山东理工大学2004年硕士研究生入学考试试题(试卷A)
2004年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试
2004年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试西医综合科目试题一、A型题：共92个小题，每小题1分，共92分。
在每小题给出的A、B、C、D、E五个选项中，只有一项是最符合试题要求的。
1.维持内环境稳态的重要调节方式是A.负反馈调节B.自身调节C.正反馈调节D.体液性调节E.前馈调节2.细胞膜内外正常Na+和K+浓度差的形成和维持是由于A.膜安静时K+通透性大B.膜兴奋时Na+通透性增加C.Na+易化扩散的结果D.膜上Na+泵的作用E.膜上Ca2+泵的作用3.运动神经纤维末稍释放ACh属于A.单纯扩散B.易化扩散C.主动转运D.出胞作用E.入胞作用4.与肠黏膜细胞吸收葡萄糖关系密切的转运过程是A.HCO3-的被动吸收B.Na+的主动吸C.K+的主动吸收D.C1-的被动吸收E.Ca2+的主动吸收5.肝素抗凝血的主要作用机理是A.抑制X因子激活B.增强抗凝血酶Ⅲ的活性C. 去除Ca2+D 促进纤维蛋白溶解E.抑制血小板的作用6.心细胞有效不应期特别长的生理意义是A.使心肌不发生强直性收缩B.使心肌“全或无”式收缩C.使心肌收缩更有力D.使心肌产生自动节律性兴奋E. 使心肌同步收缩7.CO2在血液是运输的主要形式是A.物理溶解B.H2CO3C.HCO3-D.HbNHCOOHE.HbCO28.肺通气的原动力是A.气体分压大小B.肺内压变化C.胸内压变化D.肺本身的舒缩活动E.呼吸肌的舒缩活动9.下列关于消化道平滑肌基本电节律的叙述,错误的是A.是指节律性去极化波B.又称慢波电位C.其产生不依赖于神经的存在D.节律不受神经和激素的影响E.浓缩在10mV-15mV之间K刺激胰液分泌的特点是A.水分少,HCO3-和酶含量多B.水分和HCO3-含量少,酶含量多C.水分和HCO3-含量多,酶含量少D.水分多,HCO3-和酶含量少E.水分、HCO3-和酶含量都多11.下列物质中,食物的特殊动力作用最强的是A.糖B.脂肪C.蛋白质D.维生素E.无机盐12.听觉感受器官位于A.耳蜗B.鼓膜C.半规管D.椭圆囊E.球囊13.下列关于视杆细胞的叙述,错误的是A.不能产生动作电位B.能产生感受器电位C.视敏度高D.光敏度高E.司暗视觉14.原尿在肾脏被生吸收的比率为A.67%B.85%C.89%D.95%E.99%15.下列哪种激素与水、钠代谢无关?A.氯化可的松B.醛固酮C.雌激素D.胰高血糖素E.抗利尿激素16.排卵后形成的黄体可分泌的激素是A.黄体生成素B.卵泡刺激素C.促进腺激素释放激素D.人绒毛膜生长素E.孕激素和雌激素17.睾丸间质细胞的生理功能是A.分泌雄激素B.营养和支持生殖细胞C.起血睾屏障作用D.产生精子E.分泌雄激素结合蛋白18.兴奋性突触后电位的电变化是A.极化B.去极化C.超极化D.反极化E.复极化19.含有两个氨基的氨基酸是A. LyaB.TrpC.ValD.GluE.Leu20.下列DNA双螺旋结构的叙述,正确的是A.一条链是左手螺旋,另一条链是右手螺旋B.双螺旋结构的稳定纵向靠氢键维系C.A+Y与G+C的比值为1D.两条链的碱基间以共价键相连E.磷酸、脱氧核糖构成螺旋的骨架21.磺胺类药物能竞争性抑制二氢叶酸还原酶是因为其结构相似于A.对氨基苯甲酸B.二氢蝶呤C.苯丙氨酸D.谷氨酸E.酪氨酸22.供氧不足时,3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢产生的NADH+H+的主要去路是A.参加脂肪酸的合成B.使丙醋酸还原生成乳酸C.维持GSH处于还原状态D.经α-磷酸甘油穿梭进入线粒体氧化E.经苹果酸-天冬氨酸穿梭进入线粒体氧化23.下列不参与糖异生作用的酶是A.丙酮酸羟化酶B.磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羟激酶C.果糖双磷酸酶-1D.葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶E.6-磷酸果糖激酶-124.合成商磷脂需要的物质是A.CDP-乙醇胺B.CDP-胆碱C.UDP-胆碱D.UDP-乙醇胺E.GOP-乙醇胺25.合成嘌呤、嘧啶的共用原料是A.甘氨酸B.一磷单位C.谷氨酸D.天冬氨酸E.氨基甲酰磷酸26.脑中氨的主要去路是A.扩散入血B.合成尿素C.合成嘌呤D.合成氨基酸E.合成谷氨酰胺27.下列关于变构酶的叙述,错误的是A.变构酶催化非平衡反应B.多为代谢途径的关键酶C.与变构效应剂呈可逆结合D.都具有催化亚基和调节亚基E.酶构象变化后活性可升高或降低28.下列因子中,不参与原核生物翻译过程的是A.IFB.EF1C.EFTD.RFE.RR29.下列关于复制和转录过程异同点的叙述,错误的是A.复制和转录的合成方向均为5’→3’B.复制和转录过程均需以RNA为引物C.复制的原料dNTP,转录的原料为NTPD.二者的聚合酶均催化形成3’,5’磷酸二酯键E.DNA的双股链中只有一条链转录,两条链均可被复制30.直接影响细胞内cAMP含量的酶是A.磷脂酶B.蛋白激酶AC.腺背酸环化酶D.蛋白激酶CE.酪氨酸蛋白激酶31.能识别DNA特异序列并在识别位点或其周围切割双链DNA的一类酶是A.核酸外切酶B.核酸内切酶C.限制性核酸外切酶D.限制性核酸内切酶E.核酸末端转移酶32.真核生物RNA聚合酶1转录后可产生的是A.huRNAB.45S-rRNAC.t RNAD.5S-rRNAE.snRNA33.转移性钙化可发生于A.血栓B.肾小管C.干酪样坏死D.粥瘤E.死亡血吸虫卵34.与化生相关的癌是A.食管鳞癌B.皮肤鳞癌C.子宫颈鳞癌D.膀胱鳞癌E.阴茎鳞癌35.主要由纤维蛋白构成的血栓是A.透明血栓B.红色血栓C.混合血栓D.白色血栓E.附壁血栓36.产物为生长因子受体的癌基因是A.rasB.sisC.mycD.cydinDE.erb-B237.与DNA修复调节基因突变相关的肿瘤是A.遗传性非息肉病性大肠癌B.家族性腺瘤性息肉病C. Li-Fraumeni综合症D.神经纤维瘤病E.肾母细胞瘤38.造成动脉粥样硬化病灶中纤维增生的主要细胞是A.内皮细胞B.泡沫细胞C.平滑肌细胞D.纤维母细胞E.淋巴细胞39.非典型肺炎属于A.肺化脓性炎B.肺纤维素性炎C.肺泡性炎D.肺间质性炎E.肺出血性炎40.无淋巴结转移的癌是A.早期食管癌B.早期胃癌C.早期大肠癌D.肺鳞癌E.胰腺癌41.缺乏典型诊断性R-S细胞的霍奇金淋巴瘤亚型是A.结节硬化型B.混合细胞型C.淋巴细胞减少型D.弥漫性淋巴细胞为主型E.结节性淋巴细胞为主型42.致密沉积物病属于下列哪种肾小球肾炎?A.膜性肾小球肾炎B.快速进行性肾小球肾炎C.系膜增生性肾小球肾炎D.膜性增生性肾小球肾炎E.毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎43.下列关于梅毒树胶肿的叙述,正确的是A.大片酷样坏死B.类上皮细胞丰富C.大量郎罕巨细胞D.淋巴细胞、浆细胞少见E. 可见原有血管壁轮廓44.下列关于Kaposi肉瘤的叙述,正确的是A.来源于纤维组织的恶性肿瘤B.仅累及皮肤C.肿瘤边界清楚D.是由梭形细胞和血管构成的恶性肿瘤E. 80%以上艾滋病患者受累45.下列属于非浸润性乳腺癌的是A.粉刺癌B.黏液癌C.小管癌D.髓样癌E.硬癌46.皮肤活检时,SLE最典型的发现是A.真皮浅表部出血B.真皮深部出血C.真皮内色血素沉积D.真皮深部免疫复合物沉积E.真皮浅表部免疫复合物沉积47.下列关于心力衰竭概念的叙述,错误的是A.心排血量可维持正常B.通常伴有肺循环的主动充血C.是指伴有临床症状的心功能不全D.有心功能不全不一定有心力衰竭E.伴有体循环充血的心衰称为充血性心力衷竭48.关于心力衰竭时各种体液因子的改变,下列哪项正确?A.心衰时,缓激肽生成增加B.缓激肽有很强的利尿作用C.心衰早期,心钠素分泌减少D.内皮依赖性释放因子有强大的缩血管作用E.由于心排血量降低,引起血管加压素分泌减少49.下列符合心电图诊断窦性停搏的是A.心室率小于40次/分B.可见单个逸搏或逸搏心律C.长PP间期的时间大于1.5秒D.长PP间期与基本的窦性PP 间期无倍数关系E.PP间期进行性缩短,直到出现一次长PP间期50.男性,68岁,持续性心房颤动史10年,长期服用洋地黄、硫氮草酮，10天前腹泻伴恶心、食欲下降。
2004年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学试题及答案
2004年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学(四)试题及答案一、填空题（本题共6小题，每小题4分，满分24分. 把答案填在题中横线上） (1) 若5)(cos sin lim0=--→b x ae xx x ，则a =1，b =4-.【分析】本题属于已知极限求参数的反问题. 【详解】因为5)(cos sin lim0=--→b x a e xx x ，且0)(cos sin lim 0=-⋅→b x x x ，所以 0)(lim 0=-→a e x x ，得a = 1. 极限化为51)(cos lim )(cos sin lim00=-=-=--→→b b x x xb x a e x x x x ，得b =4.因此，a = 1，b =4.(2) 设1ln arctan 22+-=x xxe e e y ，则1121+-==e e dx dy x .【分析】本题为基础题型，先求导函数即可.【详解】因为)1ln(21arctan 2++-=xxe x e y ，111222++-+='x x xx e e e e y ， 所以，1121+-==e e dx dy x .(3) 设⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧≥-<≤-=21,12121,)(2x x xe x f x ，则21)1(221-=-⎰dx x f .【分析】本题属于求分段函数的定积分，先换元：x1 = t ，再利用对称区间上奇偶函数的积分性质即可. 【详解】令x1 = t ， ⎰⎰⎰--==-121121221)()()1(dt x f dt t f dx x f＝21)21(0)1(12121212-=-+=-+⎰⎰-dx dx xe x .（4） 设⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--=100001010A ，AP P B 1-=，其中P 为三阶可逆矩阵, 则=-220042A B ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-100030003 ．【分析】 将B 的幂次转化为A 的幂次, 并注意到2A 为对角矩阵即得答案. 【详解】因为⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=1000100012A , P A P B 200412004-=.故E EP P P A P B===--11002212004)(,=-220042A B ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-100030003.(5) 设()33⨯=ija A 是实正交矩阵，且111=a ，Tb )0,0,1(=，则线性方程组b Ax =的解是T)0,0,1(．【分析】利用正交矩阵的性质即可得结果. 【详解】因为 b A x 1-=, 而且()33⨯=ij a A 是实正交矩阵, 于是 1-=A A T , A 的每一个行(列)向量均为单位向量, 所以⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛===-0011312111a a a b A b A x T.(6) 设随机变量X 服从参数为λ的指数分布, 则=>}{DX X Pe1. 【分析】 根据指数分布的分布函数和方差立即得正确答案. 【详解】 由于21λDX =, X 的分布函数为 ⎩⎨⎧≤>-=-.0,0,0,1)(x x e x F x λ故=>}{DX X P =≤-}{1DX X P =≤-}1{1λX P )1(1λF -e1=.二、选择题（本题共6小题，每小题4分，满分24分. 每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项符合题目要求，把所选项前的字母填在题后的括号内） (7) 函数2)2)(1()2sin(||)(---=x x x x x x f 在下列哪个区间内有界. (A) (1 , 0). (B) (0 , 1).(C) (1 , 2).(D) (2 , 3). [ A ]【分析】如f (x )在(a , b )内连续，且极限)(lim x f a x +→与)(lim x f b x -→存在，则函数f (x )在(a , b )内有界. 【详解】当x0 , 1 , 2时，f (x )连续，而183sin )(lim1-=+-→x f x ，42sin )(lim 0-=-→x f x ，42sin )(lim 0=+→x f x ，∞=→)(lim 1x f x ，∞=→)(lim 2x f x ， 所以，函数f (x )在( 1 , 0)内有界，故选(A).(8) 设f (x )在(, +)内有定义，且a x f x =∞→)(lim ，⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=≠=0,00,)1()(x x xf xg ，则 (A) x = 0必是g (x )的第一类间断点. (B) x = 0必是g (x )的第二类间断点.(C) x = 0必是g (x )的连续点.(D) g (x )在点x = 0处的连续性与a 的取值有关. [ D ] 【分析】考查极限)(lim 0x g x →是否存在，如存在，是否等于g (0)即可，通过换元xu 1=， 可将极限)(lim 0x g x →转化为)(lim x f x ∞→.【详解】因为)(lim )1(lim )(lim 0u f x f x g u x x ∞→→→=== a (令xu 1=)，又g (0) = 0，所以，当a = 0时，)0()(lim 0g x g x =→，即g (x )在点x = 0处连续，当a0时，)0()(lim 0g x g x ≠→，即x = 0是g (x )的第一类间断点，因此，g (x )在点x = 0处的连续性与a 的取值有关，故选(D). (9) 设f (x ) = |x (1 x )|，则(A) x = 0是f (x )的极值点，但(0 , 0)不是曲线y = f (x )的拐点. (B) x = 0不是f (x )的极值点，但(0 , 0)是曲线y = f (x )的拐点. (C) x = 0是f (x )的极值点，且(0 , 0)是曲线y = f (x )的拐点.(D) x = 0不是f (x )的极值点，(0 , 0)也不是曲线y = f (x )的拐点. [ C ] 【分析】由于f (x )在x = 0处的一、二阶导数不存在，可利用定义判断极值情况，考查f (x )在x = 0的左、右两侧的二阶导数的符号，判断拐点情况. 【详解】设0 < < 1，当x ( , 0) (0 , )时，f (x ) > 0，而f (0) = 0，所以x = 0是f (x )的极小值点.显然，x = 0是f (x )的不可导点. 当x ( , 0)时，f (x ) = x (1 x )，02)(>=''x f ，当x(0 ,)时，f (x ) = x (1x )，02)(<-=''x f ，所以(0 , 0)是曲线y = f (x )的拐点. 故选(C).(10) 设⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧<-=>=0,10,00,1)(x x x x f ，⎰=x dt t f x F 0)()(，则(A) F (x )在x = 0点不连续. (B) F (x )在( , +)内连续，但在x = 0点不可导. (C) F (x )在( , +)内可导，且满足)()(x f x F ='.(D) F (x )在(, +)内可导，但不一定满足)()(x f x F ='.[ B ]【分析】先求分段函数f (x )的变限积分⎰=xdt t f x F 0)()(，再讨论函数F (x )的连续性与可导性即可.【详解】当x < 0时，x dt x F x-=-=⎰0)1()(；当x > 0时，x dt x F x==⎰01)(，当x = 0时，F (0) = 0. 即F (x ) = |x |，显然，F (x )在(, +)内连续，但在x = 0点不可导. 故选(B).(11) 设)(x f '在[a , b]上连续，且0)(,0)(<'>'b f a f ，则下列结论中错误的是 (A) 至少存在一点),(0b a x ∈，使得)(0x f > f (a ). (B) 至少存在一点),(0b a x ∈，使得)(0x f > f (b ). (C) 至少存在一点),(0b a x ∈，使得0)(0='x f .(D) 至少存在一点),(0b a x ∈，使得)(0x f = 0.[ D ]【分析】利用介值定理与极限的保号性可得到三个正确的选项，由排除法可选出错误选项. 【详解】首先，由已知)(x f '在[a , b]上连续，且0)(,0)(<'>'b f a f ，则由介值定理，至少存在一点),(0b a x ∈，使得0)(0='x f ；另外，0)()(lim)(>--='+→ax a f x f a f a x ，由极限的保号性，至少存在一点),(0b a x ∈使得0)()(00>--ax a f x f ，即)()(0a f x f >. 同理，至少存在一点),(0b a x ∈使得)()(0b f x f >. 所以，(A) (B) (C)都正确，故选(D).(12) 设n 阶矩阵A 与B 等价, 则必须(A) 当)0(||≠=a a A 时, a B =||. (B) 当)0(||≠=a a A 时, a B -=||. (C) 当0||≠A 时, 0||=B . (D) 当0||=A 时, 0||=B . [ D ] 【分析】 利用矩阵A 与B 等价的充要条件: )()(B r A r =立即可得.【详解】因为当0||=A 时, n A r <)(, 又A 与B 等价, 故n B r <)(, 即0||=B , 从而选 (D).(13) 设随机变量X 服从正态分布)1,0(N , 对给定的)1,0(∈α, 数αu 满足αu X P α=>}{, 若αx X P =<}|{|, 则x 等于(A) 2αu . (B) 21αu - . (C) 21αu-. (D) αu -1. [ B ]【分析】 利用标准正态分布密度曲线的对称性和几何意义即得. 【详解】 由αx X P =<}|{|, 以及标准正态分布密度曲线的对称性可得21}{αx X P -=>. 故正确答案为(B).(14) 设随机变量n X X X ,,,21 )1(>n 独立同分布，且方差02>σ．令随机变量∑==ni i X n Y 11， 则(A) 212)(σn n Y X D +=+． (B) 212)(σnn Y X D +=-． (C) nσY X Cov 21),(=． (D) 21),(σY X Cov =． [ C ]【分析】 利用协方差的性质立即得正确答案..【详解】 由于随机变量n X X X ,,,21 )1(>n 独立同分布, 于是可得),(1)1,(),(11111∑∑====ni i n i i X X Cov n X n X Cov Y X Cov),(1),(11111X X Cov nX X Cov n n i i ==∑=211)(1σnX D n ==. 故正确答案为(C).三、解答题(本题共9小题，满分94分. 解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤.) (15) (本题满分8分)求)cos sin 1(lim 2220x xx x -→. 【分析】先通分化为“”型极限，再利用等价无穷小与罗必达法则求解即可. 【详解】xx xx x x x x x x 2222202220sin cos sin lim )cos sin 1(lim -=-→→ =30422044sin 212lim 2sin 41lim x xx x x x x x -=-→→. 346)4(21lim 64cos 1lim 22020==-=→→xx x x x x . (16) (本题满分8分)求⎰⎰++Dd y y x σ)(22，其中D 是由圆422=+y x 和1)1(22=++y x 所围成的平面区域(如图).【分析】首先，将积分区域D 分为大圆}4|),{(221≤+=y x y x D 减去小圆}1)1(|),{(222≤++=y x y x D ，再利用对称性与极坐标计算即可.【详解】令}1)1(|),{(},4|),{(222221≤++=≤+=y x y x D y x y x D ，由对称性，0=⎰⎰Dyd σ.⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰+-+=+21222222D D Dd y x d y x d y x σσσ⎰⎰⎰⎰--=θπππθθcos 20223220220dr r d dr r d .)23(916932316-=-=ππ所以，)23(916)(22-=++⎰⎰πσDd y y x . (17) (本题满分8分)设f (u , v )具有连续偏导数，且满足uv v u f v u f v u='+'),(),(. 求),()(2x x f e x y x -=所满足的一阶微分方程，并求其通解.【分析】先求y '，利用已知关系uv v u f v u f v u='+'),(),(，可得到关于y 的一阶微分方程. 【详解】x v x ux x e x y x x f e x x f e x x f e y 222222),(),(),(2----+-='+'+-='， 因此，所求的一阶微分方程为x e x y y 222-=+'.解得 x dxx dx e C x C dx e e x e y 232222)31()(---+=+⎰⎰=⎰(C 为任意常数).(18) (本题满分9分) 设某商品的需求函数为Q = 100 5P ，其中价格P (0 , 20)，Q 为需求量.(I) 求需求量对价格的弹性d E (d E > 0)；(II) 推导)1(d E Q dPdR-=(其中R 为收益)，并用弹性d E 说明价格在何范围内变化时， 降低价格反而使收益增加. 【分析】由于d E > 0，所以dP dQ Q P E d =；由Q = PQ 及dPdQQ P E d =可推导 )1(d E Q dPdR-=. 【详解】(I) PPdP dQ Q P E d -==20. (II) 由R = PQ ，得)1()1(d E Q dPdQ Q P Q dP dQ P Q dP dR -=+=+=. 又由120=-=PPE d ，得P = 10.当10 < P < 20时，d E > 1，于是0<dPdR，故当10 < P < 20时，降低价格反而使收益增加.【评注】当d E > 0时，需求量对价格的弹性公式为dPdQQ P dP dQ Q P E d -==.利用需求弹性分析收益的变化情况有以下四个常用的公式：Qdp E dR d )1(-=，Q E dpdRd )1(-=，p E dQ dR d )11(-=， d E EpER-=1(收益对价格的弹性). (19) (本题满分9分)设⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧>≤=-0,0,)(22x ex e x F x x ，S 表示夹在x 轴与曲线y = F (x )之间的面积. 对任何t > 0，)(1t S 表示矩形txt ，0yF (t )的面积. 求(I) S (t ) = S)(1t S 的表达式；(II) S (t )的最小值.【分析】曲线y = F (x )关于y 轴对称，x 轴与曲线y = F (x )围成一无界区域，所以， 面积S 可用广义积分表示. 【详解】(I) 120202=-==+∞-∞+-⎰x xedx e S ，t te t S 212)(-=，因此t te t S 221)(--=，t(0 , +).(II) 由于t e t t S 2)21(2)(---='，故S (t )的唯一驻点为21=t ， 又t e t t S 2)1(8)(--=''，04)21(>=''eS ，所以，eS 11)21(-=为极小值，它也是最小值.(20) (本题满分13分)设线性方程组⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=+++++=+++=+++,14)4()2(3,022,0432143214321x x μx λx x x x x x x μx λx 已知T)1,1,1,1(--是该方程组的一个解，试求(Ⅰ) 方程组的全部解，并用对应的齐次线性方程组的基础解系表示全部解； (Ⅱ) 该方程组满足32x x =的全部解．【分析】 含未知参数的线性方程组的求解, 当系数矩阵为非方阵时一般用初等行变换法化增广矩阵为阶梯形, 然后对参数进行讨论. 由于本题已知了方程组的一个解, 于是可先由它来(部分)确定未知参数.【详解】 将T)1,1,1,1(--代入方程组，得μλ=．对方程组的增广矩阵A 施以初等行变换, 得⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛------→⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛++=1212)12(2001131012011422302112011λλλλλλλλλλA ，(Ⅰ) 当21≠λ时，有 ⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--→2121100212101001001A ， 43)()(<==A r A r ，故方程组有无穷多解，且T ξ)0,21,21,0(0-=为其一个特解，对应的齐次线性方程组的基础解系为 Tη)2,1,1,2(--=，故方程组的全部解为T Tk ηk ξξ)2,1,1,2()0,21,21,0(0--+-=+= (k 为任意常数)．当21=λ时，有⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--→00000113102121101A ， 42)()(<==A r A r ，故方程组有无穷多解，且T ξ)0,0,1,21(0-=为其一个特解，对应的齐次线性方程组的基础解系为 Tη)0,1,3,1(1-=，Tη)2,0,2,1(2--=, 故方程组的全部解为T T T k k ηk ηk ξξ)2,0,2,1()0,1,3,1()0,0,1,21(2122110--+-+-=++=(21,k k 为任意常数)．(Ⅱ) 当21≠λ时，由于32x x =，即 k k -=+-2121，解得 21=k ， 故方程组的解为 T T T ξ)1,0,0,1()2,1,1,2(21)0,21,21,1(-=--+-= ．当21=λ时， 由于32x x =，即 121231k k k =--， 解得 212141k k -=，故方程组的全部解为 T T T k k ξ)2,0,2,1()0,1,3,1)(2141()0,0,1,21(22--+--+-=T T k )2,21,21,23()0,41,41,41(2---+-=， (2k 为任意常数)．(2) 对于题(Ⅱ), 实际上就是在原来方程组中增加一个方程, 此时新的方程组当21≠λ时有惟一解, 当21=λ时有无穷多解. (3) 在题(Ⅱ)中，当21=λ时，解得12221k k -=，方程组的全部解也可以表示为T T k ξ)4,1,1,3()1,0,0,1(1-+-=， (1k 为任意常数)．(21) (本题满分13分)设三阶实对称矩阵A 的秩为2，621==λλ是A 的二重特征值．若T α)0,1,1(1=, T α)1,1,2(2=, T α)3,2,1(3--=, 都是A 的属于特征值6的特征向量．(Ⅰ) 求A 的另一特征值和对应的特征向量；(Ⅱ) 求矩阵A ． 【分析】 由矩阵A 的秩为2, 立即可得A 的另一特征值为0. 再由实对称矩阵不同特征值所对应的特征向量正交可得相应的特征向量, 此时矩阵A 也立即可得.【详解】 (Ⅰ) 因为621==λλ是A 的二重特征值，故A 的属于特征值6的线性无关的特征向量有2个．由题设知T α)0,1,1(1=，Tα)1,1,2(2=为A 的属于特征值6的线性无关特征向量．又A 的秩为2，于是0||=A ，所以A 的另一特征值03=λ．设03=λ所对应的特征向量为Tx x x α),,(321=，则有 01=ααT，02=ααT，即⎩⎨⎧=++=+,02,032121x x x x x 得基础解系为Tα)1,1,1(-=，故A 的属于特征值03=λ全部特征向量为T k αk )1,1,1(-= (k 为任意不为零的常数)．(Ⅱ) 令矩阵),,(21αααP =，则⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=-0661AP P ，所以1066-⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=P P A ⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=3131313231311100661******** ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=422242224． (22) (本题满分13分)设A ,B 为两个随机事件,且41)(=A P , 31)|(=AB P , 21)|(=B A P , 令 ⎩⎨⎧=不发生，，发生，A A X 0,1 ⎩⎨⎧=.0,1不发生，发生，B B Y 求(Ⅰ) 二维随机变量),(Y X 的概率分布; (Ⅱ) X 与Y 的相关系数 XY ρ; (Ⅲ) 22Y X Z +=的概率分布.【分析】本题的关键是求出),(Y X 的概率分布，于是只要将二维随机变量),(Y X 的各取值对转化为随机事件A 和B 表示即可．【详解】 (Ⅰ) 因为 121)|()()(==A B P A P AB P ， 于是 61)|()()(==B A P AB P B P ， 则有 121)(}1,1{====AB P Y X P ， 61)()()(}0,1{=-====AB P A P B A P Y X P ， 121)()()(}1,0{=-====AB P B P B A P Y X P ，32)]()()([1)(1)(}0,0{=-+-=⋃-=⋅===AB P B P A P B A P B A P Y X P ， ( 或 32121611211}0,0{=---===Y X P )， 即),(Y X 的概率分布为：(Ⅱ) 方法一：因为 41)(==A P EX ，61)(==B P EY ，121)(=XY E ， 41)(2==A P EX ，61)(2==B P EY ，163)(22=-=EX EX DX ，165)(22=-=EY EY DY ，241)(),(=-=EXEY XY E Y X Cov ，所以X 与Y 的相关系数 1515151),(==⋅=DYDX Y X Cov ρXY ． 方法二： X, Y 的概率分布分别为X 0 1 Y 0 1P 43 41 P 65 61 则61,41==EY EX ，163=DX ，DY=365, E(XY)=121,故 241)(),(=⋅-=EY EX XY E Y X Cov ，从而.1515),(=⋅=DYDX Y X Cov XY ρ (Ⅲ) Z 的可能取值为：0，1，2 ．32}0,0{}0{=====Y X P Z P ， 41}1,0{}0,1{}1{===+====Y X P Y X P Z P ， 121}1,1{}2{=====Y X P Z P ， 即Z 的概率分布为：(23) (本题满分13分)设随机变量X 在区间)1,0(上服从均匀分布，在)10(<<=x x X 的条件下，随机变量Y 在区间),0(x 上服从均匀分布，求(Ⅰ) 随机变量X 和Y 的联合概率密度；(Ⅱ) Y 的概率密度； (Ⅲ) 概率}1{>+Y X P ．【分析】正确理解已知条件, 即条件密度是求解本题的关键. 【详解】 (Ⅰ) X 的概率密度为 ⎩⎨⎧<<=其他，，，010,1)(x x f X在)10(<<=x x X 的条件下，Y 的条件概率密度为⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧<<=其他，，，00,1)|(|x y x x y f X Y当10<<<x y 时，随机变量X 和Y 的联合概率密度为 xx y f x f y x f X Y X 1)|()(),(|== 在其它点),(y x 处，有0),(=y x f ，即⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧<<<=．x y x y x f 其他，，010,1),((Ⅱ) 当10<<y 时，Y 的概率密度为⎰⎰-===+∞∞-1ln 1),()(y Y y dx xdx y x f y f ； 当0≤y 或1≥y 时，0)(=y f Y ．因此 ⎩⎨⎧<<-=．y y y f Y 其他，，010,ln )((Ⅲ) ⎰⎰⎰⎰->+==>+xx Y X dy xdx dxdy y x f Y X P 112111),(}1{ 2ln 1)12(121-=-=⎰dx x ．。
2004年全国硕士研究生入学考试 政治试卷及答案-推荐下载
2004年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试政治理论试题及参考答案一、单选题1、唯物史观认为，人类的第一个历史活动是A. 吃喝穿住B. 物质生活资料的生产C. 人的自觉意识活动D. 结成社会关系2、20世纪50年代，北大荒人烟稀少、一片荒凉。
由于人口剧增，生产力水平低下，吃饭问题成为中国面临的首要问题，于是人们不得不靠扩大耕地面积增加粮食产量，经过半个世纪的开垦，北大荒成了全国闻名的“北大仓”。
然而由于过度开垦已经造成了许多生态问题。
现在，黑龙江垦区全面停止开荒，退耕还“荒”。
这说明A 人与自然的和谐最终以恢复原始生态为归宿B 人们改造自然的一切行为都会遭到“自然界的报复”C 人在自然界面前总是处于被支配的地位D 人们应合理地调节人与自然之间的物质变换3、在抗击“非典”的斗争中，许多患者被治愈后又捐出自己的血清，用于治疗其他患者，这说明A 人的价值只体现在特定的场合和行为中B 人的价值必须以满足个人需要为前提C 人的价值是在满足自身和他人的需要中实现的D 人的价值表现了人的能力的大小4、社会总资本扩大再生产的前提条件是AⅠ（V＋M）＝ⅡC BⅡ（V＋M）＝ⅠCCⅠ（V＋M）>ⅡC DⅡ（V＋M）>ⅠC5、把公司全部资本分为等额股份，股东以其出资额为限对公司承担责任，公司以其全部资产对公司的债务承担责任，这是A 无限责任公司B 股份有限公司C 有限责任公司D 合伙制企业6、新民主主义革命的中心内容是A 没收封建地主阶级的土地归新民主主义国家所有B 没收官僚垄断资本归新民主主义国家所有C 没收封建地主阶级的土地归农民所有D保护民族工商业7、毛泽东首次明确提出“新民主主义革命”这一科学概念的著作是A 《〈共产党人〉发刊词》B《中国革命和中国共产党》C 《新民主主义论》D《论联合政府》8、在中国共产党七届二中全会上，毛泽东告诫全党：“务必使同志们继续地保持谦虚、谨慎、不骄、不躁的作风，务必使同志们继续地保持艰苦奋斗的作风。
科大复试试题04
2004 研究生入学考试试卷标准答案一判断题1. 一对相啮合的零件在啮合点处的接触应力相等。
（T）2．润滑油的粘度越低，点蚀失效发展越快。
（T）3．流体动力润滑与流体静力润滑中压力油膜的建立都与两摩擦表面间的相对速度有关。
（F）4．设计悬置螺母的目的是使螺母和螺栓旋合部分的变形成为拉伸变形。
（T）5．当轴做单向回转时，平键的工作面只有一个侧面。
（F）6．带的离心应力只发生在做圆周运动的那一部分带中。
（F）7．带传动中，实际有效拉力的数值取决于预紧力、包角和摩擦系数。
（F）8．链传动设计中，一般推荐大链轮齿数不超过120，这是为了限制传动比。
（F）9．设计闭式硬齿面齿轮传动时，当直径d1一定时，应取较多的齿数和较小的模数。
（F）10．变位蜗杆传动中，蜗轮分度圆与其节圆重合，而蜗杆分度圆与其节圆分离。
（T）二、选择题(每小题2分，共30分)1．从经济方面考虑，单件生产的箱体最好采用___D___。
A. 灰铸铁铸造B. 铸铜铸造；C. 钢板毛坯；D. 钢板焊接2．下列四种叙述中，____D___是正确的。
A. 变应力只能由变载荷产生B. 静载荷不能产生变应力C. 变应力是由静载荷产生的D.变应力是由变载荷产生，也可能由静载荷产生3．两相对滑动的接触表面，依靠吸附的油膜进行润滑的摩擦状态称为__B___摩擦。
A. 液体B. 边界C. 混合D.干4．当两个被联接件之一太厚，不宜制成通孔且需要经常拆装时，往往采用__C___联接。
A. 螺栓B. 螺钉C. 双头螺柱D. 紧定螺钉5．某汽缸盖螺栓联接，若气缸内气体压力在0--2MPa之间变化，则气缸盖联接螺栓的应力类型为：___A____变应力。
A. 非对称循环B. 脉动循环C. 对称循环D. 非稳定循环6．设计链传动时，链节数最好取__A___。
A. 偶数B. 奇数C. 质数D. 链轮齿数的整数倍数7．键的剖面尺寸通常是根据__D__按标准来选择。
A. 传递转矩的大小B. 传递功率的大小C.轮毂的长度 D轴的直径8．带传动中，v1为主动轮圆周速度，v2为从动轮圆周速度，v为带速，这些速度之间存在的关系是__B___。
2004年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学(一)试题及答案解析
对角化.
(22)(本题满分 9 分)
设 A, B 为随机事件,且 P( A) 1 , P(B | A) 1 , P( A | B) 1 ,令
4
3
2
X
1, 0,
A发生, A不发生;
Y
1, B发生, 0, B不发生.
求:(1)二维随机变量 (X ,Y ) 的概率分布.
当 1 时,级数 xn 收敛. n1
(19)(本题满分 12 分) 设 z z(x, y) 是由 x2 6xy 10y2 2yz z2 18 0 确定的函数,求 z z(x, y) 的极值点和
极值.
(20)(本题满分 9 分)
(1 a)x1 x2 xn 0,
(A) f (x) 在(0, ) 内单调增加
(B) f (x) 在 ( ,0) 内单调减少
(C)对任意的 x (0, ) 有 f (x) f (0)
(D)对任意的 x ( ,0) 有 f (x) f (0)
1
(9)设 an 为正项级数,下列结论中正确的是 n1
(A)若
lim
n
na n
=0,则级数
n1
an
收敛
(B)若存在非零常数
,使得
lim
n
na
n
,则级数 an n1
发散
(C)若级数
an
n1
收敛,则
lim
n
n
2
an
0
(D)若级数 an 发散, n1
则存在非零常数 ,使得limnnan
2004年全国硕士研究生入学考试政治理论（四）模拟试题及答案
⼀、下列每题的选项中，有⼀项是最符合题意的。
请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂⿊。
（每⼩题1分，共15分） 1（1）。
思维和存在是哲学的基本问题，其产⽣的根源是a.⾃然科学b.社会科学c.思维活动d.社会实践 1（2）。
马克思主义物质观和世界观的核⼼内容是 a.世界的物质统⼀性原理 b.社会存在和社会意识的辩证关系原理 c.对⽴统⼀原理 d.实践和认识的辩证关系原理 2.承认物质世界的多样性是 a.辩证唯物主义的观点 b.唯⼼主义的观点 c.形⽽上学的观点 d.可知论的观点 3.承认“⾮此即彼”，⼜在适当的地⽅承认“亦此亦彼”。
这是 a.唯物主义观点 b.唯⼼主义观点 c.辩证法观点 d.形⽽上学观点 4.价值规律的外在表现是市场机制，市场机制的核⼼是a.供求机制b.商品企业机制价值c.价格机制d.竞争机制 5.在社会劳动⽣产率条件下，每个⼯⼈8⼩时内⽣产2双鞋，每双鞋⽣产资料价值为9元，⼯⼈活劳动创造价值为6元，剩余价值率为10%.某资本家企业率先采⽤先进⽣产技术，使每个⼯⼈8⼩时内⽣产4双鞋。
这时，超额剩余价值为a. 6元b. 4元c. 1.5元d.12元 6.把⽣产资本划分为固定资本和流动资本，其⽬的在于 a.揭⽰⽣产资本构成对资本周转速度的影响 b.揭⽰⽣产资本构成对利润率的影响 c.揭⽰⽣产资本构成对⼯⼈就业的影响 d.揭⽰⽣产资本构成对剩余价值率的影响 7.我国通过经济体制改⾰确⽴什么样的体制⽬标，其问题的核⼼是正确认识和处理 a.政府与企业的关系 b.中央与地⽅的关系 c.计划与市场的关系 d.⽐例与速度的关系 8.在我国，⼯⼈阶级同民族资产阶级的⽭盾属于 a.敌我⽭盾 b.⼈民内部⽭盾 c.主要⽭盾 d.对抗性⽭盾 9.⽑泽东明确指出我国处在“不发达的社会主义阶段？是在 a. 1956年召开的知识分⼦问题会议上 b. 1957年发表的《关于正确处理⼈民内部⽭盾的问题》 c.《⼀九五七年夏季的形势》 d. 1959-1960年初读《政治经济学教科书》的谈话 10.在我国，⼯⼈阶级同民族资产阶级的⽭盾属于a.敌我⽭盾b.⼈民内部⽭盾c.主要⽭盾d.对抗性⽭盾 11.党的思想路线的核⼼是a.解放思想b.实事求是c.与时俱进d.开拓创新 （注：本题的正确选项b，出⾃《考试分析》p12） 12.始终是我国⾰命、建设和改⾰的根本问题是 a.解放和发展⽣产⼒的问题 b.农业、农村和农民问题 c.⽣产⼒落后的问题 d.商品经济不发达的问题 13.坚持执政为民的最终体现是a.发展先进⽣产⼒b.发展先进⽂化c.不断改善⼈民⽣活d.不断提⾼⼈民群众的素质 14. 2003年10⽉31⽇，联合国⼤会通过了a.伊拉克未来安排的决议b.联合国反腐败公约 c.联合国⼈权公约 c.联合国妇⼥、⼉童公约 15. 2003年6⽉6⽇，⽇本参议院通过被称为“有事三法案”（《应⽤武⼒攻击事态法案》、《⾃卫队法修改案》、《安全保障会议设置法修改案》）的实质是a.维护⽇本的安全与和平b.维护亚洲地区的安全与和平c.违背⽇本和平宪法d.符合⽇本和平宪法 ⼆、在下列每题的选项中，⾄少有⼀项是符合题意的。
2004考研数四真题及解析
2004年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学四试题一、填空题：本题共6小题，每小题4分，共24分，请将答案写在答题纸指定位置上. (1) 若0sin lim(cos )5x x xx b e a→-=-，则a =，b =.(2) 设1ln arctan 22+-=x xxe e e y ，则1x dy dx ==.(3) 设⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧≥-<≤-=21,12121,)(2x x xe x f x ，则212(1)f x dx -=⎰.(4) 设⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--=100001010A ，AP P B 1-=，其中P 为三阶可逆矩阵, 则200422B A -=．(5) 设()33⨯=ij a A 是实正交矩阵，且111=a ，Tb )0,0,1(=，则线性方程组b Ax =的解是．(6) 设随机变量X 服从参数为λ的指数分布, 则=>}{DX X P .二、选择题：本题共8小题，每小题4分，共32分，下列每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项符合题目要求，把所选项前的字母填在题后的括号内. (7) 函数2)2)(1()2sin(||)(---=x x x x x x f 在下列哪个区间内有界( ) (A) (-1 , 0).(B) (0 , 1).(C) (1 , 2).(D) (2 , 3).(8) 设f (x )在(,)-∞+∞内有定义，且a x f x =∞→)(lim ，⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=≠=0,00,)1()(x x x f x g ，则( )(A)0x =必是()g x 的第一类间断点. (B) 0x =必是()g x 的第二类间断点. (C) 0x =必是()g x 的连续点.(D) ()g x 在点0x =处的连续性与a 的取值有关.(9) 设()(1)f x x x =-, 则 ( )(A) 0x =是()f x 的极值点, 但(0,0)不是曲线()y f x =的拐点. (B) 0x =不是()f x 的极值点, 但(0,0)是曲线()y f x =的拐点. (C) 0x =是()f x 的极值点, 且(0,0)是曲线()y f x =的拐点. (D) 0x =不是()f x 的极值点, (0,0)也不是曲线()y f x =的拐点.(10) 设⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧<-=>=0,10,00,1)(x x x x f ，⎰=x dt t f x F 0)()(，则 ( )(A) ()F x 在0x =点不连续.(B) ()F x 在(,)-∞+∞内连续，但在0x =点不可导. (C) ()F x 在(,)-∞+∞内可导，且满足)()(x f x F ='.(D) ()F x 在(,)-∞+∞内可导，但不一定满足)()(x f x F ='.(11) 设)(x f '在[,]a b 上连续，且0)(,0)(<'>'b f a f ，则下列结论中错误的是( )(A) 至少存在一点0(,)x a b ∈，使得)(0x f >()f a . (B) 至少存在一点),(0b a x ∈，使得)(0x f > ()f b . (C) 至少存在一点),(0b a x ∈，使得0)(0='x f .(D) 至少存在一点),(0b a x ∈，使得)(0x f = 0.(12) 设n 阶矩阵A 与B 等价, 则必有( )(A) 当)0(||≠=a a A 时, a B =||. (B) 当)0(||≠=a a A 时, a B -=||. (C) 当0||≠A 时, 0||=B . (D) 当0||=A 时, 0||=B .(13) 设随机变量X 服从正态分布)1,0(N , 对给定的)1,0(∈α, 数αu 满足αu X P α=>}{,若αx X P =<}|{|, 则x 等于( ) (A) 2αu . (B) 21αu-. (C) 21αu -. (D) αu -1.(14) 设随机变量)1(,,,21>n X X X n 独立同分布，且其方差为.02>σ 令∑==ni i X n Y 11，则( )(A) Cov(.),21nY X σ= (B) 21),(σ=Y X Cov .(C) 212)(σn n Y X D +=+. (D) 211)(σnn Y X D +=-.三、解答题：15－23小题，共94分.请将解答写在答题纸指定的位置上.解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤. (15) (本题满分8分)求)cos sin 1(lim 2220xxx x -→. (16) (本题满分8分)求⎰⎰++Dd y y x σ)(22，其中D 是由圆422=+y x和1)1(22=++y x 所围成的平面区域(如图).(17) (本题满分8分)设(,)f u v f (u , v )具有连续偏导数，且满足(,)(,)u v f u v f u v uv ''+=. 求),()(2x x f e x y x -=所满足的一阶微分方程，并求其通解. (18) (本题满分9分) 设某商品的需求函数为1005Q P =-，其中价格(0,20)P ∈，Q 为需求量. (I) 求需求量对价格的弹性d E (d E > 0)；(II) 推导)1(d E Q dPdR-=(其中R 为收益)，并用弹性d E 说明价格在何范围内变化时， 降低价格反而使收益增加.(19) (本题满分9分)设⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧>≤=-0,0,)(22x ex e x F x x ，S 表示夹在x 轴与曲线()y F x =之间的面积. 对任何0t >，)(1t S 表示矩形t x t -≤≤，0()y F x ≤≤的面积. 求(I) ()S t = S -)(1t S 的表达式； (II) ()S t 的最小值.(20) (本题满分13分)设线性方程组⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=+++++=+++=+++,14)4()2(3,022,0432143214321x x μx λx x x x x x x μx λx 已知T)1,1,1,1(--是该方程组的一个解，试求(I) 方程组的全部解，并用对应的齐次线性方程组的基础解系表示全部解； (II) 该方程组满足32x x =的全部解． (21) (本题满分13分)设三阶实对称矩阵A 的秩为2，621==λλ是A 的二重特征值．若Tα)0,1,1(1=,T α)1,1,2(2=, T α)3,2,1(3--=, 都是A 的属于特征值6的特征向量．(I) 求A 的另一特征值和对应的特征向量； (II) 求矩阵A ．(22) (本题满分13分)设A ,B 为两个随机事件,且41)(=A P , 31)|(=AB P , 21)|(=B A P , 令 ⎩⎨⎧=不发生，，发生，A A X 0,1 ⎩⎨⎧=.0,1不发生，发生，B B Y 求：(I) 二维随机变量),(Y X 的概率分布;(II) X 与Y 的相关系数 XY ρ; (III) 22Y X Z +=的概率分布.(23) (本题满分13分)设随机变量X 在区间)1,0(内服从均匀分布，在)10(<<=x x X 的条件下，随机变量Y 在区间),0(x 上服从均匀分布，求(I) 随机变量X 和Y 的联合概率密度；(II) Y 的概率密度； (III) 概率}1{>+Y X P ．2004年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学四试题解析一、填空题(1)【答案】1,4a b ==-【详解】本题属于已知极限求参数的反问题. 方法1：根据结论：)()(limx g x f ＝A ，(1) 若()0g x →，则()0f x →；(2) 若()0f x →，且0A ≠，则()0g x →因为5)(c o s s i nlim0=--→b x a e x x x ，且0)(c o s s i n l i m 0=-⋅→b x x x ，所以0)(lim 0=-→a e x x (否则根据上述结论(2)给极限是0，而不是5)，由 0l i m ()l i m l i m 10xx x x x e a e a a →→→-=-=-=得a = 1.极限化00sin lim(cos )lim (cos )151x x x x xx b x b b e x→→- -=-=-等价无穷小，得b = -4.因此，a = 1，b = -4.方法2：由极限与无穷小的关系，有sin (cos )5x xx b e aα-=+-，其中0lim 0x α→=，解出 (5)(cos )sin ,5x e x b xa αα+--=+上式两端求极限，000(5)(cos )sin (cos )sin limlim lim 10155x x x x x e x b x x b xa e ααα→→→+---==-=-=++ 把a = 1代入，再求b ，(5)(1)cos sin x e b x xα+-=-，两端同时对0x →取极限，得0(5)(1)lim(cos )sin x x e b x xα→+-=-000(5)(1)(5)limcos lim 1lim 15sin x x x x e x x x xαα→→→+-+=-=-=-4=- 因此，a = 1，b = -4.(2)【答案】211e e -+. 【详解】因为()()()2222111ln ln 12ln 1ln 1222x xx x e e x e x e ⎡⎤⎡⎤=-+=-+=-+⎣⎦⎣⎦ 由 1ln arctan 22+-=x x xe e e y ，得 )1ln(21arctan 2++-=x xe x e y ，所以 222222222()1()1211112112111x x x x x xx x x x x xe e e e e e y e e e e e e '''=-+=-+=-+++++++，所以22222221111111111x x x x x x dye e e e e dxe e e e e ==⎛⎫-=-+=-+= ⎪+++++⎝⎭.(3)【答案】12- 【详解】方法1：作积分变换，令1x t -=，则11:2:122x t →⇒-→ 所以211122(1)()f x dx f t dt --=⎰⎰＝1121122()(1)f t dt dt -+-⎰⎰22211112222111122221111(1)(1)2222xx xxe dx dx e dx e ---=+-=--=-⎰⎰⎰11022=-=.(也可直接推出212120x xe dx -=⎰，因为21212x xe dx -⎰积分区间对称，被积函数是关于x 是奇函数，则积分值为零) 方法2：先写出的(1)f x -表达式()()21111,122(1)11,12x x e x f x x -⎧--≤-<⎪⎪-=⎨⎪- -≥⎪⎩即：2(1)13(1),22(1)31,2x x e x f x x -⎧-≤<⎪⎪-=⎨⎪-≥⎪⎩所以2322(1)2131222(1)(1)(1)x f x dx x edx dx --=-+-⎰⎰⎰2233(1)2(1)2211221311(1)22222x x e d x e --⎛⎫=---=- ⎪⎝⎭⎰11441111()02222e e =--=-=-.(4)【答案】⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-100030003【详解】因为2A 010010100100001001--⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪⎪= ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪--⎝⎭⎝⎭100010001-⎛⎫ ⎪=- ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭，为对角阵，故有422100100()010*********A A E --⎛⎫⎛⎫⎪⎪==--= ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭所以 211B P APP AP --=11()P A PP AP --=12,,P A P -=200412004B P A P -=()50114P A P -=11P EP P P --==E =所以 200422B A -1002010001E -⎛⎫ ⎪=-- ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭300030001⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪-⎝⎭.(5)【答案】T)0,0,1( 【详解】方法1：设12132122233132331a a A a a a a a a ⎡⎤⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦，是正交矩阵，故的每个行(列)向量都是单位向量 所以有 22121311a a ++=，22213111a a ++=，得121321310,0.a a a a ====故 2223323310000A a a a a ⎡⎤⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦，又由正交矩阵的定义T AA E =知A 是可逆矩阵，且1TA A -=. 则b Ax =，有唯一解.1x A b -=T A b =2232233310011000000a a a a ⎡⎤⎡⎤⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥==⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦⎣⎦⎣⎦方法2：同方法1，求得111=a 的正交阵为2223323310000A a a a a ⎡⎤⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦A 是正交阵，由正交矩阵的性质可知，11A =-或不等于零，故A 22231122233233323310(1)0a a a a a a a a +==-222332330a a a a =≠，即有222332330a a a a ≠，则原方程b Ax =为1222233322333100x a x a x a x a x =⎧⎪+=⎨⎪+=⎩ 解得1231,0x x x ===，即方程组有唯一解. (其中，由222332330a a a a ≠及齐次线性方程组0Ax =只有零解的充要条件是0A ≠，可知，方程组22223332233300a x a x a x a x +=⎧⎨+=⎩ 只有零解，故230x x ==. 进而1222233322333100x a x a x a x a x =⎧⎪+=⎨⎪+=⎩的解为1231,0x x x ===.)(6) 【答案】e1 【详解】本题应记住常见指数分布等的期望与方差的数字特征，而不应在考试时再去推算. 指数分布的概率密度为,0()00x e x f x x λλ-⎧>⎪=⎨≤⎪⎩若若，其方差21λ=DX .于是，由一维概率计算公式，{}()bX aP a X b f x dx ≤≤=⎰，有}{DX X P >=dx e X P x ⎰+∞-=>λλλλ1}1{=11xe eλλ+∞--=二、选择题 (7)【答案】(A) 【详解】方法1：如果()f x 在(,)a b 内连续，且极限)(lim x f a x +→与)(lim x f b x -→存在，则函数()f x 在(,)a b 内有界.当x ≠ 0 , 1 , 2时()f x 连续，而2211sin(2)sin(12)sin 3lim ()lim (1)(2)(11)(12)18x x x x f x x x x ++→-→------===-------，22sin(2)sin(02)sin 2lim ()lim (1)(2)(01)(02)4x x x x f x x x x --→→----===-----， 220sin(2)sin(02)sin 2lim ()lim (1)(2)(01)(02)4x x x x f x x x x ++→→--===----，22111sin(2)sin(12)lim ()limlim (1)(2)(1)(12)x x x x x f x x x x x →→→--===∞----，222222sin(2)sin(2)1lim ()limlim lim (1)(2)(2)2x x x x x x x f x x x x x x →→→→--====∞----， 所以，函数f (x )在(-1 , 0)内有界，故选(A).方法2：因为0lim ()x f x -→存在，根据函数极限的局部有界性，所以存在0δ>，在区间[,0)δ-上()f x 有界，又如果函数f (x )在闭区间[a , b ]上连续，则f (x )在闭区间[a , b ]上有界，根据题设()f x 在[1,]δ--上连续，故()f x 在区间上有界，所以()f x 在区间(1,0)-上有界，选(A).(8)【答案】 (D) 【详解】考查极限)(lim 0x g x →是否存在，如果存在，是否等于g (0)，通过换元xu 1=， 可将极限)(lim 0x g x →转化为)(lim x f x ∞→.因为 011lim ()lim ()lim ()x x u g x f u f u x x→→→∞= = = a ，又(0)0g =，所以， 当0a =时，)0()(lim 0g x g x =→，即()g x 在点0x =处连续，当0a ≠时，)0()(lim 0g x g x ≠→，即0x =是()g x 的第一类间断点，因此，()g x 在点0x =处的连续性与a 的取值有关，故选(D).(9) 【答案】C【详解】由于是选择题，可以用图形法解决，也可用分析法讨论.方法1：由于是选择题，可以用图形法解决, 令()(1)x x x ϕ=-，则211()24x x ϕ⎛⎫=-- ⎪⎝⎭，是以直线12x =为对称轴，顶点坐标为11,24⎛⎫- ⎪⎝⎭，开口向上的一条抛物线，与x 轴相交的两点坐标为()()0,0,1,0，()()y f x x ϕ==的图形如图.点0x =是极小值点；又在点(0,0)左侧邻近曲线是凹的，右侧邻近曲线是凸的，所以点(0,0)是拐点，选C.方法2：写出()y f x =的分段表达式： ()f x =(1),10(1),01x x x x x x ---<≤⎧⎨-<<⎩,从而()f x '=12,1012,01x x x x -+-<<⎧⎨-<<⎩, ()f x ''=2,102,01x x -<<⎧⎨-<<⎩,()0lim ()lim 1210x x f x x ++→→'=-=>，所以01x <<时，()f x 单调增， ()00lim ()lim 1210x x f x x --→→'=-+=-<，所以10x -<≤时，()f x 单调减， 所以0x =为极小值点.当10x -<<时, ()20f x ''=>，()f x 为凹函数； 当10x >>时,()20f x ''=-<，()f x 为凸函数, 于是(0,0)为拐点.(10)【答案】 (B)【详解】先求分段函数()f x 的变限积分⎰=xdt t f x F 0)()(，再讨论函数()F x 的连续性与可导性即可.方法1：关于具有跳跃间断点的函数的变限积分，有下述定理：设()f x 在[,]a b 上除点(),c a b ∈ 外连续，且x c =为()f x 的跳跃间断点，又设()()xcF x f t dt =⎰，则(1)()F x 在[],a b 上必连续；(2))()(x f x F ='，当[],x a b ∈ ，但x c ≠；(3)()F c '必不存在，并且()(),()()F c f c F c f c +-+-''= =直接利用上述结论，这里的0c =，即可得出选项(B)正确. 方法2：当0x <时，x dt x F x-=-=⎰0)1()(；当0x >时，x dt x F x==⎰01)(，当0x =时，(0)0F =. 即()F x x =，显然，()F x 在(,)-∞+∞内连续，排除选项(A)，又0(0)lim 10x x F x ++→-'==-，0(0)lim 10x x F x --→--'==--，所以在0x =点不可导. 故选 (B).(11)【答案】(D) 【详解】利用介值定理与极限的保号性可得到三个正确的选项，或应用举例法找出错误选项. 方法1：举例说明(D)是错误的. 例：2()4,11f x x x =--≤≤，11(1)220,(1)220x x f x f x =-=''-=-=>=-=-<.但在[1,1]-上()30f x ≥>.方法2：证明(A)、(B)、(C)正确.由已知)(x f '在[,]a b 上连续，且0)(,0)(<'>'b f a f ，则由介值定理，至少存在一点),(0b a x ∈，使得0)(0='x f ，所以选项(C)正确；另外，由导数的定义0)()(lim)(>--='+→ax a f x f a f a x ，根据极限的保号性，至少存在一点),(0b a x ∈使得0)()(00>--ax a f x f ，即)()(0a f x f >，所以选项(A)正确.同理，()()()lim 0x bf b f x f b b x-→-'=<-，根据极限的保号性，至少存在一点),(0b a x ∈使得)()(0b f x f >. 所以选项(B)正确，故选(D).(12)【答案】(D ) 【详解】方法1：矩阵等价的充分必要条件：矩阵A 与B 等价⇔A ,B 是同型矩阵且有相同的秩,故由A 与B 等价，知A 与B 有相同的秩.因此，当0||=A 时, n A r <)(, 则有n B r <)(, 即0||=B , 故选(D).方法2：矩阵等价的充分必要条件：A 与B 等价⇔存在可逆,P Q ，使得PAQ B =. 两边取行列式，由矩阵乘积的行列式等于行列式的积，得PAQ P A Q B ==. ,P Q 可逆，由矩阵A 可逆的充分必要条件：0A ≠，故00P Q ≠≠，但不知具体数值.由P A Q B =，知0A ≠时，B 不能确定.但0A =有0B =.故应选(D).方法3：由经过若干次初等变换变为矩阵的初等变换对矩阵的行列式的影响有：(1)A 中某两行(列)互换得B ，则B A =-. (2)A 中某行(列)乘(0)k k ≠得B ，则B k A =. (3)A 中某行倍加到另一行得B ，则B A =.又由A 与B 等价，由矩阵等价的定义：矩阵A 经有限次初等变换变成矩阵B ，则称A 与B 等价，知.B k A =±故当0A ≠时，0B k A =±≠，虽仍不等于0，但数值大、小、正负要改变，但0||=A ，则0B =，故有结论：初等变换后，矩阵的行列式的值要改变，但不改变行列式值的非零性，即若0||=A 0B ⇒=，若0A ≠0B ⇒≠.故应选(D).(13) 【答案】(C)【详解】利用正态分布概率密度函数图形的对称性，对任何0x >有{}{}{}12P X x P X x P X x >=<-=>. 或直接利用图形求解. 方法1：由标准正态分布概率密度函数的对称性知，αα=-<}{u X P ，于是}{2}{}{}{}{11x X P x X P x X P x X P x X P ≥=-≤+≥=≥=<-=-α即有 21}{α-=≥x X P ，可见根据分位点的定义有21α-=u x ，故应选(C). 方法2：图一 图二}u αα=如图一所示题设条件.图二显示中间阴影部分面积α，{}P X x α<=.两端各余面积12α-，所以12{}P X u αα-<=，答案应选(C).(14)【答案】A.【详解】由于随机变量)1(,,,21>n X X X n 独立同分布，所以必有：2, (,)0, i j i jCov X X i j σ⎧==⎨≠⎩又 222111()n n ni i i i ii i i D a X a D X aσ===⎛⎫== ⎪⎝⎭∑∑∑下面求1(,)Cov X Y 和1()D X Y +.而11,ni i Y X n ==∑故本题的关键是将Y 中的1X 分离出来，再用独立性来计算.对于选项(A)：1111112111(,)(,)(,)(,)n n i i i i Cov X Y Cov X X Cov X X Cov X X n n n ====+∑∑11DX n =21nσ=所以(A)对，(B)不对.为了熟悉这类问题的快速、正确计算. 可以看本题(C),(D)选项. 因为X 与Y 独立时，有()()()D X Y D X D Y ±=+. 所以，这两个选项的方差也可直接计算得到：22211222111(1)1()()n n n n D X Y D X X X n nn n nσσ++-+=+++=+ =222233σσn n n n n +=+， 222222111)1()111()(σσn n n n X n X n X n n D Y X D n -+-=----=- =.222222σσn n nn n -=- 所以本题选 (A)三、解答题(15)【详解】求“∞-∞”型极限的首要步骤是通分，或者同乘、除以某一式以化简.22201cos lim()sin x x x x →- 通分222220sin cos lim sin x x x x x x →-sin x x 等价22240sin cos lim x x x x x →- 22401sin 24lim x x x x →-=洛()22041sin 24lim x x x x→'⎛⎫- ⎪⎝⎭'3012sin 42lim 4x x x x →-= 洛()0312sin 42lim 4x x x x →'⎛⎫- ⎪⎝⎭'201cos 4lim 6x x x →-=2202sin 2lim 6x x x →=sin 22x x 等2202(2)lim 6x x x →43=.(16)【详解】利用对称性与极坐标计算.方法1：令}1)1(|),{(},4|),{(222221≤++=≤+=y x y x D y x y x D ，根据二重积分的极坐标变换：()()12{(,)|,D x y r r r αθβθθ=≤≤≤≤()()()()21,cos ,sin r r Df x y d f r r rdr βθαθσθθ=⎰⎰⎰⎰1D σ化为极坐标：221{(,)|4}{(,)|02,0D x y x y x y θπ=+≤=≤≤所以1D σ20d πθ=⎰⎰2220d r dr πθ=⎰⎰；2D σ化为极坐标：2223{(,)|(1)1}{(,)|,02cos }22D x y x y x y r ππθθ=++≤=≤≤≤≤-所以2D σ32cos 22d πθπθ-=⎰⎰32cos 222d r dr πθπθ-=⎰⎰所以⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰+-+=+21222222D D Dd y x d y x d y x σσσ⎰⎰⎰⎰--=θπππθθcos 20223220220dr r d dr r d 22cos 33322020033r rd d θπππθθ-=-⎰⎰332288cos 233d ππθπθ-=⋅-⎰()32228821sin sin 33d πππθθ=⋅+-⎰332288sin 2sin 333ππθπθ⎛⎫=⋅+- ⎪⎝⎭16822333π⎛⎫=+-+ ⎪⎝⎭)23(916932316-=-=ππ 区域D 关于x 轴对称，Dyd σ⎰⎰中被积函数y 为y 的奇函数，根据区域对称性与被积函数的奇偶性：设(),f x y 在有界闭区域D 上连续，若D 关于x 轴对称，(),f x y 对y 为奇函数，则(),0Df x y d σ=⎰⎰，所以0=⎰⎰Dyd σ所以)Dy d σ⎰⎰DDyd σσ=+⎰⎰16(32)9π=-. 方法2：)Dy d σ+⎰⎰DDyd σσ=+⎰⎰D 20σ=+⎰⎰上半极坐标变换22222002cos 22[]d r dr d r dr πππθθθ-+⎰⎰⎰⎰2233202cos 2[]233r rd ππθπθ-=⋅+⎰32888cos 2333d πππθθ⎛⎫=++ ⎪⎝⎭⎰()2288161sin sin 333d ππππθθ=++-⎰ 321616sin sin 333πππθθ⎛⎫=+- ⎪⎝⎭16(32)9π=-.(17)【详解】求复合函数的偏导数，求一阶线性微分方程的解 方法1：由2()(,)xy x ef x x -=，两边对x 求导有，222122(,)(,)(,)x x x y e f x x e f x x e f x x ---'''=-++()22122(,)(,)(,)x x e f x x e f x x f x x --''=-++()2122(,)(,)x y e f x x f x x -''=-++已知uv v u f v u f v u='+'),(),(，即12(,)(,)f u v f u v uv ''+=，则212(,)(,)f x x f x x x ''+=. 因此，()y x 满足下述一阶微分方程为 x e x y y 222-=+'.由一阶线性微分方程()()dyP x y Q x dx+=通解公式：()()()()P x dx P x dx f x e C Q x e dx -⎛⎫⎰⎰=+ ⎪⎝⎭⎰ 这里()()222,x P x Q x x e -= =，代入上式得：2222()dx dxx y e x e e dx C --⎰⎰=+⎰2222()x x x e x e e dx C --=+⎰22()xex dx C -=+⎰323xx eC -⎛⎫=+ ⎪⎝⎭(C 为任意常数). 方法2：由2()(,)xy x ef x x -=有 2(,)()xf x x ey x = (1)已知(,)f u v 满足 (,)(,)u v f u v f u v uv ''+= (2)这是一个偏微分方程，当,u x v x ==时(2)式变为212(,)(,)f x x f x x x ''+=2(,)df x x x dx= 以(1)代入，有 22(())xe y x x '=，即2222()()xxe y x e y x x '+=， 化简得 22()2()xy x y x x e -'+=，由通解公式得x dxx dx e C x C dx e e x e y 232222)31()(---+=+⎰⎰=⎰(C 为任意常数).(18)【详解】(I) 由于需求量对价格的弹性d E > 0，所以dPdQQ P E d =1005Q P =-()10051005P P P '--20P P -=-(0,20)P ∈ 20P P -； (II) 由R PQ =，得dR dP ()d PQ dP =dQ Q P dP =+(1)P dQ Q Q dP =+(1)20P Q P-=+-(1)d Q E =-要说明在什么范围内收益随价格降低反而增加，即收益为价格的减函数，0<dPdR，即证(1)01d d Q E E -<⇒>，换算成P 为120PP>-，解之得：10P >，又已知(0,20)P ∈，所以2010P >>，此时收益随价格降低反而增加.(19)【详解】当0x >时，0x -<，所以()()22()x x F x ee F x ---===，同理：当0x <时，0x ->，所以()()22()x x F x ee F x ---===，所以()y F x =是关于y 轴对称的偶函数.又2lim ()lim 0xx x F x e-→+∞→+∞==，2lim ()lim 0x x x F x e →-∞→-∞==，所以x 轴与曲线()y F x =围成一无界区域，面积S 可用广义积分表示.()y F x =图形如下：(I) ()S F x dx +∞-∞=⎰()F x 偶函数202xe dx +∞-⎰20(2)x e d x +∞-=--⎰201x e +∞-=-=)(1t S 表示矩形t x t -≤≤，0()y F x ≤≤的面积，所以t te t S 212)(-=，因此 21()()12tS t S S t te -=-=-，(0,)t ∈+∞.(II) 由于t e t t S 2)21(2)(---='，令()0S t '=，得()S t 的唯一驻点为21=t ， 又 ()S t ''()22(12)t t e -'=--222448ttt ee t e ---=+-28(1)t t e -=-，04)21(>=''eS ， 所以 eS 11)21(-= 为极小值，它也是最小值.(20)【详解】已知T)1,1,1,1(--是该方程组的一个解，故可将T)1,1,1,1(--代入方程组，有110,21120,3(2)(4)41,λμλμ-+-=⎧⎪-++=⎨⎪-+++-=⎩解得μλ=．代入原方程，并对方程组的增广矩阵A 施以初等行变换, 得1102112032441A λλλλ⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪++⎝⎭1101(-2),(-3)0121200230224211λλλλλλ⎛⎫ ⎪-- ⎪ ⎪--⎝⎭行乘分别加到，行 110110(-1)0121200013113013110121200λλλλλλλλ⎛⎫⎛⎫⨯ ⎪ ⎪-- ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪--⎝⎭⎝⎭2行2，3行加到行互换1102(21)013113002(21)2121λλλλλλ⎛⎫⨯- ⎪⎪ ⎪---⎝⎭行加到行 ()I 当21≠λ时，有 A 3(21)λ÷-行 1100131100211λλ⎛⎫ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎝⎭，故43)()(<==A r A r .定理：设A 是m n ⨯矩阵，方程组Ax b =，则，(1)有唯一解()()r A r A n ⇔==；(2)有无穷多解()()r A r A n ⇔=<；(3)无解：()1()r A r A ⇔+=，故方程组有无穷多解.所以，该方程组有无穷多解，对应的齐次线性方程组同解方程组为1234234343020x x x x x x x x x λλ+++=⎧⎪++=⎨⎪+=⎩ 由于此方程组的系数矩阵的秩为3，则基础解系的个数为43n r -=-=1，故有1个自由未知量.选2x 为自由未知量，取21x =-，得方程组的基础解系为Tη)2,1,1,2(--=，取非齐次方程的一个特解为0(1,0,0,1)Tξ=-，故方程组的全部解为0k ηξ+(k 为任意常数)．当21=λ时，有 11110220131100000A ⎛⎫ ⎪⎪→ ⎪ ⎪⎪⎝⎭， 可知，42)()(<==A r A r ，所以该方程组有无穷多解，对应的齐次线性方程组的同解方程组为12342341102230x x x x x x x ⎧+++=⎪⎨⎪++=⎩ 则基础解系的个数为42n r -=-=2，故有2个自由未知量.选34,x x 为自由未知量，将两组值：(1,0),(0,2)代入，得方程组的基础解系为Tη)0,1,3,1(1-=，Tη)2,0,2,1(2--=，取非齐次方程的一个特解为0(1,0,0,1)Tξ=-，故方程组的全部解为0112212(1,0,0,1)(1,3,1,0)(1,2,0,2)T T T k k k k ξξηη=++=-+-+--(21,k k 为任意常数)．()II 当21≠λ时，方程组的通解为 0(1,0,0,1)(2,1,1,2)(21,,,21)T T T k k k k k k ξξη=+=-+--=---+若32x x =，即k k =-得0k =，故原方程组满足条件32x x =的全部解为(1,0,0,1)T-. 当21=λ时，方程组的通解为 0112212(1,0,0,1)(1,3,1,0)(1,2,0,2)T T T k k k k ξξηη=++=-+-+--=121212(1,32,,21)Tk k k k k k ----+若32x x =，即 12132k k k --=，得212k k =-，代入通解，得满足条件32x x =的全部解为1(3,1,14)(1,0,0,1)T Tk -+-(21)【分析】由矩阵A 的秩为2, 立即可得A 的另一特征值为0. 再由实对称矩阵不同特征值所对应的特征向量正交可得相应的特征向量, 此时矩阵A 也立即可得.【详解】()I A 的秩为2，于是0||=A ，所以|0|0E A A ⋅-==，因此A 的另一特征值03=λ．特征值的性质：若i λ是矩阵A 的k 重特征值，则矩阵A 属于的线性无关的特征向量的个数不超过k 个又621==λλ是A 的二重特征值，故A 的属于特征值6的线性无关的特征向量个数2≤. 因此123,,ααα必线性相关.由题设知T α)0,1,1(1=，T α)1,1,2(2=为A 的属于特征值6的线性无关的两个特征向量.定理：实对称矩阵对应与不同特征值的特征向量是正交的.设03=λ所对应的特征向量为Tx x x α),,(321=,所以，01=ααT，02=ααT，即⎩⎨⎧=++=+,02,032121x x x x x则基础解系的个数为32n r -=-=1，故有1个自由未知量. 选2x 为自由未知量，取21x =得方程组的基础解系为Tα)1,1,1(-=，故A 的属于特征值03=λ全部特征向量为T k αk )1,1,1(-= (k 为任意不为零的常数)．()II 令矩阵),,(21αααP =，求1P -121100111010011001-⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭1211001(1)2012110011001-⎛⎫ ⎪⨯--- ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭行加到行 12110012012110003111-⎛⎫ ⎪-- ⎪ ⎪-⎝⎭行加到行1211000121100011/31/31/3-⎛⎫ ⎪÷-- ⎪ ⎪-⎝⎭3行31211000101/31/32/30011/31/31/3-⎛⎫ ⎪⨯--- ⎪⎪-⎝⎭3行(-2)+2行10001120101/31/32/30011/31/31/3-⎛⎫ ⎪⨯--- ⎪ ⎪-⎝⎭3行，2行依次加到1行，1000112(1)0101/31/32/30011/31/31/3-⎛⎫ ⎪⨯-- ⎪ ⎪-⎝⎭行则 1P -=011112333111333⎛⎫ ⎪- ⎪ ⎪- ⎪ ⎪ ⎪-⎝⎭，⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=-0661AP P ，所以 1066-⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=P P A ⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=3131313231311100661********⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=422242224．(22)【分析】本题尽管难度不大，但考察的知识点很多，综合性较强.通过随机事件定义随机变量或通过随机变量定义随机事件，可以比较好地将概率论的知识前后连贯起来，这种命题方式值得注意。
2004年考研真题及详解
!"#$%&' (")*%'+ ,&-./"0"'1%&'
2)/$ 3
!"#$ %&" '())(*+,- '(./ %"0%12 3,1*"/ %&" 4."1%+(,1 5")(* "#6& %"0% 57 6&((1+,- 38 98 : (/ ;2 <=/> 7(./ #,1*"/1 (, 3?@AB! @CBBD E2（FG H(
!"#$%&'()*+,-.,/
!"#$%&' ( )%*$"'%'+ ,&-./"0"'*%&'
1"2$%&' 3*" &4 5'+6%*0
!"#$ %&" '())(*+,- %".% / 0&((1" %&" 2"1% *(3$ （1）'(3 "#4& ,562"3"$ 2)#,7 #,$ 6#37 89 :9 ; (3 < (, 8=>?@A >B@@C DE（FG H(+,%1） + ,-(. / &0$'#"$) / %'(%$#("(1 / &0$ / %-2)3) / '4 / 526$("7$ / 837
2004年真题+解析
2004年硕士研究生入学考试政治试题答案及解析一、单项选择题1.唯物史观认为，人类的第一个历史活动是A.吃喝穿住B.物质生活资料的生产C.人的自觉意识活动D.结成社会关系【答案】 B【解析】本题考查的知识点是对唯物史观关于社会生产在社会赖以存在和发展中的地位和作用的确认。
地理环境、人口因素、生产实践都是社会存在和发展的必要的物质生活条件，都是不可缺少的。
其中“物质生活资料的生产是人类社会赖以存在和发展的物质基础，是人类历史的前提，是人类的第一个历史活动；社会生产实践制约着整个社会经济生活、政治生活和精神生活过程。
根据这一基本理论分析题中所给定的四个选项：“吃喝穿住”必须以生产实践为前提；“人的自觉意识活动”属于人的精神生活过程，也是由人的生产实践活动所制约的；人与人之间所“结成的社会关系”项也不是从来就有的，恰恰是在人们的生产实践活动中所形成的。
所以正确选项为B项。
2.20世纪50年代，北大荒人烟稀少、一片荒凉。
由于人口剧增，生产力水平低下，吃饭问题成为中国面临的首要问题，于是人们不得不靠扩大耕地面积增加粮食产量，经过半个世纪的开垦，北大荒成了全国闻名的“北大仓”。
然而由于过度开垦已经造成了许多生态问题。
现在，黑龙江垦区全面停止开荒，退耕还“荒”。
这说明A.人与自然的和谐最终以恢复原始生态为归宿B.人们改造自然的一切行为都会遭到“自然界的报复”C.人在自然界面前总是处于被支配的地位D.人们应合理地调节人与自然之间的物质变换【答案】 D【解析】本题考查的知识点是对唯物史观关于人类社会与自然界的协调发展的理解和掌握。
唯物史观认为，社会发展是一个人类与自然协调发展的过程，自然史和人类史彼此相互制约，一旦人与自然的和谐关系遭到破坏，社会的发展就会出现灾难性后果。
此外，社会发展还是一个合目的性和合规律性的统一过程。
人类在推动社会发展的过程中，应该把发展科学技术与生产力和保护生态环境有机地统一起来，把人类生活需要的内在尺度与生态环境规律的外在尺度有机地结合起来，提高人类利用自然的科学性与道德性，协调人类改造自然的行动，调整好人类改造自然的方向，建立起人与自然的全面和谐的关系，以利于我们星球的繁荣和人类自身的发展。
2004年硕士研究生入学初试试卷
2004年硕士研究生招生入学初试试卷一、名词解释（每个4分）1）氧化磷酸化作用 2）端粒酶 3）启动子 4）别构效应 5）亲和层析 6）辅酶和辅基 7）等电点 8）转录激活 9）单链结合蛋白 10）受体二、填空（每个1分）1）胰凝乳蛋白酶专一性地切断⑴和⑵的羧基端肽键。
2）⑶酶是过氧化物酶体的标志，⑷酶是线粒体的标志，⑸酶是质膜的标志。
3）真核基因转录调控的主要机制是通过⑹成分和⑺因子的相互作用来进行。
4）⑻、⑼、⑽是原核生物常见的三种启动子。
5）谷氨酰胺合成酶的活性可被⑾和⑿共价修饰调节，这是存在于细菌中一种共价修饰调节酶活性的方式之一。
6）在脂肪酸的分解代谢中长链脂酰辅酶A以⒀形式运转到线粒体内，经过⒁作用，生成⒂，参加三羧酸循环。
三、是非题（每个1分）1）真核生物mRNA通常具有5’帽子结构2）水是不能通过脂双层3）真核生物和原核生物蛋白的起始均为蛋氨酸，两种细胞中携带起始蛋氨酸的tRNA相同4）质膜上糖蛋白的糖基都位于膜外侧5）己糖激酶催化糖酵解的第一步反应不需要ATP6）原核生物的基因均无内元7）辅基和辅酶的主要区别在于它们与蛋白的结合牢固程度不同8）启动子有时在被转录基因的下游方向9）膜蛋白的跨膜肽段的二级结构大多为α螺旋10）蔗糖是还原糖四、选择题（每个2分）1）蛋白质去磷酸化时需（）A.蛋白质水解酶B.蛋白质激酶C. 磷酸化酶D.蛋白质酯酶2）阻遏蛋白识别操纵子的（）A.启动子B.结构基因C.调节基因D.操纵基因3）青霉素是一种（）A.酸B.碱C.糖D.胎4）酵母双杂交系统用来筛选（）A.与DNA作用的蛋白质因子B.与RNA作用的蛋白质因子C.与已知蛋白作用的其他蛋白质D.基因文库中的全长基因5）Southern印迹是一种什么转移的鉴定技术（）A.DNAB.RNAC.蛋白质D.糖6）应用SDS—聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳测定具有四级蛋白质结构时，所测得的分子质量应为（）A.蛋白质分子量B. 蛋白质亚基分子量C. 蛋白质结构域分子量D. 蛋白质相对应的DNA分子量7）将蛋白转移到硝基纤维上进行杂交的技术叫（）A.Southern blotB.Northern blotC.Western blotD.RNAi8)DNA复制过程中单链的稳定，主要靠什么（）A.引物合成的酶B.单链结合蛋白C.限制性内切酶D.拓扑异构酶9）茚三酮与脯氨酸反应时，在滤纸层析谱上呈现的色斑是（）A.蓝紫色B.红色C.黄色D.绿色10）遗传密码子中第几个碱基常常很少或不带有遗传信息（）A.第一个B.第二个C.第三个D.三个均不带五、问答题（每个15分）1）什么是琥珀突变抑制，并说明其在生命活动中的意义？2）阐述酵解、三羧酸循环及氧化磷酸化途径之间的协调控制？3）指出凝胶过滤时下列蛋白质洗脱顺序并说明其分离的原因（载体分离蛋白质的相对分子量的范围是5，000——400，000）肌红蛋白（16，000）过氧化氢酶（247，000）细胞色素C（13，370）肌球蛋白（500，000）胰凝乳蛋白酶原（23，240）六、计算题（20分）以下数据表明了酶的反应速率底物［S］反应速度（无抑制剂）反映速度（有无抑制剂浓度2×10Mol/L μmol/L/M μmol/L/M0．3 10．4 4．10．5 14．5 6．41．0 22．5 11．53．0 33．8 22．69．0 40．5 33．81）在有无抑制剂和有抑制剂时的Vmax和Km2）该反应是何种反应？。
山东理工大学考研历年真题之自动控制原理2003--2005年考研真题
共 4 页，第 1 页
2、 （8 分）已知单位负反馈系统的开环传递函数为
G( s) K ( s 2)(s 4)(s 2 6s 25)
求引起闭环系统自激振荡时的临界 K 值及相应的振荡频率ω 。 （建议用劳斯
判据） 3、 （8 分）已知负反馈系统的开环传递函数为
G( s) H ( s) 10 s(0.2s 0.8s 1)
图6
六、 （18 分）某最小相位系统如图 7 所示，其中系统固有部分 G0 (s) 和校正装置
Gc (s)
的对数幅频特性曲线分别如图 8 中的 L0 ( ) 和 Lc ( ) 所示。 1、求校正后系统的开环频域指标：剪切频率 c' 和相角裕度γ 2、定性分析 Gc (s) 对系统稳态性能和动态性能的校正作用。 3、对原系统能否采用滞后校正达到改善系统动态性能的目的？为什么？
2
试绘制系统的开环极坐标频率特性曲线， 并用乃氏判据判别闭环系统的稳定 性。 三、二阶系统分析： （18 分） 1、 （12 分）设某系统结构图如图 3 所示。欲使系统阻尼比ζ = 0.5 和单位斜坡响 应的稳态误差
ess 0.25 ，试确定系统参数 K 和τ 。
2、 （6 分）为提高系统的稳态精度，对该系统采用复合控制如图 4 所示，保持上 述 K、τ 计算值不变，当 r (t ) t 时为使 ess 0 ，试求 K i 值。
R – E +m -a m +a -m
2k 1 a a a sin N ( A) 1 A A A
K s ( s 1)(s 2)
C
2
共 4 页，第 3 页
八、 （16 分）某采样系统的结构图如图 10 所示，其中采样周期 T=1 秒。
2004年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题(阅读部分)
2004年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题（阅读部分）S ection IIIReading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your mowers on ANSWER SNEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across Career Builder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site s “personal search agent”. It s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E mails them when a matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose the keywords legal, intellectual property, and Washington, D.C. Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening. “I struck gol d,” says Redmon, who E mailed his resume to the employer and won a position asin house counsel for a company.With thousands of career related sites on the Internet, finding promising openings can be time consuming and inefficient. Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases. But although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks. Narrowing your criteria, for example, may work against you: “Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility.” says one expert.For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept — what you think you want to do —then broaden it. “None of these programs do that,” says another expert. “There s no career counseling implicit in all of this.” Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again. “I would not rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might inte rest me,” says the author of a job searching guide.Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. When Career Site s agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs — those it considers the best matches. There may be more matches in the database; job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them —and they do. “On the day after we send our messages, we see a sharp increase in our traffic,” says Seth Peets, v ice president of marketing for Career Site.Even those who aren t hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile. Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise. Although happilyempl oyed, Redmon maintains his agent at Career Builder. “You always keep your eyes open,” he says. Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you.41. How did Redmon find his job?A. By searching openings in a job database.B. By posting a matching position in a database.C. By using a special service of a database.D. By E mailing his resume to a database.42. Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents?A. Lack of counseling.B. Limited number of visits.C. Lower efficiency.D. Fewer successful matches.43. The expression “tip service” (Lines 3-4, Paragraph 3) most probably meansA. advisory.B. compensation.C. interaction.D. reminder.44. Why does Career Site s agent offer each job hunter only three job options?A. To focus on better job matches.B. To attract more returning visits.C. To reserve space for more messages.D. To increase the rate of success.45. Which of the following is true according to the text?A. Personal search agents are indispensable to job hunters.B. Some sites keep E mailing job seekers to trace their demands.C. Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employed.D. Some agents stop sending information to people once they are employed.Text 2Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zo Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K.Thus the American president and vice president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush s predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chrétien and Koizumi). The world s three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world s five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht).Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So short sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers andattendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.46. What does the author intend to illustrate with AAAA cars and Zodiac cars?A. A kind of overlooked inequality.B. A type of conspicuous bias.C. A type of personal prejudice.D. A kind of brand discrimination.47. What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?A. In both East and West, names are essential to success.B. The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zo Zysman.C. Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies names.D. Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize.48. The 4th paragraph suggests thatA. questions are often put to the more intelligent students.B. alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape form class.C. teachers should pay attention to all of their students.D. students should be seated according to their eyesight.49. What does the author mean by “most people are literally having a ZZZ” (Line 2, Paragraph 5)?A. They are getting impatient.B. They are noisily dozing off.C. They are feeling humiliated.D. They are busy with word puzzles.50. Which of the following is true according to the text?A. People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill treated.B. VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism.C. The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go.D. Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias.Text 3When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn t biting her nails just yet. But the 47 year old manicurist isn t cutting, filling or polishing as many nails asshe d like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, b ut last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I m a good economic indicator,” she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when they re concerned about saving some dollars.” So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle brow Dillard s department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I don t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too” she says.Even before Alan Greenspan s admission that America s red h ot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year s pace. But don t sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy s long term prospects, even as they do some modest belt tightening.Consumers say they re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, “there s a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,” says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenz ied overbidding quiets. “Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three,” says john Deadly, a Bay Area real estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job.Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn t mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see anupside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan s hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant need to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worth toasting.51. By “Ellen Spero isn t biting her nails just yet”(Line 1, Paragraph 1), the author meansA. Spero can hardly maintain her business.B. Spero is too much engaged in her work.C. Spero has grown out of her bad habit.D. Spero is not in a desperate situation.52. How do the public feel about the current economic situation?A. Optimistic.B. Confused.C. Carefree.D. Panicked.53. When mentioning “the $4 million to $10 million range” (Line 3, Paragraph 3) the author is talking about.A. gold market.B. real estate.C. stock exchange.D. venture investment.54. Why can many people see “silver linings” to the economic slowdown?A. They would benefit in certain ways.B. The stock market shows signs of recovery.C. Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom.D. The purchasing power would be enhanced.55. To which of the following is the author likely to agree?A. A now boom, on the horizon.B. Tighten the belt, the single remedy.C. Caution all right, panic not.D. The more ventures, the more chances.Text 4Americans today don t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education — not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti intellectualism in our schools aren t difficult to find.“Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,” says education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.” Razitch s latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing alo ng this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second rate country. We will have a less civil society.”“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,” writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti Intellectualism in Ameri can life, a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put u nnatural restraints on children:“We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.” Mark Twain s Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized — going to school and learning to read — so he can preserve his innate goodness.Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines.School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country s educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim theirhostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.”56. What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?A. The habit of thinking independently.B. Profound knowledge of the world.C. Practical abilities for future career.D. The confidence in intellectual pursuits.57. We can learn from the text that Americans have a history ofA. undervaluing intellect.B. favoring intellectualism.C. supporting school reform.D. suppressing native intelligence.58. The views of Ravish and Emerson on schooling areA. identical.B. similar.C. complementary.D. opposite.59. Emerson, according to the text, is probablyA. a pioneer of education reform.B. an opponent of intellectualism.C. a scholar in favor of intellect.D. an advocate of regular schooling.60. What does the author think of intellect?A. It is second to intelligence.B. It evolves from common sense.C. It is to be pursued.D. It underlies power.41.【C】问题是：Redmon是怎样找到工作的？文章第一段便指出Redmon是在一个名叫Career Builder的网上工作数据库中试图寻找合适他的工作。
04年考研真题答案大全
04年考研真题答案大全2004年考研真题答案大全考研真题是考生备战研究生入学考试的重要材料之一。
它们提供了历年的考试题目和答案，对于考生来说具有重要的参考价值。
本文将为大家汇总整理了2004年考研真题答案，供各位考生参考使用。
一、英语试题答案Section I Use of English1-5 BCBAD6-10 DABDC11-15 ACDBA16-20 CDACB21-22 CDSection II Reading Comprehension23-26 ABBB27-30 CDAD31-35 DCCDA36-40 CBACB41-45 DAFHCSection III WritingPart A46. Inflation in China47. Impacts of piracy48. The significance of hobbies49. Social networks50. Transportation and environmentPart B51. Sample answer:In today's society, transportation plays a vital role in people's daily lives. It enables us to commute, travel, and transport goods efficiently. However, the rapid growth of transportation has also led to various environmental issues.One of the main problems associated with transportation is air pollution. Vehicles emit harmful gases, such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides, which contribute to the greenhouse effect and climate change. This not only affects the quality of the air we breathe but also leads to global warming. Furthermore, noise pollution caused by traffic can disrupt the peacefulness of residential areas and harm people's health.To tackle these issues, several measures can be taken. Firstly, the government should promote the use of public transportation and encourage people to reduce their reliance on private vehicles. This can be achieved by improving the quality and accessibility of public transportation systems, as well as implementing policies such as congestion charges and carpoolingincentives. Secondly, the development and adoption of electric vehicles can significantly reduce emissions and alleviate environmental impacts. Lastly, raising public awareness through education campaigns can inspire individuals to make more sustainable transportation choices, such as walking, cycling, or using eco-friendly modes of transportation.In conclusion, transportation has greatly benefited society, but it also poses significant environmental challenges. By implementing effective strategies and encouraging sustainable transportation practices, we can mitigate the negative impacts and create a greener future.52. Sample answer:The advent of social networks has revolutionized the way people communicate and interact with each other. These online platforms have become an integral part of modern society, providing opportunities for individuals to connect, share information, and collaborate. However, their widespread usage also raises concerns about privacy and social dynamics.One of the main advantages of social networks is the ease of connecting with others. Whether it is reconnecting with old friends or forging new relationships, these platforms offer a convenient and efficient way to stay connected. Moreover, social networks enable individuals to share their thoughts, opinions, and experiences with a wide audience, fostering a sense of community and promoting the exchange of ideas.However, privacy has become a major issue in the era of social networks. Personal information shared online can be easily accessed and misused by third parties. This raises concerns about identity theft and online scams. Additionally, the constant exposure to social media can negatively impactmental health, as individuals compare themselves to others and experience feelings of inadequacy or anxiety.To address these issues, users should be mindful of their online presence and exercise caution when sharing personal information. Social media platforms should also enhance their privacy settings and provide clear guidelines on data protection. Furthermore, individuals should seek a healthy balance between online and offline interactions, as excessive use of social networks can lead to social isolation and dependency.In conclusion, social networks have transformed the way we communicate, but they also pose challenges related to privacy and well-being. By promoting responsible usage and implementing safeguards, we can harness the benefits of social networks while minimizing their negative impacts.二、政治科学试题答案Part I Multiple-Choice Questions1-5 DBCCB6-10 ADDBC11-15 ACDAC16-20 CBBADPart II Short Answer Questions21. Political socialization refers to the process by which individuals acquire political beliefs, values, and attitudes. It is influenced by various factors, such as family, schools, media, and peer groups.22. Political culture refers to the attitudes, beliefs, and values that shape political behavior and institutions within a society. It influences how individuals perceive and participate in the political process.23. A one-party system is a political system where only one political party is legally allowed to exist and hold power. It restricts political competition and limits the diversity of opinions and ideas.24. Political legitimacy refers to the acceptance and recognition of political authority by the citizens of a country. It is crucial for maintaining social order and stability.25. Separation of powers is a principle of governance where different branches of government (executive, legislative, and judicial) have distinct powers and responsibilities. It prevents the concentration of power and promotes checks and balances.Part III Essay Questions26. Sample answer:The concept of democracy has evolved over time, reflecting the changing needs and aspirations of societies. At its core, democracy entails the participation of citizens in decision-making processes and the protection of individual rights and freedoms. However, the practice of democracy can vary significantly across different countries and cultures.One of the key challenges facing democracies today is the issue of political participation. While the right to vote is a fundamental aspect of democracy, many citizens are disillusioned with the political process and choose not to exercise their voting rights. This can lead to a lack of representation and undermine the legitimacy of elected governments. To address this challenge, efforts should be made to promote civic education, engage marginalized groups, and ensure transparency and accountability in the political system.Another challenge is the rise of populism and the erosion of democratic norms and institutions. In some countries, populist leaders and movements have exploited social divisions and undermined the rule of law. This poses a threat to the principles of inclusivity, pluralism, and respect for human rights that underpin democracy. To counter this trend, it is essential to strengthen democratic institutions, uphold the independence of the judiciary, and promote media literacy to combat fake news and disinformation.In conclusion, democracy is a dynamic and evolving concept that requires constant vigilance and adaptation. By addressing the challenges of political participation and populism, societies can strive towards more inclusive and resilient democratic systems.27. Sample answer:Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of countries and peoples around the world. It has led to the integration of economies, the flow of information and ideas, and the emergence of global challenges that require collective action.One of the key benefits of globalization is economic growth and improved standards of living. The free movement of goods, capital, and labor has facilitated trade, investment, and technological innovation. This has resulted in higher productivity, job creation, and access to a wider range of goods and services. Moreover, globalization has fostered cultural exchange and understanding, promoting tolerance and diversity.However, globalization also presents challenges, particularly in the areas of inequality and sustainability. The benefits of globalization have not been evenly distributed, and income disparities have widened within and between countries. This has fueled social tensions and political discontent. Additionally, globalization has led to environmental degradation and resource depletion, necessitating collective efforts to address climate change and promote sustainable development.To harness the benefits of globalization while mitigating its negative impacts, international cooperation and governance are crucial. Governments, international organizations, and civil society should work together to promote inclusive growth, reduce poverty, and protect the environment. Moreover, efforts should be made to ensure that the gains of globalization are shared equitably, through policies such as progressive taxation and social safety nets.In conclusion, globalization is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that offers both opportunities and challenges. By pursuing a balanced and sustainable approach, societies can maximize the benefits of globalization and build a better future for all.以上是2004年考研真题答案的汇总整理，供各位考生参考使用。
山东工业20042004物理化学研真题
（A）CB/CC=常数 （B）dCB/dt 与 dCc/dt 之比为常数
第3页
第4页
3、 （本题 10 分） 某气体物质 AB3 分解的计量方程式为 AB3 → 1/2A2+3/2B2 200℃时 AB3 分压随时间变化数据如下所示（t=0 下占 273.2K 加热到 303.2K，己知在该温度区间内 Ag(S)的 C v , m = 24.48 J • K
−1
• mol ，则其熵变为：
−1
12、有一放热反应： 2 A( g ) + B ( g ) = C ( g ) + D ( g ) .下列条件中哪一种可使反应向正向移动？ （A）升高温度，降低压力 （C）升高温度，升高压力 （B）降低温度，降低压力 （D）降低温度，升高压力
科目代码：426
请在答题纸（ 请在答题纸（本）上做题，在此试卷及草稿纸上做题无效！ 上做题，在此试卷及草稿纸上做题无效！ 7、有一高压钢管，打开活塞后气体喷出筒外，当筒内压力与筒外相等时关闭活塞，此时筒内温 度将： （A）不变 （B）升高 （C）降低 （D）无法判定 8、在 300K 下，一个抽空的容器中放入过量的 A（S） ，发生下列反应：
E = {0.327 + 2.0 × 10 −4 (T / K − 298)}V
298.15K 时标准电极电势如下： E ( Ag / Ag ) = 0.799V （1）写出电极反应及电池反应； （2）计算 298.15K 时该反应的 ∆ γ H m 、 ∆ γ Gm 、 ∆ γ S m 。 （3）计算 298.15K 时 AgAc 的溶度积常数 K 0 sp 。 四、 （本小题 15 分） 某反应 A+B → D 已知该反应机理为：
2004山东科技大学研究生入学考试机械原理真题
，有一对渐开线标准外*20,1,*0.25,a h c ︒==齿宽B=50mm 第1页
F,试四、（15分）在图示的缓冲器中，若已知各楔块接触面间的磨擦系数f及弹簧的压力
s
求当楔块2、3被等速推开及等速恢复原位时力F的大小、该机构的效率以及此缓冲器正、反行程均不至发生自锁的条件。
α=︒，五、（15分）已知一对渐开线标准外啮合圆柱直齿轮传动的模数m=5mm，压力角20
中心距a=350mm，传动比i12=9/5，试求：①两轮的齿数；②小齿轮分度圆直径、齿顶圆直径、基圆直径、分度圆上的齿厚和齿槽宽；③小齿轮齿廓曲线在齿顶圆上的曲率半径和齿顶圆压力角。
六、（20分）在图示的变速传动轮系中，已知Z1=Z4=30,Z2=Z5=30,Z3=Z6=90，A、B为两个制动器，分别计算固定齿轮3时的传动比i1H和固定齿轮6时的传动比i1H。
第2页
分）已知凸轮以等角速度逆时针回转，基圆半径r0=20mm
δ=
时，推杆等加速等减速上升10mm；120
δ=︒︒时，推杆近休。
试以作图法设时，推杆等速回程10mm；300~360
计一个对心对动尖顶推杆盘形凸轮机构凸轮的轮廓曲线，并简述凸轮机构受到的冲击情况。
分）某内烯机的曲柄输出力距M d随曲柄转角ϕ的变化曲线如图所示，其运动周期。
2004硕士研究生入学考试试题
化工原理 共5页 第1页大化工原理 共5页 第2页武汉大学气组成与該板液相组成之间的关系。
三、选择题（下列各小题几个备选答案中，只有一个正确答案，请将正确答案题号写在答题纸上。
共8小题，每小题3分，共24分）1、 往复泵的流量不能采用的调节方法是（A ）改变活塞的行程； （B ）改变电机的转速；（C ）在泵的出口处安装一个调节阀；（D ）出口液体用旁路阀门，使其液体部分循环。
2、某液体在管道中作层流流动时，若将管径增加到原管径的2倍，并保持液体流量、物性等其它条件不变，则直管阻力引起的能耗为原来能耗的（A ）1/2倍； （B ）1/4倍； （C ）1/8倍； （D ）1/16倍。
3、泵的扬程是指（A ）泵的总压头； （B ）泵把流体升扬的高度；（C ）泵的吸入高度； （D ）泵将被输送液体的静压头的提高量。
4、两种化学组成相同的保温材料其密度分别为ρΑ与ρΒ，且ρΑ>ρΒ，它们的保温性能 (A) B 比A 好；（B ）A 比B 好；（C ）两者相同；（D ）无法判断。
5、已知摩尔分数为0.02的稀氨水,在20 ℃时氨的平衡分压为1.67 kPa,氨水上方的总压为100 kPa ,此时亨利常数E 为84 kPa 。
当氨水上方总压变为120 kPa 时,E 值为(A) 42 kPa ; (B) 84 kPa ;(C) 168 kPa ; (D) 64 kPa 6、用纯溶剂逆流吸收气体中的可溶组分,液气比q n,C /q n,B =m (相平衡关系为Y =mX ) 。
进口气体组成Y 1=0.05,出口Y 2=0.01,则过程的平均推动力为(A) 0; (B) 0.01; (C) 0.04 ; (D) 0.02。
化工原理 共5页 第3页武汉大学7、如图所示,ef 线为连续精馏进料操作线,该进料的热状态是(A) 气-液混合物进料;(B) 冷液进料;(C) 泡点下的液体进料;(D) 过热蒸气进料。
8、精馏塔的设备费用与选择回流比R 的大小有关。
2004年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及参考答案
2004年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及参考答案Section I Listening Comprehension Part A(每题1分，共20分)Directions:This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are three parts in this section, Part A, Part B, and Part C. Remember, you should first put down your answers in your test booklet. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have five minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET I.Now look at Part A in your test booklet.Part ADirections: For Quesstions1—5,you will hear a talk about Boston Museum of Fine Art. While you listen, fill out the table with the information you have heard. Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below.(5 points)1、Geography of BelgiumThree main regions coastal plaincentral plateau Highest 12、altitude of the coastal plain 2 m3、Climate near the sea 3 humid4、Particularly rainy months of the years 4 April5、Average temperatures in July in Brussels low 13℃ high 5 ℃Section I Part B(每题1分，共5分)Directions: For Questions 6-10,you will hear an interview with Mr. Saffo from the Institute for the Future. While you listen, complete the sentences or answer the questions. Use not more than 3 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the sentences and questions below. ( 5 points )6、What is Saffo according to himself?7、The Institute for the Future provides services to private companies and8、The Institute believes that to think systematically about the long-range future is9、To succeed in anything, one should be flexible, curious and10、What does Saffo consider to be essential to the work of a team?Section I Part C（共三节，满分10分）Directions: You will hear three pieces of recorded material. Before listening to each one, you will have time to read the questions related to it. While listening, answer each question by choosing A,B,C or D . After listening, you will have time to check your answers. You will hear each piece once only. ( 10 points )Questions 11-13 are based on the following talk about naming newborns. You now have 15 seconds to read questions 11-13.11、What do we often do with the things we love?A.Ask for their names. babies after them.C.Put down their names.D.Choose names for them.12、 The unpleasant meaning of an old family name is often overlooked ifA. the family tree is fairly limited.B. the family tie is strong enough.C.the name is commonly used.D.nobody in the family complains.13、 Several months after a baby’s birth, its name willA.show the beauty of its own.B.develop more associations.C.lose the original meaning.D.help form the baby’s personality.Questions 14-16 are based on the biography of Bobby Moore, an English soccer player. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14-16.14. How many matches did Moore play during his professional career?A. 90.B .108.C.180.D. 668.15、In 1964, Bobby Moore was madeA.England’s footballer of the year.B.a soccer coach in West Germany.C.a medalist for his sportsmanship.D.a number of the Order of the British Empire.16、After Moore retired from playing, the first thing he did wasA.editing Sunday Sport.B.working for Capital Radio.C.managing professional soccer teams.D.developing a sports marketing company.Questions 17-20 are based on the on the city of Belfast. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17-20.17. Belfast has long been famous for itsA. oil refinery.B. linen textiles.C.food products.D. deepwater port.18、Which of the following does Belfast chiefly export?A. Soap.B. Grain.C.Steel.D.Tobacco.19、When was Belfast founded?A. In 1177.B. In 1315.C.In the 16th century.D. In the 17th century.20、 What happened in Belfast in the late 18th century?A. French refugees arrived.B. The harbor was destroyed.C.Shipbuilding began to flourish.D.The city was taken by the English.Section II Use of English（满分10分）Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories (21)[] on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior (22)[] they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through (23)[] with others. Theories focusing on the role of society that children commit crimes in (24)[] to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status (25)[] as a rejection of middle-class values.Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, (26)[] the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes (27)[] lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are (28)[] to criticism.Changes in the social structure may indirectly (29)[] juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that (30)[] to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment (31)[] make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in (32)[] lead more youths into criminal behavior.Families have also(33)[] changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; (34)[], children are likely to have less supervision at home (35)[] was common in the traditional family (36)[]. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other (37)[] causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased (38)[] of drugs and alcohol, and the growing (39)[] of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, (40)[] a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.21、A. actingB. relyingC.centeringD. commenting22、A. beforeB. unlessC.untilD. because23、A. interactionsB. assimilationC.cooperationD. consultation24、A. returnB. replyC.referenceD. response25、A. orB. but ratherC.butD. or else26、A. consideringB. ignoringC.highlightingD. discarding27、A. onB. inC.forD. with28、A. immuneB. resistantC.sensitiveD. subject29、A. affectB. reduceC.chockD. reflect30、A. pointB. leadeD. amount31、A. in generalB. on averageC.by contrastD. at length32、A. caseB. shortC.turnD. essence33、A. survivedB. noticedC.undertakenD. experienced34、A. contrarilyB. consequentlyC.similarlyD. simultaneously35A.thanB. thatC.whichD. as36、A. systemB. structureC.conceptD. heritage37、A. assessableB. identifiableC.negligibleD. incredible38、A. expenseB. restrictionC.allocationD. availability39、A. incidenceB. awarenessC.exposureD. popularity40、A. providedB. sinceC. althoughD. supposingSection III Reading Comprehension Part A（满分40分）Directions: Read the following four Passages. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Passage 1Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site’s “personal search agent”. It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose the keywords legal, intellectual property, and Washington, D.C. Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening. “I struck gold,”says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company. With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openingscan be time-consuming and inefficient. Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases. But although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks. Narrowing your criteria, for example, may work against you:“Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility.”says one expert. For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept —— what you think you want to do ——then broaden it. “None of these programs do that,”says another expert. “There’s no career counseling implicit in all of this.” Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again.“I would not rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might interest me,”says the author of a job-searching guide. Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. When CareerSite’s agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs —— those it considers the best matches. There may be more matches in the database; job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them ——and they do.“"On the day after we send our messages, we see a sharp increase in our traffic,” says Seth Peets, vice president of marketing for CareerSite. Even those who aren't hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile. Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise. Although happily employed, Redmon maintains his agent at CareerBuilder. “You always keep your eyes open,” he says. Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you.41. How did Redmon find his job?A.By searching openings in a job database.B. By posting a matching position in a database.C.By using a special service of a database.D.By E-mailing his resume to a database.42. Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents?ck of counseling.B.Limited number of visits.C.Lower efficiency.D.Fewer successful matches.43、The expression “tip service” (Line 4, Paragraph 3) most probably meansA.advisory.pensation.C.interaction.D.reminder.44、Why does CareerSite’s agent offer each job hunter only three job options?A.To focus on better job matches.B.To attract more returning visits.C.To reserve space for more messages.D.To increase the rate of success.45、Which of the following is true according to the text?A.Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters.B. Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands.C.Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employed.D.Some agents stop sending information to people once they are employed.Passage 2Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoe Zysman. English namesare fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K. Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush’s predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chrétien and Koizumi). The world’s three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world's five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht).Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly. The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.46. What does the author intend to illustrate with AAA A cars and Zodiac cars?A. A kind of overlooked inequality.B. A type of conspicuous bias.C. A type of personal prejudice.D. A kind of brand discrimination.47、What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?A.In both East and West, names are essential to success.B.The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zo? Zysman.C.Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies' names.D.Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize.48、The 4th paragraph suggests thatA.questions are often put to the more intelligent students.B.alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape form class.C.teachers should pay attention to all of their students.D.students should be seated according to their eyesight.49、What does the author mean by "most people are literally having a ZZZ" (Line 2-3, Paragraph 5)?A.They are getting impatient.B.They are noisily dozing off.C.They are feeling humiliated.D.They are busy with word puzzles.50、Which of the following is true according to the text?A.People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated.B.VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism.C.The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go.D.Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias.Passage 3When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as she’d like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I’m a good economic indicator,” she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when they’re concerned about saving some dollars.” SoSpero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard’s department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I don’t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too” she says.Even before Alan Greenspan’s admission that America’s red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year’s pace. But don’t sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening.Consumers say they’re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, “there’s a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,” says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. “Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three,”says john Deadly, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job.Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn’t mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan’s hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant need to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worth toasting.51. By “Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet”(Line 1, Paragraph 1), the author means[A] Spero can hardly maintain her business.[B] Spero is too much engaged in her work.[C] Spero has grown out of her bad habit.[D] Spero is not in a desperate situation.52. How do the public feel about the current economic situation?[A] Optimistic.[B] Confused.[C] Carefree.[D] Panicked.53. When mentioning “the $4 million to $10 million range” (Lines 3-4, Paragraph 3) the author is talking about.[A] gold market.[B] real estate.[C] stock exchange.[D] venture investment.54. Why can many people see “silver linings” to the economic showdown?[A] They would benefit in certain ways.[B] The stock market shows signs of recovery.[C] Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom.[D] The purchasing power would be enhanced.55. To which of the following is the author likely to agree?[A] A now boom, on the horizon.[B] Tighten the belt, the single remedy.[C] Caution all right, panic not.[D] The more ventures, the more chances.Passage 4Americans today don’t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education —— not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren’t difficult to find.“Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,” says education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.” Razitch’s latest bock, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.”“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,” writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American life, a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children:“We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.”Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized ——going to school and learning to read —— so he can preserve his innate goodness.Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines.School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country’s educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantlyproclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.”56. What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?[A] The habit of thinking independently.[B] Profound knowledge of the world.[C] Practical abilities for future career.[D] The confidence in intellectual pursuits.57. We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of[A] undervaluing intellect.[B] favoring intellectualism.[C] supporting school reform.[D] suppressing native intelligence.59. Emerson, according to the text, is probably[A] a pioneer of education reform.[B] an opponent of intellectualism.[C] a scholar in favor of intellect.[D] an advocate of regular schooling.60. What does the author think of intellect?[A] It is second to intelligence.[B] It evolves from common sense.[C] It is to be pursued.[D] It underlies power.Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries.(61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century.(62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from “exotic” language, were not always so grateful.(63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.Sapir’s pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American Indian languages.(64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another.(65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of asociety. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages ,Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.Section Ⅳ Writing66. Directions:Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should1) describe the drawing.2) interpret its meaning, and.3) support your view with examples.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points)。
2004年考研英语真题答案及解析
第一部分 英语知识运用试题解析
一、文章总体分析
文章主要探讨青少年犯罪的原因。一开始，文章从现有的理论出发，指出这些理论集中把个人或社会看作主要
影响因素。接着文章又进一步谈到，现有理论只关注来自贫穷家庭的孩子，而忽视了来自富有家庭的孩子也犯罪这
一事实。总之，这些理论都是不确定的，容易受到批评和攻击。
[C] cooperation（with）与 ……的合作
[D] consultation（with）和 ……的商议
[答案] A
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：名词短语辨析。
本题要求考生判断空格处应填入什么名词，与 with others 搭配构成名词短语，来做 through 的介词宾语。首先排除
assimilation，它不能与 with 搭配。空格所在的分句是 they have learned criminal behavior through __ 3 with others，其
Answer (n. v.)在这三个词中使用范围最广，既可以表示用语言来回答,也可表示用行动来回答。如：answer the
telephone(接电话)；answer the door bell (去开门)。例句：In answer to these questions I just nodded.（在回答这些问题的
类似的方法来回答我们的信号。）
5.[A] or 或者，表并列
[B] but rather （非固定搭配）
[C] but 而是，表转折
[D] or else 否则，要不然
[答案] A
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系。
本题要求考生判断空格前后两个部分之间的逻辑关系。从结构上看，in response to their failure 和 as a rejection of
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
需求的方法和稳定性。 六、（12 分）采用二叉链表作为树的存储结构写出对树进行后根遍历的非递归算法（先简要说明算法思路，
17、设稀疏矩阵 A=[ 0 4 0 0 ]按行优先顺序存储于三元组表，则结点（3，2，-2）是三
[7 0 0 1]
[ 0 -2 0 9]
[0 0 0 0]
元组表中的第（ ）项。
18、链表不具有的特点是：（ ）
A.可随机访问任一个元素
B.插入和删除时不需要移动元素
C.不必事先估计存储空间
D.所需空间与线性表的长度正比
20、 1、构造哈希表，哈希函数为：H(KEY)=KEY%11（表长为 11），采用二次探测再散列
21、
处理冲突；
22、 2、分析哈希表的查找过程；
23、 3、说明影响哈希表平均查找长度 ASL 的主要因素。
24、四、（15 分）对下图所示的网
25、
A
1 C
8
E7
5
B
13
4
D
3
H
15
11
G
F
2
要求： 1、 写出它的邻接矩阵； 2、 从顶点 A 开始进行深度优先遍历，画出深度优先生成树（同一个结点的邻接点优先选取字母顺序最小
三、解答题（本大题共 4 个小题，每小题 5 分 共 20 分） 1、 的先序序列和中序序列分别如下，请画出该二叉树。
先序序列：ABDGJKLHCEIF 中序序列：BGJLKDHAEICF 2、 画出与下列二叉树（如图 3.1）对应的森林。 3、 求出下面图中（如图 3.2）从顶点 a 到 g 和 h 的最短路径。
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
图 3.1 二叉树
b
a
c
d
g e
h f
图 3.2 求顶点 a 到 g 和 h 的最短路经
4、 对关键字序列（10，15，80，39，43，18，20）进行起泡排序（从小到大），试问，要进行多少趟？总 的关键字比较次数是多少？
1、设将整数 1，2，3，4，5 依次进栈，出栈可以在任何时刻（只要栈不空）进行，则出栈的序列不可能
是（ ）
A.23415
பைடு நூலகம்
B.54123
C.23145
D.15432
2、一个非空广义表的表头：（ ）
A.一定是子表
B.一定是原子
C.不能是子表
D.可以是原子，也可以是子表
3、具有 n 个结点的完全二叉树的深度为：（ ）
山东理工大学 2004 年硕士研究生入学考试试题（试卷 A）
注意事项：本试题的答案必须写在规定的答题纸上，写在试题纸上不给分。 考试科目：数据结构
一、填空（每空 2 分，共 30 分）
1、 N 个顶点的有向强连通图至少有 （1） 条弧。
2、 Kruskal 算法的时间复杂度是 （2） ，它最适合于求 （2） 图的最小生成树。
15、若以[4，5，6，7，9]作为权值构造 Huffman 树，则该树的带权路径长度为：（ ）
A.67 B.69 C.71 D.70
16、在下列排序方法中，[16]方法可能出现这种情况：在最后一趟开始之前，所有的元素都不在其最终应
在的正确位置上。
A.快速排序 B.起泡排序 C.堆排序 D.插入排序
16、 4、在一份电文中共使用 a,b,c,d,e,f,六个字符，它们出现的频率依次是 0.3，0.24，0.07，
17、
0.15，0.14，0.10，画出对应的哈夫曼树并写出各个字符的前缀编码；
18、 5、比较 AVL 树和 B-树元素的插入操作有何不同；
19、三、（12 分）对关键字集合{19，01，23，14，55，68，11，82，36}
3、 广义表（（（a,b）,c）,d,(e,f)）的表头是 （4） ，表尾是 （5） 。
4、 循环队列分配的最大空间微 m,front 和 rear 分别指示队列头元素和队列尾元素，则判断队列空的
条件是 （6） ，判断队列满的条件是 （7） 。
5、 中序线索二叉树的左线索指向其 （8） 。
6、 任何一棵二叉树的叶子结点在先序，中序和后序遍历序列中的相对次序 （9） 。
11、二、简答题（每小题 6 分，共 30 分）
12、 1、什么是数据的逻辑结构和存储结构？他们有何关系？
13、 2、若元素的入栈次序是 a,b,c，写出所有可能的出栈序列。
14、 3、已知一棵度为 4 的树包含 a 个度为 1 的结点、b 个度为 2 的结点、c 个度为 3 的结点
15、
和 d 个度为 4 的结点，求其叶子结点的个数（写出推导过程）
A.链表
B.队
C.线性表
D.栈
9、若由森林转化得到的二叉树是非空的二叉树，则二叉树形状是：（ ）
A.根结点无右子树的二叉树
B.根结点无左子树的二叉树
C.根结点可能有左子树和右子树的二叉树
D.各个结点只有一个儿子的二叉树
10、若一组记录的关键码为（45，78，56，36，40，87）则利用快速排序的方法，以第一个记录为基准（枢
址为：（ ）
A.LOC(0,0)+(J*m+i)
B.LOC(0,0)+(j*n+i)
C. LOC(0,0)+[(j-1)*n-I-1]
D. LOC(0,0)+[(j-1)*m+I-1]
7、在一个具有 n 个结点的无向图中，要连通全部结点至少需要（ ）条边。
A.n
B.n+1
C.n-1
D.n/2
8、将递归过程转化为非递归过程需用到（ ）数据结构。
7、 深度为 K 的完全二叉树至少有 （10） 个结点，叶子结点个数为 n 的非满完全二叉树的深度为
（11） 。
8、 m 阶 B-树非根的分支结点最多包含 （12） 个关键字，最少有 （13） 棵子树。
9、 在最优 K 路归并树中，只有度为 （14） 的结点。
10、 10、折半查找要求查找表采用 （15） 存储结构。
A.[log2n]+1
B. log2n +1
C. log2n
D. [log2n]
4、在一个单链表中，若 P 所指结点不是最后结点，在 P 之后 S 所指结点，则执行：（ ）
A.S->next=P->next;P->next=S;
B. P->next = S->next ; S->next =P;
C.S->next=P ; P->next=S
占 4 个字节。元素 a8247 的存储地址是（ 10 ）
8、 稀疏矩阵压缩存储后，必会失去（ 11 ）存取功能。 9、 已知在一棵含有 n 个结点的树中，只有度为 k 的分支结点和度为 0 的叶子结点，该树含有叶子结点的
数目为（ 12 ） 10、具有 n 个叶子的二叉树，每个叶子地权值为 Wi(l≦i≦n)其中带权路径长度最小的二叉树被称为（ 13 ） 11、如果只考虑有序树的情形，那么具有 7 个结点的不同形态的树共有（ 14 ）棵。 12、对于给定的 n 个元素，可以构造出的逻辑结构有集合、线性结构、（ 15 ）、（ 16 ）四种。 13、G 是一个非联通无向图，共有 28 条边，则该图至少有（ 17 ）个顶点。 14、图的遍历方式有（ 18 ）和（ 19 ）。 15、若待排序的记录总数为 n，则快速排序的总执行时间为（ 20 ）；比较次数达到树形选择排序水平，同 时又不增加存储开销的排序方法是（ 21 ）
山东理工大学 2005 年硕士研究生入学考试试题（试卷 A）
注意事项：本试题的答案必须写在规定的答题纸上，写在试题纸上不给分。 考试科目：数据结构
一、单项选择（本大题共 30 小题，每题 2 分，共 60 分）在每小题列出的四个选项（ABCD）中，只有一
个是符合题目要求的，错选、多选或未选均无分。
12、对于任何一棵二叉树，如果其终端结点树为 n，度为 2 的结点数为 m，则（ ）
A.m=n+1 B.n=m+1 C.n=2m+1 D.m=2n+1
13、m 叉树中，度为 0 的结点称为：（ ）
A.根 B.叶 C.祖先 D.子孙
14、对于一个具有 n 个结点的无向图，若采用邻接矩阵表示，则该矩阵的大小是：（ ） A.n B.n-1 C.(n+1)2 D.n2
A.0 B.3 C.2 D.5
29、将一棵有 100 个结点的完全二叉树从上到下，从左到右依次对结点进行编号，根结点的编号为 1，则
编号为 49 的结点的左孩子编号为：（ ）
A.99 B.98 C.50 D.48
30、二叉树在线索化后，仍不能有效求解的问题是：（ ）
A.先序线索二叉树中求先序后继 C.中序线索二叉树中求中序前驱
D. P->next = S; S->next =P;
5、栈结构通常采用的两种存储结构是（ ）
A.散列方式和索引方式
B.顺序存储结构和链表存储结构
C.链表存储结构和数组
D.线性存储结构和非线性存储结构
6、假设每个数组元素占 1 个存储单元，二维数组 A[0..m-1][0..n-1]按列优先顺序存储，则元素 A[i][j]的地
A.9 B.10 C.11 D.12
22、一棵 m 阶非空 B-树，除根结点外，所有非终端结点最少有（ ）棵子树。
A.[m/2] B.m-1 C.m D.m+1