法律英语-何家弘 第十七课 家庭法
法律法规优质课件法律英语何家弘
法律法规优质课件法律英语何家弘一、教学内容本节课选自《法律英语》教材第八章“法律法规”，具体内容包括：法律法规的基本概念、分类及法律英语表达方式；中国法律体系简介及主要法律法规介绍；案例分析及法律英语术语的运用。
二、教学目标1. 让学生掌握法律法规的基本概念、分类及法律英语表达方式；2. 培养学生运用法律英语进行案例分析的能力；3. 增进学生对我国法律体系的了解，提高法律素养。
三、教学难点与重点难点：法律英语术语的运用、案例分析。
重点：法律法规的基本概念、分类及法律英语表达方式。
四、教具与学具准备1. 教具：PPT、黑板、粉笔；2. 学具：法律英语教材、笔记本、字典。
五、教学过程1. 导入：通过讲解一个实际案例，引出法律法规的重要性，激发学生学习兴趣；2. 讲解：详细讲解法律法规的基本概念、分类及法律英语表达方式；3. 案例分析：分组讨论，让学生运用法律英语分析案例，培养学生的实际运用能力；4. 课堂互动：提问、解答，巩固所学知识；6. 课后作业布置：布置作业，巩固所学知识。
六、板书设计1. 法律法规基本概念2. 法律法规分类3. 法律英语表达方式4. 案例分析七、作业设计1. 作业题目：（1）请简述法律法规的基本概念及分类；案例：张某因盗窃罪被判处有期徒刑三年，缓刑五年。
在缓刑期间，张某再次盗窃，被公安机关抓获。
2. 答案：（1）基本概念：法律法规是国家制定或认可的，具有普遍约束力的规范性文件。
分类：宪法、法律、行政法规、地方性法规、自治条例、部门规章、司法解释等。
（2）Legal provisions stipulate that minors are not allowed to smoke in China.八、课后反思及拓展延伸重点和难点解析1. 教学目标中关于案例分析能力的培养；2. 教学难点：法律英语术语的运用；3. 教学过程中的案例分析环节；4. 作业设计中的案例分析题目及答案。
2024年【精品课件】何家弘法律英语课件
2024年【精品课件】何家弘法律英语课件一、教学内容二、教学目标1. 掌握基本的法律英语词汇，能够熟练运用在法律语境中；2. 学会分析法律英语句型结构，提高阅读和翻译能力；3. 了解法律文书的翻译技巧，能独立完成法律文书的翻译任务；4. 通过分析涉外法律实务案例，培养学生的法律英语思维和实际运用能力。
三、教学难点与重点1. 教学难点：法律英语词汇的记忆与运用、法律文书的翻译技巧、涉外法律实务案例的解读；2. 教学重点：法律英语句型的结构与用法、法律文书的翻译实践、法律英语思维能力的培养。
四、教具与学具准备1. 教具：多媒体教学设备、投影仪、黑板；2. 学具：教材、《法律英语词典》、翻译软件、课外阅读材料。
五、教学过程1. 导入：通过讲解一个涉外法律案例，引发学生对法律英语的兴趣，引出本节课的内容；2. 知识讲解：详细讲解基本法律英语词汇、句型结构、法律文书翻译技巧；3. 例题讲解：分析具体案例，示范翻译过程，讲解注意事项；4. 随堂练习：让学生翻译一段法律文书，巩固所学知识；5. 互动环节：学生互相讨论翻译成果，教师点评并解答疑问；7. 课后作业布置：布置作业，要求学生运用所学知识完成翻译任务。
六、板书设计1. 法律英语词汇表；2. 法律英语句型结构图；3. 法律文书翻译技巧；4. 涉外法律实务案例解析。
七、作业设计1. 作业题目：翻译一篇涉及合同纠纷的涉外法律文书；2. 答案：待学生完成作业后，教师批改并给出答案。
八、课后反思及拓展延伸2. 拓展延伸：推荐课外阅读材料，引导学生深入学习法律英语，提高实际运用能力。
重点和难点解析1. 法律英语词汇的记忆与运用；2. 法律英语句型的结构与用法；3. 法律文书的翻译技巧；4. 涉外法律实务案例的解读；5. 课后作业的设计与反馈。
详细补充和说明：一、法律英语词汇的记忆与运用1. 词义辨析：通过例句和实务案例，讲解词汇在法律语境中的具体含义，帮助学生准确理解和记忆；2. 词汇运用：设计练习题，让学生将所学词汇运用到具体语境中，提高词汇运用能力；3. 词汇拓展：介绍词汇的近义词、反义词，提高学生的词汇量。
法律英语-何家弘
Lesson One: Legal System 法律制度英属殖民地时期(the Period of the English Colonies)和美利坚合众国时期(the Period of the United States)。
公诉制度(public prosecution)美国属于普通法系(Common Law Legal System)分散制(decentralization)为原则；以判例法(case law)为主体。
"零散的无系统"(fragmental no system)。
成文法(written law)或制定法(statutory law)，遵从前例"(stare decisisPart OneThe United States is at once a very new nation and a very old nation. It is a new nation compared with many other countries, and it is new, too, in the sense that it is constantly being renewed by the addition of new elements of population and of new States. But in other senses it is old. It is the oldest of the "new" nations--the first one to be made out of an Old World colony. It has the oldest written constitution, the oldest continuous federal system, and the oldest practice of self government of any nation.美国既是一个非常新的国家也是一个非常老的国家。
法律英语-何家弘(课文)
Lesson One: Legal System 法律制度Background背景自从哥伦布(Christopher Columbus)于1492年航行至美洲之后，大批欧洲人便开始拥向这片"新大陆"。
不过，人们通常把第一批英国定居者(the first English settlers)于1607年到达弗吉尼亚(Virginia)的詹姆斯顿(Jamestown)视为美国法律制度历史的起点。
美国法制史可以大体上分为两个时期，即英属殖民地时期(the Period of the English Colonies)和美利坚合众国时期(the Period of the United States)。
虽然美国的法律制度是在英国法律传统的基础上形成和发展起来的，但是在近四百年的历史进程中，美国的法律制度也形成了一些不同于英国法律制度的特点，如公诉制度(public prosecution)等。
美国属于普通法系(Common Law Legal System)国家，其法律制度有两个基本特点：其一是以分散制(decentralization)为原则；其二是以判例法(case law)为主体。
美国除联邦政府外，还有州政府、县政府、市政府、镇政府等等，而且这些政府都是相互独立的，各自在其管辖范围内享有一定的立法权和执法权。
因此，有人说美国是"一个有许多政府的国家"(a country of many governments)；而美国的法律体系则是一个"零散的无系统"(fragmental no system)。
诚然，美国现在也有很多成文法(written law)或制定法(statutory law)，但是其法律制度仍是以判例法为主体的。
换言之，"遵从前例"(stare decisis)仍然是美国司法活动中最重要的原则之一。
以上两点对于理解美国的法律制度具有重要意义。
法律英语课文汇总-何家弘
法律英语课文汇总-何家弘————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：Lesson One: Legal System 法律制度Part OneThe United States is at once a very new nation and a very old nation. It is a new nation compared with many other countries, and it is new, too, in the sense that it is constantly being renewed by the addition of new elements of population and of new States. But in other senses it is old. It is the oldest of the "new" nations--the first one to be made out of an Old World colony. It has the oldest written constitution, the oldest continuous federal system, and the oldest practice of self-government of any nation.One of the most interesting features of Americans youth is that the whole of its history belongs in the period since the invention of the printing press. The whole of its history is, therefore, recorded: indeed, it is safe to say that no other major nation has so comprehensive a record of its history as has the United States, for events such as those that are lost in the legendary past of Italy or France or England are part of the printed record of the United States. And the American record is not only comprehensive; it is immense. It embraces not only the record of the colonial era and of the Nation since 1776, but of the present fifty States as well, and the intricate network of relationships between States and Nation. Thus, to take a very elementary example, the reports of the United States Supreme Court fill some 350 volumes, and the reports of some States are almost equally voluminous: the reader who wants to trace the history of law in America is confronted with over 5,000 stout volumes of legal cases.No one document, no handful of documents, can properly be said to reveal the character of a people or of their government. But when hundreds and thousands of documents strike a consistent note, over more than a hundred years, we have a right to say that is the keynote.When hundreds and thousands of documents address themselves in the same ways, to the same overarching problems, we have a right to read from them certain conclusions which we can call national characteristics.Part TwoThe American legal system, like the English, is methodologically mainly a case law system. Most fields of private law still consist primarily of case law and the extensive and steadily growing statutory law continues to be subject to binding interpretation through case law. Knowledge of the case law method as well as of the technique of working with case law therefore is of central importance for an understanding of American law and legal methodology.The Common Law is historically the common general law -- with supremacy over locallaw--which was decreed by the itinerant judges of the English royal court. The enforcement of a claim presupposed the existence of a special form of action, a writ, with the result that the original common law represented a system of "actions" similar to that of classical Roman law. If a writ existed (in 1227) a claim could be enforced; there was no recourse for a claim without a writ, the claim did not exist. This system became inflexible when the "Provisions of Oxford" (1258) prohibited the creation of new writs, except for the flexibility which the "writ upon the case" allowed and which later led to the development of contract and tort law.The narrow limits of the forms of action and the limited recourse they provided led to the development of equity law and equity case law. "Equity", in its general meaning of doing "equity", deciding ex aequo et bono, was first granted by the King, and later by his Chancellor as "keeper of the King's conscience", to afford relief in hardship cases. In the fifteenth century, however, equity law and equity case law developed into an independent legal system andjudiciary (Court of Chancery) which competed with the ordinary common law courts. Its rules and maxims became fixed and, to a degree, inflexible as in any legal system. Special characteristics of equity law include: relief in the form of specific performance (in contrast to the common law award of compensatory damages), the injunction (a temporary or final order to do or not to do a specific act), the development of so called maxims of equity law which permeated the entire legal system and in many cases explain the origin of modern legal concepts. However, equitable relief regularly will lie only when the common law relief is inadequate. For instance, specific performance for the purchase of real property will be granted because common law damages are deemed to be inadequate since they cannot compensate the buyer in view of the uniqueness attributed to real property.As the common law, equity law became part of American law either through judicial acceptance or through express statutory provision. Today, both legal systems have been merged in many American jurisdictions (beginning with New York in 1848), with the result that there is only one form of civil suit in these jurisdictions as well as in federal practice. Only few States continue to maintain a separate chancery court. Nevertheless, the reference to the historical development is important because, on the one hand, it explains the origin and significance of many contemporary legal concepts (for instance the division of title in the law of property) and, on the other hand, it is still relevant for the decision of such questions whether, for instance, there is a right to a trial by jury (only in the case of common law suits, in other cases only before the judge). In addition, the differentiation will determine whether the "ordinary" common law relief of damages applies or whether the "extraordinary" equity remedy of specific performance is available."Case law" describes the entire body of judge-made law and today includes common law and equity precedents. In imprecise and confusing usage the terms "common law" and "case law"are often used synonymously, with the term "common law" in this usage connotingjudge-made law in general as contrasted with statutory law. "Case law" always connotesjudg-made law, while "common law" in contrast--depending on the meaningintended--describes either the judge made law in common law subject matters or,Lesson Two：Legal Profession 法律职业Part One：The BarThe regulation of the legal profession is primarily the concern of the states, each of which has its own requirements for admission to practice. Most require three years of college and a law degree. Each state administers its own written examination to applicants for its bar. Almost all states, however, make use of the Multistate Bar Exam, a day long multiple choice test, to which the state adds a day long essay examination emphasizing its own law. No apprenticeship is required either before or after admission.A lawyer's practice is usually confined to a single community for, although a lawyer may travel to represent clients, one is only permitted to practice in a state where one has been admitted. However, one who moves to another state can usually be admitted without examination if one has practiced in a state where one has been admitted for some time, often five years.A lawyer may not only practice law, but is permitted to engage in any activity that is open to other citizens. It is not uncommon for the practicing lawyer to serve on boards of directors of corporate clients, to engage in business, and to participate actively in public affairs. A lawyer remains a member of the bar even after becoming a judge, an employee of the government orof a private business concern, or a law teacher, and may return to private practice from these other activities. A relatively small number of lawyers give up practice for responsible executive positions in commerce and industry. The mobility as well as the sense of public responsibility in the profession is evidenced by the career of Harlan Fiske Stone who was, at various times, a successful New York lawyer, a professor and dean of the Columbia School of Law, Attorney General of the United States, and Chief Justice of the United States.There is no formal division among lawyers according to function. The distinction between barristers and solicitors found in England did not take root in the United States, and there is no branch of the profession that has a special or exclusive right to appear in court, nor is there a branch that specializes in the preparation of legal instruments. The American lawyer s domain includes advocacy, counselling, and drafting. Furthermore, within the sphere broadly defined as the "practice of law" the domain is exclusive and is not open to others. In the field of advocacy, the rules are fairly clear: any individual may represent himself or herself in court but, with the exception of a few inferior courts, only a lawyer may represent another in court. Nonlawyers are, however, authorized to represent others in formal proceedings of a judicial nature before some administrative agencies. The lines of demarcation are less clear in the areas of counselling and drafting of legal instruments, as for example between the practice of law and that of accounting in the field of federal income taxation. However, the strict approach of most American courts is indicated by a decision of New York s highest court that a lawyer admitted to practice in a foreign country but not in New York is prohibited from giving legal advice to clients in New York, even though the advice is limited to the law of the foreign country where the lawyer is admitted. A foreign lawyer may, however, be admitted to the bar of one of the states and may, even without being admitted, advise an American lawyer as a consultant on foreign law.Part Two：Lawyers in Private PracticeAmong these fifteen lawyers in practice, nine, a clear majority, are single practitioners. The remaining six practice in law firms, which are generally organized as partnerships. Four or five of these six are partners and the others are associates, a term applied to salaried lawyers employed by a firm or another lawyer. This trend toward group practice is of relatively recent origin. Throughout most of the nineteenth century law practice was general rather than specialized, its chief ingredient was advocacy rather than counselling and drafting, and theprototype of the American lawyer was the single practitioner. Marked specialization began in the latter part of that century in the large cities near the financial centers. With the growth of big business, big government, and big labor, the work of the lawyer accomodated itself to the needs of clients for expert counselling and drafting to prevent as well as to settle disputes. The best lawyers were attracted to this work and leadership of the bar gravitated to persons who rarely if ever appeared in court and who were sought after as advisors, planners, and negotiators. Today the lawyer regards it as sound practice to be continuously familiar with clients business problems and to participate at all steps in the shaping of their policies. Major business transactions are rarely undertaken without advice of counsel.Part Three: House CounselOut of every twenty lawyers, two are employed by private business concerns, such as industrial corporations, insurance companies, and banks, usually as house or corporate counsel in the concern s legal department. The growth of corporations, the complexity of business, and the multitude of problems posed by government regulation make it desirable for such firms to have in their employ persons with legal training who, at the same time, are intimately familiar with the particular problems and conditions of the firm. In large corporations the legal department may number one hundred or more. The general counsel, who heads the office, is usually an officer of the company and may serve on important policy making committees and perhaps even on the board of directors. House counsel remain members of the bar and are entitled to appear in court, though an outside lawyer is often retained for litigation. However, it is the house counsel s skill as advisor rather than as advocate that is a valued asset. Constantly in touch with the employer s problems, house counsel is ideally situated to practice preventive law and may also be called upon to advise the company on its broader obligation to the public and the nation.Part Four：Lawyers in GovernmentA parallel development has taken place in government and two out of twenty lawyers are now employees of the federal, state, county, and municipal governments, exclusive of the judiciary. Many of those entering public service are recent law graduates who find government salaries sufficiently attractive at this stage of their careers and seek the training that such service may offer as a prelude to private practice. Limitations on top salaries, however, discourage some from continuing with the government. The majority serves by appointment in the legal departments of a variety of federal and state agencies and local entities. The United StatesDepartment of Justice alone employs more than two thousands, and the Law Department of the City of New York more than four hundreds. Others are engaged as public prosecutors. Federal prosecutors, the United States attorneys and their assistants, are appointed by the President and are subordinate to the Attorney General of the United States. State prosecutors, sometimes known as district attorneys, are commonly elected by each county and are not under the control of the state attorney general. As a rule, lawyers in government are directly engaged in legal work, since law training is infrequently sought as preparation for general government service. However, a small but important minority that constitutes an exception to this rule consists of those who have been appointed to high executive positions and those who have been elected to political office. Though the participation of lawyers in government has declined recently, for two centuries lawyers have made up roughly half of the Congress of the United States and of the state governors. These figures bear out the comment of Chief Justice Stone that, "No tradition of our profession is more cherished by lawyers than that of its leadership in public affairs."Lesson Three: Legal Education 法律教育In 1983, over 125,000 law students were studying in more than 170 ABA accredited law schools including public law schools supported in part by government funds; private law schools supported by contributions from individuals and foundation funds; and local or national schools offering full time or part time legal study programs. As virtually the only way to prepare for membership in the legal profession, law schools in the United States fulfill several functions including professional training and socialization of future lawyers and screening and gatekeeping for entrance to the profession. Since there is no central institution where all lawyers practice, the only institutional experience which lawyers have in common is law school.The criticisms which range from "mild to caustic" of the way in which law schools have carried out these functions and of the functions themselves have been persistent, diverse and rooted in the historical and political development of the profession. These criticisms have focussed on the curriculum and the dominance of the case method; the distribution of power and prestige reflected in the hierarchy within and among the law schools; and the imbalance in terms of women and minorities in the student body and faculty in the law schools.Part One：Curriculum and the Case MethodThe traditional first-year program offered in virtually all American law schools includes contracts, torts, property, criminal law and civil procedure. Duncan Kennedy has described the traditional first-year curriculum as basically teaching the ground rules for late 19th century laissez-faire capitalism. The second year and third year course expound the moderate reformist New Deal program and the administrative structure of the modern regulatory state. The peripheral subjects, if they are offered, include legal philosophy, legal history, legal process, and clinical education, a "kind of playground or finishing school for learning the social art of self presentation as a lawyer".However, as new areas of the law continue to develop in response to contemporary issues and problems, some law schools have expanded curricula to include courses and clinical programs in environmental law, housing and urban development, women`s rights, health in the workplace, welfare rights and consumer protection. There are also increasing efforts to teach law in interdisciplinary contexts, drawing on other disciplines such as history, psychology, sociology, medicine, and economics.In teaching the traditional curriculum, law teachers in almost all the law schools use to some extent the case method or the Socratic method. Developed in the 1870s by Christopher Columbus Langdell at the Harvard Law School, the case method looked to the common law as the source of legal priniciples and focussed on the teaching of an abstract conception of the law as a science. The legal principles elicited were to be taught divorced from the "grubby world of practice--and also from politics, history, economics, and social contexts". This narrow formalistic approach was justified on the ground that it taught students how to state, analyze, evaluate and compare concrete fact situations thus developing their powers and skills of analysis, reasoning, and expression.However, this process of learning "how to think like a lawyer" has been criticized as having an adverse impact both on the students and the quality of future lawyering. Students, law teachers, and others have pointed to the alienation, anxiety, hostility and aggression caused by use of the case method or Socratic method. The narrow and destructive interaction of this dialogue, or often "no dialogue", contributes to the impairment of the ability to care about otherpeople, a professional unemotionalism and cynicism on the part of law students. And it is not only the law students who suffer from this narrowing of their professional selves. The work of a lawyer involves continuous contacts with clients, associates, other lawyers, judges, witnesses, others affected by the law, and involves the lawyer’s own goals, attitudes, performance, and sense of satisfaction.Part Two：Law School HierarchyDuncan Kennedy has described the law schools as "intensely political places", characterized by a "trade school mentality, the endless attention to trees at the expense of forests." The law schools function as the institution for "ideological training for willing service in the hierarchies of the corporate welfare state". In the ranking and evaluation of students, students learn to accept their place in a hierarchy which is presented as just and inevitable and "so prepare themselves for all the hierarchies to follow". In the law teachers modeling of hierarchical relationships with students, colleagues, secretaries and support staff, students learn a particular style of condescension towards perceived inferiors and deference towards perceived superiors. And under the subtle but intense pressure to conform to the "white, male, middle class tone" set by law faculties which are overwhelmingly white, male, and middle class, law students adapt, "partly out of fear, partly out of hope of gain, partly out of genuine admiration for their role models". In these ways, "legal education is one of the causes of legal hierarchy. Legal education supports it by analogy, provides it a general legitimating ideology by justifying the rules that underlie it, and provides it a particular ideology by mystifying legal reasoning. Legal education structures the pool of prospective lawyers so that their hierarchical organization seems inevitable, and trains them to look and think and act just like all the other lawyers in the system" .In addition to the hierarchy within the law schools suggested by Kennedy, other analyses of the law schools functions and relationship to the profession suggest the existence of a hierarchy among the law schools. The top dozen or so elite law schools occupy a position of power and prestige which is partially reflected in the professional career paths of their graduates and in the "old boy networks" connecting the law schools and the rest of the legal profession. The models of the "law school as the gateway to the American power elite became possible with the New Deal". Felix Frankfurter’s placement n etwork for the "best and the brightest" into influential public policy positions during the New Deal in the 1930s was anearly example of this kind of network. During his tenure at Harvard and later while on the Supreme Court, Frankfurter developed an "old boy network" which was intimately involved with the placement of many of the "elite" lawyers, all of whom were white and male, into public service. The typical Frankfurter recruit was "a graduate of Harvard Law School, politically liberal, usually ranked high in his class, and either an obvious product of upper class gentile culture or an obvious product of a radically different culture who was 'comfortable' in the upper class gentile world".In the current hiring practices of the major law firms and in the competition for judicial clerkships, and in the appointments to law faculties, the graduates of the elite schools continue to have an advantage over graduates of other schools. In a recent study of Chicago lawyers, Zemans and Rosenblum found that lawyers who attended "high-prestige law schools and graduated in the top 20 percent of their classes were much more likely to practice in large firms and specialize in high-prestige fields of law". In terms of appointments to law faculties, 60% of the legal prof ession’s teaching specialists are produced by fewer than 15% of the nation s accredited law schools. These law teacher producer schools are mostly national, located in urban locations, and include schools such as Harvard, Yale, Columbia, University of Michigan, Chicago, New York University, Northwestern University, and Georgetown. If it is true that the full time faculty of the law schools "have a virtual monopoly on who will and will not enter the (legal) profession" and "on the power to mold future generations", then the existence of a hierarchy among the law schools suggests that an elite group of schools is primarily responsible for staffing the law schools, which in turn produce lawyers for the hierarchies within the profession.Lesson Four：Judicial System 司法系统Part One：CourtsThere are fifty-two separate court systems in the United States. Each state, as well as the District of Columbia, has its own fully developed, independent system of courts and there is a separate federal court system. The federal courts are not superior to the state courts; they are an independent, coordinate system authorized by the United States Constitution, Art. Ⅲ,§2, to handle matters of particular federal interest. The presence of two parallel court systems often raises questions concerning the relationship of the state and federal systems, presentingimportant issues of federalism. The United States Supreme Court, composed of nine justices, sits as the final and controlling voice over all these systems.Although a few states, such as Nebraska, have a two-tiered system, most states, as well as the federal courts, are based on a three-tiered model. That means that for any litigant there will be the opportunity to plead his case before a trial court and then, should he lose, there are two levels of appeal at which he ultimately may succeed. For example, in the federal system the trial court is the United States District Court, of which there is at least one in every state. Many larger states are divided into two, three or even four judicial districts, depending on population, geography and caseload. There are ninety-four districts in the United States and each district court has one judge, or more commonly two or more. After an adverse judgment in the district court, a litigant may appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the circuit in which the district court is located. There are eleven numbered intermediate appellate courts in the federal system, each including anywhere from three to ten states and territories. Additionally, there is a Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, hearing appeals from the federal district court there, and one for the Federal Circuit, taking appeals from various specialized federal tribunals, such as the Claims Court. Each court of appeals has four or more judges who sit in panels of three to review district court decisions, as well as some decisions of administrative agencies. A losing litigant in the court of appeals may, in some cases, be able to obtain review by the United States Supreme Court. Cases in the state courts similarly may proceed through a trial court, a state appellate court, and then the state supreme court. If a federal constitutional question is involved the decision of the state Supreme Court may be reviewed by the United States Supreme Court. Since 1988, review by the Supreme Court in civil cases is discretionary; virtually all civil appeals as of right to the highest court have been abolished.Three-tiered systems vary on the role which the highest court plays. The approaches taken reflect differing philosophies with regard to what the highest court should do. For example, in California only criminal cases in which capital punishment has been imposed are appealable as of right to the state supreme court. Similarly, in the federal courts, except in a few very limited circumstances, appeals to the United States Supreme Court are discretionary, by writ of certiorari. The Court decides for itself what are the most important questions that deserve its attention and will refuse to review decisions raising issues that it feels are not as crucial. In this way it supervises the administration of law by the lower courts on an ad hoc basis. At the other end of the spectrum, such as in New York, appeals to the state s highest court are as of rightin a great many cases provided for by statute. The primary function of the highest court in New York appears to be to assure that cases are correctly decided. It is necessary to check carefully the statutes of the system in which you are appearing to determine the specific rules regarding review by those appellate courts.Part Two：JudgesFewer than one in twenty of those admitted to practice law is a federal, state, county, or municipal court judge. Except for some inferior courts, judges are generally required to be admitted to practice but do not practice while on the bench. There is so little uniformity that it is difficult to generalize further than to point out three salient characteristics that relate to the ranks from which judges are drawn, to the method of their selection, and to their tenure.Judges are drawn from the practicing bar and less frequently from government service or the teaching profession. There is in the United States no career judiciary like that found in many other countries and there is no prescribed route for the young law graduate who aspires to be a judge, no apprenticeship that must be served, no service that must be entered. The outstanding young law graduates who act for a year or two as law clerks to the most distinguished judges of the federal and state courts have only the reward of the experience to take with them into practice and not the promise of a judicial career. While it is not uncommon for a vacancy on a higher court to be filled by a judge from a lower court, even this cannot be said to be the rule. The legal profession is not entirely unaware of the advantages of a career judiciary, but it is generally thought that they are outweighed by the experience and independence which American lawyers bring to the bench. Many of the outstanding judges of the country s highest courts have had no prior judicial experience. Criticism has centered instead on the prevalent method of selection of judges.State court judges are usually elected, commonly by popular vote, but occassionally by the legislature. Popular election has been the subject of much disapproval, including that of the American Bar Association, on the ground that the public lacks interest in and information on candidates for judicial office and that therefore the outcome is too often controlled by leaders of political parties. The situation has been somewhat improved since many local bar associations have undertaken to evaluate the qualifications of candidates and to support or oppose them on this basis.。
法律英语(何家弘编-第四版)课文翻译(1-20课)
第一课美国法律制度介绍第一部分特征与特点美国既是一个非常新的国家也是一个非常老的国家。
与许多别的国家相比它是一个新的国家。
同时，它还因新人口成分和新州的加入而持续更新，在此意义上，它也是新国家。
但是在其它的意义上它是老国家。
它是最老的“新”国家——第一个由旧大陆殖民地脱胎而出的国家。
它拥有最古老的成文宪法、最古老的持续的联邦体制以及最古老的民族自治实践。
美国的年轻（性）有一个很有意思的特点就是它的历史肇始于印刷机发明之后。
因此它的整个历史都得以记录下来：确实可以很有把握地说，任何其它国家都没有像美国这样全面的历史记录，因为像在意大利、法国或者英国过去的传说中湮没的那样的事件在美国都成了有文字记载的历史之一部分。
而且其记录不仅全面，还非常浩繁。
不仅包括这个国家自1776年以来的殖民时期的记录，还有当前五十个州以及各州和联邦（nation）之间错综复杂的关系网络的历史记录。
因此，据一个非常简单的例子，美国最高法院判例汇编有大约350卷，而一些州的判例汇编也几乎有同样多的卷数：想研究美国法律史的读者要面对的是超过5000巨卷的司法案例。
我们不能说一个文件或几个文件就能揭示出一国人民或其政府的特性。
但如果横跨一百多年的千百万个文件敲出始终如一的音调，我们就有理由说这就是其主调。
当千百万个文件都以同样的方式去解决同样的中心问题，我们就有理由从中得出可以被称为国民特定的确定结论。
第二部分普通法和衡平法同英国一样，美国法律制度从方法论上来说主要是一种判例法制度。
许多私法领域仍然主要是由判例法构成，广泛而不断增长的制定法一直受制于有约束力的（解释制定法的）判例法。
因此，判例法方法的知识以及使用判例法的技巧对于理解美国法律和法律方法是极其重要的。
从历史的角度来看，普通法就是由英国皇家法院的巡回法官的判决所得出的普通的一般法——优于地方法。
采纳或执行某项诉讼请求是以存在法院令状这种特殊形式的诉为前提的，而这就使最初的普通法表现为由类似于古罗马法的“诉”所构成的体系。
法律英语-何家弘
Lesson One: Legal System 法律制度英属殖民地时期(the Period of the English Colonies)和美利坚合众国时期(the Period of the United States)。
公诉制度(public prosecution)美国属于普通法系(Common Law Legal System)分散制(decentralization)为原则；以判例法(case law)为主体。
"零散的无系统"(fragmental no system)。
成文法(written law)或制定法(statutory law)，遵从前例"(stare decisisPart OneThe United States is at once a very new nation and a very old nation. It is a new nation compared with many other countries, and it is new, too, in the sense that it is constantly being renewed by the addition of new elements of population and of new States. But in other senses it is old. It is the oldest of the "new" nations--the first one to be made out of an Old World colony. It has the oldest written constitution, the oldest continuous federal system, and the oldest practice of self government of any nation.美国既是一个非常新的国家也是一个非常老的国家。
(2021年整理)何家弘法律英语词汇全
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AAbsolute['æbsəlju:t] proof 绝对证明absolute property 绝对财产（权）abstract of title 产权书摘要acceleration clause 提前(偿还）条款acceptance 承诺accident report 事故报告accident insurance 意外保险accusation 指控;控告accusatorial procedure 控告程序accusatorial process of proof 控告证明过程（程序)accusatorial system 控告或诉讼程序accused 被指控者accuser 控告人acknowledgement 认知（书）acquittal 无罪判决act 条例;作为Act for the prevention of Frauds and Perjuries 《预防诈欺和伪证条例》action 诉讼；作为actual losses 实际损失adjudication 裁决；裁定administrative law 行政法administrative law judge 行政法法官administrative procedure 行政程序administrator 管理人；监管人admissible 可采的admissibility 可采性admit 采用;允许adoption 收养adulterous conduct 通奸行为ad valorem property tax 从价财产税adversarial hearing 对抗式听证会adversarial process 对抗式程序adversary 对手adversary trial system 对抗式（或抗辩）审判制度advocacy 出庭辩护；诉讼代理advocate 辩护人；诉讼代理人affidavit 正式书面陈述affirm 维持（原判)affirmation 保证书；证词affirmative 确保的agency (行政)机关agency action 机关(行政)机关agreed upon remedies 补救协议agreement 协议agreement—as—written 书面协议agreement —in—fact 事实协议alibi 阿里白（不在犯罪场的证明) alienation of affection 离间夫妻关系allegation 声称;指控allege 诉称；指控alleged offense 所控罪行alternate juror 替补陪审员amendment 修正案American Bar Association 美国律师协会American Law Institute 美国法学会analogy 类推Anglo—American Legal System 英美法系anonymous accusation 匿名控告appeal 上诉appear 出庭appellant 上诉人appellate action 上诉行为appellate court 上诉法院appellee 被上诉人appealer 上诉人appropriate 拨款appurtenant 附属物arbiter 仲裁人arbitrary武断的arbitration仲裁arraignment初审array 陪审员名单arrest 逮捕arrest warrant 逮捕令（证)arrestee 被捕人article 条款,文章article of authority 授权条款articles of confederation 《联帮条例》articles of incorporation 公司组织章程artificial person 法人Asian American legal defense and education fund亚裔美国人法律辩护与教育基金会assault 意图或威胁伤害assert 主张,宣称asset 资产assistant attorney 助理法官associate judge 副法官associate justice 副大法官assumption 违约合同，违约赔偿之诉assumption 假定attempt 意图，企图attempted escape 逃脱未遂attestation 证词attorney 代理人，律师attorney at law 律师attorney general 检察长authentication 鉴定authority 权力，法源，权威性依据automobile insurance 机动车保险automobile tort 机动车侵权行为autonomy 自治（权）Bban 禁令，禁止banishment 流放bankruptcy 破产bankruptcy discharge 破产债务解除bankruptcy judge 破产法官bar 律师职业bar association 律师协会barrister 出庭律师battery 殴打bench trial 法官审beneficiary 受益人benefit 收益，福得bigamy 重婚罪bill of lading 提单bill of right 《人权法案》bind over 具保，具结binder 临时保险单binding 有约束力binding contract 有约束力的合同binding force 约束力binding interpretation 有约束力的解释black-letter law （普通接受之基本原则的）黑体字法black nation bar association 全美黑人律师协会blue sky law 蓝天法(关于股票买卖控制的法律）Board of Governors（ABA）(美国律师协会的）董事会body of law 法体bond 债券;保释金bond instrument 债券契据branding 鞭笞breach 违约；破坏bride 贿赂bribery 贿赂（罪）bright-line test 明显界限检验标准broker 中间人brokerage fee 佣金；中介费brother—sister corporation 兄弟公司；姊妹公司Bulk Sales Act《大宗销售条例》burden 责任burden of going forward with the evidence 先行举证责任burden of persuasion 说服责任；证明责任burden of producing evidence 举证责任burden of proof 证明责任burglary入室盗窃（罪)business corporation实业公司business law 实业法business organization 实业组织buy—out agreement（股权）承买协议buy-sell agreement（股权）买卖协议bylaws（内部）章程CCalifornia Penal Code《加州刑法典》capital account 资本帐户capital crime 可判死刑罪capital punishment 死刑capital surplus 资本盈余capitation tax 人头税career criminal 职业罪犯career judiciary 职业法官case briefing 案情摘要case-in—chief 主诉case law 判例法case method 案例教学法case report 判决报告case reports 判例汇编casualty insurance （意外伤害）保险catalog 商品目录（单)certificate 证书certificate of existence 实体存在证明（书）challenge 置疑；挑战challenge for cause有理回避chancery court 衡平法院charging instrument 控告文件checks and balances 制衡（原则)chief judge 首席法官chief justice 首席大法官child abuse 虐待儿童circuit court 巡回法院circuit judge 巡回法官circumstantial evidence 旁证；情况证据citation 引证cite 援引;传讯civil court 民事法civil forfeiture 民事罚没civil law 民法Civil Law Legal System 民法体系civil liability 民事责任civil Liberty 民事自由civil Litigation民事诉讼civil procedure 民事诉讼程序civil suit民事诉讼Civil trial 民事审判Civil right 民权Civil right law 民权法Civil War Income Tax Act 《内战所得税条例》Claim 诉讼请求，索赔Classification of law 法律分类Close corporation内部持股公司Closely held corporation 内部持股公司Closing 终结,成交，结帐Closing argument 最后论述Closing statement成交声明Code 法典Code of Judicial Conduct 《法官行为准则》Codify 编成法典Co-felon 共同重罪犯Cohabitation 同居Collateral contract 附属合同Collegiate bench 合议席Collegiate panel 合议庭Commercial clause 商务条款，贸易条款Commercial law 商法Commercial paper 商务文件Commission佣金Commit 交托，犯(罪）Commitment 犯罪，许诺，委托Commitment of financing 融资许诺Common law 普通法Common law damages 普通法赔偿金Common law legal system(family) 普通法法系Common law marriage 普通法婚姻Common property 共同财产Common stock 普通股票Community property 共同财产Comparative law 比较法Comparative negligence 比较过失Compensation 赔偿（金）Compensatory damage 应予赔偿之损害Competence 管辖权限Competency 有效性Complaint 控告,申诉Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act 《滥用毒品的综合预防与控制条例》Compulsory license 强制性许可Concur附条件地同意Concurring opinion 并存（判决）意见Confer 授与Conference 协商会议Confidential information 保密信息Confiscation 没收Conflict law 冲突法Congress 国会Consent 同意,认可Consideration 对价，约因Constitution 宪法Constitutional Convention 制宪会议Constitutional law 宪法Constitutional tort 宪法性侵权Constitutionality 合宪性Construction （法律的）结构，解释Construe 解释，分析Consultation 磋商Consumer protection statute 消费者保护法律Consumption tax 消费税Continental Law Legal System（or Family）大陆法系Contingent fee 胜诉酬金Continuance 诉讼延期Contract 合同Contract dispute 合同纠纷Contract formation 合同构成Contract interpretation 合同解释Contract law 合同法Contract performance 合同履行contractor 承包商contravence 触犯;违犯contributory negligence 共同过失controlling law 应适应之法律conversion 非法占有convey 转让conveyance 转让convertible bond 可转换债券conviction 有罪判决convincing evidence 使人信服的证据copyright 版权;著作权corporal punishment肉体刑corporate camsel 公司法律顾问corporate excise tax 公司执照税corporate law 公司法corporation 公司corporation aggregate 合有公司corporation code 公司法典corporation law 公司法corporation sole 独有公司corpus 尸体;本金Council on legal Education Opportunities 法律教育机会委员会counselor （法律)顾问;律师counselor-at—law 律师court 法院；法官court decision 法院判决court fee 诉讼费court of appeals 上诉法院court of chancery 衡平法法院court of claims 索赔法院court of customs and Patent Appeals 关税及专利上诉法院court of domestic relations 家庭关系法院court opinion 法院判决意见courtroom 法庭coverage 保险范围crime 犯罪crime code 刑法典crime homicide 有罪杀人crime justice system 刑事司法系统crime law 刑法crime liability 刑事责任crime procedure 刑事诉讼程序cross-examination 交叉盘问;盘诘cruel and unusual punishment 残忍和非常的刑罚cumulative evidence 累计证据curative 临时监护的curriculum guide 课程指南custody 监护custom duty 关税customary law 习惯法customary practice 惯例customs court 关税法院Ddamage 损害;损伤damage claim 损害赔偿请求damages 损害赔偿金deadlocked jury 僵局陪审团death penalty 死刑death tax 遗产税debenture 债单(券)debt securities 债权证券decide a case 判案deed 契约deed book 文契汇编defamation 诽谤default 不履行;违约defendant 被告人defence 辩护defence attorney 辩护律师defense’s case-in—chief 辩护方主讼deficiency judgment 不足额判决degrees of murder （恶意)杀人罪的等级delegation 授权delegated legislation 授权立法deliberate intention 故意deliberation (陪审团)评议demonstrative evidence 示意证据deprivation 剥夺derogatory treatment of the work 对作品的贬毁性处理(或使用）designs 设计detract 毁损;贬低developer （土地）开发商dicta 判决附带意见dignity 尊严direct evidence 直接证据direct examination 直接盘问direct tax 直接税disa bility insurance 残疾保险disabled dependent child 无谋生能力的残疾儿童discharge 解雇；释放discount 贴现;折扣discovery 要求告知discrete risk transfer product 离散性风险转移（保险)产品discretion 自由裁量权discriminatory 歧视性税收dispense 执行;施行dispute 争议；纠纷disposition 处置（权)dissent 异议;反对dissenting opinion 异议;反对意见dissolution 解散distort 歪曲;误解district attorney 地区检查官database right 数据权dividend 股息division of title 产权分割divorce 离婚docket 备审案件目录doctrine 法则；原则doctrine of constitutional supremacy 宪法至上原则doctrine of Maranda Warnings 米兰达忠告原则document 文件；文书document of title 产权证书domant Commerce Clause 休眠的”贸易条款”domicile 住所地double jeopardy 一罪二审draft 起草;草拟draftman 起草者drug trade 毒品交易drug trafficking 毒品交易dry run 干转；排练due diligence 适当努力due process 正当程序Due Process Clause 正当程序条款due process test 正当程序检验标准duration 期限duress 强迫；胁迫duty 义务；关税duty of care 照看义务Eearnest money 定金easyment 地役权ecclesiastical court 宗教法庭economic law 经济法effective date 生效日期effective time 生效时间element of crime 犯罪要素(件) empower 授权enact 制定;颁布en banc 全体法官出庭审判encroachment 侵占encumbered property 抵押财产enforce 实施；执行enforceable 可强制执行的enforceability 可执行性enforcement of Law 执法English—American Legal System (or Family）英吉利法系enjoin（衡平）强制令entail 限定继承entity 实体environmental impact statement 环境影响报告environmental Law 环境保护法Environmental protection Agency（EPA) 环境保护局environmental quality 环境质量equal protection clause 平等保护条款equitable relief 衡平救济equity 衡平法equity Law 衡平法equity precedent 衡平法判例equity securities 产权证券;衡平证券error 过错escape 逃走；逃脱escrow 第三者保存合同essential justice 实质公正estate 财产；遗产estate tax 遗产税ＥＵDirective 欧盟指令evaluate 评价evict 逐出（租户)evidence 证据evidentiary presumption 证据推定evidentiary rule 证据规则ex aequo at bono 公平且善良examine 检查;盘问examination 检查；盘问exception 例外exception clause 例外条款excise tax 执照税exclude 排除exclusive listing 读家上市exclusive right 排他性权利exclusive tax situs 唯一征税地点excusable homicide 可宽恕之杀人execute 执行；签属execution 执行executive acts 行政条例executive branch 行政部门executive order 行政命令executor (遗嘱）执行人executor of estate 遗产执行人exemption 免除;豁免exhibit 展示物(证）exigent circumstance 紧急情况existing securities 上市证券exparte 单方面的expectation damages 预期赔偿金expert 专家（证人）expert testimony 专家证言expert witness 专家证人express contract 明示合同express statutory provision 法律明文规定express warranty 明示保证（保修）ex rel 依据告发face amount 面颊face value 面植facilitate 促使:利于fact 事实fact in issue 争议事实factor 因素；代理商Factors Lien Act 《代理商留置权条例》Fair trial 公平审判false imprisonment 非法拘禁family law 家庭法fault 过错fault principle 过错原则feasibility study 可行性研究Federal Administrative Procedure Act 《联邦行政程序》Federal Antitrust Law 《联邦犯托拉斯法》federal convention 联邦制宪会议federal crime of murder 联邦杀人罪Federal Housing Act 《联邦住房条例》Federal Income Tax Act 《联邦所得税条例》federal judge 联邦法官Federal rules of civil procedure 《联邦民事诉讼规则》Federal rules of criminal procedure 《联邦刑事诉讼规则》Federal rules of evidence 《联邦证据规则》Federal securities act 《联邦证券条例》federal supremacy 联邦至上（原则）Federal tort claims act 《联邦侵权索赔条例》felon 重罪犯felony 重罪felony-murder 重罪杀人fiduciary 受托人file 档案；注册file a petition 呈交诉状；提出请求fine 罚金fingerprint 手印fire insurance 火灾保险fire protection 消防first degree murder 一级谋杀first instance 一审fixture （不动产）附属物flogging 烙印force of law 法律效力forcible felony 暴力性重罪foreign exchange risk 外汇风险forfeiture 没收；罚没form contract 格式合同form of evidence 证据的形式formal adjudication 正式裁决formal rulemaking 正式规则制定formation 构成；鉴定franchise tax 特许经营税fraud 诈欺free enterprise system 自由企业制度free movement of goods 自由物流，货物的自由流通freedom of choice 选择自由frustrate 使受挫折fundamental law 基本法fundamental right 基本权利Ggeneral acceptance standard （科学证据的）公认标准general partnership 一般合伙general property 一般财产（权）general provisions 总则gerontocratic 老人统治的gift tax 赠予税government tort 政府侵权(行为）grant of power 授权gross negligence 严重过失group insurance 团体保险guarantee 担保guardian 监护人guardianship 监护权guidelines for sentencing 量刑指南guilt 有罪guilty 有罪的guilty 有罪答辩Hhabitual offender 惯犯hail insurance 冰雹保险handcuff 手铐handwriting 笔迹health insurance 健康保险health regulation 卫生法规hearing 听证(会）hearing of jury 陪审团听审hearsay 传闻证据heir 继承人hierarchy 等级制度high crime 重罪hold 认定;裁定holding 认定；裁定holding device 拥有手段（形式）homicide 杀人(罪）homosexuality 同性恋house counsel （公司）专职法律顾问husband-wife relationship 夫妻关系husband—wife tort 夫妻侵权（行为) IId。
法律英语大纲
知识产权专业法律英语课程教学大纲 >>《法律英语课程教学大纲》一、课程基本信息适用专业：知识产权课程开出单位：社会与法学院课程代码：BK0609035课程的类型与性质：专业选修课总学分：2总学时：32理论授课学时：32学时实验实训学时：0学时参考教材：何家弘．法律英语．法律出版社，2004年先修课程：民法、商法、民事诉讼法考核方式：考查。
平时成绩由作业、出勤、期中考试三部分组成，占总成绩的30%；期末考试成绩占总成绩的70%。
二、课程简介本课程属于专业选修课；本课程以英美法为教学核心内容,包括英语法律术语、英美法系与大陆法系的比较、英美律师职业介绍、英美主要部门法、WTO 法律文件选读、国际经贸法律、法学研究技巧与资源的运用，让学生掌握外语知识；使学生具有一定的外语交际能力和计算机操作能力。
第一章：Introduction导论学时数：21、本章教学目标：介绍开设本课程的背景意义、课程性质与特点、教学内容安排、学习方法与要求、相关参考书及本课程的考核方式。
2、本章教学基本要求：了解：开设本课程的背景意义、课程性质与特点理解：教学内容安排、学习方法与要求掌握：相关参考书及本课程的考核方式3、本章教学重点：The category of law; the way to read cases4、本章教学难点：The way to express opinion or ideas and disagreement5、教学内容安排Part I To categorize law in different waysPart II To learn how to read casesPart IIITo learn the skills of presentingPart IVTo learn how to express opinions or ideasPart VTo know the way to learn Legal English, including how to make use of the law dictionaries, the internet resource and reference book第二章：Legal System法律制度学时数：21、本章教学目标：（1）To be clear about the difference between common law and civil law systems（2）To have a clear idea of the legal system of China（3）To grasp the related legal vocabularies2、本章教学基本要求：了解：普通法系和成文法系的区别理解：中国法律体系掌握：相关法律概念和词汇3、本章教学重点：Common law legal system4、本章教学难点：Difference between common law and civil law5、教学内容安排Part I Features and CharacteristicsPart II Common law and Equity law第三章：Legal Profession 法律职业学时数：21、本章教学目标：（1）To be clear about the American legal profession（2）To learn certain legal phrases, such as practicing lawyer, legal instruments, associates, practice preventive law（3）To understand the process of engaging a lawyer（4）To get acquainted with some useful expressions in engaging a lawyer2、本章教学基本要求：了解：美国法律职业分类理解：律师执业规程掌握：相关法律术语3、本章教学重点：The status of the American legal profession4、本章教学难点：Some useful expressions in engaging a lawyer5、教学内容安排Part I The BarPart II Lawyers in Private PracticePart III House CounselPart IV Lawyers in Government第四章：Legal Education法律教育学时数：21、本章教学目标：（1）To be clear about the curriculum of American legal education（2）To distinguish the case method from lecture method（3）To learn some legal phrases: Regulatory state; clinical education; layering; law faculties; in high-prestige fields of law2、本章教学基本要求：了解：美国法学教育概况理解：案例教学法掌握：相关法律术语：诊所式教育、法律共同体、高端法律服务领域3、本章教学重点：Text4、本章教学难点：Legal phrases5、教学内容安排Part I Curriculum and the case methodPart II Law school hierarchy第五章：Judicial System司法体系学时数：21、本章教学目标：（1）To be clear about the American court system and English court system（2）To distinguish between trial courts and appellate courts（3）To be clear about the position of the Judges in court（4）To learn certain legal vocabulary, such as jurisdiction, sue, plaintiff, defendant, action, petition, and so on2、本章教学基本要求：了解：美国和英国法院系统理解：审判法院和上诉法院的区别掌握：相关法律术语：管辖、诉、原告、被告、法案、诉求等3、本章教学重点：American court system4、本章教学难点：Legal vocabulary5、教学内容安排Part I CourtsPart II Judges第六章：Constitution 宪法学时数：21、本章教学目标：（1）To be clear about the feature of the US Constitution, the fundamental principles of government and the provisions for amendment（2）To learn legal phrase: Judicial interpretation; national convention; implement; check and balance; separation of powers; federalism2、本章教学基本要求：了解：美国宪法的特点、基本原则理解：宪法修正案的法律效力掌握：相关法律术语：三权分立、联邦制3、本章教学重点：Text4、本章教学难点：Legal phases5、教学内容安排Part I The constitution as the supreme lawPart II The principles of governmentPart III Provisions for amendment第七章：Administrative Law行政法学时数：21、本章教学目标：（1）To be clear about the scope of the administrative law（2）To know the definition of “agency”in the Federal Administrative Procedure（3）To be clear about the functions of regulatory agencies and non-regulatory agencies（4）To learn legal phrases: remedy; vest; delegation; mandate; administrative action; fiscal; welfare; judicial review2、本章教学基本要求：了解：行政法的涵盖范围理解：联邦行政程序掌握：相关法律术语：行政补偿、代理、强制性、行政行为、福利、法律评论3、本章教学重点：Text4、本章教学难点：Legal phases5、教学内容安排Part I Agency action and administrative lawPart II Paradigms and models第八章：Criminal Law刑法学时数：21、本章教学目标：（1）To learn the element of a crime in the US criminal law.（2）To be clear about types of crime（3）To be clear about what is homicide and what is justifiable homicide（4）To know the difference between murder and manslaughter（5）To know what is voluntary manslaughter and federal crime of murder（6）To learn legal phrases: Homicide; self-defense; justifiable homicide; justification; willful, deliberate and premeditated; the unwritten law; felon; murder and manslaughter; malice; death penalty; voluntary manslaughter; criminal sanction; statutory offense; imposition of the death penalty2、本章教学基本要求：了解：美国刑事案件的基本要素理解：谋杀和屠杀之间的区别掌握：相关法律术语：自杀、正当防卫、合法自杀、自愿性、蓄意和预谋、不成文法、盗窃、恶意的、死刑、刑罚、死刑监禁3、本章教学重点：Comprehension of text4、本章教学难点：Legal phases5、教学内容安排Part I MurderPart II ManslaughterPart III Federal Homicide lawPart IV Modern murder-manslaughter legislationPart V Capital punishment第九章：Contract Law 合同法学时数：21、本章教学目标：（1）To understand the nature of a contract（2）To be clear about the requirements for a contract（3）To be clear about the source of contract law（4）To know the difference between judicial opinions and statutory law（5）To learn legal phrases: Real property; bodies of law; fraud; breach of contract tort; statutes; ordinances; blind adherence to; construction; offer; consideration; acceptance; misrepresentation; duress; unconscionability; contract performance; damages; expectation damages; agreed upon remedies; equitable relief; specific performance; injunction; restitution 2、本章教学基本要求：了解：合同的本质理解：合同的组成要件、司法意见和强行法的区别掌握：相关法律术语：违约责任、邀约、支付对价、承诺、表见代理3、本章教学重点：Comprehension of text4、本章教学难点：Legal phases5、教学内容安排Part I What is a contract?Part II considerationPart III invitation and offerPart IV breach of contractPart V the good faith principle第十章：Tort Law 侵权法学时数：21、本章教学目标：（1）To understand what is a tort（2）To learn legal phrases: Tortuous acts; try his claim; verdict; guest statutes; recovery; warranty; implied contract; intentional tort; negligence; strict liability; duty of care; contributory negligence2、本章教学基本要求：了解：什么是侵权理解：侵权行为成立要件掌握：相关法律术语：侵权行为、恢复原状、担保、暗示合同、有意侵权、疏忽、注意义务3、本章教学重点：Comprehension of text4、本章教学难点：Legal phases5、教学内容安排Part I IntroductionPart II Intentional tortsPart III Liability for negligencePart IV Tort law reform第十一章：Property Law 财产法学时数：21、本章教学目标：（1）To know the background of the US property law（2）To be clear about fundamentals of real property law（3）To understand the role of the lawyer in real property transactions（4）To learn legal phrases: Due diligence; formalities; instruments; secondary party; easement; security devices; mortgage holder; recovery of possession2、本章教学基本要求：了解：美国财产法的起草背景理解：房地产法律的基石掌握：相关法律术语：尽职调查、抵押权人、恢复财产原状3、本章教学重点：Comprehension of text4、本章教学难点：Legal phases5、教学内容安排Part I IntroductionPart II The fundamentals of real property lawPart III The role of the lawyer in real property transactions第十二章：Corporation Law 公司法学时数：21、本章教学目标：（1）To know the categories of laws applicable to US business enterprises（2）To learn the forms of business（3）To learn legal phrases: Restrict the number and the identity of their shareholders; the internal law of the corporation is governed by the statutes and case law of the state of incorporation; a partnership can…the general public; general partnerships; limited partnerships （4）To express similarities and differences2、本章教学基本要求：了解：美国公司法律范畴理解：公司类型掌握：股东数量和身份的控制、一般公众、普通合伙、有限合伙3、本章教学重点：Comprehension of text4、本章教学难点：Legal phases and the expression of similarities and differences5、教学内容安排Part I IntroductionPart II the classification of company in USPart III CJV 、EJV and WOFE采用讲授式教学法；学生口语训练(role play、Work in groups); 课后写作与翻译练习思考题：Discussion topic: Which forms of business organization is the best for a Chinese entrepreneur to do business in the US?第十三章：Commercial Law 商法学时数：21、本章教学目标：（1）To learn the Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution（2）To learn the history of the commerce clause adjudication（3）To learn the Modern Commerce Power Test（4）To learn the content of the Uniform Commercial Code（5）To learn legal phrases: commerce clause adjudication; uphold the decisions; due process; law merchant; force and effect2、本章教学基本要求：了解：美国宪法第八部分第一章理解：美国统一商法典掌握：正当程序3、本章教学重点：Comprehension of text4、本章教学难点：Legal phases and the expression of similarities and differences5、教学内容安排Part I IntroductionPart II the UCC codePart III commerce clause adjudicationPart IV commercial punishment采用讲授式教学法；学生口语训练；课后写作与翻译练习思考题：Negotiation exercise: Negotiation about buying mountain-tyre bicycles第十四章：Family Law 家庭法学时数：21、本章教学目标：（1）To learn the scope of the US Family Law（2）To learn some cases: Loving v Virginia; Boddie v. Connecticut; Califano v. Jobst; Zablocki v. Redhail（3）To learn legal phrases: fundamental right; strict scrutiny; holding; in one’s custody; court order or judgment; decree（4）To become acquainted with expressions in marriage formalities and divorce procedure2、本章教学基本要求：了解：美国家庭法的范畴理解：监护权、法令掌握：美国婚姻缔结和离婚程序3、本章教学重点：Comprehension of text4、本章教学难点：Legal phases and the expression of similarities and differences5、教学内容安排Part I IntroductionPart II family law in the U.SPart III court order or judgmentPart IV custody本堂课将学生分组, 各组学生共同自学并准备讲解资料(group working and presenting)；学生口语训练(role play、Work in groups);课后写作与翻译练习思考题：Group discussion topic: The comparison about marriage and divorce procedures between American and China第十五章：WTO Rules 世贸组织法学时数：21、本章教学目标：（1）To be clear about what is DSU and what is DSB（2）To be clear about the composition of a panel（3）To learn the rules and procedures of WTO governing the settlement of disputes（4）To be clear about the principles underlying the GATT and WTO（5）Legal phrases: Identify the specific measure s at issue; contracting party; director-general; relevant council; committee2、本章教学基本要求：了解：专家组的构成理解：国际贸易争议解决程序掌握：关贸总协定和WTO的原则3、本章教学重点：Comprehension of text4、本章教学难点：Legal phases and the expression of similarities and differences5、教学内容安排Part I IntroductionPart II fwhat is DSU and what is DSBPart III the principles underlying the GATT and WTOPart IVthe principles underlying the TPP采用讲授式教学法；学生口语训练(role play、Work in groups);课后写作与翻译练习第十六章：Civil Procedure 民事诉讼程序学时数：21、本章教学目标：（1）To be clear about the civil procedure（2）To learn how to write a legal memorandum（3）Legal phrases: Trial lawyer; flow of the evidence; umpire; mistrial（4）To understand the typical expressions used during civil court trials2、本章教学基本要求：了解：民事诉讼基本程序理解：备忘录的写作掌握：辩护律师、证据链、误导审判3、本章教学重点：如何写作备忘录4、本章教学难点：case reading5、教学内容安排Part I IntroductionPart II what is the civil procedurePart III how to write a legal memorandumPart IV how to read a case案例式教学；学生口语训练；观看英文原版影片：《永不妥协》四、教学参考资料：[1]何家弘.法律英语[M].北京:法律出版社，2004[2]赵雁丽.法律英语教程·上下册[M].西安：西安交通大学出版社，2003[3]何主宇.最新法律专业英语[M].北京：机械工业出版社[4]杜金榜.法律英语阅读教程·1-3册[M].北京：对外经济贸易大学出版社，2003[5]赵建&夏国佐.法学专业英语教程·上下册[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社，1999[6]Catherine Elliott, Quinn F., English Legal System, and Edinburgh: Pearson cation Limited, 2002[7]Bradgate Robert, Commercial Law, and London: Butterworths, 1995[8]Jill Poole, Contract Law, and London: Blackstone Press, 2001[9]John H.Jackson, Legal Problems of International Economic Relations: cases, Materials and Text on The National and International Regulation of Transnational Economic Relations, USA: West Publishing Co., 1995五、课外自主学习要求：1、要求学生通过关注法律英语、传思阁英语等法律英语微信公众号，阅读《China daily》等报刊以了解法律术语如何实际运用；2、要求学生观看欧美律政剧培养英美法律思维；3、课外自主学习时间不得少于48学时。
【精品课件】何家弘法律英语课件
写作能力
学习撰写法律文件，如合同、 协议、备忘录等，培养学生的
写作能力。
听说能力
通过模拟法庭、谈判等场景， 培养学生的听说能力，提高学
生的法律英语口语水平。
法律英语案例分析
01
02
03
案例选择
选择真实的、有代表性的 法律案例，涵盖不同法律 领域。
分Байду номын сангаас方法
介绍案例分析的基本方法 ，如法律关系分析法、请 求分析法等。
《【精品课件】何家弘法律 英语课件》
xx年xx月xx日
目录
• 课程概述 • 教学内容 • 教学方法 • 教学资源
01
课程概述
课程背景与目的
背景
随着全球化的推进，法律英语越来越受到重视，许多国家的 律师、法官、法学家和学者都在积极探索法律英语的教学和 培训方法。
目的
本课程旨在帮助学习者提高法律英语水平，掌握法律英语的 表达方式，培养其法律思维和跨文化交流能力，使其能够更 好地从事涉外法律工作、参加国际法律交流活动以及进行法 学研究。
互动式教学
总结词
灵活、创新、参与
详细描述
互动式教学注重师生互动、学 生互动，通过开展课堂讨论、 小组合作等活动，激发学生的 学习兴趣和积极性，增强其自
主学习能力。
总结
这种教学方法能够提高学生的 学习效果和参与度，但需要教 师具备一定的课堂掌控能力和
引导学生讨论的能力。
情境式教学
总结词
真实、实践、应用
学习方法
本课件采用线上和线下相结合的方式，学习者可以先通过线上视频学习基础知识 和基本概念，再通过线下实践和应用深入学习和掌握法律英语。
要求
学习者需要具备一定的英语基础和法律基础知识，并能够积极思考和分析问题， 同时需要具备一定的自学能力和实践能力。
【精品课件】何家弘法律英语课件
法律英语文献阅读
法律英语文献的文体特点
法律英语文献具有独特的文体特点，如正式、准确、清晰和 严密。课程将介绍这些特点以及如何运用它们阅读和理解法 律文献。
法律英语文献阅读技巧
除了了解法律英语文献的文体特点，还需要掌握如何运用阅 读技巧理解复杂的法律文献。课程将教授阅读技巧，并通过 实践练习提高学员的阅读理解能力。
每周教学内容
• 第1周：介绍法律英语的基本概念、学习方法、教材使用方法等。 • 第2周：从单词的层面讲解法律英语的构成特点，介绍常见的法律英语词汇。 • 第3周：详细讲解法律英语词汇在特定语境下的特殊用法和意义。 • 第4周：针对法律英语中的长句和疑难句进行分析和讲解，提升学生的理解和分析能力。 • 第5周：介绍法律英语的写作规范和技巧，并进行写作练习。 • 第6周：详细讲解法律英语合同的分类和结构，并进行合同翻译实践。 • 第7周：总结上周学习内容，继续进行合同翻译实践，并讲解相关难点。 • 第8周：介绍法律英语的论文写作规范和技巧，并进行论文写作练习。 • 第9周：详细讲解法律英语论文的翻译实践，并进行相关难点讲解。 • 第10周：总结本学期学习内容，进行复习和测试。
法律英语句型
法律英语句型的结构特点
法律英语句型具有独特的结构特点，如长句、复杂句和被动句。将分析这些句型 的特点，并通过实例说明如何运用这些句型撰写法律文件和进行法律交流。
法律英语句型的运用技巧
除了了解法律英语句型的结构特点，还需要掌握如何运用这些句型表达复杂的法 律概念和思想。课程将教授运用这些句型的技巧，并通过实践练习提高学员的运 用能力。
学习方法建议
课前预习
01
提前预习课件内容，熟悉要学习的知识点，标注不理解的地方
，以便上课时更加针对性地学习。
何家弘法律英语词汇全
AAbsolute['æbsəlju:t] proof 绝对证明absolute property 绝对财产（权）abstract of title 产权书摘要acceleration clause 提前（偿还）条款acceptance 承诺accident report 事故报告accident insurance 意外保险accusation 指控；控告accusatorial procedure 控告程序accusatorial process of proof 控告证明过程（程序）accusatorial system 控告或诉讼程序accused 被指控者accuser 控告人acknowledgement 认知(书)acquittal 无罪判决act 条例；作为Act for the prevention of Frauds and Perjuries 《预防诈欺和伪证条例》action 诉讼；作为actual losses 实际损失adjudication 裁决；裁定administrative law 行政法administrative law judge 行政法法官administrative procedure 行政程序administrator 管理人；监管人admissible 可采的admissibility 可采性admit 采用；允许adoption 收养adulterous conduct 通奸行为ad valorem property tax 从价财产税adversarial hearing 对抗式听证会adversarial process 对抗式程序adversary 对手adversary trial system 对抗式（或抗辩）审判制度advocacy 出庭辩护；诉讼代理advocate 辩护人；诉讼代理人affidavit 正式书面陈述affirm 维持（原判）affirmation 保证书；证词affirmative 确保的agency （行政）机关agency action 机关（行政）机关agreed upon remedies 补救协议agreement 协议agreement-as-written 书面协议agreement -in-fact 事实协议alibi 阿里白（不在犯罪场的证明）alienation of affection 离间夫妻关系allegation 声称；指控allege 诉称；指控alleged offense 所控罪行alternate juror 替补陪审员amendment 修正案American Bar Association 美国律师协会American Law Institute 美国法学会analogy 类推Anglo-American Legal System 英美法系anonymous accusation 匿名控告appeal 上诉appear 出庭appellant 上诉人appellate action 上诉行为appellate court 上诉法院appellee 被上诉人appealer 上诉人appropriate 拨款appurtenant 附属物arbiter 仲裁人arbitrary武断的arbitration仲裁arraignment初审array 陪审员名单arrest 逮捕arrest warrant 逮捕令（证）arrestee 被捕人article 条款，文章article of authority 授权条款articles of confederation 《联帮条例》articles of incorporation 公司组织章程artificial person 法人Asian American legal defense and education fund亚裔美国人法律辩护与教育基金会assault 意图或威胁伤害assert 主张，宣称asset 资产assistant attorney 助理法官associate judge 副法官associate justice 副大法官assumption 违约合同，违约赔偿之诉assumption 假定attempt 意图，企图attempted escape 逃脱未遂attestation 证词attorney 代理人，律师attorney at law 律师attorney general 检察长authentication 鉴定authority 权力，法源，权威性依据automobile insurance 机动车保险automobile tort 机动车侵权行为autonomy 自治（权）Bban 禁令，禁止banishment 流放bankruptcy 破产bankruptcy discharge 破产债务解除bankruptcy judge 破产法官bar 律师职业bar association 律师协会barrister 出庭律师battery 殴打bench trial 法官审beneficiary 受益人benefit 收益，福得bigamy 重婚罪bill of lading 提单bill of right 《人权法案》bind over 具保，具结binder 临时保险单binding 有约束力binding contract 有约束力的合同binding force 约束力binding interpretation 有约束力的解释black-letter law （普通接受之基本原则的）黑体字法black nation bar association 全美黑人律师协会blue sky law 蓝天法（关于股票买卖控制的法律）Board of Governors（ABA）（美国律师协会的）董事会body of law 法体bond 债券；保释金bond instrument 债券契据branding 鞭笞breach 违约；破坏bride 贿赂bribery 贿赂（罪）bright-line test 明显界限检验标准broker 中间人brokerage fee 佣金；中介费brother-sister corporation 兄弟公司；姊妹公司Bulk Sales Act《大宗销售条例》burden 责任burden of going forward with the evidence 先行举证责任burden of persuasion 说服责任；证明责任burden of producing evidence 举证责任burden of proof 证明责任burglary入室盗窃（罪）business corporation实业公司business law 实业法business organization 实业组织buy-out agreement（股权）承买协议buy-sell agreement（股权）买卖协议bylaws（内部）章程CCalifornia Penal Code《加州刑法典》capital account 资本帐户capital crime 可判死刑罪capital punishment 死刑capital surplus 资本盈余capitation tax 人头税career criminal 职业罪犯career judiciary 职业法官case briefing 案情摘要case-in-chief 主诉case law 判例法case method 案例教学法case report 判决报告case reports 判例汇编casualty insurance （意外伤害）保险catalog 商品目录（单）certificate 证书certificate of existence 实体存在证明（书）challenge 置疑；挑战challenge for cause有理回避chancery court 衡平法院charging instrument 控告文件checks and balances 制衡（原则）chief judge 首席法官chief justice 首席大法官child abuse 虐待儿童circuit court 巡回法院circuit judge 巡回法官circumstantial evidence 旁证；情况证据citation 引证cite 援引；传讯civil court 民事法civil forfeiture 民事罚没civil law 民法Civil Law Legal System 民法体系civil liability 民事责任civil Liberty 民事自由civil Litigation民事诉讼civil procedure 民事诉讼程序civil suit民事诉讼Civil trial 民事审判Civil right 民权Civil right law 民权法Civil War Income Tax Act 《内战所得税条例》Claim 诉讼请求，索赔Classification of law 法律分类Close corporation内部持股公司Closely held corporation 内部持股公司Closing 终结，成交，结帐Closing argument 最后论述Closing statement成交声明Code 法典Code of Judicial Conduct 《法官行为准则》Codify 编成法典Co-felon 共同重罪犯Cohabitation 同居Collateral contract 附属合同Collegiate bench 合议席Collegiate panel 合议庭Commercial clause 商务条款，贸易条款Commercial law 商法Commercial paper 商务文件Commission佣金Commit 交托，犯（罪）Commitment 犯罪，许诺，委托Commitment of financing 融资许诺Common law 普通法Common law damages 普通法赔偿金Common law legal system(family) 普通法法系Common law marriage 普通法婚姻Common property 共同财产Common stock 普通股票Community property 共同财产Comparative law 比较法Comparative negligence 比较过失Compensation 赔偿（金）Compensatory damage 应予赔偿之损害Competence 管辖权限Competency 有效性Complaint 控告，申诉Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act 《滥用毒品的综合预防与控制条例》Compulsory license 强制性许可Concur附条件地同意Concurring opinion 并存（判决）意见Confer 授与Conference 协商会议Confidential information 保密信息Confiscation 没收Conflict law 冲突法Congress 国会Consent 同意，认可Consideration 对价，约因Constitution 宪法Constitutional Convention 制宪会议Constitutional law 宪法Constitutional tort 宪法性侵权Constitutionality 合宪性Construction （法律的）结构，解释Construe 解释，分析Consultation 磋商Consumer protection statute 消费者保护法律Consumption tax 消费税Continental Law Legal System(or Family) 大陆法系Contingent fee 胜诉酬金Continuance 诉讼延期Contract 合同Contract dispute 合同纠纷Contract formation 合同构成Contract interpretation 合同解释Contract law 合同法Contract performance 合同履行contractor 承包商contravence 触犯;违犯contributory negligence 共同过失controlling law 应适应之法律conversion 非法占有convey 转让conveyance 转让convertible bond 可转换债券conviction 有罪判决convincing evidence 使人信服的证据copyright 版权;著作权corporal punishment肉体刑corporate camsel 公司法律顾问corporate excise tax 公司执照税corporate law 公司法corporation 公司corporation aggregate 合有公司corporation code 公司法典corporation law 公司法corporation sole 独有公司corpus 尸体;本金Council on legal Education Opportunities 法律教育机会委员会counselor (法律)顾问;律师counselor-at-law 律师court 法院;法官court decision 法院判决court fee 诉讼费court of appeals 上诉法院court of chancery 衡平法法院court of claims 索赔法院court of customs and Patent Appeals 关税及专利上诉法院court of domestic relations 家庭关系法院court opinion 法院判决意见courtroom 法庭coverage 保险范围crime 犯罪crime code 刑法典crime homicide 有罪杀人crime justice system 刑事司法系统crime law 刑法crime liability 刑事责任crime procedure 刑事诉讼程序cross-examination 交叉盘问;盘诘cruel and unusual punishment 残忍和非常的刑罚cumulative evidence 累计证据curative 临时监护的curriculum guide 课程指南custody 监护custom duty 关税customary law 习惯法customary practice 惯例customs court 关税法院Ddamage 损害;损伤damage claim 损害赔偿请求damages 损害赔偿金deadlocked jury 僵局陪审团death penalty 死刑death tax 遗产税debenture 债单(券) debt securities 债权证券decide a case 判案deed 契约deed book 文契汇编defamation 诽谤default 不履行;违约defendant 被告人defence 辩护defence attorney 辩护律师defense's case-in-chief 辩护方主讼deficiency judgment 不足额判决degrees of murder (恶意)杀人罪的等级delegation 授权delegated legislation 授权立法deliberate intention 故意deliberation (陪审团)评议demonstrative evidence 示意证据deprivation 剥夺derogatory treatment of the work 对作品的贬毁性处理(或使用)designs 设计detract 毁损;贬低developer (土地)开发商dicta 判决附带意见dignity 尊严direct evidence 直接证据direct examination 直接盘问direct tax 直接税disability insurance 残疾保险disabled dependent child 无谋生能力的残疾儿童discharge 解雇;释放discount 贴现;折扣discovery 要求告知discrete risk transfer product 离散性风险转移(保险)产品discretion 自由裁量权discriminatory 歧视性税收dispense 执行;施行dispute 争议;纠纷disposition 处置(权)dissent 异议;反对dissenting opinion 异议;反对意见dissolution 解散distort 歪曲;误解district attorney 地区检查官database right 数据权dividend 股息division of title 产权分割divorce 离婚docket 备审案件目录doctrine 法则;原则doctrine of constitutional supremacy 宪法至上原则doctrine of Maranda Warnings 米兰达忠告原则document 文件;文书document of title 产权证书domant Commerce Clause 休眠的"贸易条款"domicile 住所地double jeopardy 一罪二审draft 起草;草拟draftman 起草者drug trade 毒品交易drug trafficking 毒品交易dry run 干转;排练due diligence 适当努力due process 正当程序Due Process Clause 正当程序条款due process test 正当程序检验标准duration 期限duress 强迫;胁迫duty 义务;关税duty of care 照看义务Eearnest money 定金easyment 地役权ecclesiastical court 宗教法庭economic law 经济法effective date 生效日期effective time 生效时间element of crime 犯罪要素(件) empower 授权enact 制定;颁布en banc 全体法官出庭审判encroachment 侵占encumbered property 抵押财产enforce 实施；执行enforceable 可强制执行的enforceability 可执行性enforcement of Law 执法English-American Legal System (or Family) 英吉利法系enjoin(衡平）强制令entail 限定继承entity 实体environmental impact statement 环境影响报告environmental Law 环境保护法Environmental protection Agency(EPA) 环境保护局environmental quality 环境质量equal protection clause 平等保护条款equitable relief 衡平救济equity 衡平法equity Law 衡平法equity precedent 衡平法判例equity securities 产权证券；衡平证券error 过错escape 逃走；逃脱escrow 第三者保存合同essential justice 实质公正estate 财产；遗产estate tax 遗产税ＥＵDirective 欧盟指令evaluate 评价evict 逐出（租户）evidence 证据evidentiary presumption 证据推定evidentiary rule 证据规则ex aequo at bono 公平且善良examine 检查；盘问examination 检查；盘问exception 例外exception clause 例外条款excise tax 执照税exclude 排除exclusive listing 读家上市exclusive right 排他性权利exclusive tax situs 唯一征税地点excusable homicide 可宽恕之杀人execute 执行；签属execution 执行executive acts 行政条例executive branch 行政部门executive order 行政命令executor (遗嘱）执行人executor of estate 遗产执行人exemption 免除；豁免exhibit 展示物（证）exigent circumstance 紧急情况existing securities 上市证券exparte 单方面的expectation damages 预期赔偿金expert 专家（证人）expert testimony 专家证言expert witness 专家证人express contract 明示合同express statutory provision 法律明文规定express warranty 明示保证（保修）ex rel 依据告发face amount 面颊face value 面植facilitate 促使：利于fact 事实fact in issue 争议事实factor 因素；代理商Factors Lien Act 《代理商留置权条例》Fair trial 公平审判false imprisonment 非法拘禁family law 家庭法fault 过错fault principle 过错原则feasibility study 可行性研究Federal Administrative Procedure Act 《联邦行政程序》Federal Antitrust Law 《联邦犯托拉斯法》federal convention 联邦制宪会议federal crime of murder 联邦杀人罪Federal Housing Act 《联邦住房条例》Federal Income Tax Act 《联邦所得税条例》federal judge 联邦法官Federal rules of civil procedure 《联邦民事诉讼规则》Federal rules of criminal procedure 《联邦刑事诉讼规则》Federal rules of evidence 《联邦证据规则》Federal securities act 《联邦证券条例》federal supremacy 联邦至上（原则）Federal tort claims act 《联邦侵权索赔条例》felon 重罪犯felony 重罪felony-murder 重罪杀人fiduciary 受托人file 档案；注册file a petition 呈交诉状；提出请求fine 罚金fingerprint 手印fire insurance 火灾保险fire protection 消防first degree murder 一级谋杀first instance 一审fixture （不动产）附属物flogging 烙印force of law 法律效力forcible felony 暴力性重罪foreign exchange risk 外汇风险forfeiture 没收；罚没form contract 格式合同form of evidence 证据的形式formal adjudication 正式裁决formal rulemaking 正式规则制定formation 构成；鉴定franchise tax 特许经营税fraud 诈欺free enterprise system 自由企业制度free movement of goods 自由物流，货物的自由流通freedom of choice 选择自由frustrate 使受挫折fundamental law 基本法fundamental right 基本权利Ggeneral acceptance standard (科学证据的)公认标准general partnership 一般合伙general property 一般财产（权）general provisions 总则gerontocratic 老人统治的gift tax 赠予税government tort 政府侵权（行为）grant of power 授权gross negligence 严重过失group insurance 团体保险guarantee 担保guardian 监护人guardianship 监护权guidelines for sentencing 量刑指南guilt 有罪guilty 有罪的guilty 有罪答辩Hhabitual offender 惯犯hail insurance 冰雹保险handcuff 手铐handwriting 笔迹health insurance 健康保险health regulation 卫生法规hearing 听证（会）hearing of jury 陪审团听审hearsay 传闻证据heir 继承人hierarchy 等级制度high crime 重罪hold 认定；裁定holding 认定；裁定holding device 拥有手段（形式）homicide 杀人（罪）homosexuality 同性恋house counsel （公司）专职法律顾问husband-wife relationship 夫妻关系husband-wife tort 夫妻侵权（行为）IId. 同上identification 认定；确认身份；身份证ignore 忽视；驳回illegal 非法的；违法的immaterial 无实质性的immigration law 移民法immovable property 不动产immunity 豁免（权）impair 损害；削弱impeachment 弹劾；质疑implementation 实施；执行implied contract 默认合同implied warranty 默认保证（保修）imprisonment 监禁imputable 可归罪于……的imputation 归罪in re 关于；案由in recess 休庭in rem 对物的（诉讼）in session 开庭inadmissible evidence 不可采证据incarceration 禁闭；监禁incest 乱伦income tax 所得税Income Tax Act 《所得税条例》income tax on corporations 公司所得税income tax on individuals 个人所得税incompetence 无行为能力；无法律资格incompetent 无行为能力的；无法律资格的incorporation 法人；公司；组成公司incorporator 公司创办人independent regulatory agency 独立规制机构indicative list 指导性名单indictment 起诉书indirect evidence 间接证据indirect tax 间接税individual choice 个人选择（权）individual freedom 个人自由individual omni competence 个人全权individual proprietorship 个体业主individual right 个人权利ineffective 失效的inequality 不平等infamous 罪恶的；丑恶的inference 推理;推论infliction 处罚informal adjudication 非正式裁决informal rulemaking 非正式规则制定information 信息; 控告书infomer 耳目;情报员initial ruling 初步裁定injunction 禁令;强制令injunctive relief 强制救济injure 伤害injustice 不公正innocence 无罪innocent 无罪的;无罪者innocent owner defense 无过错所有人辩护inquiry 调查inquisitiorial system 纠问式诉讼制度insane 精神失常insanity defense 精神失常辩护inspection 检查;审查installment land vendor 分期付款的土地出售人installment plan agreement 分期付款购物协议instruction 指示instrument 文件insurable interest 可保利益insurable loss 可保损失insurance agent 保险代理商insurance binder 临时保单insurance broker 保险中间人insurance card 保险卡insurance coverage 保险范围insurance law 保险法insurance policy 保险单;险种insurance premium 保险费insurance proceeds 保险收益insurance product 保险项目insured 被保险人insurer 保险人intangible 无形的intangible damage 无形损害intangible property 无形财产intangible personal property 无形的人身财产(权)inter alia 除了别的以外interfere 干涉;侵犯interlocutory injunction 临时强制令;(诉讼)中间的强制令intermediate appellate court 中级上诉法院intermetional business 调解interrogation 国际商务intentional 故意的intentional tort 故意侵权行为interest 利息;权益;利益interest rate risk 利率风险interview 询问invalid 无效的;不合法的invalidate 使无效invasion of privacy 侵犯隐私权investigation 侦查;调查investment 投资investment portfolio risk 投资风险组合investment securities 投资证券irrelevancy 无相关性irrelevant 不相关的irrelevant evidence 无相关性证据irrevocable 不可撤销的irrevocable life insurance trust 不可撤销的人寿保险信托itinerant judge 巡回法官Jjoint tenancy 共同租借(权)joint venture 合资企业joint venture corporation 合资公司joint venture with Chinese and foreign investment中外合资企业judge 法官judge-made law 法官立法judge's chamber 法官室judge's charge to jury法官对陪审团的指令judge's instruction to jury 法官对陪审团的指示judgment判决，裁定judicial branch 司法部门judicial clerkship 法院书记员职位judicial decision 法官职位judicial district 司法区judicial interpretation 司法解释judicial notice 司法任职judicial opinion 法官判决意见judicial review 司法审查judicial scrutiny 司法检查judicial subjectivity 审判主观性judicial system 法院系统judiciary 法官jurisdiction 司法管辖区jurisprudence 法理学juror 陪审员jury 陪审团jury charge 法官对陪审团的指令jury pool待选陪审员库jury selection 挑选陪审员jury trial陪审团制justice 公正，大法官justice of the peace 治安法官justifiable homicide 正当杀人juvenile court 未成年人法庭juvenile delinquency 未成年人违法行为ＫKey man assurance 关键人保险Key person insurance关键人保险Kickbacks 回扣Kill杀人Killer 杀人者Know-how 技术秘密，商业秘密Ｌland use law 土地使用法last clear chance doctrine 最后明显机会法则law 法，法律law firm 律师事务所law merchant商业习惯法law of evidence证据法law reform 法律改革lawsuit 诉讼，官司lawyer 律师lawyer in government 政府律师；官方律师lawyer in private practice 私人开业律师lawyerette 律师娘lawman 外行人lay witness 普通证人；非专家证人lease 租赁lease agreement 租赁协议legacy 遗产legacy tax 遗产税legal 合法的legal advice 法律咨询legal commentary 法律评论legal education 法律教育legal effect 法律教育legal enforcement 法律效力legal English 法律英语legal family 法系legal history 法律史legal instrument 法律文件legal mechanism法律机制legal memorandum 法律备忘录legal methodology 法律方法论legal order 法律秩序legal problem 法律问题legal profession 法律职业legal protection 法律保护legal relationship 法律关系legal representative 法律代表legal safeguard 法律保障（措施）legal system 法律体系；法律制度legal theorist 法学理论家legal writing 法律文书写作legalese 法律涩语legality 法制legislation 立法legislative branch 立法部门legislative history 立法史legislature 立法机关legitimate 合法的levy 征收（税）liability 责任；债务liability insurance 责任保险liberty 自由license plate （车）执照牌license tax 执照税lien 留置（权）life estate 终生财（遗）产life insurance 人寿保险limited partnership 有限合伙liquidated damages 预定违约金liquidity risk 流动资金风险literary property 著作产权litigant 诉讼当事人litigation 诉讼；打官司livestock insurance 家畜保险loan 贷款lord chancellor (英国)大法官loss of rights 丧失权利MMagistrate 司法官Magna Charta of great Britain 《英国大宪章》mail order 邮购majority opinion 多数（法官）的意见malicious prosecution 恶意起诉malfeasance 渎职（罪）malpractice 渎职行为mandate 命令；授权mandatory insurance law 强制保险法manslaughter 非恶意杀人marine insurance 海上保险marital status 婚姻状况marital status classification 婚姻状况的分类maritime tort 海上侵权行为market economy 市场经济marriage 婚姻marriage ceremony 婚礼marriage certificate 结婚证书marriage law 婚姻法marriage relationship 婚姻关系marriage termination rule (残疾人领取社会保险补助的)婚姻终止规则material 实质性的materiality 实质性maxims of equity law 衡平法准则Mayflower Compact “五月花号”公约medical malpractice 医生不当行为mental capacity 心智能力mental condition 精神状态mentor 辅导教师minor issue 枝节问题；未成年人问题Miranda Warning 米兰达忠（警）告misapply 错误适用misdemeanor 轻罪mislaid property 错置财产misrepresentation 虚假陈述mistrial 无效审判mock trial 模拟审判Model Business Corporation Act 《标准实业公司条例》Model Penal Code 《标准刑法典》Model State Administrative Procedure Act 《标准洲行政程序条例》modern commerce Power test 现代商务（贸易）权力检验标准modern delegation of power doctrine 现代授权法则monopolization 垄断monopoly right 专有权moot court 模拟法庭mortgage 抵押（品）motion 动议，请求movable property 动产multiple listing 多重上市；多重登记Multistate Bar Exam 多洲律师资格考试murder 恶意杀人；凶杀murderer 杀人犯mutilation 断肢NNational Association for the Advancement of Colored People 全国有色人种促进会National Conference of Black Lawyers 全国黑人律师大会National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform state Laws 统一各洲法律全国代表大会National Environmental Policy Act 《全国环境政策条例》National Institute of Minority Lawyers 全国少数民族律师学会National Law Journal 《国家法律学报》narcotics distribution 麻醉品供销narcotics trafficking 麻醉品交易narcotics violation 麻醉品违法行为natural justice 自然公正negative form of protection 否定（或消极）形式的保护negligence 过失negligent homicide 过失杀人negligent tort 过失侵权行为negotiable instrument 票据negotiation 谈判；协商New Deal （罗斯福）“新政”no contest 无争辩no par share 无面值股票non-profit corporation 非营利公司norm 规范；标准not guilty plea 无罪答辩notice 通知notice of transfer 过户通知notification 通知；通报notion 概念nullification process 无效程序Oobject 反对objection 反对；异议obligation 义务occupancy agreement 占用协议offender 犯罪人offense 罪行offer 要约；发盘offer of Proof 提供证明Old Boy Network 老哥们关系网Omission不做为：不履行义务Omni competence有全部权利Opening statement开场陈述Opening testimony意见证言Oral contract口头合同Order命令；次序Pperforms' rights 表演权peril 危险perjure作伪证perjury伪证罪perpetrate犯罪perpetator犯罪人ordinance法令personal property动产outstanding balance未付款额personal right人身权利outstanding share已发行股票personal tort人身侵权overrule推翻；驳回persuasive authority劝导性发源ownership所有权petition申请ownership interest所有权力petty misdemeanor微罪physical exhibit展示物品physical injury身体伤害panel团或组plaintiff原告人par value面值plea答辩paramour奸夫plea of guilty有罪答辩parent child relation父子女关系plea of contest无争辩答辩parent corporation母公司plea of guilty无罪答辩parent unfitness父母不胜任police警察parole假释police magistrate警务法官partnership合伙police magistrate court警察法院passage of title产权转移police power警察权利passive investor消极投资人policy政策patent专利policy holder投保人paternity父亲身份poll tax人头税penal code刑法典portfolio of risk风险组合penalty刑罚possession占有权pending待决postponement延迟penitentiary监狱practice law从事律师工作penitentiary sentence监禁刑practicing lawyer开业律师penology刑法学practice of law律师事物per curiam依法院所定precedent判例peremptory challenge强制回避precedential support判例支持perform履行predeprivation hearing执行剥夺前的听证performance履行predictability可预见性performance bond履行保证金preept 优先于Preferential claim 优先索赔权Preferred stock 优先股票Prejudice 偏见Preliminary exanimation 预审Preliminary hearing 预审听证会Preliminary injunction预先执行令Preliminary negotiation预谈判；初步协商Premises房屋；上述房屋Premium保险费；红利；溢价prenticed seizure 通知前扣押preponderance of proof 优势证明preponderant evidence 优势证据prescription 时效；规定presentation 陈述persistence investigation 量刑前调查presidential Assassination Statute 《暗杀总统法》presumption innocence 无罪推定pretrial motion 审前动议prevailing doctrine 优势法则；流行学说prevail 优先（适用）prima facie 表面的；初步的prima facie evidence 有表面证据之案prima facie evidence 表面证据primary authority 主要法源principle of legality 法制原则privacy 隐私权private corporation 私有公司private law 私法private property 私有财产private prosecution 私诉privilege 特权；特许权；特免权privileges and immunities clause 特权与豁免条款prose 自己；亲自probable cause 可能理由；合理原因probate court 遗嘱检验法院probation 缓刑probation officer 缓刑官probative value 证明价值probativeness 证明性procedural history 程序史procedural regime 诉讼制度procedural safeguard 程序保障procedure 程序proceedings 诉讼；程序product liability 产品责任profit 利润profit corporation 营利公司progeny 后代prohibition 禁止promise 许诺promulgation 颁布proof 证明proof beyond a reasonable doubt 超出合理怀疑的证明property 财产property law 财产法property right 财产权利property tax 财产税property tort 财产侵权行为proponent 支持者；提议者proprietor 个体业主proprietorship 个体企业proscription 禁止；剥夺公权prosecuting attorney 公诉律师；检察官prosecution 起诉prosecutor 检察官；起诉人prosecutor’s case-in-chief 检方主诉prospective juror 将任陪审员prostitute 妓女protective tariff 保护性关税prove 证明Provision 规定，条款Provisions of Oxford 《牛津条例》Psychiatrist 精神病学家Public charge 受政府救济者、Public corporation 公有公司Public defender 公共辩护律师Public good 公益Public law 公法Public offense 公罪（侵犯公共利益的犯罪）Public property 公共财产Public prosecution 公诉Public prosecutor 公诉人，检察官Public utilities 公共事业Public held corporation 公众持股公司Punishable 可处罚的Punishment 刑罚Punitive sanction 惩罚性处分Purpose 目的，宗旨Pursuant to law 依法QQualified property 有限制财产Quantum meruit （无合同规定时）按合理价格支付，合理给付Quasi tort 准侵权行为Quote 引用，引证RRacial discrimination 种族歧视Racial segregation 种族隔离Rain insurance 雨水保险Rarnpant 猖獗的Rape 强奸Ratify 认可Rational relationship test 合理关系检验标准Real estate 不动产Real Estate Settlement Procedure Act 《不动产纠纷解决程序条例》Real evidence 实在证据Real property 不动产Reasonable basis 合理根据Reasoning 论证，推论Rebuttable presumption 可驳回推定Rebuttal evidence 反驳证据Recess 休庭Reciprocal exemption statutes 互免税法律Reckless conduct 疏忽大意行为Reckless homicide 疏忽大意杀人Recourse 追索权，求偿权Recovery 追索，补偿Redemption 赎回Redress 矫正，赔偿Registration sticker 注册贴签Regulation 法规，规章Rehearing 复审Reinstatement （权利）恢复Reinstatement fee 恢复费Release 释放Relevancy 相关性Relevant evidence 相关证据Relief 救济Remand 发回重审Remedy 补救Repeal 废止，撤消Repealer 废止议案Repeat offender 累犯Representation 代理Res ipsa loquitur 不言自明的Reservation of power 权利保留Reserve 储备金（保险）预备金Reserve portfolio of risk 预备金组合风险Resolution 决议，解决Rest 停止陈述Restatements of law 《法律注释汇编》Restitution 恢复原状Restitutionary relief 恢复原状的救济Restraint 约束；限制retain 连任retire 退休；退庭retroactive 有溯及力的retroactive effect 溯及力revenue 税收revised uniform limited partnership act 统一有限合伙修订条例revocable trust 可撤销的信托revocation 撤回right 权利right to privacy 隐私权rigid procedure 刚性程序risk 风险risk transfer 风险转移robbery 抢劫（罪）roman law 罗马法roman law legal system(or family)罗马法系roster 花名册；专门人员名单rule of evidence 证据规则rule of law 法治；法律规则rulemaking 规章制定；规则制定ruling 裁定ruling on evidence 关于证据的裁定SSafety responsibility law 安全责任法Sales tax 销售税Sanction 制裁；处分；罚则sanitary code 卫生条例search 搜查search warrant 搜查令second instance 二审secondary authon`ty 次要法源secondary benefit 次位补助金secondary financing 间接融资secondary party 间接当事人；次位当事人secret service （联邦）保密署secretary of state 州务部长secured debt 担保债务securities 证券Securities and Exchange Commission 证券交易委员会securities exchange act 《证券交易条例》securities law 证券法security 担保；保安；证券seductive 诱人堕落的seize 扣押seizure 扣押seizure warrant 扣押令（状）self-defense 自卫；正当防卫self-identification 自我认定self-incrimination 自我归罪seminar 研讨班；研讨会；研讨课程separate 分立；分局separate legal entity 独立法律实体separate property 分有财产separation of powers 三权分立settlement agreement 清偿协议settler 财产授予者share 股份；股票share holder 股东shell corporation 空壳公司shoplifting 商店偷拿行为short title 简称shyster 讼棍sickness insurance 疾病保险simulation 模拟（练习）slander 诽谤social security act 社会保险条例social security benefit 社会保险补助金social security tax 社会保险税solicitor 诉状律师source 渊源sovereign power 主权special court 特别法院；专门法院special property 特别财产specific performance 特别履行specimen 样本stamp tax 印花税standard of proof 证明标准standing 依据stare decisis 遵从前例state attorney 洲检察官state property 国家财产statd capital 设定资产statute 制定法；法律statute-like norm 准法律规范statute of frauds 诈欺条例；反诈欺法statutory authority 制定法法源statutory crime 制定法规定之犯罪；法定犯罪statutory law 制定法statutory measure 法定措施statutory offense 制定法规定之犯罪；法定犯罪statutory provision 法律规定stay 延缓（审判或执行）stock 股票stock exchange 股票交易stock retirement plan 退股计划stock transfer tax 股票过户税strategy 战略；策略strict liability tort 严格责任侵权strike insurance 罢工保险sub judice 在审判中；尚未判决subject 主体；标的subject matter 主题事项；标的subject property 标的财产subject to financing clause 融资条件条款subpoena 传唤（令）subsidiary corproration 子公司；附属公司subsistence allowance 生活津贴substantial evidence 实质（体）证据substantail law 实体法substantive due process 实体性正当程序substantive law 实体法sue 起诉；诉sufficient evidence 充足证据suit 诉讼summary judgment 即决判决supervisor 监察；监委support 供养；抚养supreme court 最高法院supreme law 最高法律（宪法）suspect 嫌疑人suspicion 嫌疑；怀疑sustain 维持；认可Ttangible 有形的tangible evidence 实物证据tangible property 有形财产tarriff 关税task force 专项研究组；专案组tax 税；税收tax assessment procedure 税额评定程序tax court 税收法院tax evasion 逃税tax law 税法taxation 税收；税务taxation law 税收法；税务法tenant 承租人term 条款；期限testamentary trust 遗嘱委托testator 立遗嘱人testify 作证testimonial evidence 言词证据testimony 证言the Dispute Settlement Body(DSB) 争端解决机构the European Intellectual Property Review 《欧洲知识产权评论》the Fleet Street Reports《舰队街判例汇编》title 产权书title insurance 产权保险title insurer 产权保险人title plant 产权书库tort 侵权（行为）tort claim 侵权索赔（请求）tort feasor 侵权行为人tort law 侵权法tortions 侵权行为的trade mark 商标traffic accidents 交通事故traffic ticket 交通违章（罚款）通知单tranquility 安宁transaction 交易transfer 转让，过户travel accident insurance 旅行意外保险treason 叛国罪treaty 条约trespass 侵犯，侵害trial 审判trail by judge 法官审判trail by jury 陪审团审判trail court 审判法院，初审法院trail process 审判程序trust 信托，托拉斯trustee 托管人truth-in-ending form 真实借贷表two-house legislature 两院制立法机关type of evidence 证据类型umpire 仲裁人。
法律英语翻译-何家弘
Lesson One：Legal System 法律制度英属殖民地时期(the Period of the English Colonies)和美利坚合众国时期（the Period of the United States）。
公诉制度（public prosecution）美国属于普通法系（Common Law Legal System）分散制（decentralization)为原则；以判例法（case law)为主体。
”零散的无系统”(fragmental no system)。
成文法（written law）或制定法(statutory law)，遵从前例”(stare decisisPart OneThe United States is at once a very new nation and a very old nation. It is a new nation compared with many other countries，and it is new, too，in the sense that it is constantly being renewed by the addition of new elements of population and of new States. But in other senses it is old. It is the oldest of the ”new” nations——the first one to be made out of an Old World colony. It has the oldest written constitution, the oldest continuous federal system, and the oldest practice of self government of any nation。
法律英语翻译何家弘
L e s s o n O n e:L e g a l S y s t e m法律制度英属殖民地时期the Period of the English Colonies和美利坚合众国时期the Period of the United States..公诉制度public prosecution美国属于普通法系Common Law Legal System分散制decentralization为原则；以判例法case law为主体.."零散的无系统"fragmental no system..成文法written law或制定法statutory law;遵从前例"stare decisisPart OneThe United States is at once a very new nation and a very old nation. It is a new nation compared with many other countries; and it is new; too; in the sense that it is constantly being renewed by the addition of new elements of population and of new States. But in other senses it is old. It is the oldest of the "new" nations--the first one to be made out of an Old World colony. It has the oldest written constitution; the oldest continuous federal system; and the oldest practice of self government of any nation.美国既是一个非常新的国家也是一个非常老的国家..与许多别的国家相比它是一个新的国家..同时;它还因新人口成分和新州的加入而持续更新;在此意义上;它也是新国家..但是在其它的意义上它是老国家..它是最老的“新”国家——第一个由旧大陆殖民地脱胎而出的国家..它拥有最古老的成文宪法、最古老的持续的联邦体制以及最古老的民族自治实践..One of the most interesting features of America s youth is that the whole of its history belongs in the period since the invention of the printing press. The whole of its history is; therefore; recorded: indeed; it is safe to say that no other major nation has so comprehensive a record of its history as has the United States; for events such as those that are lost in the legendary past of Italy or France or England are part of the printed record of the United States. And the American record is not only comprehensive; it is immense. It embraces not only the record of the colonial era and of the Nation since 1776; but of the present fifty States as well; and the intricate network of relationships between States and Nation. Thus; to take a very elementary example; the reports of the United States Supreme Court fill some 350 volumes; and the reports of some States are almost equally voluminous: the reader who wants to trace the history of law in America is confronted with over 5;000 stout volumes of legal cases.美国的年轻性有一个很有意思的特点就是它的历史肇始于印刷机发明之后..因此它的整个历史都得以记录下来：确实可以很有把握地说;任何其它国家都没有像美国这样全面的历史记录;因为像在意大利、法国或者英国过去的传说中湮没的那样的事件在美国都成了有文字记载的历史之一部分..而且其记录不仅全面;还非常浩繁..不仅包括这个国家自1776年以来的殖民时期的记录;还有当前五十个州以及各州和联邦nation之间错综复杂的关系网络的历史记录..因此;据一个非常简单的例子;美国最高法院判例汇编有大约350卷;而一些州的判例汇编也几乎有同样多的卷数：想研究美国法律史的读者要面对的是超过5000巨卷的司法案例..No one document; no handful of documents; can properly be said to reveal the character of a people or of their government. But when hundreds and thousands of documents strike a consistent note; over more than a hundred years; we have a right to say that is the keynote. When hundreds and thousands of documents address themselves in the same ways; to the same overarching problems; we have a right to read from them certain conclusions which we can call nationalcharacteristics.我们不能说一个文件或几个文件就能揭示出一国人民或其政府的特性..但如果横跨一百多年的千百万个文件敲出始终如一的音调;我们就有理由说这就是其主调..当千百万个文件都以同样的方式去解决同样的中心问题;我们就有理由从中得出可以被称为国民特定的确定结论..Part TwoThe American legal system; like the English; is methodologically mainly a case law system. Most fields of private law still consist primarily of case law and the extensive and steadily growing statutory law continues to be subject to binding interpretation through case law. Knowledge of the case law method as well as of the technique of working with case law therefore is of central importance for an understanding of American law and legal methodology.同英国一样;美国法律制度从方法论上来说主要是一种判例法制度..许多私法领域仍然主要是由判例法构成;广泛而不断增长的制定法一直受制于有约束力的解释制定法的判例法..因此;判例法方法的知识以及使用判例法的技巧对于理解美国法律和法律方法是极其重要的..The Common Law is historically the common general law -- with supremacy over local law--which was decreed by the itinerant judges of the English royal court. The enforcement of a claim presupposed the existence of a special form of action; a writ; with the result that the original common law represented a system of "actions" similar to that of classical Roman law. If a writ existed in 1227 a claim could be enforced; there was no recourse for a claim without a writ; the claim did not exist. This system became inflexible when the "Provisions of Oxford" 1258 prohibited the creation of new writs; except for the flexibility which the "writ upon the case" allowed and which later led to the development of contract and tort law.从历史的角度来看;普通法就是由英国皇家法院的巡回法官的判决所得出的普通的一般法——优于地方法..采纳或执行某项诉讼请求是以存在法院令状这种特殊形式的诉为前提的;而这就使最初的普通法表现为由类似于古罗马法的“诉”所构成的体系..如果存在令状于1227年;诉讼请求就可以被采纳或执行；没有法院令状为前提的诉讼请求就没有追索权;因而该诉讼请求也不存在..“牛津条例”1285年禁止创设除了“个案令状”之外的新令状;这种“个案令状”使该制度变得较为灵活了;而且导致了后来合同和侵权法的发展..The narrow limits of the forms of action and the limited recourse they provided led to the development of equity law and equity case law. "Equity"; in its general meaning of doing "equity"; deciding ex aequo et bono; was first granted by the King; and later by his Chancellor as "keeper of the King's conscience"; to afford relief in hardship cases. In the fifteenth century; however; equity law and equity case law developed into an independent legal system and judiciary Court of Chancery which competed with the ordinary common law courts. Its rules and maxims became fixed and; to a degree; inflexible as in any legal system. Special characteristics of equity law include: relief in the form of specific performance in contrast to the common law award of compensatory damages; the injunction a temporary or final order to do or not to do a specific act; the development of so called maxims of equity law which permeated the entire legal system and in many cases explain the origin of modern legal concepts. However; equitable relief regularly will lie only when the common law relief is inadequate. For instance; specific performance for the purchase of real property willbe granted because common law damages are deemed to be inadequate since they cannot compensate the buyer in view of the uniqueness attributed to real property对于诉的形式的严格限制及由此产生的对追索权的限制导致了衡平法和衡平判例法的发展..“衡平”的一般意义就是寻求“公平”;即公平且善良地裁决;它最初是由国王;后来由作为“国王良知守护人”的大法官颁行;以便在艰难的案件中提供救济..但是到了十四世纪;衡平法和衡平判例法发展成了一个独立的法律制度和与一般的普通法法院一争高下的司法系统衡平法院..其规则和格言变得非常固定而且在某种程度上不像在其它法律制度中一样灵活..衡平法的特点有：以特定履行或实际履行的方式提供救济与普通法提供补偿性损害赔偿金的救济方式形成对照；强制令为或者不为某项具体行为的临时或者最终法令；渗透了整个法律制度并且能在许多场合下揭示现代法律概念的起源的所谓的衡平法格言的发展..不过;一般都是只有在普通法救济不充分时;才会出现衡平法救济..比如;优于普通法损害赔偿金被认为是不充分的;这是因为考虑到不动产所具有的唯一性;这些赔偿金无法补偿不动产购买人的损失;就可能判以特定履行购买不动产..As the common law; equity law became part of American law either through judicial acceptance or through express statutory provision. Today; both legal systems have been merged in many American jurisdictions beginning with New York in 1848; with the result that there is only one form of civil suit in these jurisdictions as well as in federal practice. Only few States continue to maintain a separate chancery court. Nevertheless; the reference to the historical development is important because; on the one hand; it explains the origin and significance of many contemporary legal concepts for instance the division of title in the law of property and; on the other hand; it is still relevant for the decision of such questions whether; for instance; there is a right to a trial by jury only in the case of common law suits; in other cases only before the judge. In addition; the differentiation will determine whether the "ordinary" common law relief of damages applies or whether the "extraordinary" equity remedy of specific performance is available.与普通法一样;衡平法通过司法接纳或通过明确的制定法条款;成了美国法律的一部分..目前;这两个法律制度在许多美国司法管辖区中得以融合始于1848年的纽约;因而;在这些司法管辖区以及联邦的实践中只存在一种形式的民事诉讼..只有为数很少的州还保留着单独的衡平法院..尽管如此;提及这一历史演变仍然是很重要的;因为它一方面解释了许多当代法律概念如财产法中的所有权分割的起源和意义;另一方面;它仍然与做出某些裁决有一定的关联;比如是否有权获得陪审团的审理这仅发生与普通法的讼案中;在其它案件中仅由法官审理..另外;这种区别将决定“通常的”普通法赔偿金救济是否适用或者是否可以使用“特别的”衡平法特定履行救济.."Case law"describes the entire body of judge made law and today includes common law and equity precedents. In imprecise and confusing usage the terms "common law" and "case law" are often used synonymously; with the term "common law" in this usage connoting judge made law in general as contrasted with statutory law. "Case law" always connotes judge made law; while "common law" in contrast--depending on the meaning intended--describes either the judge made law in common law subject matters or; ore extensively; all judge made law.“判例法”代表了整个的法官造法体系;而且在现代还包括了普通法和衡平法先例..在不准确的和令人迷惑的用法中;“普通法”和“判例法”这两个术语通常被当作同义词来使用;在这里;“普通法”这个术语一般代表着法官制定的法;以示区别制定法..“判例法”总是代表着法官制定的法律;而“普通法”则相对来说;根据想表达的意思不同;要么代表普通法主题事项即具体问题上法官制定的法律;要么在更广范围内指所有法官制定的法律..Lesson Two：Legal Profession 法律职业Part One： The BarThe regulation of the legal profession is primarily the concern of the states; each of which has its own requirements for admission to practice. Most require three years of college and a law degree. Each state administers its own written examination to applicants for its bar. Almost all states; however; make use of the Multistate Bar Exam; a day long multiple choice test; to which the state adds a day long essay examination emphasizing its own law. A substantial fraction of all applicants succeed on the first try; and many of those who fail pass on a later attempt. In all; over forty thousand persons succeed in passing these examinations each year and; after an inquiry into their character; are admitted to the bar in their respective states. No apprenticeship is required either before or after admission. The rules for admission to practice before the federal courts vary with the court; but generally those entitled to practice before the highest court of a state may be admitted before the federal courts upon compliance with minor formalities.法律职业的规范主要是各州的事务;每一各州对于执业许可都有其自己的要求..大多数州都要求三年的学业和法律学位..各州自行管理本州申请律师资格的书面考试..不过;几乎所有的州都利用“多州律师资格考试”;这是一种长达一天的多项选择测试;在这项考试之外;各州还会再增加一次主要是关于其本州法律的时长一天的论文考试..大多数申请人都可以通过第一次考试;而且许多失败者都会在下一次考试中通过..每年有四万多人通过这些考试;在经过人品调查之后;他们便可获准在相应的州执业许可..在获得许可之前或之后都不要求实习..到各联邦法院执业的许可规则互不相同;但一般来讲;那些获准在州最高法院执业的律师在办理一些无关紧要的手续之后即可获准在联邦法院执业..A lawyer's practice is usually confined to a single community for; although a lawyer may travel to represent clients; one is only permitted to practice in a state where one has been admitted. It is customary to retain local counsel for matters in other jurisdictions. However; one who moves to another state can usually be admitted without examination if one has practiced in a state where one has been admitted for some time; often five years.律师执业范围通常仅限于一个地区;因为尽管律师可以代表当事人到其它地区办理事务;但是一个人只能在其获得许可的州内执业..人们习惯雇用本州的律师办理其它洲的事务..但是;只要一个人已经在其获得职业资格的州执业达一定时间通常是五年;那么他移居到另外一个州时通常无需考试便可获得执业许可..A lawyer may not only practice law; but is permitted to engage in any activity that is open to other citizens. It is not uncommon for the practicing lawyer to serve on boards of directors of corporate clients; to engage in business; and to participate actively in public affairs. A lawyer remains a member of the bar even after becoming a judge; an employee of the government or of a private business concern; or a law teacher; and may return to private practice from these other activities. A relatively small number of lawyers give up practice for responsible executive positions in commerce and industry. The mobility as well as the sense of public responsibility in the profession is evidenced by the career of Harlan Fiske Stone who was; at various times; a successful New York lawyer; a professor and dean of theColumbia School of Law; Attorney General of the United States; and Chief Justice of the United States.律师不仅可以从事法律事务;还允许从事任何其他公民能从事的事务..执业律师在企业客户的董事会中工作、从事商业或者积极参与公共事务都是很平常的事情..律师即使在成为法官、政府或者私人企业集团的雇员或者法律教师之后仍然是律师协会的会员;他们可以辞掉这些其它事务;回头开始私人执业..为了在工商业中担任重要的执行职务而放弃执业的律师人数相对较少..这一职业中的流动性和公共责任感的一个例证是哈兰·菲斯克的职业生涯;他曾多次成为一名纽约州律师、一名教授和哥伦比亚法学院院长、美国总检察长和美国最高法院首席大法官..There is no formal division among lawyers according to function. The distinction between barristers and solicitors found in England did not take root in the United States; and there is no branch of the profession that has a special or exclusive right to appear in court; nor is there a branch that specializes in the preparation of legal instruments. The American lawyer s domain includes advocacy; counselling; and drafting. Furthermore; within the sphere broadly defined as the "practice of law" the domain is exclusive and is not open to others. In the field of advocacy; the rules are fairly clear: any individual may represent himself or herself in court but; with the exception of a few inferior courts; only a lawyer may represent another in court. Nonlawyers are; however; authorized to represent others in formal proceedings of a judicial nature before some administrative agencies. The lines of demarcation are less clear in the areas of counselling and drafting of legal instruments; as for example between the practice of law and that of accounting in the field of federal income taxation. However; the strict approach of most American courts is indicated by a decision of New York s highest court that a lawyer admitted to practice in a foreign country but not in New York is prohibited from giving legal advice to clients in New York; even though the advice is limited to the law of the foreign country where the lawyer is admitted. A foreign lawyer may; however; be admitted to the bar of one of the states and may; even without being admitted; advise an American lawyer as a consultant on foreign law 律师并不按照职责进行正式的划分..在英国对诉讼律师和非诉律师的区分并没有移植到美国;既不存在拥有特别或者专有出庭权的职业群体;也没有专门制作法律文书的职业群体..美国律师的业务范围包括出庭辩护、咨询和起草文书..另外;在被广泛地成为“法律执业”的范围之内;律师的业务范围是专有性的;不对其他人开放..在出庭辩护领域;这种规则非常清楚：任何个人都可以代表其自己出庭;但除了一些基层法院之外;只有律师可以代表他人出庭..不过;律师不得代表他人参与一些行政机关设立的具有司法性质的正式程序当中..在咨询和起草法律文书领域的界限并不是太清晰;比如在在联邦所得税领域的法律执业和会计执业之间就是如此..但是;纽约最高法院的一个裁决表明了大多数美国法院的严格标准;该裁决认为;一个获准在外国执业单位获准在纽约执业的律师不得在纽约对客户提供法律咨询;即使该意见仅限于该律师获准执业的该外国的法律..但是;一个外国律师可能获准在一个州执业;而且无需获得许可便可以以一个外国法律顾问的身份向美国律师提供法律咨询..Part Two： Lawyers in Private PracticeAmong these fifteen lawyers in practice; nine; a clear majority; are single practitioners. The remaining six practice in law firms; which are generally organized as partnerships. Four or five of these six are partners and the others are associates; a term applied to salaried lawyers employed by a firm or another lawyer. This trend toward grouppractice is of relatively recent origin. Throughout most of the nineteenth century law practice was general rather than specialized; its chief ingredient was advocacy rather than counselling and drafting; and the prototype of the American lawyer was the single practitioner. Marked specialization began in the latter part of that century in the large cities near the financial centers. With the growth of big business; big government; and big labor; the work of the lawyer accomodated itself to the needs of clients for expert counselling and drafting to prevent as well as to settle disputes. The best lawyers were attracted to this work and leadership of the bar gravitated to persons who rarely if ever appeared in court and who were sought after as advisors; planners; and negotiators. Today the lawyer regards it as sound practice to be continuously familiar with clients business problems and to participate at all steps in the shaping of their policies. Major business transactions are rarely undertaken without advice of counsel.第二部分私人执业中的律师每十五个执业律师中有九个明显的多数都是单独执业者..剩下六个在律师事务所执业;这些所一般是合伙制..这六个律师中有四到五个都是合伙人;其余的为非合伙律师雇佣律师..这种集体执业的趋势只是在近年来才开始出现..十九世纪的大多数时间内;律师执业都是非专业化的;其主要内容是辩护而不是咨询和起草法律文书;因此美国律师的最早形式是单独执业..明显的专业化出现于十九世纪后期金融中心附近的大城市里..随着出现大型的企业、庞大的政府和大规模的劳工;律师的工作本身要适应客户对解决争端以及专业咨询和起草法律文书等预防性法律事务的需要..出类拔萃的律师都被吸引到这一领域;而且律师职业领导的重心转向了那些很少出庭的从事顾问、做计划以及从事谈判的人..现在;律师认为不断熟悉客户的业务问题并参与其政策制定的各个步骤已经成了一种正常、合理的执业形式..Part Three: House CounselOut of every twenty lawyers; two are employed by private business concerns; such as industrial corporations; insurance companies; and banks; usually as house or corporate counsel in the concern s legal department. The growth of corporations; the complexity of business; and the multitude of problems posed by government regulation make it desirable for such firms to have in their employ persons with legal training who; at the same time; are intimately familiar with the particular problems and conditions of the firm. In large corporations the legal department may number one hundred or more. The general counsel; who heads the office; is usually an officer of the company and may serve on important policy making committees and perhaps even on the board of directors. House counsel remain members of the bar and are entitled to appear in court; though an outside lawyer is often retained for litigation. However; it is the house counsel s skill as advisor rather than as advocate that is a valued asset. Constantly in touch with the employer s problems; house counsel is ideally situated to practice preventive law and may also be called upon to advise the company on its broader obligation to the public and the nation.第三部分专职法律顾问每二十个律师当中有两个受雇于私人企业;如工业公司、保险公司和银行..他们通常在企业的法律部门工作;作为专职或者企业法律顾问..公司规模的扩大、业务的复杂以及政府管制所产生的问题的多样化使得这类企业需要在企雇员中有受过法律培训的人员;这些人同时还非常熟悉企业的具体问题和情况..在一些大公司中;法律部的人数可能超过百人..该部门的主任;也叫总法律顾问;通常是公司的一名高级职员;可能供职于重要的决策委员会;甚至是董事会成员..专职法律顾问也是律师协会的成员并有权出庭代理诉讼;尽管公司打官司通常还是回请外部律师担任诉讼代理人..但是;专职法律顾问的特长是咨询而不是诉讼代理;这是他的一种宝贵资产..由于不断接触雇主的各类问题;专职法律顾问的理想定位是预防性法律事务;它还可以根据要求向公司就其对公众和国家更为广泛的义务提供咨询..Part Four： Lawyers in GovernmentA parallel development has taken place in government and two out of twenty lawyers are now employees of the federal; state; county; and municipal governments; exclusive of the judiciary. Many of those entering public service are recent law graduates who find government salaries sufficiently attractive at this stage of their careers and seek the training that such service may offer as a prelude to private practice. Limitations on top salaries; however; discourage some from continuing with the government. The majority serves by appointment in the legal departments of a variety of federal and state agencies and local entities. The United States Department of Justice alone employs more than two thousands; and the Law Department of the City of New York more than four hundreds. Others are engaged as public prosecutors. Federal prosecutors; the United States attorneys and their assistants; are appointed by the President and are subordinate to the Attorney General of the United States. State prosecutors; sometimes known as district attorneys; are commonly elected by each county and are not under the control of the state attorney general. As a rule; lawyers in government are directly engaged in legal work; since law training is infrequently sought as preparation for general government service. However; a small but important minority that constitutes an exception to this rule consists of those who have been appointed to high executive positions and those who have been elected to political office. Though the participation of lawyers in government has declined recently; for two centuries lawyers have made up roughly half of the Congress of the United States and of the state governors. These figures bear out the comment of Chief Justice Stone that; "No tradition of our profession is more cherished by lawyers than that of its leadership in public affairs."第四部分政府律师律师职业在政府中也出现了同样的发展;目前每二十个律师中有两个不包括法官受雇于联邦、州、县和市镇政府..进入公共服务领域的人许多是认为在其工作生涯的这一阶段政府工资有吸引力和寻求锻炼机会并将这种锻炼作为私人执业前奏的法学毕业生..他们大多数都是通过任命而供职于联邦和州的各级政府机关以及劳工组织中的法律部门..仅美国司法部一家就雇佣了两千多名律师;纽约市的法律部雇的人数超过四千..其他律师的角色是公诉人..联邦公诉人;即美国的检察官及其助理由总统任命;受美国总检察长领导..州公诉人;有时是地区检察官;通常由各县选举产生;并且不受州检察长的控制..作为一种规则;政府律师都是直接从事法律工作;因为法律培训很少作为一般的政府服务的准备工作..但是;那些被任命为高级行政职务和被选举担任政治官职的人是这一规则的一个少数但却很重要的例外..尽管近来律师参与政府工作在减少;但两个世纪以来律师已经构成了美国国会和各州州长的大约半数..这些数字证明了斯通大法官的话：“在我们的职业传统中;没有一个能像其担任公共事务领导的传统那样受到律师们的钟爱..”Lesson Three: Legal Education 法律教育必修课Required Course为主;包括合同法Contract Law、侵权法Tort Law、财产法Property Law、刑法Criminal Law、民事诉讼Civil Procedure和法律文书写作Legal Writing等；选修课Elective Course批判性思维critical thinking案例教学法Case Method和问答式即苏格拉底式教学法Socratic Method..In 1983; over 125;000 law students were studying in more than 170 ABA accredited law schools including public law schools supported in part by government funds; private law schools supported by contributions from individuals and foundation funds; and local or national schools offering full time or part time legal study programs. As virtually the only way to prepare for membership in the legal profession; law schools in the United States fulfill several functions including professional training and socialization of future lawyers and screening and gatekeeping for entrance to the profession. Since there is no central institution where all lawyers practice; the only institutional experience which lawyers have in common is law school.1983年;在170多所经美国律师协会认可的法学院里就读的法学学生有125000多名..这些法学院包括由部分由政府资助的公立法学院、靠个人和基金会捐助维持的私立法学院、以及提供全日制或者业余法律学习课程的地方性和全国性学校..作为事实上的走向法律职业的唯一途径;美国的法学院履行着许多职能;包括开展职业培训、使未来的律师具备社交能力以及对准备进入法律职业的人进行筛选和把关等..由于没有一个供所有律师进行实习的中心机构;律师共同拥有的机构性经历只能是法学院..The criticisms which range from "mild to caustic" of the way in which law schools have carried out these functions and of the functions themselves have been persistent; diverse and rooted in the historical and political development of the profession. These criticisms have focussed on the curriculum and the dominance of the case method; the distribution of power and prestige reflected in the hierarchy within and among the law schools; and the imbalance in terms of women and minorities in the student body and faculty in the law schools那些关于法学院行使这些功能的方式以及这些功能本身的从温和到刻薄的批评是持续的、多样化的;而且根植于该职业的历史和政治发展之中..这些批评集中于课程和以案例教学法为主导方面、在法学院内部和法学院之间的等级制度上的权力和声望的分配方面以及在法学院的学生中和教师中的女性和少数民族成员的不平衡问题..Part One： Curriculum and the Case MethodThe traditional first year program offered in virtually all American law schools includes contracts; torts; property; criminal law and civil procedure. Duncan Kennedy has described the traditional first year curriculum as basically teaching the ground rules for late 19th century laissez faire capitalism. The second year and third year course expound the moderate reformist New Deal program and the administrative structure of the modern regulatory state. The peripheral subjects; if they are offered; include legal philosophy; legal history; legal process; and clinical education; a "kind of playground or finishing school for learning the social art of self presentation as a lawyer".第一部分课程与案例教学法实际上在所有的美国法学院中都开设传统的一年级课程;包括合同、侵权、财产、刑法和民事程序等..Duncan Kennedy认为这些传统的一年级课程基本上是讲授19世纪晚期自由资本主义的基础性规则..二年级和三年级课程讲述的是温和改革主义的“新政”课程和现代法治管制国家的行政结构..可能开设的边缘学科包括法哲学、法律史、法律程序以及诊所式教育;即“一种学习作为。
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第十七课家庭法婚姻与家庭第一部分自由权利的选择自由选择婚姻和家庭的权利处于隐私权的中心。
关于儿童教育和抚养的早期正当程序案件特别关注在这些问题上自由选择的价值。
哈伦大法官第一次提出现代“私隐权”是就隐私的历史价值和婚姻关系的自由选择而言。
在这个基础上，自由选择婚姻关系的权利本身就是一项基本权利。
因此，在正当程序或平等保护条款下，限制个人选择结婚或离婚的法律将受到“严格审查”。
在正当程序检验下，除非州政府可以就这一限制表明压倒一切或令人信服的利益，限制婚姻选择自由的法律将会无效。
同样，在平等保护保障下，一项限制或抑制某一类人结婚的法律将会无效，除非州政府可以表明这在实际中维护了压倒一切或令人信服的利益。
洛夫英诉弗吉尼亚州这一案例，在将缔结婚姻作为一项基本权利方面具有特殊意义。
这一案件审理中，法庭认为一项禁止不同种族通婚的法律是违宪的。
这一法律因为仅根据种族差异而起草被认为违反了平等保护原则。
由于剥夺了人们选择结婚伴侣的选择自由，这一立法违背了正当程序。
既然婚姻是一项基本权利，如没有令人信服的理由，州政府不能限制人们婚姻权利。
在博迪诉康涅狄格州一案中，最高法院认定，对于无法支付诉讼费用的离婚人士，适用支付法院费用是进入州法院的先决条件规定（的行为）无效。
靠领取社会福利金生活的诉讼人仅仅因为支付不起诉讼费用就不能向法院提交离婚请求。
因为诉讼不是解决私人纠纷的唯一手段，所以最高法院很少被要求，把在民事案件中诉诸法庭作为正当程序的一个要素去审查。
但是，离婚却必须通过国家司法机制解决。
国家不允许上诉人通过唯一的途径离婚即向法院提起离婚诉讼请求，那便相当于否定了他们解除婚姻的自由权利。
因为州政府不能表明（限制这一权利行使能够维护）压倒一切的州利益，那么这一限制婚姻选择自由的障碍就是违背正当程序的。
法院的裁决是以结婚或解除这种关系的权利的基本性质为根据，以及州对（婚姻解除）手段的独占。
确实，法院指出其裁量范围极为有限；不能因为无力支付诉讼费而被禁止采取唯一手段去调整一项基本人权的关系。
这一意见的重要性在后来几年中，当法院拒绝下令允许人们就福利权利或破产清偿等非基本索赔要求向法院提出诉讼时，变得很明显。
尽管政府对于建立或消灭一段婚姻关系的法规受到严密的司法审查，但是政府可能会依据福利系统对婚姻状况分级。
在卡利法诺诉乔布斯特案中，法官在维护《社会保障法》的规定方面没有什么问题，当一个残疾人与一个没有领取社会保障金的人结婚时，该（领取社会保障金的）残疾人作为一个已故工资收入者的需要抚养的残疾儿童根据该法案规定获得的福利即被终止。
《社会保障法》规定残疾儿童与其他有权享受福利的人结婚的，能够作为“婚姻终止规则”的豁免理由的条款被认为不具有包容性，因此违反第五修正案正当程序规定中所体现的平等保护保障。
史蒂文斯大法官代表全体法官的（意见一致之法庭）起草的判决意见发现传统的合理关系检验标准是适用的，因为法律不能被表征为基于“关于一个传统弱势群体的定型化概括，或者是试图干涉个人的自由来做出像婚姻一样重要的决定。
”国会在已故的社会保障工薪族子女结婚时，取消其残疾子女的次位补助金，即使这种做法会给这些人带来经济困难，也不是不合理的。
国会设法通过免除配偶也有权享受《社会保障法》规定的福利来减轻一些依赖已故工薪族和社会保障福利的人的困难。
立法豁免不合理、包容性不足;国会有权逐个处理这些经济问题和困难。
卡利法诺诉乔伯斯特案的结果是合理的，因为法律对结婚权的分量设置很轻，这也是一种合理的方法，可以帮助一群经济上有困难的人获得特殊的经济利益。
第二部分扎布洛基诉雷德海尔案的司法意见书在扎布洛基诉雷德海尔案中，法官们在起草一项限制经济上贫困的人结婚能力的法律时非常顺利。
然而，法官们在裁定为什么这部法律违反了平等保护条款时遇到了相当大的困难。
有争议的威斯康辛州法禁止任何威斯康辛州居民未经法院许可就结婚，如果那个人有未成年人的（抚养）问题，虽然他不是该未成年人的监护人，但是却根据法院的命令或判决而被要求承担抚养义务。
只有当这些人提交了遵守抚养义务的证明并证明法院命令所涉及的儿童不可能成为“受政府救济者”时，州法院才能准许他们结婚。
马歇尔大法官代表最高法院的五位成员起草了多数人判决意见，该意见书对婚姻权的性质和在该判决意见中使用的审查标准不甚清楚。
马歇尔大法官将结婚权描述为“基本重要性（权利）”之一，是“第十四条修正案正当程序条款中包含的基本隐私权的一部分”。
因此，多数人判决意见似乎继续承认婚姻是一项基本权利，尽管所用的语气比以前的多数人判决意见弱。
马歇尔大法官还指出，对婚姻关系的所有规定不需要进行“严格审查”。
涉及卡利法诺诉乔布斯案的多数人判决意见指出，“合理的、不会对婚姻关系的决定产生严重干涉的规定可以是合法的。
”该意见没有明确指出哪些法规不需要经过“严格审查”。
马歇尔法官的意见认为，即便假设州政府能够从其宣布的为这些婚姻关系提供咨询和保护儿童福利的目标中享有实质利益，《结婚许可法令》也是无效的。
该法令既没有向可能即将结婚而在财务状况受到损害的人提供任何重要的建议，也没有合理地保护儿童的财务状况不受早婚之害。
该法令阻止了一个人结婚，但却没有确保这个人前一段的婚姻中的孩子得到抚养。
多数人判决意见认为，本案所采用的审查标准的确切性质尚不清楚，但这在许多基本权利中都是成立的，因为卡利法诺诉乔布斯特案中基于婚姻状况的分类并不像本案中所审查的法律那样给予婚姻权利以那么有意义的分量。
斯蒂文斯大法官指出，结婚的能力受到法律的限制，这就排除了按照最起码的合理关系标准对该法律之审查，即使这样的法律不需要经过“严格得以至于对违宪行为的认定实际上是预先注定的审查。
”事实上，马歇尔大法官起草的多数人判决意见指出，“当一项法定分类严重干扰一项基本权利的行使时，如没有足够重要的国家利益的支持且（该法定分类）仅为实现那些利益而专门裁制，不受到支持。
”这些正式的说明表明，法院使用的审查标准与马绍尔法官和几位法律学者先前所主张的一个或多个中级审查标准相近。
鲍威尔大法官有条件地同意扎布洛基的判决，尽管他认为，多数人判决意见因表明对各种传统婚姻规定可能会进行严格审查而过于宽泛。
他声明，法院从未要求对涉及婚姻关系的所有法律进行“最严格的司法审查”；他指出，禁止乱伦、重婚和同性恋婚姻的法律在国家权力的宪法范围内。
鲍威尔法官的决定基于州政府无法确立任何合理的根据来排除那些愿意但无法支付赡养费的公民的婚姻权利的事实；这不是一种使这些儿童获得抚养的合理方式。
斯图尔特大法官本想抛弃平等保护的原则，因为他不认为这项法律创造了任何可验证的分类。
他认为这项裁定基于实质性正当程序的概念。
斯图尔特法官发现，婚姻不是一项宪法权利，而是一种在某种程度上受到正当程序条款中自由概念的保护的“特权”。
对他来说，这就解释了为什么只要大法官们认可这些法规是推进州的重大问题的合理手段，一个州就可以合法地制定婚姻关系的法规。
斯图尔特大法官投票反对了扎布洛基案中审查的法律，因为这项法律对那些真正贫困、无力支付抚养子女义务费用的人没有任何豁免。
与鲍威尔法官一样，他发现这项法律并不是促进重要州利益（实现）的合理手段。
但斯图尔特法官认为，在“该原则不过是另一个名称的实质性正当程序”的情况下，使用平等保护的措辞没有任何意义。
斯图尔特大法官认为，承认使用实质性正当程序，说明了最高法院为何会（should表示预期）不情愿地拒绝民主进程有关重要社会问题的决定。
只有伦奎斯特大法官才赞同扎布洛基案中（被推翻）的法律。
注：在“扎布洛基诉瑞德海尔”一案中，最高法院推翻了一项禁止拖欠儿童抚养费的父亲结婚的法律。
除了种族歧视案件外，法官对于拒绝实质性的正当程序和平等保护的严格审查一贯的立场是：法院只应裁定不触及明确宪法保障的法律是否与合法的政府利益有某种合理的关系。
当然，在传统的验证下，这项法律必须得到维持；尽管不够确然，但可以证明，这项法律是一种可防止由国家承担（抚养）经济责任的儿童人数增加的合理手段。
但是，伦奎斯特法官认识到，这项法律可能不适用于真正贫困的人；在这种情况下，禁止结婚甚至可能不是一种合理的强制履行义务的方式。
他认为，诉讼当事人无权就这个问题提起诉讼，所以他不必提出这个问题。
值得注意的是，在伦奎斯特大法官提出异议之初，他就明确拒绝使用“最严格的司法审查”或任何“中间审查标准”。
结婚权应被视为家庭关系中更广泛的宪法权利的一部分。
半个多世纪以前，最高法院认识到政府必须尊重家庭单位的自主权，因为它认为，除非政府条例是为了防止对儿童造成智力或身体伤害的合理设计，否则各州不能对父母规定他们的孩子接受教育的条件。
法院还认为，在父母子女关系中有一项基本权利，如其宣告，各州必须保证父母对于不当终止亲子关系（的行为）享有重大程序保障，其中包括要求父母不胜任必须由“明确且令人信服的”证据之证明。
虽然最高法院没有描述主张家庭关系权利之确切参数，但它明确指出，对于这些（家庭）关系的调整，必须以压倒一切的州政府利益为正当理由。
这些规定无权得到强合宪推定，因为他们干涉了一种自由深深植根于我们社会的历史和传统中的自由形式。
在另一方面，法院审查了关于婚姻、生育和养育子女的案件，并得出结论：长期以来，最高法院一直认为，由于《权利法案》旨在保障个人自由，它必须为某些高度私人关系的形成和维护提供实质性的保护措施，使其免受国家的不正当干涉……那些以上述考虑为例的人身联系，因此这也就意味着对那些可能有权享有这种宪法保护的关系，即那些参与创造和维持家庭婚姻的关系……分娩……孩子的抚养和教育……和亲戚共同居住……提出一些相关限制。
家庭关系，就其本质而言，是不仅在思想、经历、信仰，方面能够进行分享，还确确实实地就生活的私人方面进行分享的特殊群体的少数个体之间的深厚依恋和承诺。