage Five81. D82. A. leads to an enquiry by the FDA83. D. the surgical robot is not problematic but safe84. D. a lack of sufficient training on the part of surgeons85. A. Four Arms Better Than Two?Passage Six86. A. their financial status87. B. have no idea about what medical problem they are having88. D. feel a sense of accomplishment in treating the patient89. B. struggled with their survival, let alone with their medical care90. B. Sympathy。
2017年河北医科大学博士考试病理试题
叙述题4个（每题10分）
1、继发性肺结核临床病理类型
2、门脉性肝硬化的临床病理类型
3、慢性支气管炎的临床病理类型
4、弥漫性毛细血管内增生性肾炎的临床病理类型
一、名词解释（20个每个2分共40分）
假小叶
肉芽肿
Infarction
栓塞
脂肪变性
慢性肺源性心脏病
镜影细胞
Crescent
燕麦细胞
瘘管
异位内分泌综合征
鳞性化生
假膜性炎
Metastasis
肾病综合征
槟Байду номын сангаас肝
异型性
Necrosis
简答题4个（每题5分）
1、良性高血压的病理类型
2、良恶性肿瘤的鉴别诊断
3、心肌梗塞的病理表现
河北医科大学系统解剖学2017年考博真题试卷
河北医科大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
河北医科大学
201剖学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、简答题（100分）
1.大腿内收肌和屈大腿肌肉名称，神经支配，血供来源。
2.子宫形态，位置，结构，比邻，固定装置。
3.胃镜检查经过的器官及其解剖。
4.三偏征发生的解剖学机制。
5.眼内肌和眼外肌的神经支配。
6.腹腔与盆腔脏器与覆膜的关系及解剖意义。
7.腹腔干的分支及血供；冠脉造影所经过的结构。
8.呕血，便血，腹水的解剖学机制。
9.臂丛的组成，分支，所支配骨骼肌。
10.提出一个为解决的解剖学问题并提出观点；任选一器官，详述大小位置比邻结构，功能临床意义等。
河北省2017年考试试题
河北省2017年考试试题一、单项选择题（共29题，每题的备选项中，只有 1 个事最符合题意）1、渗出液LD值(U/L)一般大于A．100B．150C．200D．250E．3002、清道夫受体的配体谱广泛，其共同特点是A．均为多阴离子化合物B．都含有ApoAC．都含有ApoB100D．都含有ApoEE．都含有ApoC3、人源化抗体的最主要优点A．特异性强B．异源性低而有利于应用于人体C．纯度高D．亲和力强E．效价高4、有关百日咳鲍特菌叙述正确的是A．为革兰阳性杆菌B．专性厌氧C．可产生毒素D．普通培养基上生长良好E．发酵多种糖类5、对青光眼有显著疗效的利尿药是A．依他尼酸B．氢氯噻嗪C．乙酰唑胺D．呋塞米E．螺内酯6、关于细菌L型的特征，下列错误的是A．呈高度多形性，革兰染色阴性B．在固体培养基上可形成“油煎蛋”样小菌落C．去除抑制物后可回复原有的形态D．分离培养需用低渗琼脂培养基E．仍有致病性7、牙拔除后3～4天，出现拔牙创剧烈疼痛，最可能是A．干槽症B．牙槽突骨折C．牙龈损伤D．牙槽窝内有异物E．过高骨嵴和骨尖8、下列哪一项疾病不会引起血尿酸增高A．白血病B．痛风C．肾小球滤过功能降低D．肝硬化E．恶生肿瘤9、在酶促反应速度曲线的三个阶段中，反应速度能代表酶活性的是A．一级反应B．高级反应C．零级反应D．初级反应E．混合级反应10、下列哪种疾病外周血涂片不会出现幼稚细胞A．再生障碍性贫血B．慢性粒细胞性白血病C．急性白血病D．溶血性贫血E．淋巴瘤晚期11、双位点一步法钩状效应的产生是因为A．标本中的抗原不纯B．洗涤不充分C．孵育时间过长D．酶标抗体过量E．标本中的抗原浓度过高12、下列有关抗原抗体反应特点的叙述中，错误的是A．抗原抗体的反应具有特异性B．抗原抗体只有在分子比例合适时才会出现最强的反应C．反应曲线中，抗原抗体分子比例合适的范围称为等价带D．抗原抗体的反应具有不可逆性E．抗原，抗体具有特异的结合部位13、血涂片制备过程中不会影响血片质量的是__A．血膜厚薄B．静脉血标本C．新玻片D．染料pHE．低温14、如欲进行“流感在某地区人群中过去的感染情况”的血清流行病学研究，下列哪种人群最适宜作为研究对象A．自然人群B．易感人群C．健康人群D．诊断明确的病例E．现正在患流感的人群15、在我国，测定血清胆固醇的参考方法是A．ID-MS法B．ALBK法C．HPLC法D．胆固醇氧化酶法E．以上皆不是16、医疗用毒性药品是指毒性剧烈的药品，并且A．治疗剂量与中毒剂量无关B．治疗剂量与中毒剂量相近C．治疗剂量远大于中毒剂量D．治疗剂量远小于中毒剂量E．治疗剂量较大中毒剂量较小17、下列有关淀粉酶的错误叙述是A．最适反应pH6.9～7.0B．分子量较小，可以自由通过肾小球滤过C．需氯离子活化D．不能采用EDTA抗凝血检测E．淀粉酶升高即可确诊胰腺炎18、酶促反应进程曲线可用于确定A．测定线性范围B．适宜的pHC．适宜的酶量范围D．反应线性时间E．底物的浓度19、对初次免疫应答时产生抗体特点的错误叙述是A．潜伏期长B．抗体合成率高C．优势Ig为IgMD．抗体高峰滴度低E．为低亲和性抗体20、液氮保存和复苏细胞的基本原则是A．快冻快溶B．慢冻慢溶C．慢冻快溶D．快冻慢溶E．不必加冷冻保护剂21、根据归经学说，用辅料炮制药物，盐制入A．心B．肝C．脾D．肺E．肾22、最可能使尿糖试带产生假阴性反应的是A．奎宁B．链霉素C．青霉素D．维生素CE．过氧化物23、肠易激综合征患者可出现A．乳凝块状便B．胨状便C．白陶土样便D．脓便E．米泔样便24、Ⅲ型高脂蛋白血症发病的可能生化缺陷是A．VLDL合成旺盛B．LDL异化速度降低C．LPL异常D．ApoB异常E．ApoD异常25、需做治疗药物监测的药物是A．治疗指数高的药物B．长期使用，病人的顺应性好的药物C．给药后个体间血药浓度差距很小的药物D．肾功能不良患者应用主要经肾排泄的药物E．有效血药浓度低的药物26、Inj.的含义是A．片剂B．胶囊剂C．溶液剂D．糖浆剂E．注射剂27、深黄色尿提示尿中可能含有A．红细胞B．胆红素C．黑色素D．血红蛋白E．结晶28、下述不符合正常骨髓象特征的是A．偶见内皮细胞B．粒红比例2～4:1C．容易见到核分裂象D．小儿淋巴细胞可达40%E．原始红细胞＜1%，早幼红细胞＜5% 29、抗原抗体反应中，前带现象因何原因引起A．抗原过剩B．抗体过剩C．pH值的变化D．温度的变化E．离子强度的变化二、多项选择题（共29题，每题的备选项中，有 2 个或 2 个以上符合题意，至少有1 个错项。
外科学考博试题库及答案
外科学考博试题库及答案外科学是一门研究外科疾病的诊断、治疗和预防的医学科学。
以下是一份外科学考博试题库及答案，供参考：一、选择题1. 以下哪项不是外科手术的基本原则？A. 无菌原则B. 无创原则C. 快速原则D. 安全原则答案：C2. 外科手术中，下列哪项不是无菌操作的基本要求？A. 穿戴无菌手术衣和手套B. 保持手术区域的清洁C. 手术器械直接接触患者皮肤D. 手术室内保持空气流通答案：C3. 以下哪项是外科手术中常见的并发症？A. 术后出血B. 术后感染C. 术后肺栓塞D. 所有选项都是答案：D二、简答题1. 简述外科手术的无菌技术的重要性。
答：无菌技术是外科手术中非常重要的一环，它可以有效预防术后感染，保证手术的安全性和成功率。
无菌技术包括手术人员穿戴无菌手术衣和手套、手术器械的消毒、手术区域的清洁以及手术室内环境的控制等。
2. 描述外科手术中的麻醉方法有哪些，并简要说明其特点。
答：外科手术中的麻醉方法主要包括局部麻醉、椎管内麻醉和全身麻醉。
局部麻醉作用于身体的某一部位，使该部位失去痛觉，适用于小手术；椎管内麻醉作用于脊髓，使下半身失去痛觉，适用于下肢和下腹部手术；全身麻醉使患者在整个手术过程中处于无痛和无意识状态，适用于大型手术。
三、论述题1. 论述外科手术中止血的重要性及其常用方法。
答：止血是外科手术中至关重要的环节，它不仅可以防止患者失血过多，还能减少术中并发症的发生。
常用的止血方法包括物理止血（如压迫止血、冷敷止血）、药物止血（如使用止血药物）、电凝止血、结扎止血等。
选择合适的止血方法需要根据出血的类型、部位和量来决定。
结束语外科学作为一门实践性极强的学科，对医生的理论知识和操作技能都有很高的要求。
通过不断的学习和实践，医生可以提高自己的专业水平，更好地为患者服务。
希望这份试题库能够帮助考生们更好地复习和掌握外科学的相关知识。
博士外科试题及答案
博士外科试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共10分）1. 以下哪个选项不是开放性伤口的特点？A. 伤口边缘不整齐B. 伤口内组织损伤严重C. 伤口表面有异物D. 伤口边缘整齐答案：D2. 以下哪个选项是腹腔镜手术的主要优点？A. 手术创伤小B. 手术费用低C. 术后恢复慢D. 术中视野狭窄答案：A3. 以下哪个选项不是腹部外伤的常见症状？A. 腹痛B. 呕吐C. 腹泻D. 腹部压痛答案：C4. 以下哪个选项是阑尾炎的典型临床表现？A. 右下腹痛B. 左下腹痛C. 右上腹痛D. 左上腹痛答案：A5. 以下哪个选项是甲状腺癌的常见症状？A. 甲状腺肿大B. 甲状腺结节C. 甲状腺功能亢进D. 甲状腺功能减退答案：B二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）1. 以下哪些是肠梗阻的常见原因？A. 肠套叠B. 肠扭转C. 肠粘连D. 肠壁肿瘤答案：ABCD2. 以下哪些是胆囊结石的常见症状？A. 右上腹痛B. 黄疸C. 恶心呕吐D. 右下腹痛答案：ABC3. 以下哪些是胃癌的高危因素？A. 长期不良饮食习惯B. 幽门螺杆菌感染C. 家族遗传史D. 长期吸烟答案：ABCD4. 以下哪些是颅内压增高的常见症状？A. 头痛B. 呕吐C. 视力下降D. 意识障碍答案：ABD5. 以下哪些是乳腺炎的常见症状？A. 乳房红肿B. 乳房肿块C. 乳房疼痛D. 乳房溢液答案：AC三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. 简述急性阑尾炎的典型临床表现。
答案：急性阑尾炎的典型临床表现包括右下腹疼痛、恶心呕吐、发热和腹部压痛。
2. 描述一下甲状腺癌的诊断方法。
答案：甲状腺癌的诊断方法包括临床检查、超声检查、细针穿刺活检和血清甲状腺功能检测。
3. 简述肠梗阻的常见治疗方法。
答案：肠梗阻的常见治疗方法包括保守治疗（如禁食、胃肠减压、补液等）和手术治疗（如肠粘连松解术、肠切除术等）。
4. 描述一下颅内压增高的急救措施。
答案：颅内压增高的急救措施包括保持呼吸道通畅、降低颅内压（如使用甘露醇）、维持血压稳定和及时转送医院。