考研英语一真题手译阅读2019-Text2

2023考研英一阅读text2

2023考研英一阅读text2根据题目要求，我们来分析和讨论2023年考研英语一阅读中的Text 2。

Text 2的题目是"The Growing Popularity of Electric Cars in China"（中国电动汽车的日益普及）。

从题目中我们可以看出，这篇文章将会介绍中国电动汽车的发展和普及情况。

在写作的过程中，我们可以从以下方面展开讨论：电动汽车的环保优势、政府支持政策、中国市场对电动汽车的需求和接受度、电动汽车产业的发展和挑战等。

首先，我们可以讨论电动汽车与传统汽车相比的环保优势。

电动汽车使用电能而非化石燃料，所以其排放的尾气和噪音相对较少，对环境污染的影响也较小。

这是电动汽车受到重视的重要原因之一。

中国政府一直致力于减少空气污染问题，所以在推广电动汽车方面也给予了很大的支持。

其次，我们可以探讨中国政府为了推广电动汽车所采取的一系列支持政策。

这些政策包括购车补贴、减免车辆购置税、免费停车等。

这些政策的出台使得人们对电动汽车的购买成本降低，从而增加了人们对电动汽车的购买动力。

此外，政府还推动建设充电桩设施，以满足电动汽车日益增长的充电需求。

然后，我们可以讨论中国市场对电动汽车的需求和接受度。

随着人们环保意识的提高，越来越多的人开始选择购买电动汽车。

根据数据显示，中国是全球最大的电动汽车市场。

而且，电动汽车在中国市场上的销量还在稳步增长。

这意味着人们对电动汽车的接受度正在逐渐增加。

最后，我们可以进一步讨论中国电动汽车产业的发展和挑战。

中国政府一直致力于培养和发展本土的电动汽车制造业，以降低对进口电动汽车的依赖。

目前，中国已经成为全球电动汽车制造的重要基地之一。

然而，电动汽车产业也面临着一些挑战，比如充电基础设施建设不足、续航里程问题等。

如何解决这些问题将是电动汽车产业未来发展的重要课题。

综上所述，中国电动汽车的普及程度在不断增加。

这是由于电动汽车具有环保优势、政府支持政策的积极作用、市场需求的增长以及电动汽车产业的发展等原因所致。

2019年考研英语一翻译真题及答案解析

2019年考研英语⼀翻译真题及答案解析在医学杂志上有很多⽆稽之谈，如果⼲播公司和⾮专业媒体报道这些⽆稽之谈，那么就会引起健康恐慌和短暂的饮⻝狂热。

⼩编为⼤家提供2019年考研英语⼀翻译真题及答案解析，⼀起看看吧！ 2019考研英语⼀翻译真题 It wasn’t until after my retirement that I had the time to read scientific papers in medical journals with anything like close attention. Until then, I had, like most doctors, read the authors’ conclusions and assumed that they bore some necessary relation to what had gone before. I had also naively assumed that the editors had done their job and checked the intellectual coherence and probity of the contents of their journals. It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realized just how bad — inaccurate, misleading, sloppy, illogical — much of the medical literature, even in the best journals, frequently was. My discovery pleased and reassured me in a way: for it showed me that, even in advancing age, I was still capable of being surprised. I came to recognize various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia.46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms. Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled ‘The Natural Selection of Bad Science’, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. According to the authors, the problem is not merely that people do bad science, as they have always done, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. They quote ananonymous researcher who said pithily: ‘Poor methods get results.’ What is important is not truth, let alone importance, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: 47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number. It is at least an objective measure. In addition to the pressure to publish, there is a preference in journals for positive rather than negative results. To prove that factor a has no effect whatever on outcome b may be important in the sense that it refutes a hypothesis, but it is not half so captivating as that factor a has some marginally positive statistical association with outcome b. It may be an elementary principle of statistics that association is not causation, but in practice everyone forgets it. The easiest way to generate positive associations is to do bad science, for example by trawling through a whole lot of data without a prior hypothesis. For example, if you took 100 dietary factors and tried to associate them with flat feet, you would find some of them that were associated with that condition, associations so strong that at first sight they would appear not to have arisen by chance. Once it has been shown that the consumption of, shall we say, red cabbage is associated with flat feet, one of two things can happen: someone will try to reproduce the result, or no one will, in which case it will enter scientific mythology. The penalties for having published results which are not reproducible, and prove before long to be misleading, usually do not cancel out the prestige of having published them in the first place: and therefore it is better, from the career point of view, to publish junk than to publish nothing at all. A long list of publications, all of them valueless, is always impressive. 48)Attempts have been made to (control this inflation命题⼈改编为curb this kind tendency),(for example by trying, when it comes to career advancement这部分被出题⼈删除), to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s published papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. 49) This would be reasonable enough if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favors. Boiling down an individual’s output to simple, objective metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. 50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions incentivize that kind of science. In other words, what we need is more emphasis on personal contact and even nepotism in the way careers are advanced: but tell it not in Gath, publish it not in the streets of Askelon; lest the daughters of the Philistines rejoice… 46. There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms. 2019考研英语⼀翻译答案解析【解析】 1. 本句主干为There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals(在医学杂志上有很多这样的⽆稽之谈) 2. which引导定语从句，修饰this kind of nonsense，which指代this kind of nonsense，在定语从句中做主语 (1) 则定语从句为“这些⽆稽之谈引起健康恐慌和短暂的饮⻝狂热” (2) when引导状语从句，可以理解为条件，从句省略this kind of nonsense is，则为“如果⼲播公司和⾮专业媒体报道这些⽆稽之谈” 【参考译⽂】在医学杂志上有很多这样的⽆稽之谈，如果⼲播公司和⾮专业媒体报道这些⽆稽之谈，那么就会引起健康恐慌和短暂的饮⻝狂热。

2019考研英语(一)真题阅读理解Text2深度解析

该篇选自《大西洋月刊》(The Atlantic Monthly)标题为The Rise of College ‘Grade Forgiveness’的文章，为教育类文章，主要讨论了大学里“Grade inflation”(分数膨胀)背后的原因。

26-30题中，细节题比重最大(26-28题)，词义题(29题)和主旨题(30)各占一个。

细节题的解题最关键就在于“穷尽”二字—穷尽题干中关键词，穷尽文中的定位句(路标句)，穷尽选项中与定位句的匹配。

这几个“穷尽”缺一不可。

做到这几个“穷尽”之后自然“任何答案为最值”，正确答案已然掌握。

具体来说，首先要做到题干关键词的穷尽，也就意味着题干中每个关键词都不能放过，即使是副词，如26题题干中的“commonly”。

尤其是当我们将该题题干其他的关键词“cause”,“grade inflation”及“is regarded as”放到原文中去匹配时，发现首段第一句和第二句都包含这些关键词，但是当我们再带着“commonly”这个词去定位时，发现只有第一句中的“often”可与之替换，所以定位句应锁定在首段第一句“...a product of consumer era...”，所以得出正确答案为D 选项The influence of consumer culture，而非包含第二句中某些关键词的A选项The change of course catalogs。

27题亦是如此，穷尽题干中每个关键词，尤其不能忽略形容词“original”，该词加上其他关键词将定位句锁定在第三段第二句，答案为该句中不定式短语所表达的内容“to give them a second chance...if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses”,穷尽其与选项的匹配，得出答案为A 选项To help freshmen adapt to college learning。

2019考研英语一阅读Text2真题及答案(英语学习).doc

2019考研英语一阅读Text2真题及答案（英语学习）2019考研英语一阅读Text2原文及答案Text 2"The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers," wrote Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaii’s last reigning monarch, in 1897. Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society. Sadly, all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today. Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope(TMT), a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanity’s view of the cosmos.At issue is the TMT’s planned location on Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano worshiped by some Hawaiians as the piko , that connects the Hawaiian Islands to the heavens. But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the world’s most powerful telescopes. Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Kea’s peak rises above the bulk of our planet’s dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new. A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environments have long viewed their presence as disrespect for sacred land and a painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation.Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers. In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes, they forgot that science is theonly way of understanding the world. They did not always prioritize the protection of Mauna Kea’s fragile ecosystems or its holiness to the island’s inhabitants. Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past; it is a living culture undergoing a renaissance today.Yet science has a cultural history, too, with roots going back to the dawn of civilization. The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaii’s shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens. Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where we come from and where we are going. Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies, as if answering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes.The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of Mauna Kea. The TMT site was chosen to minimize the telescope’s visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact. To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea, old ones will be removed at the end of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state. There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars.26. Queen Liliuokalani’s remark in Paragraph 1 indicates[A] its conservative view on the historical role of astronomy.[B] the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society.[C] the regrettable decline of astronomy in ancient times.[D] her appreciation of star watchers’feats in her time.【答案】[B] the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society.27. Mauna Kea is deemed as an ideal astronomical site due to[A] its geographical features[B] its protective surroundings.[C] its religious implications.[D] its existing infrastructure.【答案】[A] its geographical features28. The construction of the TMT is opposed by some locals partly because[A] it may risk ruining their intellectual life.[B] it reminds them of a humiliating history.[C] their culture will lose a chance of revival.[D] they fear losing control of Mauna Kea.【答案】[B] it reminds them of a humiliating history.29. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that progress in today’s astronomy[A] is fulfilling the dreams of ancient Hawaiians.[B] helps spread Hawaiian culture across the world.[C] may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture.[D] will eventually soften Hawaiians’hostility.【答案】[C] may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture.30. The author’s attitude toward choosing Mauna Kea as the TMT site is one of[A] severe criticism.[B] passive acceptance.[C] slight hesitancy.[D] full approval.【答案】[D] full approval.。

2019年考研英语阅读真题解析2(英语学习).doc

2019年考研英语阅读真题解析2（英语学习）考研英语真题对我们掌握考点至关重要，下面为大家整理了考研英语阅读真题解析，希望可以为大家带来帮助！Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families主语谓语宾语who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their定语从句同位语从句retirement money.译文：炼钢工人、航空公司员工，以及汽车行业的职工和数百万的家庭一样，都必须担心利率、股市的波动以及寿命比拿退休金的年份还要长的残酷现实。

分析：本句的主要难点是较长的主语和复杂的宾语修饰成分。

该句的主干是Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those…are joining millions of families…，其中主语由三个并列的名词或名词短语构成。

句子的宾语较为复杂，因为宾语中心词families后是由who引导的定语从句，对先行词families进行解释说明，定语从句中的宾语the harsh reality 之后是由that引导的同位语从句，具体说明了the harsh reality的内容。

【词汇解析】interest [’intərist](n.)兴趣,爱好;利益;利息(vt.)使发生兴趣(中考词汇)(2007年-阅读3、2013年-阅读1、2013年-阅读4)(inter-在里面,在其中，e-连字符，st-词根,站立→ 强调长时间“立”于其中、沉迷其中而不能自拔——源于对其“兴趣”浓厚——即“兴趣,爱好”，引申为“利益;利息”。

2019考研英语阅读真题答案及解析text2

2019考研英语（二）阅读真题答案及解析(text2)来源：文都教育2019考研英语(二)阅读真题Text2是应对气候变化的文章，文都教育的英语老师就2019考研英语(二)阅读第二篇给大家做了解析，为了方便核对，我们将选项内容也对应给出。

阅读理解Text2 答案26.[D] forests may become a potential threat27.[D] lower their present carbon-absorbing capacity28.[B] reduce the density of some of its forests29.[A] To handle the areas in serious danger first30.[C] supportive解析：31.根据题干By saying “one of the harder challenges,” the author implies that _______.定位到原文第一段第一句，但是我们发现第一段只提到了one of the harder challenges，而没有给出harder challenges指什么，也就是没有给出本题的答案，因此我们需要看第一句后面的句子。

第一句是中心句，后面的句子是对第一句进行阐述，根据后面的句子的阐述，我们可知尽管我们人类依靠森林来吸收大量的二氧化碳，但是我们造成的气候变化将会使我们的森林最终会释放的碳比吸收的碳还要多。

也就是D选项所说的森林可能会成为潜在的威胁。

因此答案为D选项。

32.根据题干To maintain forests as v aluable “carbon sinks,” we may need to _______.定位到原文第二段第二句Helping forests flourish as valuable “carbon sinks” long into the future may require reducing their capacity to absorb carbon now. 其中may require 后面的内容就是题干问的内容。

2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题及答案解析

2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题及答案解析供稿：万学海文教研中心英语教研室【答案及解析】Section I Use of English1、[答案]C。

Few [试题考点]词义辨析和上下文语境[解析]此题词义辨析和上下文语境。

首句为主题句：今天，我们生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上唾手可得的世界。

空格所在句指出：我们中_____在没有电话，个人GPS或其他导航工具的情况下直接走进树林。

本句有without与few构成双重否定表肯定，根据语义应该填入few（几乎没有人），符合文意。

2、[答案]C。

run [试题考点]词组搭配[解析]此题考查词组搭配。

run on battery表示手机用电池发动，运行。

其他选项：Put on （穿上；使运转）；take on （承担；呈现）；come on （快点；开始），语义不通顺。

故正确答案为[C] run。

3、[答案]B。

If [试题考点]逻辑关系[解析]此题考查逻辑关系。

空格所在句译文：____你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，____找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航____文明。

此处为假设的情况，故填入if （如果）符合上下文的表达。

其余选项：Since （因为；自从），though （虽然），until （直到）带入后，语义不通顺。

故正确答案为[B] If。

4、[答案]D。

literally [试题考点]词义辨析[解析]空格所在句译文：____你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，____找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航____文明。

此处literally表示确实地，真正地，带入原文语义通顺：你的确找不到北方。

其余选项：Formally （正式地），relatively（相对地），gradually（逐渐地）带入后，语义不通顺。

故正确答案为[D] literally。

5、[答案]A。

back [试题考点]词义辨析和上下文语境[解析]空格所在句译文：____你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，____找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航____文明。

2019考研英语一真题及参考答案

2019考研英语一真题及参考答案Introduction:The 2019 English exam paper for the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) contains a variety of questions that test the candidates' understanding and proficiency in the English language. This article will provide an overview of the exam, as well as a detailed analysis of the questions and suggested answers. Let's explore the exam together.Section 1: Reading ComprehensionIn this section, candidates are required to read several passages and answer questions based on the content. The passages cover a wide range of topics, including literature, history, science, and social issues. Here are the summaries of the passages:Passage 1: The Influence of Technology on EducationThis passage discusses the impact of technology on the educational system. It highlights the advantages and challenges of incorporating technology into classrooms, such as increasing access to educational resources while facing concerns about distractions and privacy issues.Passage 2: The Benefits of BilingualismThe second passage explores the benefits of being bilingual. It emphasizes the positive effects of bilingualism on cognitive ability, as well as the advantages it brings to individuals in the job market and intercultural communication.Passage 3: The Importance of SleepThis passage focuses on the significance of sleep. It examines the effects of sleep deprivation on individuals' physical and mental health, as well as the importance of establishing healthy sleep patterns and routines.Section 2: Sentence Equivalence and Text CompletionThis section tests candidates' vocabulary and grammar skills. It requires them to complete sentences with appropriate words or select words that are equivalent in meaning to a given word. Here are two examples:Sentence Equivalence:The widespread use of social media has both ______ and negative effects on society.Possible answers: positive, beneficial, detrimentalText Completion:The company's success can be attributed to its strong ____________ and innovative products.Possible answers: leadership, teamwork, marketing strategiesSection 3: Analytical WritingThe analytical writing section prompts candidates to write an essay expressing their opinion or analyzing a given argument. It requires clear and logical thinking, as well as effective writing skills. Here are the two topics:Essay 1: Discuss the pros and cons of online shopping.Suggested structure: introduction, advantages of online shopping, disadvantages of online shopping, conclusion.Essay 2: Analyze the argument that public transportation should be free for all citizens.Suggested structure: introduction, argument analysis, supporting examples, counterarguments, conclusion.Conclusion:In conclusion, the 2019 GRE English exam assesses candidates' comprehensive understanding of the language through reading comprehension, sentence equivalence, text completion, and analytical writing sections. By understanding the format and content of the exam, candidates can better prepare themselves and improve their chances of success. Good luck to all future GRE test-takers!。

2019年考研英语(一)真题及答案解析2--阅读理解

T ex t 1Text 1Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The m ain purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economi st. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a gaint of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism”In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shorters attention spans in financial markets. "There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Acl of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short -termism .” In its latest survey of CEO pay ,The Wall Street Journal finds thant “a substantial part ” of executive pay is now tied to performance .Much more c ould be done to encourage “long-termism，” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.Within companies,the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain's new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance,not just for the short term but for the long term.21. According to Paragraph 1,one motive in imposing the new rule is theA. enhance bankers’ sense of responsibilityB. help corporations achieve larger profitsC. build a new system of financial regulationD. guarantee the bonuses of top executives22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicateA. the conditions for generating quick profitsB. governments’ impatience in decision-makingC. the solid structure of publicly traded companiesD. “short-termism” in e conomic activities23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can beA. indirectB. adverseC. minimalD. temporary24. The US and France examples and used to illustrateA. the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”.B. the significance of long-term thingking.C. the approaches to promoting “long-termism”.D. the prevalence of short-term thinking.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A.Failure of Quarterly CapitalismB.Patience as a Corporate VirtueC.Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD.Frustration of Risk-taking BankersT1解析21. 答案【A】enhance bankers’sense of responsibility解析：本题目为细节题，考察具体细节。

2019考研英语一阅读Text2真题及答案(英语学习).doc

2019考研英语一阅读Text2真题及答案（英语学习）2019考研英语一阅读Text2原文及答案Text 2"The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers," wrote Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaii’s last reigning monarch, in 1897. Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society. Sadly, all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today. Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope(TMT), a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanity’s view of the cosmos.At issue is the TMT’s planned location on Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano worshiped by some Hawaiians as the piko , that connects the Hawaiian Islands to the heavens. But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the world’s most powerful telescopes. Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Kea’s peak rises above the bulk of our planet’s dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new. A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environments have long viewed their presence as disrespect for sacred land and a painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation.Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers. In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes, they forgot that science is theonly way of understanding the world. They did not always prioritize the protection of Mauna Kea’s fragile ecosystems or its holiness to the island’s inhabitants. Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past; it is a living culture undergoing a renaissance today.Yet science has a cultural history, too, with roots going back to the dawn of civilization. The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaii’s shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens. Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where we come from and where we are going. Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies, as if answering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes.The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of Mauna Kea. The TMT site was chosen to minimize the telescope’s visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact. To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea, old ones will be removed at the end of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state. There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars.26. Queen Liliuokalani’s remark in Paragraph 1 indicates[A] its conservative view on the historical role of astronomy.[B] the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society.[C] the regrettable decline of astronomy in ancient times.[D] her appreciation of star watchers’feats in her time.【答案】[B] the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society.27. Mauna Kea is deemed as an ideal astronomical site due to[A] its geographical features[B] its protective surroundings.[C] its religious implications.[D] its existing infrastructure.【答案】[A] its geographical features28. The construction of the TMT is opposed by some locals partly because[A] it may risk ruining their intellectual life.[B] it reminds them of a humiliating history.[C] their culture will lose a chance of revival.[D] they fear losing control of Mauna Kea.【答案】[B] it reminds them of a humiliating history.29. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that progress in today’s astronomy[A] is fulfilling the dreams of ancient Hawaiians.[B] helps spread Hawaiian culture across the world.[C] may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture.[D] will eventually soften Hawaiians’hostility.【答案】[C] may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture.30. The author’s attitude toward choosing Mauna Kea as the TMT site is one of[A] severe criticism.[B] passive acceptance.[C] slight hesitancy.[D] full approval.【答案】[D] full approval.。

2019年考研英语(二)阅读 text2

2019年考研英语(二)阅读 text21. 阅读理解在考研英语考试中占有重要地位，特别是英语二阅读部分更是备受关注。

text2是2019年考研英语(二)阅读部分的一篇文章，内容涉及我国工业革命、重工业和轻工业的发展等方面。

下面将对text2进行全面解读，为大家准备考研英语(二)提供帮助和指导。

2. text2提到了我国工业革命是在1949年之后开始的，并且表示我国已经成为世界上最大的工业化国家之一。

在考研英语中，历史背景的了解非常重要，这些背景知识有助于理解文章内容和作者观点，因此考生们需要对我国的工业化进程和工业革命有一定的了解。

3. text2提到了重工业和轻工业在我国工业化进程中的作用。

文章指出，重工业是工业化和国家经济增长的基础，而轻工业则是工业品的生产和消费的重要领域。

考生需要理解和区分这两者在工业化进程中的地位和作用，以便更好地理解文章内容和把握文章主旨。

4. text2还提到了我国工业革命在世界工业化历史中的独特地位。

文章指出我国实现了非常快速的工业化进程，这一点为考生提供了一个观点，需要考生对这个观点进行分析和思考，理解我国工业革命对世界工业化历史的影响和意义。

5. 在文章解读的过程中，考生还需要注意一些关键词和句子，比如"我国工业革命是在1949年之后开始的"、"我国已经成为世界上最大的工业化国家之一"、"重工业是工业化和国家经济增长的基础"等。

这些关键词和句子有助于考生理解文章的主题和观点，因此需要考生特别注意。

6. text2是2019年考研英语(二)阅读部分的重要文章，对于考生来说，掌握好这篇文章的内容和观点至关重要。

通过对文章的全面解读和理解，考生可以更好地备考考研英语(二)，达到较好的成绩。

希望广大考生能够认真对待text2，做好充分的准备。

2019年考研英语(二)阅读 text2文中，作者提到我国工业革命在1949年后开始，这一点对我国的工业化进程给予了高度评价。

2023考研英语阅读真题 Text 2(英语一)

2023 Text 2（英语⼀）Communities throughout the region have been attempting to regulate short-termrentals since sites like Airbnb took off in the 2010s.⾃2010 年代Airbnb 等⾃站兴起以来，该地区的社区⾃直试图监管短期租赁。

Now, with record-high home prices and historically low inventory, there's an increased urgency in such regulation, particularly among those who worry that developers willcome in and buy up swaths of housing to ﬂip for a fortune on the short-term rentalmarket.现在，随着房价屡创新⾃和历史性的低库存，这种监管的紧迫性越来越⾃，尤其是在那些担⾃开发商会进来购买⾃量住房，在短期租赁市场上⾃赚⾃笔的⾃中间。

In New Hampshire, where the rental vacancy rate has dropped below 1 percent,housing advocates fear unchecked short-term rentals will put further pressure on an already strained market.在新罕布什尔州，出租房空置率已经降⾃1% 以下，住房倡导者担⾃不受控制的短期租赁会给业已紧张的市场带来进⾃步的压⾃。

The state Legislature recently voted against a bill that would've made it illegal for towns to create legislation restricting short-term rentals.州议会最近投票反对⾃项法案，该法案将使城镇制定限制短期租⾃的⾃法成为⾃法⾃为。

2019年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析

2019年考研英语（一）真题及答案解析Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. （10 points）Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigationapps are available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can't find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land…When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If you've explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you maybe 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings. Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, andto find a way out. At16 the woods. Head toward these other paths people carve 15night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you're lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 weleave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. [A]Some [B]Most [C]Few [D]All【答案】C【解析】首句为主题句：今天，我们生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上唾手可得的世界。

2019考研英语(一)真题阅读理解Text2深度解析

该篇选自《大西洋月刊》(The Atlantic Monthly)标题为The Rise of College ‘Grade Forgiveness’的文章，为教育类文章，主要讨论了大学里“Grade inflation”(分数膨胀)背后的原因。

26-30题中，细节题比重最大(26-28题)，词义题(29题)和主旨题(30)各占一个。

细节题的解题最关键就在于“穷尽”二字—穷尽题干中关键词，穷尽文中的定位句(路标句)，穷尽选项中与定位句的匹配。

这几个“穷尽”缺一不可。

做到这几个“穷尽”之后自然“任何答案为最值”，正确答案已然掌握。

具体来说，首先要做到题干关键词的穷尽，也就意味着题干中每个关键词都不能放过，即使是副词，如26题题干中的“commonly”。

尤其是当我们将该题题干其他的关键词“cause”,“grade inflation”及“is regarded as”放到原文中去匹配时，发现首段第一句和第二句都包含这些关键词，但是当我们再带着“commonly”这个词去定位时，发现只有第一句中的“often”可与之替换，所以定位句应锁定在首段第一句“...a product of consumer era...”，所以得出正确答案为D 选项The influence of consumer culture，而非包含第二句中某些关键词的A选项The change of course catalogs。

27题亦是如此，穷尽题干中每个关键词，尤其不能忽略形容词“original”，该词加上其他关键词将定位句锁定在第三段第二句，答案为该句中不定式短语所表达的内容“to give them a second chance...if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses”,穷尽其与选项的匹配，得出答案为A 选项To help freshmen adapt to college learning。

2019年考研英语阅读手译

2019Text 1●Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing.The main p urpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution.Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long termdecision-making not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.●“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist. Andrew Haldane.He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.●The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades.Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty.This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism”●In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shorters attention spans in financial markets.“There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” sai d Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.●In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Acl of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short -termism .”In its latest survey of CEO pay ,The Wall Street Journal finds tha t “a substantial part ” of executive pay is now tied to performance .●Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism，” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions.In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders.Britain's new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is the[A]. enhance bankers’ sense of respons ibility[B]. help corporations achieve larger profits[C]. build a new system of financial regulation[D]. guarantee the bonuses of top executives22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate[A]. the conditions for generating quick profits[B]. governments’ impatience in decision-making[C]. the solid structure of publicly traded companies[D]. “short-termism” in economic activities23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be[A]. indirect [B]. adverse[C]. minimal [D]. temporary24. The US and France examples and used to illustrate[A]. the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”.[B]. the significance of long-term thinking.[C]. the approaches to promoting “long-ter mism”.[D]. the prevalence of short-term thinking.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]. Failure of Quarterly Capitalism[B]. Patience as a Corporate Virtue[C]. Decisiveness Required of Top Executives[D]. Frustration of Risk-taking BankersText 2●Grade inflation—the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past few decades—is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased.But another, related force—a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called “grade forgiveness”— is helping raise GPAs.●Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student’s overall GPA.●The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates.When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses.But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.●College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty.“Untimely,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University’s registrar, “we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”●That said, there is a way in which grad e forgiveness satisfies colleges’ own needs as well.For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention—so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money.And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students—who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill—feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.●Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’ expectations for higher education.Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible—or at least appear to be.On this, students’ and colleges’ incentives seem to be aligned.26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?[A]. The change of course catalogs.[B]. Students’ indifference to GPAS.[C]. Colleges’ neglect of GPAS.[D]. The influence of consumer culture.27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?[A]. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.[B]. To maintain colleges’ graduation rates.[C]. To prepare graduates for a challenging future.[D]. To increase universities' income from tuition.28. According to Paragraph 5, grade forgiveness enables colleges to[A]. obtain more financial support.[B]. boost their student enrollments.[C]. improve their teaching quality.[D]. meet local governments' needs.29. What does the phrase “to be aligned”(Line 5, Para. 6) most probably mean?[A]. To counterbalance each other.[B]. To complement each other.[C]. To be identical with each other.[D]. To be contradictory to each other.30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by[A]. assessing its feasibility.[B]. analyzing the causes behind it.[C]. comparing different views on it.[D]. listing its long-run effectsText 3●This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley.Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work ofspeculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.●Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions: “What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? What makes humans humans?”●What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists.Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond likehumans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “West world” and“Humans”.●Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist.“We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining wh at consciousness actually is and how you cou ld ever build a machine to get there.”●But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand.The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions.Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment.AI “vision” today is not nearly as sophisticat ed as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.●Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Si ngapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI.Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish theirown guidelines.Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.●On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy Al” that would cause “overall harm,” or to develop Al-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms.It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.●While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point.So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.●To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest v alues?Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.31. Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentio ned because it[A]. fascinates Al scientists all over the world.[B]. has remained popular for as long as 200 years.[C]. involves some concerns raised by Al today.[D]. has sparked serious ethical controversies32. In David Eagleman’s opinion, our curren t knowledge of consciousness[A]. helps explain artificial intelligence.[B]. can be misleading to robot making.[C]. inspires popular sci-fi TV series.[D].is too limited for us to reproduce it33.The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles[A]. can hardly ever be found.[B].is still beyond our capacity.[C]. causes little public concern.[D]. has aroused much curiosity.34. The author's attitude toward Google's pledges is one of[A]. affirmation [B]. skepticism.[C]. contempt [D]. respect.35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]. Al’s Future: In the Hands of Tech Giants[B]. Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of Al[C]. The Conscience of AI: Complex But Inevitable[D]. AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of ControlText 4●States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.●The Supreme Court’s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually.The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.●The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer’s purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn’t have to collect sales tax for the state.Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they wer en’t charged it, but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid.●Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed.“Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant re venue losses to the States,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices.Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited state’' ability to s eek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”●The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already.Now, riva ls will be charging sales tax where they hadn’t before.Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to., with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don’t have to.●Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state ora few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states.Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven’t been collecting sales tax nationwide.Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state’s sales tax from customers and send it to the state.●Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses.The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones.Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws.The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement, “Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well ser ved at all by this decision.”36. The Supreme Court decision Thursday will[A]. Dette business’ revolutions wit h states[B]. put most online business in a dilemma[C]. make more online shoppers pay sales tax[D]. force some states to cut sales tax37. It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decision[A] . have led to the dominance of e-commerce[B] . have cost consumers a lot over the years[C]. were widely criticized by online purchases[D]. were consider unfavorable by states38. According to Justice Anthony Kennedy , the physical presence rule has[A]. hindered economic development .[B]. brought prosperity to the country[C]. harmed fair market competition[D]. boosted growth in states’ revenue39. Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling[A]. Internet enterpreneurs [B]. Big-chair owners[C]. Third-party sellers [D]. Small retailers40. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the author[A]. gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequences[B]. describes the long and complicated process of its making[C]. presents its main points with conflicting views on them[D]. cities some saces related to it and analyzes their implications。

英语一阅读2019-1 Text 2

2019-1Text21-Grade inflation-the gradual increase in average GPAs(grade-point averages)over the past few decades-is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education,in which students are treated like customers to be pleased.But another,related force-a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called“grade forgiveness”-is helping raise GPAs.2-Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade,and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student’s overall GPA.3-The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years,as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school(and paying tuition)and improve their graduation rates.When this practice first started decades ago,it was usually limited to freshmen,to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses.But now most colleges save for many selective campuses,allow all undergraduates,and even graduate students,to get their low grades forgiven.4-College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty.“Untimely,”said Jack Miner,Ohio State University’s registrar,“we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”5-That said,there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges’own needs as well.For public institutions,state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention-so better grades can,by boosting figures like those,mean more money.And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students-who,at the end of the day,are paying the bill-feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars,which is another big concern for colleges.6-Indeed,grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’expectations for higher education.Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead a job,it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible-or at least appear to be.On this,students’and colleges’incentives seem to be aligned.26.What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A.The change of course catalogs.B.Students’indifference to GPAS.C.Colleges’neglect of GPAS.D.The influence of consumer culture.27.What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?A.To help freshmen adapt to college learning.B.To maintain colleges’graduation rates.C.To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D.To increase universities’income from tuition.28.According to Paragraph5,grade forgiveness enable colleges to_________.A.obtain more financial supportB.boost their student enrollmentsC.improve their teaching qualityD.meet local governments’needs29.What does the phrase“to be aligned”(Line5,Para.6)most probably mean?A.To counterbalance each other.B.To complement each other.C.To be identical with each other.D.To be contradictory to each other.30.The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by________.A.assessing its feasibilityB.analyzing the causes behind itparing different views on itD.listing its long-run effects。

2019英语一text2

2019英语一text2[2019英语一text2: "A Tale of Two Books"]Introduction:In the fast-paced digital era, where everything is at our fingertips, the significance of books often gets overlooked. However, books remain an integral part of human civilization, acting as an invaluable source of knowledge and a gateway to new worlds. This article delves into the theme of books, exploring their impact on people's lives, and comparing the experiences of reading physical books versus digital books.I. The Allure of Physical Books:1. The Joy of Holding a Book:The experience of holding a physical book cannot be replicated by its digital counterpart. Feeling the weight of the book in one's hands adds a sensory dimension, making the reading experience more immersive.2. The Aesthetic Appeal:Physical books have a visual charm that attracts book lovers. From the beautifully designed book covers to the texture of thepages, physical books add an aesthetic pleasure that is absent in e-books.3. A Respite from the Digital World:Reading physical books can provide a much-needed break from the constant screen time that has become the norm in today's society. The absence of digital distractions enhances concentration and focus while allowing readers to disconnect from the virtual world.II. The Convenience of E-Books:1. Access to a Vast Library:E-books provide readers with access to a vast collection of books at their fingertips. Without the limitations of physical space, e-books offer a convenient way to carry thousands of books in a single device.2. Adjustable Settings:Digital books allow readers to adjust the font size, background color, and brightness as per their preference. These customizable features make reading more comfortable, especially for individuals with visual impairments.3. Instantaneous Delivery:E-books can be downloaded instantly, eliminating the need to wait for shipping or visit a physical bookstore. With just a few taps, readers can enjoy their chosen book, making e-books an ideal option for those seeking instant gratification.III. Reading Habits and Preferences:1. Nostalgia and Sentimentality:Many readers have an emotional attachment to physical books, cherishing the memories associated with each one. The act of flipping through physical pages and experiencing the smell of ink and paper creates a sentimental bond that cannot be replicated by e-books.2. Portability and Space Saving:E-books are lightweight and can be stored in a single device, making them ideal for frequent travelers or individuals with limited storage space. E-books provide convenience without compromising on the number of books one can access.3. Reader Engagement and Interaction:While physical books offer a tangible connection to the author's words, e-books allow for increased reader engagement. With features like digital highlights, annotations, and the ability to share quotes on social media, e-books enable readers to actively interact with the content and connect with other readers virtually.Conclusion:In the battle between physical books and e-books, both sides have their merits. Physical books provide a sensory and aesthetic pleasure, offering a respite from the digital world. On the other hand, e-books offer a vast library at the click of a button, along with adjustable settings and instantaneous access. Ultimately, the choice between the two depends on one's reading habits, preferences, and the value they place on the sentimental aspects of physical books. Regardless of the format, books remain an invaluable source of knowledge, imagination, and emotional connection, continuing to shape and inspire humanity in profound ways.。

2019年阅读手译

2019 年考研英语二Part AText 1●Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child's growing grasp of social and moral norms.Children aren’t born knowing how to say “I’m sorry”; rather, they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends -- and their own consciences.This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing.●In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It is deeply uncomfortable -- it’s the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones.Yet this understanding is outdated. “There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can s erve,” says Amrisha Vaish, a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia, adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren't binary --feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another.Jealousy and anger, for example, may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities. Too much happiness can be destructive.●And guilt, by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness, can encourage humans to make up for errors and fix relationships.Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together. It is a kind of social glue.●Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti, a psychology professor at the University of Toronto, suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency.In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing Some Kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their nastier impulses.And vice versa: High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.●In a 2014 study, for example, Malti looked at 244 children Using caregiver assessments and the children’s self-observations, she rated each c hild’s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions.Then the kids were handed chocolate coins, and given a chance to shared them with an anonymous child.For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty.The guilt-prone ones shared more, even though they hadn’t magically become more sympathetic to the other child’s deprivation.“ That’s good news,” Malti says. “ We can be prosocial becaus e we caused harm and we feel regret,”21.Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help_______.[A] regulate a child’s basic emotions[B] improve a child’s intellectual ability[C] foster a child’s moral development[D] intensify a c hild’s positive feelings22.According to Paragraph 2, many people still consider guilt to be________.[A] deceptive [B] burdensome[C] addictive [D] inexcusable23.Vaish holds that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that________.[A] emotions are context-independent[B] emotions are socially constructive[C] emotional stability can benefit health[D] an emotion can play opposing roles24.Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing_______.[A] may help correct emotional deficiencies[B] can result form either sympathy or guilt[C] can bring about emotional satisfaction[D] may be the outcome of impulsive acts25.The word “transgressions”(Line 4, Para. 5) is closest in meaning to_______.[A] teachings [B] discussions[C] restrictions [D] wrongdoingsText 2●Forests give us shade, quiet and one of the harder challenges in the fight against climate change.Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a good share of the carbon dioxide we produce, we are threatening their ability to do so.The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.●Thankfully, there is a way out of this trap-but it involves striking a subtle balance. Helping forests flourish as valuable “carbon sinks” long into the future may require reducing their capacity to sequester carbon now.California is leading the way, as it does on so many climate efforts, in figuring out the details.●The state’s proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest, including by controlled burning.This temporarily lowers carbon-carrying capacity.But the remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture, so they grow and thrive, restoring the forest’s capacity to pull carbon from the air.Healthy trees are also better able to fend off insects. The landscape is rendered less easily burnable.Even in the event of a fire, fewer trees are consumed.●The need for such planning is increasingly urgent.Already, since 2010, drought and insects have killed over 100 million trees in California, most of them in 2016 alone, and wildfires have burned hundreds of thous ands of acres.●California’s plans treat 35,000 acres of forest a year by 2020, and 60,000 by 2030-financed from the proceeds of the state’s emissions-permit auctions.That’s only a small share of the total acreage that could benefit, about half a millionacres in all, so it will be vital to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought.●The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removed from the forests is locked away in the form of solid lumber or burned as biofuel in vehicles that would otherwise run on fossil fuels.New research on transportation biofuels is already under way.●State governments are well accustomed to managing forests, but traditionally they’ve focused on wildlife, watersheds and opportunities for recreation.Only recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon.Califormia’s plan, which is expected to be finalized by the governor next year, should serve as a model.26.By saying “one of the harder challenges,” the author implies that________.[A] global climate change may get out of control[B] people may misunderstand global warming[C] extreme weather conditions may arise[D] forests may become a potential threat27.To maintain forests as valuable “carbon sinks,”we may need to_______.[A] preserve the diversity of species in them[B] accelerate the growth of young trees[C] strike a balance among different plants[D] lower their present carbon-absorbing capacity28.California’s Forest Carbon Plan en deavors to________ .[A] cultivate more drought-resistant trees[B] reduce the density of some of its forests[C] find more effective ways to kill insects[D] restore its forests quickly after wildfires29.What is essential to California’s plan according t o Paragraph 5?[A] To handle the areas in serious danger first.[B] To carry it out before the year of 2020.[C] To perfect the emissions-permit auctions.[D] To obtain enough financial support.30.The author’s attitude to California’s plan can best be des cribed as________.[A] ambiguous [B] tolerant[C] supportive [D] cautiousText 3●American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years now.Given a multi- year decline in illegal immigration, and a similarly sustained pickup in the U.S. job market, the complaints are unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.●Efforts to crate a more straightforward agricultural-workers visa that would enable foreign workers to stay longer in the U.S. and change jobs within the industry have so far failed in Congress.If this doesn’t change.America munities and consumers will be the losers.●Perhaps half of U.S. farm laborers are undocumented immigrants.As fewer such workers enter the U.S., the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are changing.Today’s farm laborers, while still predominantly born in Mexico, are more likely to besettled, rather than migrating, and more likely to be married than sing le.They are also aging. At the start of this century, about one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35. Now, more than half are.And crop picking is hard on older bodies.One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as it has been all along: Native U.S. workers won’t be returning to the farm.●Mechanization is not the answer either—not yet at least.Production of com,cotton, rice, soybeans and wheat has been largely mechanized, but many high-value, labor-intensive crops, such as strawberries, need labor.Even dairy farms,where robots do a small share of milking, have a long way to go before they are automated.●As a result, farms have grown increasingly reliant on temporary guest workers using theH-2A visa to fill the gaps in the agricultural workforce.Starting around 2012, requests for the visas rose sharply; from 2011 to 2016 the number of visas issued more than doubled.●The H-2A visa has no numerical cap, unlike the H-2B visa for nonagricultural work, which is limited to 66,000 annually.Even so,employers frequently complain they aren’t allotted all the workers they need.The process is cumbersome,expensive,and unreliable.One survey found that bureaucratic delays led H-2A worker to arrive on the job an average of 22 days late.And the shortage is compounded by federal immigration raids, which remove some workers and drive others underground.●In a 2012 survey, 71 percent of tree-fruit growers and nearly 80 percent of raisin and berry growers said they were short of labor.Some western growers have responded by moving operations to Mexico.From 1998-2000, 14.5 percent of the fruit Americans consumed was imported.Little more than a decade later, the share of imported fruit had increased to 25.8 percent.●In effect, the U.S. can import food or it can import the workers who pick it.31. What problem should be addressed according to the first two paragraphs?[A] Discrimination against foreign workers in the U.S.[B] Biased laws in favor of some American businesses.[C] Flaws in U.S. immigration rules for farm workers.[D] Decline of job opportunities in U.S. agriculture.32.One trouble with U.S. agricultural workforce is________.[A] the rising number of illegal immigrants[B] the high mobility of crop workers[C] the lack of experienced laborers[D] the aging of immigrant farm workers33.What is the much-argued solution to the labor shortage in U.S. farming?[A] To attract younger laborers to farm work.[B] To get native U.S. workers back to farming.[C] To use more robots to grow high-value crops.[D] To strengthen financial support for farmers.34.Agricultural employers complain about the H-2A visa for its________.[A] slow granting procedures[B] limit on duration of stay[C] tightened requirements[D] control of annual admissions35.Which of the following could be the best title for this text?[A] U.S. Agriculture in Decline?[B] Import Food or Labor?[C] America Saved by Mexico?[D] Manpower vs. Automation?Text 4●Arnold Schwarzenegger, Dia Mirz a and Adrian Grenier have a message for you: It’s easy to beat plastic.They’re part of a bunch of celebrities staring in a new video for World Environment Day—encouraging you, the consumer, to swap out your single-use plastic staples like straws and cutlery to combat the plastic crisis.●The key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do include a call for governments to enact legislation to curb single-us plastics.But the overarching message is directed at individuals.●My concern with leaving it up to the individual, however, is our limited sense of what needs to be achieved.On their own, taking our own bags to the grocery store or quitting plastic straws, for example, will accomplish little and require very little of us.They could even be detrimental, satisfying a need to have “done our bit” without ever progressing onto bigger, bolder, more effective actions —a kind of “moral licensing” that allays our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge.●While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility toward it remains centered on shopping bags and straws, we’re ignoring the balance of power thatimplies that as “consumers” we must shop sustainably, rather than as “citizens” hold our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change.●It’s important to acknowledge that the environment isn’t everyone’s priority - or even most people’s.We shouldn’t expect it to be. In her latest book, Why Good People Do Bad Environmental Things, Wellesley College professor Elizabeth R. DeSombre argues thatthe best way to collectively change the behavior of large numbers of people is forthe change to be structural.●This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax that adds a cost to environmentally problematic action, or banning single-use plastics altogether.India has just announced it will “eliminate all single-use plastic in the country by 2022.”There are also incentive-based ways of making better environmental choices easier, such as ensuring recycling is at least as easy as trash disposal.●DeSombre isn’t saying people should stop caring about the environment.It’s just that individual actions are too slow, she says, for that to be the only, or even primary, approach to changing widespread behavior.●None of this is about writing off the individual.It’s just about putting things into perspective.We don’t have time to wait. We need progressive policies that shape collective action (and rein in polluting businesses), alongside engaged citizens pushing for change.36. Some celebrities star in a new video to.[A] demand new laws on the use of plastics[B] urge consumers to cut the use of plastics[C] invite public opinion on the plastics crisis[D] disc lose the causes of the plastics crisis37. The author is concerned that “moral licensing” may[A] mislead us into doing worthless things[B] prevent us from making further efforts[C] weaken our sense of accomplishment[D] suppress our desire for success38. By pointing out our identity as “citizens,”,the author indicates that[A] our focus should be shifted shifted to community welfare[B] our relationship with local industries is improving[C] We have been actively exercising our civil rights[D] We should press our government to lead the combat39. DeSombre argues that the best way for a collective change should be.[A] a win-win arrangement[B] a self-driven mechanism[C] a cost-effective approach[D] a top down process40. The author concludes that individual efforts[A] can be too aggressive[B] can be too inconsistent[C] are far from sufficient[D] are far from rationalPart BIn choosing a new home, Camille McClain’s kids have a single demand: a backyard.McClain’s little ones aren’t the only kids who have an option when it comes to housing, and in many cases youngsters’ views weigh heavily on parents’ real estate decisions, according to a 2018 Harris Poll survey of more than 2000 US adults.While more families buck an older-generation proclivity to leave kids in the dark about real estate decisions, reality agents and psychologists have mixed views about the financial, personal and long-term effects kids’ opinions may have.The idea of involving children in a big decision is a great idea because it can help them feel a sense of control and ownership in what can be an overwhelming process, and Ryan Hooper, a clinical psychologist in Chicago.“Children may face serious difficulties in coping with significant moves, especial ly if it removes them from their current school or support system,” he said.Greg Jaroszewski, a real estate brokers with Gagliardo Realty Associates, said he’s not convinced that kids should be involved in selecting a home --- but their options should be considered to regards to proximity to friends and social activities, if possible.Younger children should feel like they’re choosing their home --- without actually getting a choice in the matter, said Adam Bailey, a real estate attorney based in New York.Asking them questions about what they like about the backyard of a potential home will make them feel like they’re being included in the decision-making process, Bailey said.Many of the aspects of home buying aren’t a consideration for children, said Tracey Hampson, a real estate agent based in Santa Clarita, Calif.And placing too much emphasis on their opinions can ruin a fantastic home purchase.“Speaking with your children before you make a real estate decision is wise, but Iwouldn’t base the purchasing decision solely on their opinions.” Hampson said.The other issue is that many children - especially older ones - may base their real estate knowledge on HGTV shows, said Aaron Norris of The Norris Group in Riverside , Calif .“They love Chip and Joanna Gaines just as much as the rest of us,” he said.“HGTV has seriously changed how people view real estate. It’s not shelter , it’s a lifestyle. With that mindset change come some serious money consequences.”Kids tend to get stuck in the features and the immediate benefits to them personally, Norris said.Parents need to remind their children that their needs and desires may change over time, said Julie Gurner, a real estate analyst with .“Their opinions can change tomorrow,” Gurner said.“Harsh as it may be to say, that decision should likely not be made contingent on a child’s opinions, but rather made for them with great consideration into what home can meet their needs best - and give them an opportunity to customize it a bit and make it their own.”This advice is more relevant now than ever before, even as more parents want to embrace the ideas of their children, despite the current housing crunch.TranslationIt is easy to underestimate English writer James Heriot. He had such a pleasant, readable style that one might think that anyone could imitate it.How many times have I heard people say, “I could write a book, I just haven’t the time”Easily said.Not so easily done. James Herriot, contrary to popular opinion, did not find it easy in his early days of, as he put it, “having a go at the writing game”.While he obviously had an abundance of natural talent, the final, polished work that he gave to the world was the result of years of practicing, re-writing and reading.Like the majority of authors, he had to suffer many disappointments and rejections along the way, but these made him all the more determined to succeed.Everything he achieved in life was earned the hard way and his succ ess in the literacy field was no exception.。