2011年考研英语一真题及答案解析
2011年考研英语(一)真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2011年考研英语（一）真题试卷(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Use of English 2. Reading Comprehension 3. WritingSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points)Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health. “ But【B1】______some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does【B2】______short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels,【B3】______heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to【B4】______, a good laugh is unlikely to have【B5】______benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does. 【B6】______, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the【B7】______. Studies dating back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter【B8】______muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down. Such bodily reaction might conceivably help【B9】______the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of【B10】______feedback that improve an individual’s emotional state.【B11】______one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted【B12】______physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry【B13】______they are sad but that they become sad when the tears begin to flow. Although sadness also【B14】______tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow【B15】______muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988, social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of Würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to【B16】______a pen either with their teeththereby creating an artificial smileor with their lips, which would produce a(n)【B17】______expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles【B18】______more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown,【B19】______that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way a-round.【B20】______, the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1．【B1】A．amongB．exceptC．despiteD．like正确答案：C解析：这是一道句间关系题，四个选项含义分别为：[A]在……当中，[B]除……之外，[C]尽管……，[D]像……，[B]、[D]不符合题意，[A]强调多个当中的一个，是包含逻辑关系，原文上下两句强调两个相反观点而非强调在其中，是转折让步关系，故[C]为正确答案。
2011年考研英语一真题及答案
2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But 1 some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness. Laughter does 2 short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, 3 heart rate and oxygen consumption. But because hard laughter is difficult to 4 , a good laugh is unlikely to have 5 benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.6 , instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the7 , studies dating back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter8 muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help 9 the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of 10 feedback, that improve an individual‘s emotional state. 11 one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted 12 physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry 13 they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.Although sadness also 14 tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow 15 muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988, social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of Würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to 16 a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile – or with their lips, which would produce a（n）17 expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles 18 more exuberantly to funny cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, 19 that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around. 20 , the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1. [A] among [B] except [C] despite [D] like2. [A] reflect [B] demand [C] indicate [D] produce3. [A] stabilizing [B] boosting [C] impairing [D] determining4. [A] transmit [B] sustain [C] evaluate [D] observe5. [A] measurable [B] manageable [C] affordable [D] renewable6. [A] In turn [B] In fact [C] In addition [D] In brief7. [A] opposite [B] impossible [C] average [D] expected8. [A] hardens [B] weakens [C] tightens [D] relaxes9. [A] aggravate [B] generate [C] moderate [D] enhance10. [A] physical [B] mental [C] subconscious [D] internal11. [A] Except for [B] According to [C] Due to [D] As for12. [A] with [B] on [C] in [D] at13. [A] unless [B] until [C] if [D] because14. [A] exhausts [B] follows [C] precedes [D] suppresses15. [A] into [B] from [C] towards [D] beyond16. [A] fetch [B] bite [C] pick [D] hold17. [A] disappointed [B] excited [C] joyful [D] indifferent18. [A] adapted [B] catered [C] turned [D] reacted19. [A] suggesting [B] requiring [C] mentioning [D] supposing20. [A] Eventually [B] Consequently [C] Similarly [D] ConverselySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray！At last” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today‘s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert‘s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference？Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonicare to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America‘s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert‘s appointment has[A] incurred criticism.[B] raised suspicion.[C] received acclaim.[D] aroused curiosity.22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A] influential.[B] modest.[C] respectable.[D] talented.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A] ignore the expenses of live performances.[B] reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C] exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D] overestimate the value of live performances.24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings？[A] They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B] They are easily accessible to the general public.[C] They help improve the quality of music.[D] They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilbert‘s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels[A] doubtful.[B] enthusiastic.[C] confident.[D] puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn‘t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on.A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey：“I can‘t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job haven‘t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a yearbefore she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it‘s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people who‘ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being[A] arrogant.[B] frank.[C] self-centered.[D] impulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives‘ quitting may be spurred by[A] their expectation of better financial status.[B] their need to reflect on their private life.[C] their strained relations with the boards.[D] their pursuit of new career goals.28. The word “poached”（Line 3, Paragraph 4）most probably means[A] approved of.[B] attended to.[C] hunted for.[D] guarded against.29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] top performers used to cling to their posts.[B] loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C] top performers care more about reputations.[D] it‘s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text？[A] CEOs: Where to Go？[B] CEOs: All the Way Up？[C] Top Managers Jump without a Net[D] The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media – such as television commercials and print advertisements – still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media, such marketers act as the initiator for users’responses. But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer‘s paid media – for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend, which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company‘s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31. Consumers may create “earned” media when they are[A] obsessed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32. According to Paragraph 2, sold media feature[A] a safe business environment.[B] random competition.[C] strong user traffic.[D] flexibility in organization.33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.[D] deserve all the negative comments about them.34. Toyota Motor‘s experience is cited as an example of[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ？[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.[C] Dominance of hijacked media.[D] Popularity of owned media.Text 4It‘s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter – nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive – and newly single – mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news.Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing? It doesn‘t seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.It‘s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren‘t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.36. Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring[A] temporary delight[B] enjoyment in progress[C] happiness in retrospect[D] lasting reward37. We learn from Paragraph 2 that[A] celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B] single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.[C] news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D] having children is highly valued by the public.38. It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks[A] are constantly exposed to criticism.[B] are largely ignored by the media.[C] fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D] are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39. According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is[A] soothing.[B] ambiguous.[C] compensatory.[D] misleading.40. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph？[A] Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B] Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C] Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D] We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections:The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read”-they form a sort of social glue.[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor‘s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification. [E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.” So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.[F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.” Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate andcriticize. “Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.” Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand dose not say.[G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.G → 41. →42. → E →43. →44. →45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.（46）Allen‘s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature. Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and （47）while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that？”Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen concluded: “We do not attract what we want, but what we are.” Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement; you don‘t “get” success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.Part of the fame of Allen‘s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him.” （48）This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalizationof exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom. This, however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fat, （49）circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person’s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.The sobering aspect of Allen‘s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves. （50）The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.Section ⅢWritingPart A51. Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1）recommend one of your favorite movies and2）give reasons for your recommendationYour should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. User “LI MING” instead.Do not writer the address.（10 points）Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160——200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1）describe the drawing briefly,2）explain it‘s intended meaning, and3）give your comments.Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. （20 points）答案详解考研数学第一视频2011年考研英语真题答案Section I: Use of English (10 points)1. C2. D3. B4. B5. A6. B7. A8. D9. C 10. A11. B 12. C 13. D 14. C 15. B16. D 17. A 18. D 19. A 20. C Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points)21. C 22. B 23. D 24. B 25. A26. B 27. D 28. C 29. A 30. C31. D 32. C 33. B 34. A 35. A36. C 37. D 38. A 39. D 40. BPart B (10 points)41. B 42. D 43. A 44. C 45. FPart C (10 points)46. 我们每个人都认为：自己不是机器人，因此能够控制自己的思想；爱伦的贡献在于他研究了这一假说，并揭示其错误的本质。
2011年考研英语一真题及答案
2011年考研英语一真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But ---_____some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical filness Laughter does _____short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, ____ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to ____, a good laugh is unlikely to have _____ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.____, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the ____, studies dating back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter. muscles,Such bodily reaction might conceivably help____the effects of psychological stress.Anyway,the act of laughing probably does produce other types of ______feedback,that improve an individual’s emotional state. ______one classical theory of emotion,our feelings are partially rooted _______ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ______they are sad but they become sad when te tears begin to flow.Although sadness also _______ tears,evidence suggests that emotions can flow _____ muscular responses.In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz.1．[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like2．[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce3．[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining4．[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe5．[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable6．[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief7．[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected8．[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes9．[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance10．[A]physical [B]mentl [C]subconscious [D]internal11．[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for12．[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at13．[A]unless [B]until C]if [D]because14．[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses15．[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond16．[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold17．[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent18．[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted19．[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing20．[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]ConverselySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1The decision of the New Y ork Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music directorhas been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Tim es, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute fo r live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization.” But what will be the natu re of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21. W e learn from Para.1 that Gilbert’s appointment has[A]incurred criticism. [B]raised suspicion. [C]received acclaim. [D]aroused curiosity.22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential. [B]modest. [C]respectable. [D]talented.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances. [B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances. [D]overestimate the value of live performances.24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music. [D]They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels[A]doubtful. [B]enthusiastic. [C]confident. [D]puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he cameright out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shar eholder pressure, executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/F erry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being[A]arrogant. [B]frank. [C]self-centered. [D]impulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives’ quitting may be spurred by[A]their expectation of better financial status. [B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards. [D]their pursuit of new career goals.28. The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means[A]approved of. [B]attended to. [C]hunted for. [D]guarded against.29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their posts. [B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C]top performers care more about reputations. [D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?[A]CEOs: Where to Go? [B]CEOs: All the Way Up?[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net [D]The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media – such as television commercials and print advertisements – still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumerspassionate about a product may create “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users’ responses. But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media –for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable infor mation about the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31.Consume rs may create “earned” media when they are[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature[A] a safe business environment. [B] random competition.[C] strong user traffic. [D] flexibility in organization.33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.[D] deserve all the negative comments about them.34. Toyota Motor’s experienc e is cited as an example of[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.[C] cooperating with supportive consumers. [D] taking advantage of hijacked media.35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ?[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media. [C] Dominance of hijacked media. [D] Popularity of owned media.Text 4It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter –nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive – and newly single –mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn’t seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; y et to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual e xperience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring[A]temporary delight [B]enjoyment in progress[C]happiness in retrospect [D]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks[A]are constantly exposed to criticism. [B]are largely ignored by the media.[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities. [D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39.According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is[A]soothing .[B]ambiguous. [C]compensatory. [D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections:The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. Y ou can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read”-they form a sort of social glue.[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor’s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissiblebut not transferable.”So dis ciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.[F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.”Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticize.”Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.”Y et quite how that happens, Mr Menand dose not say.[G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.G →41. →42. →E →43. →44. →45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Y our translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.(46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature. Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ”Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen concluded : “ We do not attract what we want, but what we are.” Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement; you don’t “ get”success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him.” (48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.This ,however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fat, (49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to e scape from our situation .Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person’s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.The sobering aspect of Allen’s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves. (50) The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we becomeauthorities of what is possible.Section ⅢWritingPart A51. Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1) recommend one of your favorite movies and2) give reasons for your recommendationY our should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the le ter. User “LI MING” instead.Do not writer the address.(10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160---200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain it’s intended meaning, and3) give your comments.Y our should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)附阅读Part A翻译：译文 12009年纽约交响乐团突然宣布聘用艾伦•吉尔伯特为下一位乐曲指挥，从那时起一直到现在，这次任命都成为古典音乐界的话题。
2011年考研英语一真题原文及答案完整版
2011年考研英语一真题原文及答案完整版Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A], B], C] or D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as "a bodily exercise precious to health." But -__1___some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does __2___short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, ___3_ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to __4__, a good laugh is unlikely to have __5___ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.__6__, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the __7__, studies dating back to the 1930's indicate that laughter__8___ muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of ___10___ feedback, that improve an individual's emotional state. __11____one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted ____12___ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ___13___they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.Although sadness also ____14___ tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow __15___ muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to __16___ a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile - or with their lips, which would produce a(n) __17___ expression. Those forced to exercise their enthusiastically to funny catoons than did those whose months were contracted in a frown, ____19___ that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around __20__ , the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1.A]among B]except C]despite D]like2.A]reflect B]demand C]indicate D]produce3.A]stabilizing B]boosting C]impairing D]determining4.A]transmit B]sustain C]evaluate D]observe5.A]measurable B]manageable C]affordable D]renewable6.A]In turn B]In fact C]In addition D]In brief7.A]opposite B]impossible C]average D]expected8.A]hardens B]weakens C]tightens D]relaxes9.A]aggravate B]generate C]moderate D]enhance10.A]physical B]mental C]subconscious D]internal11.A]Except for B]According to C]Due to D]As for12.A]with B]on C]in D]at13.A]unless B]until C]if D]because14.A]exhausts B]follows C]precedes D]suppresses15.A]into B]from C]towards D]beyond16.A]fetch B]bite C]pick D]hold17.A]disappointed B]excited C]joyful D]indifferent18.A]adapted B]catered C]turned D]reacted19.A]suggesting B]requiring C]mentioning D]supposing20.A]Eventually B]Consequently C]Similarly D]ConverselySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A], B], C] or D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. "Hooray! At last!" wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert's appointment in the Times, calls him "an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him." As a description of the next music director of anorchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today's live performances; moreover, they can be "consumed" at a time and place of the listener's choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert's own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into "a markedly different, more vibrant organization." But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra's repertoire will notbe enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America's oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert's appointment hasA]incurred criticism.B]raised suspicion.C]received acclaim.D]aroused curiosity.22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who isA]influential.B]modest.C]respectable.D]talented.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoersA]ignore the expenses of live performances.B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.D]overestimate the value of live performances.24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.B]They are easily accessible to the general public.C]They help improve the quality of music.D]They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilbert's role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feelsA]doubtful.B]enthusiastic.C]confident.D]puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving "to pursue my goal of running a company." Broadcasting his ambition was "very much my decision," McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn't alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don't get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from ayear ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:"I can't think of a single search I've done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first."Those who jumped without a job haven't always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. "The traditional rule was it's safer to stay where you are, but that's been fundamentally inverted," says one headhunter. "The people who've been hurt the worst are those who've stayed too long."26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as beingA]arrogant.B]frank.C]self-centered.D]impulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives' quitting may be spurred byA]their expectation of better financial status.B]their need to reflect on their private life.C]their strained relations with the boards.D]their pursuit of new career goals.28. The word "poached" (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably meansA]approved of.B]attended to.C]hunted for.D]guarded against.29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph thatA]top performers used to cling to their posts.B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.C]top performers care more about reputations.D]it's safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?A]CEOs: Where to Go?B]CEOs: All the Way Up?C]Top Managers Jump without a NetD]The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional "paid" media - such as television commercials and print advertisements - still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create "owned" media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users' responses. But in some cases, one marketer's owned media become another marketer's paid media - for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies' marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionateconsumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company's response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create "earned" media when they areA] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media featureA] a safe business environment.B] random competition.C] strong user traffic.D] flexibility in organization.33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned mediaA] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.D] deserve all the negative comments about them.34. Toyota Motor's experience is cited as an example ofA] responding effectively to hijacked media.B] persuading customers into boycotting products.C] cooperating with supportive consumers.D] taking advantage of hijacked media.35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ?A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.C] Dominance of hijacked media.D] Popularity of owned media.Text 4It's no surprise that Jennifer Senior's insightful, provocative magazine cover story, "I love My Children, I Hate My Life," is arousing much chatter - nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it assomething that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that "the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight."The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive - and newly single - mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual "Jennifer Aniston is pregnant" news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn't seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn't have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra andBritney tell it, raising a kid on their "own" (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.It's hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it's interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren't in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting " the Rachel" might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bringAtemporary delightB]enjoyment in progressC]happiness in retrospectD]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph 2 thatA]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folksA]are constantly exposed to criticism.B]are largely ignored by the media.C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39.According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines isA]soothing.B]ambiguous.C]compensatory.D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections:The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a "general education" should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, "the great books are read because they have been read"-they form a sort of social glue.C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor's degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr Menand, is that "the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable."So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which "the producers of knowledge are produced."Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticize."Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic."Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand dose not say.G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.G → 41. →42. → E →43. →44. →45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) With its theme that "Mind is the master weaver," creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.(46) Allen's contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature. Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: "Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? "Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen concluded : " We do not attract what we want, but what we are." Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement; you don't " get" success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.\Part of the fame of Allen's book is its contention that "Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him." (48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and arationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.This ,however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fat, (49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been "wronged" then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person's early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.The sobering aspect of Allen's book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves. (50) The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1) recommend one of your favorite movies and2) give reasons for your recommendationYour should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the leter. User "LI MING" instead.Do not writer the address.(10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160---200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain it's intended meaning, and3) give your comments.Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2011年考研英语一真题参考答案客观题Section I Use of EnglishCDBBA BADCA BCDCB DADACSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A DBDBA BDCAC DCBAA CCDDBPart B 41.B 42.D 43.A 44.C 45.F翻译题：46、艾伦的贡献在于提供了我们能分担和揭示错误性质的假设--因为我们不是机器人，因此我们能够控制我们的理想。
2011年考研英语真题及答案解析
2011年考研英语(一)真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for ea ch numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER S HEET 1. (10 points)Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But _____some cla ims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical filness Laughter does _____short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, ____ he art rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter i s difficult to ____, a good laugh is unlikely to have _____ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.____, instead of straining muscles to build them, as ex ercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the ____, stu dies dating back to the s indicate that laughter. muscles, Such bodily reaction might conceivably help____the effe cts of psychological stress.Anyway,the act of laughing prob ably does produce other types of ______feedback,that improve an individual’s emotional state. ______one classical the ory of emotion,our feelings are partially rooted _______ ph ysical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th cent ury that humans do not cry ______they are sad but they beco me sad when te tears begin to flow.Although sadness also _______ tears,evidence suggests t hat emotions can flow _____ muscular responses.In an experi ment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz.1．[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like2．[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce3．[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determinin g4．[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe5．[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewabl e6．[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief7．[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected8．[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes9．[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance10．[A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal11．[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for12．[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at13．[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because14．[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses15．[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond16．[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold17．[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent 18．[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted19．[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposin g20．[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]Conver selySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions bel ow each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your an swers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement o f his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music crit ic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a s urprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little k nown. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointm ent in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician wit h no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a desc ription of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pier re Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some T imes readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an im pressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere e lse, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and downlo ad still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no s ubstitute for live performance are missing the point. For t he time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, cla ssical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera ho uses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but al so with the recorded performances of the great classical mu sicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, av ailable everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choo sing. The widespread availability of such recordings has th us brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditi onal classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to pr ogram attractive new music that is not yet available on rec ord. Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely n oted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described hi m as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization.” But wh at will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between ’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert’s appointment has[A]incurred criticism.[B]raised suspicion.[C]received acclaim.[D]aroused curiosity.22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of live performances.24. According to the text, which of the following is tr ue of recordings?[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philha rmonic, the author feels[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of Americ a in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, h e came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goa l of runni ng a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “v ery much my decision,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he wa s talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Fin ancial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks the N o.2 executives at and American Express quit with the expla nation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scr utinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressur e, executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their rep utations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, depu ty chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a ne t. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a y ear ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opp ortunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a be tter one is unconventional. For years executives and headhu nters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Fer ry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to lo ok at sitting CEOs fi rst.”Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropi cana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commod ities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a ma jor financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptabl e to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The tradition al rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The p eople who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives’ quitti ng may be spurred by[A]their expectation of better financial status.[B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards.[D]their pursuit of new career goals.28. The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most prob ably means[A]approved of.[B]attended to.[C]hunted for.[D]guarded against.29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C]top performers care more about reputations.[D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for the te xt?[A]CEOs: Where to Go?[B]CEOs: All the Way Up?[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net[D]The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that yo u got what you p aid for. No longer. While traditional “pai d” media – such as television commercials and print adver tisements – still play a major role, companies today can e xploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionat e about a product may create “owned” med ia by sending e-m ail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broa d range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promot ing their own products. For earned media , such marketers a ct as the initiator for users’ responses. But in some case s, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s p aid media – for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sell s ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as ow ned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizatio ns place their content or e-commerce engines within that en vironment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a s tand-alone media property that promotes complementary and e ven competitive products. Besides generating income, the pr esence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gi ves companies opportunities to learn valuable information a bout the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and may hel p expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provi ded marketers with more (and more diverse) communications c hoices have also increased the risk that passionate consume rs will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposi te of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negat ive allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally c reated them.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to pers uade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and t he learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earli er this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to e ngage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create “earned” media when they are[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C] eager to help their friends promote quality product s.[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite prod ucts.32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature[A] a safe business environment.[B] random competition.[C] strong user traffic.[D] flexibility in organization.33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned med ia[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumer s.[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketin g.[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.[D] deserve all the negative comments about them.34. Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as an example of[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ?[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.[C] Dominance of hijacked media.[D] Popularity of owned media.Text 4It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, pr ovocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hat e My Life,” is arousing much chatter – nothing gets peopl e talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anythin g less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experie nce. Rather than concluding that children make parents eith er happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider bei ng happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment da mpen our moods can later be sources of intense gratificatio n and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly ad optive – and newly single – mom Sandra Bullock, as well a s the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. Practica lly every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreatio n, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having childr en is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn’t seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets o f parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents r arely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had ki ds, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the messa ge that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of t he gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magaz ines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealisti c, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bull ock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are th e least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of ca ke.It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough t o want children just because Reese and Angelina make it loo k so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parentho od aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rach el” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Ani ston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raisinga child can bring[A]temporary delight[B]enjoyment in progress[C]happiness in retrospect[D]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attentio n.[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.[B]are largely ignored by the media.[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39.According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by ce lebrity magazines is[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearin g.Part BDirections:The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these para graphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G t o filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and Ghave been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHE ET 1. (10 points)[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand po ints out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doct or in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out bef ore getting their degrees.[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literatu re, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college gradua tes now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universit ies want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the ba sic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general ed ucation” should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “t he great books a re read because they have been read”-they form a sort of social glue.[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. The re are simply too few posts. This is partly because univers ities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer student s want to study humanities subjects: English departments aw arded more bachelor’s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities stu dents leave the profession to do something for which they h ave not been trained.[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top A merican universities that liberal-arts educations and profe ssional education should be kept separate, taught in differ ent schools. Many students experience both varieties. Altho ugh more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must stud y a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this s eparation, top American universities have professionalisedthe professor. The growth in public money for academic rese arch has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours f ell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequi site for a successful academic career: as late as third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but n ot transferable.”So disciplines ac quire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledg e.[F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which “the prod ucers of kn owledge are produced.”Otherwise, academics will continue t o think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the s ocieties which they study, investigate and criticize.”Acad emic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become l ess exclusi onary and more holistic.”Yet quite how that hap pens, Mr Menand dose not say.[G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketpl ace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral de gree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something c urious has been happening in American Universities, and Lou is Menand, a professor of English at , captured it skillful ly.G → 41. →42. → E →43. →44. →45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate th e underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creat ing our inner character and outer circumstances, the book A s a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.(46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore contr ol our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature. Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we thin k that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allo ws us to think one way and act another. However, Allen beli eved that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47) while we may be able to sustai n the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ”Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of th oughts that do not accord with desire, Allen concluded : “ We do not attract what we want, but what we are.” Achievem ent happens because you as a person embody the external ach ievement; you don’t “ get” success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.\Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention tha t “Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him.”(48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in nee d, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiorit y of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the b ottom.This ,however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtl e argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always de termined the life and prospects of people, then humanity wo uld never have progressed. In fat, (49)circumstances seem t o be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel th at we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person’s early life and its co nditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.The sobering aspect of Allen’s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselve s. (50) The upside is the possibilities contained in knowin g that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1) recommend one of your favorite movies and2) give reasons for your recommendationYour should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the leter. User “LI MING” instead.Do not writer the address.(10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160---200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain it’s intended meaning, and3) give your comments.Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2011年考研英语(一)真题参考答案1-5，ACDBA 6-10 CADCB 11-15 BCACA 16-20 BCADB21-25 DBCAA 26-30 CCBDB 31-35 CCBDB 36-40 CBCCC41-45 BDCAE翻译：46、xx的贡献在于提供了我们能分担和揭示错误性质的假设--因为我们不是机器人，因此我们能够控制我们的理想。
2011年考研英语(一)真题参考答案完整版
2011年考研英语(一)真题参考答案完整版1-5，ACDBA 6-10 CADCB 11-15 BCACA 16-20 BCADB21-25 DBCAA 26-30 CCBDB 31-35 CCBDB 36-40 CBCCC41-45 BDCAE翻译：46、艾伦的贡献在于提供了我们能分担和揭示错误性质的假设--因为我们不是机器人，因此我们能够控制我们的理想。
47、我们可以单独通过意识维持控制的感觉，但实际上我们一直面临着一个问题，为什么我不能完成这件事情或那件事情。
48、这似乎可能为必要时的忽视正名，也能合理说明剥削，以及在顶层的人的优越感及处于后层人们的劣势感。
49、环境似乎是为了挑选出我们的强者，而且如果我们感觉受了委屈，那么我们就不可能有意识的做出努力逃离我们原来的处境。
50、正面在于我们处于这样的位置，知道所有事情都取决与我们自己，之前我们对着一系列的限制，而现在我们成了权威。
51. Directions: Write a letter to a friend of yours to 1) recommend one of your favorite movies and 2) give reasons for your recommendation. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use”Li Ming”instead. Do not write the address.(10points)小作文范文：Dear friends:Recently a lot of new movies, you concern? I recently saw a movie is especially suitable for you.Its name is "If You Are The One".First of all it has very powerful cast. Storyline is very tight.Characters' language is classic and thought-provoking. But, I most like it because it's morals. Dear friends, do you to love the understanding of what? Love is romantic, is costly, is simple, or plain? I think in this movie can be reflected. Perhaps now we still can't clear love, but love is already brimming with our lives, is a part of life.I want to watch the movie, we can understand a lot. Dear friends, do you also see this movie, remember to write and tell me how you feel. Miss you!52、Direction Write an essay of 160-200words based on the following drawing .In your essay ,you should 1) describe the drawing briefly 2) explain its intended measing and 3) give your comments You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20points)大作文范文：Our surroundings are being polluted fast and man's present efforts can not prevent it. Time is bringing us more people, and more people will bring us more industry, more cars, larger cities and the growing use of man-made materials.What can explain and solve this problem? The fact is that pollution is caused by man -- by his desire for a modern way of life. We make "increasing industrialization" our chief aim.So we are often ready to offer everything: clean air, pure water, good food, our health and the future of our children.There is a constant flow of people from the countryside into the cities, eager for the benefits of our modern society. But as our technological achievements have grown in the last twenty years, pollution has become a serious problem.Isn't it time we stopped to ask ourselves where we are going-- and why? It makes one think of the story about the airline pilot who told his passengers over the loudspeaker,"I've some good news and some bad news. The good news is that we're making rapid progress at 530 miles per hour. The bad news is that we're lost and don't know where we're going. " The sad fact is that this becomes a true story when speaking of our modern society.In my opinion, to protect environment, the government must take even more concrete measures. First, it should let people fully realize the importance of environmental protection through education. Second, much more efforts should be made to put the population planning policy into practice, because more people means more people means more pollution. Finally, those who destroy the environment intentionally should be severely punished. We should let them know that destroying environment means destroying mankind themselves海天范文Dear my friend,I’m writing to you to recommend one of my favorite movies 'Avatar'.The movie is directed by James Cameron, who is famous with product Titanic. The story is about immigration to planet Pandora, and what happened with local NA'VI. The film is such a wonder that I thought it is well worth watching in one's whole life. 'Avatar' is not just a film about the love story between a 'human' and a NA'VI princess, but also a educational file. From the movie we learned that we must live in harmony with the nature. Therefore I do not hesitate to recommend this movie to you. I am sure you will enjoy the movie.Yours sincerely,Li Ming海天范文What a terrible and shocking scene it is! As is vividly depicted in the drawing above, sitting on the boat and enjoying their sightseeing, a couple of youngsters are throwing rubbish into the sea, with many dead fishes floating on the surface. What is conveyed in the picture is both realistic and thought-provoking.The implied meaning of the given picture can be elaborated in terms of environmental protection and public manners. On the one hand, along with the development of the economy and society, people tend to attach great importance to personal and economic interests, ignoring ecological balance. As a consequence, environment has been polluted so seriously that environmental protection should be put on the agenda immediately. On the other hand, the inappropriate public manners such as littering and spitting are also one of the major factors causing environmental problems. If we let it go as it is, the nature will take revenge on human being sooner or later.To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must promote and popularize the sense of environmental protection. For one thing, laws and regulations should be issued to change the practice of sacrificing long-term environmental health forshort-term rapid economic development. For another, some educational campaign should be launched among the public, especially the young, to raise the awareness of public morality. Only in these ways can we achieve sustainable development and live in a harmonious society.。
2011年考研英语(一)真题参考答案完整版
2011年考研英语(一)真题参考答案完整版1-5，ACDBA 6-10 CADCB 11-15 BCACA 16-20 BCADB21-25 DBCAA 26-30 CCBDB 31-35 CCBDB 36-40 CBCCC41-45 BDCAE翻译：46、艾伦的贡献在于提供了我们能分担和揭示错误性质的假设--因为我们不是机器人，因此我们能够控制我们的理想。
47、我们可以单独通过意识维持控制的感觉，但实际上我们一直面临着一个问题，为什么我不能完成这件事情或那件事情。
48、这似乎可能为必要时的忽视正名，也能合理说明剥削，以及在顶层的人的优越感及处于后层人们的劣势感。
49、环境似乎是为了挑选出我们的强者，而且如果我们感觉受了委屈，那么我们就不可能有意识的做出努力逃离我们原来的处境。
50、正面在于我们处于这样的位置，知道所有事情都取决与我们自己，之前我们对着一系列的限制，而现在我们成了权威。
51. Directions: Write a letter to a friend of yours to 1) recommend one of your favorite movies and 2) give reasons for your recommendation. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use”Li Ming”instead. Do not write the address.(10points)小作文范文：Dear friends:Recently a lot of new movies, you concern? I recently saw a movie is especially suitable for you.Its name is "If You Are The One".First of all it has very powerful cast. Storyline is very tight.Characters' language is classic and thought-provoking. But, I most like it because it's morals. Dear friends, do you to love the understanding of what? Love is romantic, is costly, is simple, or plain? I think in this movie can be reflected. Perhaps now we still can't clear love, but love is already brimming with our lives, is a part of life.I want to watch the movie, we can understand a lot. Dear friends, do you also see this movie, remember to write and tell me how you feel. Miss you!52、Direction Write an essay of 160-200words based on the following drawing .In your essay ,you should 1) describe the drawing briefly 2) explain its intended measing and 3) give your comments You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20points)大作文范文：Our surroundings are being polluted fast and man's present efforts can not prevent it. Time is bringing us more people, and more people will bring us more industry, more cars, larger cities and the growing use of man-made materials.What can explain and solve this problem? The fact is that pollution is caused by man -- by his desire for a modern way of life. We make "increasing industrialization" our chief aim.So we are often ready to offer everything: clean air, pure water, good food, our health and the future of our children.There is a constant flow of people from the countryside into the cities, eager for the benefits of our modern society. But as our technological achievements have grown in the last twenty years, pollution has become a serious problem.Isn't it time we stopped to ask ourselves where we are going-- and why? It makes one think of the story about the airline pilot who told his passengers over the loudspeaker,"I've some good news and some bad news. The good news is that we're making rapid progress at 530 miles per hour. The bad news is that we're lost and don't know where we're going. " The sad fact is that this becomes a true story when speaking of our modern society.In my opinion, to protect environment, the government must take even more concrete measures. First, it should let people fully realize the importance of environmental protection through education. Second, much more efforts should be made to put the population planning policy into practice, because more people means more people means more pollution. Finally, those who destroy the environment intentionally should be severely punished. We should let them know that destroying environment means destroying mankind themselves海天范文Dear my friend,I’m writing to you to recommend one of my favorite movies 'Avatar'.The movie is directed by James Cameron, who is famous with product Titanic. The story is about immigration to planet Pandora, and what happened with local NA'VI. The film is such a wonder that I thought it is well worth watching in one's whole life. 'Avatar' is not just a film about the love story between a 'human' and a NA'VI princess, but also a educational file. From the movie we learned that we must live in harmony with the nature. Therefore I do not hesitate to recommend this movie to you. I am sure you will enjoy the movie.Yours sincerely,Li Ming海天范文What a terrible and shocking scene it is! As is vividly depicted in the drawing above, sitting on the boat and enjoying their sightseeing, a couple of youngsters are throwing rubbish into the sea, with many dead fishes floating on the surface. What is conveyed in the picture is both realistic and thought-provoking.The implied meaning of the given picture can be elaborated in terms of environmental protection and public manners. On the one hand, along with the development of the economy and society, people tend to attach great importance to personal and economic interests, ignoring ecological balance. As a consequence, environment has been polluted so seriously that environmental protection should be put on the agenda immediately. On the other hand, the inappropriate public manners such as littering and spitting are also one of the major factors causing environmental problems. If we let it go as it is, the nature will take revenge on human being sooner or later.To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must promote and popularize the sense of environmental protection. For one thing, laws and regulations should be issued to change the practice of sacrificing long-term environmental health forshort-term rapid economic development. For another, some educational campaign should be launched among the public, especially the young, to raise the awareness of public morality. Only in these ways can we achieve sustainable development and live in a harmonious society.。
2011英语一考研真题答案+解析
2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as“a bodily exercise precious to health.”But ---_____some claims to the contrary,laughing probably has little influence on physical filness Laughter does _____short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels,____heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to____,a good laugh is unlikely to have_____benefits the way,say,walking or jogging does.____,instead of straining muscles to build them,as exercise does,laughter apparently accomplishes the____, studies dating back to the1930’s indicate that laughter.muscles,Such bodily reaction might conceivably help____the effects of psychological stress.Anyway,the act of laughing probably does produce other types of______feedback,that improve an individual’s emotional state. ______one classical theory of emotion,our feelings are partially rooted_______physical reactions.It was argued at the end of the19th century that humans do not cry______they are sad but they become sad when te tears begin to flow.Although sadness also_______tears,evidence suggests that emotions can flow_____muscular responses.In an experiment published in1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to____a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile–or with their lips，which would produce a（n）_____expression.Those forced to exercise their enthusiastically to funny catoons than did those whose months were contracted in a frown，_______that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around____，the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1．[A]among[B]except[C]despite[D]like2．[A]reflect[B]demand[C]indicate[D]produce3．[A]stabilizing[B]boosting[C]impairing[D]determining4．[A]transmit[B]sustain[C]evaluate[D]observe5．[A]measurable[B]manageable[C]affordable[D]renewable6．[A]In turn[B]In fact[C]In addition[D]In brief7．[A]opposite[B]impossible[C]average[D]expected8．[A]hardens[B]weakens[C]tightens[D]relaxes9．[A]aggravate[B]generate[C]moderate[D]enhance10．[A]physical[B]mentl[C]subconscious[D]internal11．[A]Except for[B]According to[C]Due to[D]As for12．[A]with[B]on[C]in[D]at13．[A]unless[B]until C]if[D]because14．[A]exhausts[B]follows[C]precedes[D]suppresses15．[A]into[B]from[C]towards[D]beyond16．[A]fetch[B]bite[C]pick[D]hold17．[A]disappointed[B]excited[C]joyful[D]indifferent18．[A]adapted[B]catered[C]turned[D]reacted19．[A]suggesting[B]requiring[C]mentioning[D]supposing20．[A]Eventually[B]Consequently[C]Similarly[D]ConverselySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing[A],[B],[C]or[D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in2009.For the most part,the response has been favorable,to say the least.“Hooray!At last!”wrote Anthony Tommasini,a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise,however,is that Gilbert is comparatively little known.Even Tommasini,who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times,calls him“an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.”As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez,that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part,I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one.To be sure,he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions,but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall,or anywhere else,to hear interesting orchestral music.All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf,or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point.For the time,attention,and money of the art-loving public,classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses,dance troupes,theater companies,and museums,but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the20th century.There recordings are cheap,available everywhere,and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances;moreover,they can be“consumed”at a time and place of the listener’s choosing.The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record.Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted:Alex Ross,a classical-music critic,has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into“a markedly different,more vibrant organization.”But what will be the nature of that difference?Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough.If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed,they must first change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21.We learn from Para.1that Gilbert’s appointment has[A]incurred criticism.[B]raised suspicion.[C]received acclaim.[D]aroused curiosity.22.Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23.The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of live performances.24.According to the text,which of the following is true of recordings?[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25.Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic,the author feels[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.Text2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August,his explanation was surprisingly straight up.Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses,he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.”Broadcasting his ambition was“very much my decision,”McGee says.Within two weeks,he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run.It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations.And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks the No.2executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post.As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure,executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on.A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold,deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net.In the third quarter,CEO turnover was down23%from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had,according to Liberum Research.As the economy picks up,opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional.For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached.Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly.Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age,saying she wanted to be a CEO.It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange.Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in2005with ambitions to be a CEO.He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers.The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one.“The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,”says one headhunter.“The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”26.When McGee announced his departure,his manner can best be described as being[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.27.According to Paragraph2,senior executives’quitting may be spurred by[A]their expectation of better financial status.[B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards.[D]their pursuit of new career goals.28.The word“poached”(Line3,Paragraph4)most probably means[A]approved of.[B]attended to.[C]hunted for.[D]guarded against.29.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C]top performers care more about reputations.[D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30.Which of the following is the best title for the text?[A]CEOs:Where to Go?[B]CEOs:All the Way Up?[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net[D]The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for.No longer.While traditional“paid”media–such as television commercials and print advertisements–still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media.Consumers passionate about a product may create“owned”media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site.The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products.For earned media, such marketers act as the initiator for users’responses.But in some cases,one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media–for instance,when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site.We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment.This trend,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson&Johnson,for example,has created BabyCenter,a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products.Besides generating income,the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective,gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’marketing,and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more(and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker,more visible,and much more damaging ways.Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers,other stakeholders,or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product.Members of social networks,for instance,are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens,passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products,putting the reputation of the target company at risk.In such a case,the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful,and the learning curve has been steep.Toyota Motor,for example,alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign,which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create“earned”media when they are[A]obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B]inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C]eager to help their friends promote quality products.[D]enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32.According to Paragraph2,sold media feature[A]a safe business environment.[B]random competition.[C]strong user traffic.[D]flexibility in organization.33.The author indicates in Paragraph3that earned media[A]invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.[B]can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.[C]may be responsible for fiercer competition.[D]deserve all the negative comments about them.34.Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as an example of[A]responding effectively to hijacked media.[B]persuading customers into boycotting products.[C]cooperating with supportive consumers.[D]taking advantage of hijacked media.35.Which of the following is the text mainly about?[A]Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B]Conflict between hijacked and earned media.[C]Dominance of hijacked media.[D]Popularity of owned media.Text4It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful,provocative magazine cover story,“I love My Children,I Hate My Life,”is arousing much chatter–nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling,life-enriching experience.Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable,Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness:instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy,we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition.Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard,Senior writes that“the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week.There are also stories about newly adoptive–and newly single–mom Sandra Bullock,as well as the usual“Jennifer Aniston is pregnant”news.Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom,or mom-to-be,smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation,is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing?It doesn’t seem quite fair,then,to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children.Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids,but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world:obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course,the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic,especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock.According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples,single parents are the least happy of all.No shock there,considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on;yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it,raising a kid on their“own”(read:with round-the-clock help)is a piece of cake.It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous:most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut.But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free,happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience,in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting“the Rachel”might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring[A]temporary delight[B]enjoyment in progress[C]happiness in retrospect[D]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph2that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph3that childless folks[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.[B]are largely ignored by the media.[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39.According to Paragraph4,the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections:The following paragraph are given in a wrong order.For Questions41-45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)[A]No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities.You can, Mr Menand points out,became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four.But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years.Not surprisingly,up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.[B]His concern is mainly with the humanities:Literature,languages,philosophy and so on.These are disciplines that are going out of style:22%of American college graduates now major in business compared with only2%in history and4%in English.However,many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses.But most find it difficult to agree on what a“general education”should look like.At Harvard,Mr Menand notes,“the great books are read because they have been read”-they form a sort of social glue.[C]Equally unsurprisingly,only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school.There are simply too few posts.This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects:English departments awarded more bachelor’s degrees in1970-71than they did20years later.Fewer students requires fewer teachers.So,at the end of a decade of theses-writing,many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.[D]One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools.Many students experience both varieties.Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law,medicine or business,future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E]Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation,top American universities have professionalised the professor.The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between1960and1990,but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll.Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career:as late as1969a third of American professors did not possess one.But the key idea behind professionalisation,argues Mr Menand,is that“the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.”So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge,but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.[F]The key to reforming higher education,concludes Mr Menand,is to alter the way in which“the producers of knowledge are produced.”Otherwise,academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study,investigate and criticize.”Academic inquiry,at least in some fields,may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.”Yet quite how that happens,Mr Menand dose not say.[G]The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas:Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree.They may then decide to go elsewhere.For something curious has been happening in American Universities,and LouisMenand,a professor of English at Harvard University,captured it skillfully.G→41.→42.→E→43.→44.→45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET2.(10points)With its theme that“Mind is the master weaver,”creating our inner character and outer circumstances,the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.(46)Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature.Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter,we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless;this allows us to think one way and act another.However,Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and(47)while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone,in reality we are continually faced with a question:“Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that?”Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire,Allen concluded:“We do not attract what we want,but what we are.”Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement;you don’t“get”success but become it.There is no gap between mind and matter.Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that“Circumstances do not make a person,they reveal him.”(48)This seems a justification for neglect of those in need,and a rationalization of exploitation,of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.This,however,would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument.Each set of circumstances,however bad,offers a unique opportunity for growth.If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people,then humanity would never have progressed.In fat,(49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been“wronged”then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation.Nevertheless,as any biographer knows,a person’s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.The sobering aspect of Allen’s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves.(50)The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us;where before we were experts in the array of limitations,now we become authorities of what is possible.SectionⅢWritingPart A51.Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1)recommend one of your favorite movies and2)give reasons for your recommendationYour should write about100words on ANSWER SHEET2Do not sign your own name at the end of the er“LI MING”instead.Do not writer the address.(10points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of160---200words based on the following drawing.In your essay,you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain it’s intended meaning,and3)give your comments.Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20points)2011年考研英语真题答案解析Section I Use of English1.【答案】[C]【解析】语义逻辑题。
2011年考研英语一真题及答案
2011 年考研英语一真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blankand mark A], B], C] or D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as“aisebodily exercprecious to health.”1But some claims to the contrary, laughing probably haslittle influence on physical fitness Laughter does __2___short-term changes in thefunction of the heart and its blood vessels, ___3_ heart rate and oxygenconsumption But because hard laughter is difficult to __4__, a good laugh is unlikelyto have __5___ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.__6__, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughterapparently accomplishes the __7__, studies dating back to the 1930 ’ s indicate that laughter__8___ muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laughdies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__the effects of psychologicalstress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of ___10___feedback, that improve an individual’ s emotional state. __11____one classical theoryof emotion, our feelings are partially rooted ____12___ physical reactions. It wasargued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ___13___they are sadbut they become sad when the tears begin to flow.Although sadness also ____14___ tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow__15___ muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologistFritz Strack of the University of w rzburg in Germanyü asked volunteers to __16___ a peneither with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile–or with their lips, which wouldproduce a(n) __17___ expression. Those forced to exercise their enthusiastically to funnycatoons than did those whose months were contracted in a frown, ____19___that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around __20__ ,the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1.A]among B]except C]despite D]like2.A]reflect B]demand C]indicate D]produce3.A]stabilizing B]boosting C]impairing D]determining4.A]transmit B]sustain C]evaluate D]observe5.A]measurable B]manageable C]affordable D]renewable6.A]In turn B]In fact C]In addition D]In brief7.A]opposite B]impossible C]average D]expected8.A]hardens B]weakens C]tightens D]relaxes9.A]aggravate B]generate C]moderate D]enhance10.A]physical B]mental C]subconscious D]internal11.A]Except for B]According to C]Due to D]As for12.A]with B]on C]in D]at13.A]unless B]until C]if D]because14.A]exhausts B]follows C]precedes D]suppresses15.A]into B]from C]towards D]beyond16.A]fetch B]bite C]pick D]hold17.A]disappointed B]excited C]joyful D]indifferent18.A]adapted B]catered C]turned D]reacted19.A]suggesting B]requiring C]mentioning D]supposing20.A]Eventually B]Consequently C]Similarly D]ConverselySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A], B], C] or D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has beenfavorable, to say the least.“ Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini,-sided a sober classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is thatGilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbertappointment in the Times, calls him“ an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description ofmusicthenextdirector of anorchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez,that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. Tobe sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is notnecessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interestingorchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer anddownload still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performanceare missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public,classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes,theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the greatclassical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, availableeverywhere, and very oftenmuch higher in artistic quality than today’ s live performances; moreover, they can be“ consumed” at a time and place of the listener choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about acrisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music thatis not yet available on record. Gilbert’ s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capableof turning the Philharmonic into“ a markedly different, more vibrant organization.what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra’ s repe will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must firstchange the relationship between America’ s oldest orchestra and the new audience ithops to attract.21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert’ s appointment hasA]incurred criticism.B]raised suspicion.C]received acclaim.D]aroused curiosity.22.Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist whois A]influential.B]modest.C]respectable.D]talented.23.The author believes that the devoted concertgoersA]ignore the expenses of live performances.B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.D]overestimate the value of live performances.24.According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.B]They are easily accessible to the general public.C]They help improve the quality of music.D]They have only covered masterpieces.25.Regarding Gilbert ’ s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feelsA]doubtful.B]enthusiastic.C]confident.D]puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, hisexplanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usualvague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving“ to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was“ very much my decision,”McGsays. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of HartfordFinancial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind ofcompany he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world abouthis aspirations. And McGee isn ’ t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post.As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure,executives who don ’ t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent businessenvironment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncementscloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing tomake the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% froma year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to LiberumResearch. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For yearsexecutives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEOcandidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner DennisCarey: ” I can ’ t think of a single search I’ ve done where a board has not instructed me look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job haven ’ t always landed in top positions quickly. EllenMarram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was ayear before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. RobertWillumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at amajor financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisishas made it more acceptable to be between jobs orto leave a bad one.“ The traditionalrule was it’ s safer to stay where you are, but that’ s been fundamentally inverted, one headhunter.“ The people who’ ve been hurt the worst are those who’ ve stayed t long. ”26.When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described asbeing A]arrogant.B]frank.C]self-centered.D]impulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives’ quitting may be spurred byA]their expectation of better financial status.B]their need to reflect on their private life.C]their strained relations with the boards.D]their pursuit of new career goals.28.The word “ poached ” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably meansA]approved of.B]attended to.C]hunted for.D]guarded against.29.It can be inferred from the last paragraphthat A]top performers used to cling to their posts.B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.C]top performers care more about reputations.D]it ’ s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30.Which of the following is the best title for the text?A]CEOs: Where to Go?B]CEOs: All the Way Up?C]Top Managers Jump without a NetD]The Only Way Out for TopPerformers Text 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. Nolonger. While traditional“ paidsuch”mediaastelevision–commercials and printadvertisements–still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternativeforms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create“ owned”media bysending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site.The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. Forearned media , such marketers act as theinitiator for users’ responses. But in some cases, one marketer’ s owned media become another marketer’fors paid media–instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define suchsold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations placetheir content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ,which webelieve is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such asairlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example,has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementaryand even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of othermarketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learnvaluable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more(and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk thatpassionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset orcampaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who makenegative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance,are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses thatoriginally created them.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the companyresponse may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has beensteep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisisearlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such asTwitter and the social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create“ earned” media when they areA] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32.According to Paragraph 2,sold mediafeature A] a safe business environment.B] random competition.C] strong user traffic.D] flexibility in organization.33.The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned mediaA] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.D] deserve all the negative comments about them.34.Toyota Motor ’ s experiencetedis asci an exampleof A] responding effectively to hijacked media.B] persuading customers into boycotting products.C] cooperating with supportive consumers.D] taking advantage of hijacked media.35.Which of the following is the text mainly about ?A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.C] Dominance of hijacked media.D] Popularity of owned media.Text 4It ’ s no surprise that Jennifer Senior ’ s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, love My Chil dren, I Hate My Life, ” is arousing much chatternothing gets people–talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling,life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parentseither happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead ofthinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we shouldconsider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experienceof raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “ the very things that in themoment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification anddelight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly theonly Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also storiesabout newly adoptive –and newly single –mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual“ Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. Practically every week features at least one celebritymom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admittingyou regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn’t seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of thechildren. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn ’ t have ha kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are thesingle most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a directresult of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly andPeople present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single motherslike Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy thanchildless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, consideringhow much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra andBritney tell it, raising a kid on their “ own”-the(read:-clockwithhelp)roundisa piece ofcake.It ’ s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just becauseReese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby isnot a haircut. But it’ s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week ofstress-free, happinessenhancing- parenthood aren’ t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same waythat a small part of us hoped getting“ the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bringAtemporary delightB]enjoyment in progressC]happiness in retrospectD]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph 2 thatA]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folksA]are constantly exposed to criticism.B]are largely ignored by the media.C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39.According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines isA]soothing.B]ambiguous.C]compensatory.D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections:The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you arerequired to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the listA-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have beencorrectly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as thehumanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and amedical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in thehumanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students inEnglish drop out before getting their degrees.B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and soon. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduatesnow major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However,many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding inthe basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. Butmost find it difficult to agree on what a“ general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “ the great books are read because they have beenread ”-they form a sort of social glue.C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which theyentered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly becauseuniversities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to studyhumanities subjects: English departments awardemore bachelor ’ s degrees in-711970than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the end ofa decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to dosomething for which they have not been trained.D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut acrossthe insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professionaleducation should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experienceboth varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law,medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-artsdegree before embarking on a professional qualification.E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top Americanuniversities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money foracademic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfoldbetween 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite fora successful academic career: as late as 1969a third of American professors did notpossess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr Menand, is that“ the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible butnot transferable. ” So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way inwhich “ the producers of knowledge are produced. ” Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticize. ” Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary andmore holistic. ” Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand dose not say.G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform andResistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking ofapplying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. Forsomething curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand,a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.G → 41.→42.→ E→43.→44.→45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments intoChinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)With its theme that “ Mind is the master weaver, ” creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth explorationof the central idea of self-help writing.(46)Allen ’ s contribution was to take an assumption we all -st ha trebecause we are notrobots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature. Because mostof us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden andmade powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allenbelieved that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind,and (47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through theconscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question:“ Why I make myself do this or achieve that?”Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord withdesire, Allen concluded : “ We do not attract what we want, but what we are.”Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement;you don’ t “ get ” success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.Part of the fame of Allen ’ s book is its contention that “ Circumstances do not mak person, they reveal him. ” (48) This seems a justificationneglectforof those in need,and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top andthe inferiority of those at the bottom.This ,however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fat, (49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “ wronged ” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.The sobering aspect of Allen ’thatsbookwe ishave no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves. (50) The upside is the possibilities containedin knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the arrayof limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible. Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1)recommend one of your favorite movies and2)give reasons for your recommendationYour should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the leter. User“ LI MING” instead.Do not writer the address.(10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160---200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay,you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain it’ s intended meaning, and3)give your comments.Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2011 年考研英语一真题参考答案客观题Section I Use of EnglishCDBBA BADCA BCDCB DADACSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADBDBA BDCAC DCBAA CCDDBPart B41.B 42.D 43.A 44.C 45.F翻译题：46、艾伦的贡献在于提供了我们能分担和揭示错误性质的假设 --因为我们不是机器人，因此我们能够控制我们的理想。
2011年考研英语(一)阅读真题全文翻译及答案
2011年考研英语(一)阅读真题全文翻译及答案（七绝俗手版）2011-01-1621-25 CBDBA26-30 BDCAC31-35 DCBAA36-40 CDADB41-45 BDACFSection IIReading ComprehensionPart A Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], , [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic。
2009年纽约交响乐团突然宣布聘用艾伦·吉尔伯特为下一位乐曲指挥，从那时起一直到现在，这次任命都成为古典音乐界的话题。
退一步说，从总体上看，反应还是不错的。
如冷静的古典音乐评论家安东尼·托姆西尼就这样写：从长时间来看，这次委命是英明的。
One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician wi th no air of the formidable conductor about him。
2011考研英语一真题和答案完整版
2011年考研英语(一)真题完整版Section I Use of English Directions：Read the following text. Choose the best word，[B]，[C] （s）for each numbered blank and mark [A]or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as ―a bodily exercise precious to health.ǁ But __1___some claims to the contrary，laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does __2___short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels，___3_ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to __4__，a good laugh is unlikely to have __5___ benefits the way，say，walking or jogging does. __6__，instead of straining muscles to build them，as exercise does，laughter apparently accomplishes the __7__，studies dating back to the 1930‗s indicate that laughter__8___ muscles，decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down. Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__the effects of psychological stress. Anyway，the act of laughing probably does produce other types of ___10___ feedback，that improve an individual‗s emotional state. __11____one classical theory of emotion，our feelings are partially rooted ____12___ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ___13___they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow. Although sadness also ____14___ tears，evidence suggests that emotions can flow __15___ muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988rzburg ，social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of wü– or in Germany asked volunteers to __16___ a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile with their lips，which would produce a（n）__17___ expression. Those forced to exercise their enthusiastically to funny catoons than did those whose months were contracted in a frown，____19___ that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around __20__ ，the physical act of laughter could improve mood. 1.[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like 2.[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce 3.[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining 4.[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe 5.[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable 6.[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief 7.[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected 8.[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes 9.[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance 10.[A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal 11.[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for 12.[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at 13.[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because 14.[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses 15.[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond 16.[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold 17.[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent 18.[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted 19.[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing 20.[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]Conversely Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A]，[B]，[C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （40 points）Text 1 The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part，the response has been favorable，to say the least. ―Hooray！At last！ǁ wrote Anthony Tommasini，a sober-sided classical-music critic. One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise，however，is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini，who had advocated Gilbert‗s appointment in the Times，calls him ―an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.ǁ As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez，that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise. For my part，I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure，he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions，but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall，or anywhere else，to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf，or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes. Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time，attention，and money of the art-loving public，classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses，dance troupes，theater companies，and museums，but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap，available everywhere，and very often much higher in artistic quality than today‗s live performances；moreover，they he widespread availability of such can be ―consumedǁ at a time and place of the listener‘s choosing. Trecordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert. One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available Gilbert‗s own interest in new music has been widely notedon record. G ilbert‗s own interest in new music has been widely noted：Alex Ross，a classical-music critic，has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into ―a markedly different，more at difference？Merely expanding the orchestra‘s vibrant organization.ǁ But what will be the nature of threpertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed，they must first change the relationship between America‗s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract. rn from Para.1 that Gilbert‗s appointment has 21. We lea r n from Para.1 that Gilbert‗s appointment has [A]incurred criticism. [B]raised suspicion. [C]received acclaim. [D]aroused curiosity. 22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is [A]influential. [B]modest. [C]respectable. [D]talented. 23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers [A]ignore the expenses of live performances. [B]reject most kinds of recorded performances. [C]exaggerate the variety of live performances. [D]overestimate the value of live performances. 24. According to the text，which of the following is true of recordings？[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality. [B]They are easily accessible to the general public. [C]They help improve the quality of music. [D]They have only covered masterpieces. 25. Regarding Gilbert‗s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic，the author feels [A]doubtful. [B]enthusiastic. [C]confident. [D]puzzled. Text 2 When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August，his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses，he came right out and said he was leaving ―to pursue my goal of running a company.ǁ Broadcasting his ambition was ―very much my decision，ǁ Mc Gee says. Within two weeks，he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group，which named him CEO and chairman on September 29. McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn‗t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure，executives who don‘t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations. As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold，deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter，CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had，according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up，opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders. The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey：―I can‗t think of a single search I‘ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.ǁ Those who jumped without a job haven‗t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age，saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later. Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. ―The traditional rule was it‗s safer to stay where you are， fundamentally inverted，ǁ says one headhunter. ―The people who‗ve been hurt the worst are but that‘s been fundamentally invertedthose who‘ve stayed too long.ǁ 26. When McGee announced his departure，his manner can best be described as being [A]arrogant. [B]frank. [C]self-centered. [D]impulsive. 27. According to Paragraph 2，senior executives‗ quitting may be spurred by [A]their expectation of better financial status. [B]their need to reflect on their private life. [C]their strained relations with the boards. [D]their pursuit of new career goals. 28. The word ―poachedǁ （Line 3，Paragraph 4）most probably means [A]approved of. [B]attended to. [C]hunted for. [D]guarded against. 29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that [A]top performers used to cling to their posts. [B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated. [C]top performers care more about reputations. [D]it‗s safer to stick to the traditional rules. 30. Which of the following is the best title for the text？[A]CEOs：Where to Go？[B]CEOs：All the Way Up？[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net [D]The Only Way Out for Top Performers Text 3 The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While – still play a major role traditional ―paidǁ med ia – such as television commercials and print advertisements ，companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may -mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web create ―ownedǁ media by sending esite. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media. Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media ，t as the initiator for users‗ responses. But in some casessuch marketers ac t as the initiator for users‗ responses. But in some cases，one marketer‘s owned media for instance，when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web become another marketer‗s paid media –site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ，，which we believe is still in its infancy effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson，for example，has created BabyCenter，a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income，the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective，gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies‘ marketing，and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned. The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more （and more diverse）communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker，more visible，and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media：an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers，other stakeholders，or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks，for instance，are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them. If that happens，passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products，putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case，the company‗s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful，and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor，for example，alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign，which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg. 31.Consumers may create ―earnedǁ media when they are [A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites. [B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them. [C] eager to help their friends promote quality products. [D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products. 32. According to Paragraph 2，sold media feature [A] a safe business environment. [B] random competition. [C] strong user traffic. [D] flexibility in organization. 33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media [A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers. [B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing. [C] may be responsible for fiercer competition. [D] deserve all the negative comments about them. 34. Toyota Motor‗s experience is cited as an example of [A] responding effectively to hijacked media. [B] persuading customers into boycotting products. [C] cooperating with supportive consumers. [D] taking advantage of hijacked media. 35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ？[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media. [B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media. [C] Dominance of hijacked media. [D] Popularity of owned media. Text 4 It‗s no surprise that Jennifer Senior‘s insightful，provocative magazine cover story，―I love My Children，I Hate My Life，ǁ is arousing much chatter – nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling，life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable：instead ，Senior suggests we need to redefine happinessof thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy，we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard，Senior writes that ―the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratific ation and delight.ǁ The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only – and newly Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive single – mom Sandra Bullock，as well as t he usual ―Jennifer Aniston is pregnantǁ news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom，or mom-to-be，smiling on the newsstands. In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation，is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing It doesn‗t seem quite fair，then，to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn‘t have had kids，but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world：obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives. Of course，the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic，especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples，single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there，considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on；yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it，raising a kid on their ―ownǁ （read：with round-the-clock help）is a piece of cake. ny people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina It‗s hard to imagine that mamake it look so glamorous：most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it‘s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free，，happiness-enhancing pa renthood aren‗t in some small subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience，in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting ― the Rachelǁ might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston. 36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring [A]temporary delight [B]enjoyment in progress [C]happiness in retrospect [D]lasting reward 37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that [A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip. [B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention. [C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining. [D]having children is highly valued by the public. 38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks [A]are constantly exposed to criticism. [B]are largely ignored by the media. [C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities. [D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life. 39.According to Paragraph 4，the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is [A]soothing. [B]ambiguous. [C]compensatory. [D]misleading. 40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph？[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms. [B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing. [C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life. [D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing. Part B Directions：The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45，you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can，Mr Menand points out，became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly，up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees. [B] His concern is mainly with the humanities：Literature，languages，philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style：22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However，many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a ―general educationǁ should look like. At Harvard，Mr Menand notes，-they form a sort of social glue. ―the great books are read because they have been readǁ[C] Equally unsurprisingly，only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects：English departments awarded more bache lor‗s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So，at the end of a decade of theses-writing，many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained. [D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate，taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law，medicine or business，future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification. [E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation，top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process：federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990，but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career：as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation，argues Mr Menand，is that ―the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.ǁSo disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge，but also over the production of the producers of knowledge. [F] The key to reforming higher education，concludes Mr Menand，is to alter the way in which ―the producers of knowledge are produced.ǁOtherwise，academics will continue to think dangerously alike，increasingly detached from the societies which they study，at ，investigate and criticize.―Academic inquiryleast in some fields，may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.ǁYet quite how that happens，Mr Menand dose not say. [G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas：Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities，and Louis Menand，a professor of English at Harvard University，captured it skillfully. G → 41. →42. → E →43. →44. →45. Part C Directions：Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. （10 points）With its theme that ―Mind is the master weaver，，ǁ creating our inner character and outer circumstancesthe book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing. -that because we are not robots we （46）Allen‗s contribution was to take an assumption we all sharetherefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature. Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter，we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless；this allows us to think one way and act another. However，Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind，and （47）while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone，in reality we are continually faced with a question：―Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that？ǁ Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire，Allen concluded ：― We do not attract what we want，but what we are.ǁ Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement；you don‗t ― getǁ success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter. Part of the fame of Allen‗s book is its contention that ―Circumstances do not make a person，they reveal him.ǁ （48）This seems a justification for neglect of those in need，and a rationalization of exploitation，of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom. This ，however，would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances，however bad，offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people，then humanity would never have progressed. In fat，（49）circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been ―wrongedǁ then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our son‘s early life and its conditions are often the situation .Nevertheless，as any biographer knows，a per s on‘s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual. The sobering aspect of Allen‗s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves. （50）The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us；where before we were experts in the array of limitations，now we become authorities of what is possible. Section ⅢWriting Part A 51. Directions：Write a letter to a friend of yours to 1）recommend one of your favorite movies and 2）give reasons for your recommendation Your should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2 Do not sign your own name at the end of the leter. User ―LI MINGǁ instead. Do not writer the address.（10 points）Part B 52. Directions：Write an essay of 160——200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay，you should 1）describe the drawing briefly，2）explain it‗s intended meaning，and 3）give your comments. Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. （20 points 41.B 42.D 43.A 44.C 45.F翻译：翻译：46、艾伦的贡献在于提供了我们能分担和揭示错误性质的假设——因为我们不是机器人，因此我们能够控制我们的理想。
2011年考研英语一真题及答案
2011年考研英语一真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A], B], C] or D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.”But __1___some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does __2___short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, ___3_ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to __4__, a good laugh is unlikely to have __5___ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.__6__, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the __7__, studies dating back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter__8___ muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of ___10___ feedback, that improve an individual’s emotional state. __11____one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted ____12___ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ___13___they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.Although sadness also ____14___ tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow __15___ muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to __16___ a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile –or with their lips, which would produce a(n) __17___ expression. Those forced to exercise their enthusiastically to funny catoons than did those whose months were contracted in a frown, ____19___ that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around __20__ , the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1.A]among B]except C]despite D]like2.A]reflect B]demand C]indicate D]produce3.A]stabilizing B]boosting C]impairing D]determining4.A]transmit B]sustain C]evaluate D]observe5.A]measurable B]manageable C]affordable D]renewable6.A]In turn B]In fact C]In addition D]In brief7.A]opposite B]impossible C]average D]expected8.A]hardens B]weakens C]tightens D]relaxes9.A]aggravate B]generate C]moderate D]enhance10.A]physical B]mental C]subconscious D]internal11.A]Except for B]According to C]Due to D]As for12.A]with B]on C]in D]at13.A]unless B]until C]if D]because14.A]exhausts B]follows C]precedes D]suppresses15.A]into B]from C]towards D]beyond16.A]fetch B]bite C]pick D]hold17.A]disappointed B]excited C]joyful D]indifferent18.A]adapted B]catered C]turned D]reacted19.A]suggesting B]requiring C]mentioning D]supposing20.A]Eventually B]Consequently C]Similarly D]ConverselySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A], B], C] or D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!”wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.”As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes. Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances。
2011年考研英语真题及答案解析
2011年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But __1___some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does __2___short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, ___3_ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to __4__, a good laugh is unlikely to have __5___ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.__6__, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the __7__, studies dating back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter__8___ muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of ___10___ feedback, that improve an individual’s emotional state. __11____one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted ____12___ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ___13___they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.Although sadness also ____14___ tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow __15___ muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to __16___ a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile – or with their lips, which would produce a(n) __17___ expression. Those forced to exercise their enthusiastically to funny catoons than did those whose months were contracted in a frown, ____19___ that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around __20__ , the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1．[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like2．[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce3．[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining4．[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe5．[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable6．[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief7．[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected8．[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes9．[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance10．[A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal11．[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for12．[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at13．[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because14．[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses15．[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond16．[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold17．[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent18．[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted19．[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing20．[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]ConverselySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in theTimes, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Al ex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire wil l not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert’s appointment has[A]incurred criticism.[B]raised suspicion.[C]received acclaim.[D]aroused curiosity.22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of live performances.24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, th e author feels[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn’t alo ne. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit withthe explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can’t think of a single sea rch I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The peop le who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives’ quitting may be spurred by[A]their expectation of better financial status.[B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards.[D]their pursuit of new career goals.28. The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means[A]approved of.[B]attended to.[C]hunted for.[D]guarded against.29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C]top performers care more about reputations.[D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?[A]CEOs: Where to Go?[B]CEOs: All the Way Up?[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net[D]The Only Way Out for Top Performers法硕联盟论坛下载转载原文链接：/thread-107119-1-1.html Text 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media – such as television commercials and print advertisements – still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users’ responses. But in some cases, one marketer’sowned media become another marketer’s paid media – for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company’s re sponse may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create “earned” media when they are[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature[A] a safe business environment.[B] random competition.[C] strong user traffic.[D] flexibility in organization.33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.[D] deserve all the negative comments about them.34. Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as an example of[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ?[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.[C] Dominance of hijacked media.[D] Popularity of owned media.Text 4It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter –nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive –and newly single –mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn’t seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring[A]temporary delight[B]enjoyment in progress[C]happiness in retrospect[D]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.[B]are largely ignored by the media.[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39.According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections:The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly,up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read”-they form a sort of social glue.[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor’s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.”So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.[F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.”Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticize.”Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.”Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand dose not say.[G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, capturedit skillfully.G →41. →42. →E →43. →44. →45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.(46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature. Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ”Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen concluded : “ We do not attract what we want, but what we are.” Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement; you don’t “ get”success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.\Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that “Circumstances do n ot make a person, they reveal him.” (48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.This ,however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fat, (49)circumstances seem t o be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person’s early life and its conditions are often th e greatest gift to an individual.The sobering aspect of Allen’s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves. (50) The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.Section ⅢWritingPart A51. Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1) recommend one of your favorite movies and2) give reasons for your recommendationYour should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the leter. User “LI MING” instead.Do not writer the address.(10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160---200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain it’s intended mea ning, and3) give your comments.Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)本文从法硕联盟 转载原文链接：/thread-107119-1-1.html2011年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)参考答案（不见得准确）参考答案, 研究生, 英语, 硕士Section I Use of English1．C 2．D 3．B 4．B 5．A 6．B 7．A 8．D 9．C 10．A11．B 12．C 13．D 14．C 15．B 16．D 17．A 18．D 19．A 20．CSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21.C 22.B 23.D 24.B 25.A 26.B 27.D 28.C 29.A 30.B31.D 32.C 33.B 34.A 35.A 36.C 37.C 38.D 39.D 40.BPart B41.B 42.D 43.A 44.C 45.FPart C Translation46. 艾伦的贡献在于提出了我们大家都认同的假设——我们不是机器人，因此能够控制自己的思维——并且指出了这个假设是错误的。
2011年考研英语一真题答案及详解
2011年考研英语一真题答案及详解Section I Use of English1-5 CDBBA 6-10 BADCA 11-15 BCDCB 16-20 DADAC1.C 解析：语义逻辑题。
第一句含义是“古希腊哲学家亚里士多德把笑看作是“有益于身体健康的宝贵锻炼”，第二句意思是“但是一些人提出相反的意见，轻笑可能对身体健康影响极小”，两句之间是转折关系，A、B、C、D四个选项中只有C选项表转折“尽管”，故是正确选项。
2.D 解析：语义辨析题。
上下文语境是“笑确实能短期的改变”。
A. reflect“反映”，B. demand “要求”，C. indicate“表明，暗示”，D. produce“产生”，只有D 选项符合语境，所以是正确答案。
3.B 解析：语义搭配题。
文中提到“笑能够心律呼吸速率。
”A. stabilizing 意思是“安定，稳定”，B. boosting“促进，推进”，C. impairing“损害，削弱”，D. determining“决定”，根据语境应该是“笑能够促进心律呼吸速率”，B为正确答案。
4.B 解析：语义辨析题。
这句话意思是“但是因为大笑很难，一次狂笑不可能……”，四个选项的含义分别是A. transmit “传播”，B. sustain“维持”，C. evaluate“评估”，D. observe“观察”，根据语境，只有B. sustain符合语境。
5.A 解析：语义辨析题。
这句话意思是“一次狂笑不可能像比如走路或者慢跑那样对心血管功能产生益处。
”A. measurable“重大的，重要的”，B. manageable“易控制的”，C. affordable“负担得起的”，D. renewable“可再生的”，四个选项中能和“益处”搭配的只有A. measurable，故是正确答案。
6.B 解析：逻辑分析题。
第二段第一句是说“其他的锻炼可以拉紧增强肌肉，很显然笑确是起到了……作用”，对上文有承接还有转折的关系，A. In turn 意思是“轮流”，C. In addition是“另外”，D. In brief 意思是“简而言之”，都不符合语境，只有B. In fact“事实上”符合上下文语境，是正确选项。
2011年完形填空真题及答案解析(个人原创)
2011年考研英语真题（一）完形填空的个人独特解析版Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But 1 some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness. Laughter does 2 short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, 3 heart rate and oxygen consumption. But because hard laughter is difficult to 4 , a good laugh is unlikely to have 5 benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.1. [A] among [B] except [C] despite [D] like2. [A] reflect [B] demand [C] indicate [D] produce3. [A] stabilizing [B] boosting [C] impairing [D] determining4. [A] transmit [B] sustain [C] evaluate [D] observe5. [A] measurable [B] manageable [C] affordable [D] renewable解析：第一题：完形填空第一句没有挖空是有原因的，一般要么是文章的主旨，要么与主旨有关的信息。
因此要仔细读。
本句中，Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health是说“亚里士多德认为笑也是有益于健康的一种锻炼”。
2011考研英语一真题及答案(完整版)
2011考研英语一真题及答案（完整版）
阅读答案：
1——5： cbdba
6——10：bdaac
11——15：dcbca
16——20：cdadb
英语一完形的标准答案：
1. [C]despite
2. [D]produce
3. [B]boosting
4. [B]sustain
16.[D]hold
17.[A]disappointed
18. [D]reacted
19.[A]suggesting
20. [C]Similarly
英语一新题型答案：
G-B-D-E-A-C-F
出处
Professionalising the professor
The difficulties of an American doctoral student
3、这似乎能为必要时的忽视找到合理的解释，同时也能合理解释剥削，上层人士的优越感和底层人们的自卑感。
4、环境似乎是为了选出强者，只要我们感觉受了委屈，那么我们就不可能有意识地努力逃离我们的旧处境。
5、好的一面在于我们处在这样的一个位置，在这里我们知道所有事情都取决于自己;以前我们面对的是一系列限制，而现在我们成了
5.[A]measurable
6. [B]In fact
7.[A]opposite
8. [D]relaxes
9. [C]moderate
10.[A]al
11. [B]According to
12. [C]in
13. [D]because
14. [C]precedes
15. [B]from
University education in AmericaFeb 25th 2010
2011年考研英语(一)真题参考答案完整版
2011年考研英语(一)真题参考答案完整版1-5，ACDBA 6-10 CADCB 11-15 BCACA 16-20 BCADB21-25 DBCAA 26-30 CCBDB 31-35 CCBDB 36-40 CBCCC41-45 BDCAE翻译：46、艾伦的贡献在于提供了我们能分担和揭示错误性质的假设--因为我们不是机器人，因此我们能够控制我们的理想。
47、我们可以单独通过意识维持控制的感觉，但实际上我们一直面临着一个问题，为什么我不能完成这件事情或那件事情。
48、这似乎可能为必要时的忽视正名，也能合理说明剥削，以及在顶层的人的优越感及处于后层人们的劣势感。
49、环境似乎是为了挑选出我们的强者，而且如果我们感觉受了委屈，那么我们就不可能有意识的做出努力逃离我们原来的处境。
50、正面在于我们处于这样的位置，知道所有事情都取决与我们自己，之前我们对着一系列的限制，而现在我们成了权威。
51. Directions: Write a letter to a friend of yours to 1) recommend one of your favorite movies and 2) give reasons for your recommendation. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use”Li Ming”instead. Do not write the address.(10points)小作文范文：Dear friends:Recently a lot of new movies, you concern? I recently saw a movie is especially suitable for you.Its name is "If You Are The One".First of all it has very powerful cast. Storyline is very tight.Characters' language is classic and thought-provoking. But, I most like it because it's morals. Dear friends, do you to love the understanding of what? Love is romantic, is costly, is simple, or plain? I think in this movie can be reflected. Perhaps now we still can't clear love, but love is already brimming with our lives, is a part of life.I want to watch the movie, we can understand a lot. Dear friends, do you also see this movie, remember to write and tell me how you feel. Miss you!52、Direction Write an essay of 160-200words based on the following drawing .In your essay ,you should 1) describe the drawing briefly 2) explain its intended measing and 3) give your comments You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20points)大作文范文：Our surroundings are being polluted fast and man's present efforts can not prevent it. Time is bringing us more people, and more people will bring us more industry, more cars, larger cities and the growing use of man-made materials.What can explain and solve this problem? The fact is that pollution is caused by man -- by his desire for a modern way of life. We make "increasing industrialization" our chief aim.So we are often ready to offer everything: clean air, pure water, good food, our health and the future of our children.There is a constant flow of people from the countryside into the cities, eager for the benefits of our modern society. But as our technological achievements have grown in the last twenty years, pollution has become a serious problem.Isn't it time we stopped to ask ourselves where we are going-- and why? It makes one think of the story about the airline pilot who told his passengers over the loudspeaker,"I've some good news and some bad news. The good news is that we're making rapid progress at 530 miles per hour. The bad news is that we're lost and don't know where we're going. " The sad fact is that this becomes a true story when speaking of our modern society.In my opinion, to protect environment, the government must take even more concrete measures. First, it should let people fully realize the importance of environmental protection through education. Second, much more efforts should be made to put the population planning policy into practice, because more people means more people means more pollution. Finally, those who destroy the environment intentionally should be severely punished. We should let them know that destroying environment means destroying mankind themselves海天范文Dear my friend,I’m writing to you to recommend one of my favorite movies 'Avatar'.The movie is directed by James Cameron, who is famous with product Titanic. The story is about immigration to planet Pandora, and what happened with local NA'VI. The film is such a wonder that I thought it is well worth watching in one's whole life. 'Avatar' is not just a film about the love story between a 'human' and a NA'VI princess, but also a educational file. From the movie we learned that we must live in harmony with the nature. Therefore I do not hesitate to recommend this movie to you. I am sure you will enjoy the movie.Yours sincerely,Li Ming海天范文What a terrible and shocking scene it is! As is vividly depicted in the drawing above, sitting on the boat and enjoying their sightseeing, a couple of youngsters are throwing rubbish into the sea, with many dead fishes floating on the surface. What is conveyed in the picture is both realistic and thought-provoking.The implied meaning of the given picture can be elaborated in terms of environmental protection and public manners. On the one hand, along with the development of the economy and society, people tend to attach great importance to personal and economic interests, ignoring ecological balance. As a consequence, environment has been polluted so seriously that environmental protection should be put on the agenda immediately. On the other hand, the inappropriate public manners such as littering and spitting are also one of the major factors causing environmental problems. If we let it go as it is, the nature will take revenge on human being sooner or later.To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must promote and popularize the sense of environmental protection. For one thing, laws and regulations should be issued to change the practice of sacrificing long-term environmental health forshort-term rapid economic development. For another, some educational campaign should be launched among the public, especially the young, to raise the awareness of public morality. Only in these ways can we achieve sustainable development and live in a harmonious society.。
2011考研英语(一)答案及解析
2011年考研英语一真题参考答案客观题Section I Use of EnglishCDBBABADCABCDCBDADACSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADBDBABDCACDCBAACCDDBPart B41.B 42.D 43.A 44.C 45.F翻译题：46、艾伦的贡献在于提供了我们能分担和揭示错误性质的假设--因为我们不是机器人，因此我们能够控制我们的理想。
47、我们可以单独通过意识维持控制的感觉，但实际上我们一直面临着一个问题，为什么我不能完成这件事情或那件事情。
48、这似乎可能为必要时的忽视正名，也能合理说明剥削，以及在顶层的人的优越感及处于后层人们的劣势感。
49、环境似乎是为了发挥我们的优势，而且如果我们感觉受了委屈，那么我们就不可能有意识的做出努力逃离我们原来的处境。
50、正面在于我们处于这样的位置，知道所有事情都取决与我们自己，之前我们是受到一系列限制的专家，现在我们成了权威作文51. Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1) recommend one of your favorite movies and2) give reasons for your recommendation.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use”Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address.(10points)小作文范文：Dear friends:I am writing, without hesitation, to share one of my favorite movies, If You Are The One, with you, which is not only conducive to your study, but also beneficial to your life。
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2011年考研英语(一)真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered b lank and mark[A],[B],[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points) Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as“a bodily exerci se precious to health.”But_____some claims to the contrary,laughing probably has little influence on physical filness Laughter does_____short-t erm changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels,____heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to__ __,a good laugh is unlikely to have_____benefits the way,say,walking or jogging does.____,instead of straining muscles to build them,as exercise does,la ughter apparently accomplishes the____,studies dating back to the1930’s indicate that laughter.muscles,Such bodily reaction might conceivably help____the effects of psycholo gical stress.Anyway,the act of laughing probably does produce other types of______feedback,that improve an individual’s emotional state.______on e classical theory of emotion,our feelings are partially rooted_______phy sical reactions.It was argued at the end of the19th century that humans do not cry______they are sad but they become sad when te tears begin to flow.Although sadness also_______tears,evidence suggests that emotions can flow_____muscular responses.In an experiment published in1988,s ocial psychologist Fritz.1．[A]among[B]except[C]despite[D]like2．[A]reflect[B]demand[C]indicate[D]produce3．[A]stabilizing[B]boosting[C]impairing[D]determining4．[A]transmit[B]sustain[C]evaluate[D]observe5．[A]measurable[B]manageable[C]affordable[D]renewable6．[A]In turn[B]In fact[C]In addition[D]In brief7．[A]opposite[B]impossible[C]average[D]expected8．[A]hardens[B]weakens[C]tightens[D]relaxes9．[A]aggravate[B]generate[C]moderate[D]enhance10．[A]physical[B]mental[C]subconscious[D]internal11．[A]Except for[B]According to[C]Due to[D]As for12．[A]with[B]on[C]in[D]at13．[A]unless[B]until[C]if[D]because14．[A]exhausts[B]follows[C]precedes[D]suppresses15．[A]into[B]from[C]towards[D]beyond16．[A]fetch[B]bite[C]pick[D]hold17．[A]disappointed[B]excited[C]joyful[D]indifferent18．[A]adapted[B]catered[C]turned[D]reacted19．[A]suggesting[B]requiring[C]mentioning[D]supposing20．[A]Eventually[B]Consequently[C]Similarly[D]ConverselySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text b y choosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (40points)Text1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its n ext music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever sinc e the sudden announcement of his appointment in2009.For the most par t,the response has been favorable,to say the least.“Hooray!At last!”wr ote Anthony Tommasini,a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise,ho wever,is that Gilbert is comparatively little known.Even Tommasini,who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times,calls him“an unpretenti ous musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.”As a des cription of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been l ed by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez,that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part,I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or e ven a good one.To be sure,he performs an impressive variety of interesti ng compositions,but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else,to hear interesting orchestral music.All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf,or boot up my computer and download still more re corded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for l ive performance are missing the point.For the time,attention,and money of the art-loving public,classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses,dance troupes,theater companies,and museums,but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the20th century.There recordings are cheap,available everywhere,and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances;moreo ver,they can be“consumed”at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a c risis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record.Gilbert’s own interest in ne w music has been widely noted:Alex Ross,a classical-music critic,has de scribed him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into“a markedly different,more vibrant organization.”But what will be the nature of that difference?Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough.If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed,they must first ch ange the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audi ence it hops to attract.21.We learn from Para.1that Gilbert’s appointment has[A]incurred criticism.[B]raised suspicion.[C]received acclaim.[D]aroused curiosity.22.Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23.The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of live performances.24.According to the text,which of the following is true of recordings?[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25.Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic,the author feels[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.Text2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in Augus t,his explanation was surprisingly straight up.Rather than cloaking his exi t in the usual vague excuses,he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.”Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,”McGee says.Within two weeks,he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group,whic h named him CEO and chairman on September29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to refle ct on what kind of company he wanted to run.It also sent a clear messag e to the outside world about his aspirations.And McGee isn’t alone.In rec ent weeks the No.2executives at Avon and American Express quit with th e explanation that they were looking for a CEO post.As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure,executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on.A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold,deputy chiefs may b e more willing to make the jump without a net.In the third quarter,CEO turnover was down23%from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with th e leaders they had,according to Liberum Research.As the economy picks up,opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is uncon ventional.For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poache d.Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can’t think of a single s earch I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CE Os first.”Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top position s quickly.Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age,saying sh e wanted to be a CEO.It was a year before she became head of a tiny In ternet-based commodities exchange.Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in20 05with ambitions to be a CEO.He finally took that post at a major financ ial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers.The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one.“The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are,bu t that’s been fundamentally inverted,”says one headhunter.“The people w ho’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”26.When McGee announced his departure,his manner can best be de scribed as being[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.27.According to Paragraph2,senior executives’quitting may be spurr ed by[A]their expectation of better financial status.[B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards.[D]their pursuit of new career goals.28.The word“poached”(Line3,Paragraph4)most probably means[A]approved of.[B]attended to.[C]hunted for.[D]guarded against.29.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C]top performers care more about reputations.[D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30.Which of the following is the best title for the text?[A]CEOs:Where to Go?[B]CEOs:All the Way Up?[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net[D]The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what y ou paid for.No longer.While traditional“paid”media–such as television commercials and print advertisements–still play a major role,companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media.Consumers passionate about a product may create“owned”media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site.The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional pai d media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their ow n products.For earned media,such marketers act as the initiator for user s’responses.But in some cases,one marketer’s owned media become ano ther marketer’s paid media–for instance,when an e-commerce retailer s ells ad space on its Web site.We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e -commerce engines within that environment.This trend,which we believe i s still in its infancy,effectively began with retailers and travel providers su ch as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further.Johnson&Johnson, for example,has created BabyCenter,a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products.Besides generatin g income,the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the app eal of other companies’marketing,and may help expand user traffic for al l companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketer s with more(and more diverse)communications choices have also increas ed the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible,and much more damaging ways.Such hijacked media are th e opposite of earned media:an asset or campaign becomes hostage to co nsumers,other stakeholders,or activists who make negative allegations ab out a brand or product.Members of social networks,for instance,are lear ning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens,passionate consumers would try to persuade others t o boycott products,putting the reputation of the target company at risk.I n such a case,the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or th oughtful,and the learning curve has been steep.Toyota Motor,for exampl e,alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year wit h a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create“earned”media when they are[A]obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B]inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C]eager to help their friends promote quality products.[D]enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32.According to Paragraph2,sold media feature[A]a safe business environment.[B]random competition.[C]strong user traffic.[D]flexibility in organization.33.The author indicates in Paragraph3that earned media[A]invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.[B]can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.[C]may be responsible for fiercer competition.[D]deserve all the negative comments about them.34.Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as an example of[A]responding effectively to hijacked media.[B]persuading customers into boycotting products.[C]cooperating with supportive consumers.[D]taking advantage of hijacked media.35.Which of the following is the text mainly about?[A]Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B]Conflict between hijacked and earned media.[C]Dominance of hijacked media.[D]Popularity of owned media.Text4It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful,provocative magazine cover story,“I love My Children,I Hate My Life,”is arousing much chatter –nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anyt hing less than a completely fulfilling,life-enriching experience.Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable,Senior s uggests we need to redefine happiness:instead of thinking of it as someth ing that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy,we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition.Even though the day-to-day experi ence of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard,Senior writes that“the ve ry things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of i ntense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week.Th ere are also stories about newly adoptive–and newly single–mom Sand ra Bullock,as well as the usual“Jennifer Aniston is pregnant”news.Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom,or mom-to-be,smili ng on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation,is it any wond er that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing?It doesn’t seem quite fair,then,to compare the re grets of parents to the regrets of the children.Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids,but unhappy childles s folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most i mportant thing in the world:obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course,the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic,especially when the paren ts are single mothers like Bullock.According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples,single parents are the l east happy of all.No shock there,considering how much work it is to rais e a kid without a partner to lean on;yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell i t,raising a kid on their“own”(read:with round-the-clock help)is a piece of cake.It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want child ren just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous:most adu lts understand that a baby is not a haircut.But it’s interesting to wonder i f the images we see every week of stress-free,happiness-enhancing paren thood aren’t in some small,subconscious way contributing to our own diss atisfactions with the actual experience,in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting“the Rachel”might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring[A]temporary delight[B]enjoyment in progress[C]happiness in retrospect[D]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph2that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph3that childless folks[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.[B]are largely ignored by the media.[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39.According to Paragraph4,the message conveyed by celebrity mag azines is[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections:The following paragraph are given in a wrong order.For Questions41-45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text b y choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes.Par agraphs E and G have been correctly placed.Mark your answers on ANS WER SHEET1.(10points)[A]No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthus iasm as the humanities.You can,Mr Menand points out,became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four.But the regular time it takes t o get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years.Not surprisingly,u p to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their d egrees.[B]His concern is mainly with the humanities:Literature,languages, philosophy and so on.These are disciplines that are going out of style:22 %of American college graduates now major in business compared with on ly2%in history and4%in English.However,many leading American univ ersities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses.But most find it difficul t to agree on what a“general education”should look like.At Harvard,Mr Menand notes,“the great books are read because they have been read”-th ey form a sort of social glue.[C]Equally unsurprisingly,only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school.There are simply too few posts.This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs.But fewer students want to study humanities subjects:English departments a warded more bachelor’s degrees in1970-71than they did20years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers.So,at the end of a decade of the ses-writing,many humanities students leave the profession to do somethin g for which they have not been trained.[D]One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is th at they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that libe ral-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate,tau ght in different schools.Many students experience both varieties.Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law,medicine or bus iness,future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts d egree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E]Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation,top A merican universities have professionalised the professor.The growth in pub lic money for academic research has speeded the process:federal research grants rose fourfold between1960and1990,but faculty teaching hours fe ll by half as research took its toll.Professionalism has turned the acquisiti on of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic caree r:as late as1969a third of American professors did not possess one.But the key idea behind professionalisation,argues Mr Menand,is that“the kn owledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible b ut not transferable.”So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the pr oduction of knowledge,but also over the production of the producers of k nowledge.[F]The key to reforming higher education,concludes Mr Menand,is to alter the way in which“the producers of knowledge are produced.”Otherw ise,academics will continue to think dangerously alike,increasingly detach ed from the societies which they study,investigate and criticize.”Academic inquiry,at least in some fields,may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.”Yet quite how that happens,Mr Menand dose not say.[G]The subtle and intelligent little book T he Marketplace of Ideas:Ref orm and Resistance in the American University should be read by every st udent thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree.They may then decid e to go elsewhere.For something curious has been happening in American Universities,and Louis Menand,a professor of English at Harvard Universi ty,captured it skillfully.G→41.→42.→E→43.→44.→45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined seg ments into Chinese.Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWE R SHEET2.(10points)With its theme that“Mind is the master weaver,”creating our inner c haracter and outer circumstances,the book As a Man Thinking by James A llen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.(46)Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal it s erroneous nature.Because most of us believe that mind is separate fro m matter,we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless;this allows us to think one way and act another.However,Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind,a nd(47)while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through th e conscious mind alone,in reality we are continually faced with a question:“Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that?”Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that d o not accord with desire,Allen concluded:“We do not attract what we w ant,but what we are.”Achievement happens because you as a person em body the external achievement;you don’t“get”success but become it.T here is no gap between mind and matter.Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that“Circumstances do not make a person,they reveal him.”(48)This seems a justification fo r neglect of those in need,and a rationalization of exploitation,of the sup eriority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.This,however,would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument.E ach set of circumstances,however bad,offers a unique opportunity for gro wth.If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed.In fat,(49)circumstances see m to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been“wronged”then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation.Nevertheless,as any biographer knows,a person’s ear ly life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.The sobering aspect of Allen’s book is that we have no one else to bla me for our present condition except ourselves.(50)The upside is the poss ibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us;where before wewere experts in the array of limitations,now we become authorities of w hat is possible.SectionⅢWritingPart A51.Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1)recommend one of your favorite movies and2)give reasons for your recommendationYour should write about100words on ANSWER SHEET2Do not sign your own name at the end of the er“LI MING”instead.Do not writer the address.(10points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of160---200words based on the following drawing.In your essay,you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain it’s intended meaning,and3)give your comments.Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20points)2011年考研英语(一)真题参考答案无恒恋花发表于2011-01-16182次阅读1-5，ACDBA6-10CADCB11-15BCACA16-20BCADB21-25DBCAA26-30CCBDB31-35CCBDB36-40CBCCC41-45BDCAE翻译：46、艾伦的贡献在于提供了我们能分担和揭示错误性质的假设--因为我们不是机器人，因此我们能够控制我们的理想。