考研英语401
考研英语一真题手译阅读2001-Text4
2- There’s no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982. Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly.
3- I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customer’s demands.
On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast.
分享考研资料，助力考研成功！官方认证店铺：考研资料In cars, too, concentration is increasing - witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan - but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt.
401分的考研经验总结
2、不要恐慌，可能许多同学都会遇到像我这种情况，我在刚开始复习政治的时候，就听说有同学背过两遍书了。其实自己完全没必要着急，政治背早了没有用处。
3、在12月份冲刺的时候，多上一些论坛，像考研论坛、沪江论坛上都有挺不错的冲刺资料，不要都背，找几份资料，对比一下，看看有没有大家都在重复的东西，这些东西背一下，其他的就看个眼熟就行。
2、真题要弄透，这里说的真题不是说你考数二就看数二的题，我当时把数学1、2、3、4全部做了，务必要做到每题都会，全部弄懂，这个非常重要。
3、及时总结。把做过的题目，尤其是经常做错或不会的题目专门总结起来，这东西特别是到最后非常有用。
数学就说这么多，如果有什么问题可以和我联系，联系方式下面会讲到。
接下来说说新题型和翻译，翻译方面，把1994-2008年的真题的所有划线的句子全部翻译一遍，把这些句子的单词、词组全部弄懂，对着英文句子能够直接说汉语意思，建议听听新东方的唐静的翻译flash，说的非常好。
新题型，其实要善于掌握方法。新题型我是参照着新东方张销民的那本书复习的，效果很好，今年的考试中我的新题型全对了，拿了满分（我申明一下，我不是给新东方做广告啊，不过他们中的有些老师确实不错，我听的新东方一分钱没花，都是在网上免费下的，不过是往年，其实也够用的，英语每年都差不多的）
然后是完型，有基础的同学可以练习一下，反正我是没有练过，在考场上临时猜的，至于怎么猜，我相信你们的辅导班老师都教过，呵呵
最后，我讲讲单词，其实单词我原来背过俞敏洪的那本红书，但是觉得太厚，到后来就全部忘记了。最后我采取的方式是把真题中出现的生词全部给选出来，记到一本本子上，没事的时候就翻翻看，特别是晚上看一遍，不要太长，几分钟的时间看一页，第二天早上回头复习一下，记住要坚持下来，单词就没什么问题。
401的过程终结详细版
401的过程终结详细版我今年的成绩是：英语72，政治84，数学一122，信号与系统123,总分401。
我是华南农业大学2004年毕业生。
我应届时糊里糊涂地考了一次西安交大，306分，所以我自认为不是个聪明的人（否则那次就上了），但我是个比较能坚持的人，可能就是靠这个考上的。
作为一名正品的考研人,我很希望我的弯路弟兄妹姐们就不要再走了，这也是我考研时希望从别人那里得到的.一、数学:我第一次数学考了88分，我那时数学并不差，但就是做套题太少了。
我认为,课本最重要,不管你时间多么紧,课本不能少。
以前有一位考研人说了一句话:如果你课本知识不理解,那你不太可能过100分,如果你对课本的知识不但理解而且会用,那你不太可能不过120.说得好!我一直以这句话为路线方针政策。
我八月底辞职回来后就花了一个半月把课本详细地看了一次.我的做法是,自己已经熟悉的章节就只要看明白就可以了,难一点的章节就先把内容看一次后再以自己的语言写在一本笔记上,这样做一来可以加深理解,二来可以在下次看时能快速地理解,这一招很有效,比如说,对于曲面积分,这个知识点几乎每次都考,不理解的以为很难,但真正理解后是比较简单的.在看课本的过程中,可以以陈文灯和李永乐的书的为辅.换句话说,就是理解课本的内容后,把它应用到做题中,但我认为没必要每一个知识点都花大量的时间,比如说极限等,因为这些在后面的整份题中会经常做的,这样做的另一个原因是加快复习速度,这样就可以很快地把知识点过一次,过一次后就可以开始做整题了.做整份题时更能突出重点.到十月份时就要大批量地做套题了,我做了差不多40份题（每一套都两次以上）:李永乐400题,陈哥的最后8套，西安交大的龚冬宝的八份，还有几个最后五份。
我是不喜欢做往年真题的，那东西基本上没用（英语真是例外）。
刚开始时每周做一份，到十月中下旬开始就是每三天做一份。
我做什么题都不会把答案写上去的，我每份题都做了三遍。
做题最大的好处是增强自信心，我考数学前心态很稳，我那时想，我做了那么多的题，什么都见过了，我就不信真题能变到哪里去。
2004年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
2004年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories 1 on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior 2 they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through3 with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in4 to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status,5 as a rejection of middle-class values.Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, _ 6 the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes 7 lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are 8 to criticism.Changes in the social structure may indirectly 9 juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that 10 to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment 11 make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in 12 lead more youths into criminal behavior.Families have also 13 changes these years. More families consist of one-parent households or two working parents; 14 ，children are likely to have less supervision at home 15 was common in the traditional family 16 . This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other __17_ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased __ 18 _ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing 19 of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, 20 a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.1. [A] acting [B] relying [C] centering [D] commenting2. [A] before [B] unless [C] until [D] because3. [A] interaction [B] assimilation [C] cooperation [D] consultation4. [A] return [B] reply [C] reference [D] response5. [A] or [B] but rather [C] but [D] or else6. [A] considering [B] ignoring [C] highlighting [D] discarding7. [A] on [B] in [C] for [D] with8. [A] immune [B] resistant [C] sensitive [D] subject9. [A] affect [B] reduce [C] chock [D] reflect10. [A] point [B] lead [C] come [D] amount11. [A] in general [B] on average [C] by contrast [D] at length12. [A] case [B] short [C] turn [D] essence13. [A] survived [B] noticed [C] undertaken [D] experienced14.[A] contrarily [B] consequently [C] similarly [D] simultaneously15. [A] than [B] that [C] which [D] as16. [A] system [B] structure [C] concept [D] heritage17. [A] assessable [B] identifiable [C] negligible [D] incredible18. [A] expense [B] restriction [C] allocation [D] availability19. [A] incidence [B] awareness [C] exposure [D] popularity20. [A] provided [B] since [C] although [D] supposingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site’s “personal search agent”. It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose the keywords legal, intellectual property and Washington, D.C. Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening. “I struck gold,”says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company.With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openings can he time-consuming and inefficient. Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases. But although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks. Narrowing your criteria, for example, may work against you: “Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility,”says one expert.For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept—what you think you want to do —then broaden it. “None of these programs do that,”says another expert. “There’s no career counseling implicit in all of this.”Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again. “I would not rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might interest me,”says the author of a job-searching guide.Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. When CareerSite’s agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs—those it considers the best matches. There may be more matches in the database; job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them—and they do. “On the day after we send our messages, we see a sharp increase in our traffic,”says Seth Peets, vice president of marketingfor CareerSite.Even those who aren’t hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile. Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise. Although happily employed, Redmon maintains his agent at CareerBuilder. “You always keep your eyes open,”he says. Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you.21. How did Redmon find his job?[A] By searching openings in a job database.[B] By posting a matching position in a database.[C] By using a special service of a database.[D] By E-mailing his resume to a database.22. Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents?[A] Lack of counseling. [B] Limited number of visits.[C] Lower efficiency. [D] Fewer successful matches.23. The expression “tip service”(Line 4, Paragraph 3) most probably means .[A] advisory. [B] compensation.[C] interaction. [D] reminder.24. Why does CareerSite’s agent offer each job hunter only three job options?[A] To focus on better job matches.[B] To attract more returning visits.[C] To reserve space for more messages.[D] To increase the rate of success.25. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters.[B] Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands.[C] Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employed.[D] Some agents stop sending information to people once they are employed.Text 2Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoë Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K.Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush’s predecessors (including his father) had surnames in thefirst half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chrétien and Koizumi). The world’s three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world's five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht).Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.26. What does the author intend to illustrate with AAAA cars and Zodiac cars?[A] A kind of overlooked inequality.[B] A type of conspicuous bias.[C] A type of personal prejudice.[D] A kind of brand discrimination.27. What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?[A] In both East and West, names are essential to success.[B] The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zoë Zysman.[C] Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies’names.[D] Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize.28. The 4th paragraph suggests that .[A] questions are often put to the more intelligent students[B] alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape from class[C] teachers should pay attention to all of their students[D] students should be seated according to their eyesight29. What does the author mean by “most people are literally having a ZZZ”(Lines 2-3, Paragraph 5)?[A] They are getting impatient.[B] They are noisily dozing off.[C] They are feeling humiliated.[D] They are busy with word puzzles.30. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated.[B] VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism.[C] The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go.[D] Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias.Text 3When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn't biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn't cutting, filing or polishing as many nails as she'd like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I'm a good economic indicator,”she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when they're concerned about saving some dollars.”So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard's department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I don't know if other clients are going to abandon me, too,”she says.Even before Alan Greenspan's admission that America's red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year's pace. But don't sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy's long-term prospects even as they do some modest belt-tightening.Consumers say they're not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, “there's a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,”says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. “Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three," says John Tealdi, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job.Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn't mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan's hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant used to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worth toasting.31. By “Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet”(Line 1, Paragraph 1), the author means_____.[A] Spero can hardly maintain her business.[B] Spero is too much engaged in her work.[C] Spero has grown out of her bad habit.[D] Spero is not in a desperate situation.32. How do the public feel about the current economic situation?[A] Optimistic. [B] Confused. [C] Carefree. [D] Panicked.33. When mentioning “the $4 million to $10 million range”(Lines 3, Paragraph 3), the author is talking about _______[A] gold market.[B] real estate.[C] stock exchange.[D] venture investment.34. Why can many people see “silver linings”to the economic slowdown?[A] They would benefit in certain ways.[B] The stock market shows signs of recovery.[C] Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom.[D] The purchasing power would be enhanced.35. To which of the following is the author likely to agree?[A] A new boom, on the horizon.[B] Tighten the belt, the single remedy.[C] Caution all right, panic not.[D] The more ventures, the more chances.Text 4Americans today don't place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education—not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren't difficult to find.“Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,”says education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.”Ravitch's latest book. Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.”“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,”writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-intellectualism in American Life, a Pulitzer-Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools andcollege recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.”Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized—going to school and learning to read—so he can preserve his innate goodness.Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes, and imagines.School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country's educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.”36. What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?[A] The habit of thinking independently.[B] Profound knowledge of the world.[C] Practical abilities for future career.[D] The confidence in intellectual pursuits.37. We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of________.[A] undervaluing intellect.[B] favoring intellectualism.[C] supporting school reform.[D] suppressing native intelligence.38. The views of Raviteh and Emerson on schooling are ______.[A] identical. [B] similar. [C] complementary. [D] opposite.39. Emerson, according to the text, is probably _________.[A] a pioneer of education reform.[B] an opponent of intellectualism.[C] a scholar in favor of intellect.[D] an advocate of regular schooling.40. What does the author think of intellect?[A] It is second to intelligence.[B] It evolves from common sense.[C] It is to be pursued.[D] It underlies powerPart BDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries. (41) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought,which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas and Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century. (42) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from “exotic”language, were not always so grateful. (43) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.Sapir’s pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American Indian languages. (44) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another. (45) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages, Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.Section III Writing46. Directions：Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should1. describe the drawing，2. interpret its meaning, and3. support your view with examples.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2 (20 points)图片第一部分英语知识运用试题解析一、文章总体分析文章主要探讨青少年犯罪的原因。
1980-2010年英语考研真题
2011考研英语使用说明（必读） 12010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 3 Section I Use of English 3Section II R eading Comprehension 4Part A 5Part B 11Part C 13Section ⅢWriting 14Part A 14Part B 142009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题15 Section I Use of English 15Section II R eading Comprehension 17Part A 17Part B 23Part C 25Section ⅢWriting 25Part A 25Part B 262009年考研英语真题答案272008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题29 Section I Use of English 29Section II R eading Comprehension 31Part A 31Part B 37Part C 39Section III Writing 40Part A 40Part B 402008年考研英语真题答案422007年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题44 Section I Use of English 44Section II R eading Comprehension 47Part A 47Part B 54Part C 56Section III Writing 57Part A 57Part B 572007年考研英语真题答案582006年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题60 Section I Use of English 60Section II R eading Comprehension 63Part A 63Part B 70Part C 72Section III Writing 73Part A 73Part B 732006年考研英语真题答案752005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题77 Section I Use of English 77Section II R eading Comprehension 80Part A 80Part B 87Part C 89Section III Writing 90Part A 90Part B 902005年考研英语真题答案922004年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题94 Section I Listening Comprehension 94Part A 94Part B 94Part C 95Section II U se of English 97Section III Reading Comprehension 101Part A 101Part B 107Section IV Writing 1092004年考研英语真题答案1102003年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题112 Section I Listening Comprehension 112Part A 112Part B 112Part C 113Section II U se of English 115Section III Reading Comprehension 119Part A 119Part B 126Section IV Writing 1262003年考研英语真题答案1282002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题130 Section I Listening Comprehension 130Part A 130Part B 131Part C 131Section II U se of English 134Section III Reading Comprehension 138Part A 138Part B 145Section IV Writing 1452002年考研英语真题答案1472001年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题149 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 149Part A 149Part B 151Section II C loze Test 155Section III Reading Comprehension 159Section IV English-Chinese Translation 166 Section V W riting 1672001年考研英语真题答案1692000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题171 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 171Part A 171Part B 173Part C 174Section II C loze Test 179Section III Reading Comprehension 180Section IV English-Chinese Translation 188 Section V W riting 1892000年考研英语真题答案1901999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题192 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 192Part A 192Part B 194Part C 195Section II C loze Test 199Section III Reading Comprehension 201Section IV English-Chinese Translation 209 Section V W riting 2091999年考研英语真题答案2111998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题213 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 213Part A 213Part B 215Part C 216Section II C loze Test 220Section III Reading Comprehension 222Section IV English-Chinese Translation 230Section V W riting 2311998年考研英语真题答案2331997年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题235 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 235Part A 235Part B 237Part C 238Section II C loze Test 242Section III Reading Comprehension 244Section IV English-Chinese Translation 251 Section V W riting 2521997年考研英语真题答案2541996年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题256 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 256Part A 256Part B 258Part C 259Section II C loze Test 263Section III Reading Comprehension 265Section IV English-Chinese Translation 272 Section V W riting 2731996年考研英语真题答案2741995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题276 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 276Part A 276Part B 278Part C 279Section II C loze Test 283Section III Reading Comprehension 285Section IV English-Chinese Translation 292 Section V W riting 2931995年考研英语真题答案2941994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题296 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 296Part A 296Part B 298Part C 299Section II C loze Test 303Section III Reading Comprehension 305Section IV English-Chinese Translation 311 Section V W riting 3121994年考研英语真题答案3141993年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题316 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 316Section II R eading Comprehension 321Section III Cloze Test 326Section IV Error-detection and Correction 329 Section V E nglish-Chinese Translation 331Section VI Writing 3311993年考研英语真题答案3331992年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题335 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 335Section II R eading Comprehension 340Section III Cloze Test 345Section IV Error-detection and Correction 347 Section V E nglish-Chinese Translation 349Section VI Writing 3501992年考研英语真题答案3511991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题353 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 353Section II R eading Comprehension 358Section III Cloze Test 363Section IV Error-detection and Correction 366 Section V E nglish-Chinese Translation 367Section VI Writing 3681991年考研英语真题答案3691990年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题371 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 371Section II R eading Comprehension 373Section III Cloze Test 377Section IV Error-detection and Correction 379 Section V V erb Forms 381Section VI Chinese-English Translation 381 Section VII English-Chinese Translation 3821990年考研英语真题答案3841989年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题386 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 386Section II R eading Comprehension 388Section III Cloze Test 393Section IV Error-detection and Correction 395 Section V V erb Forms 396Section VI Chinese-English Translation 397 Section VII English-Chinese Translation 3971989年考研英语真题答案3991988年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题401 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 401Section II R eading Comprehension 403Section III Cloze Test 408Section IV Error-detection and Correction 410 Section V V erb Forms 411Section VI Chinese-English Translation 412 Section VII English-Chinese Translation 4121988年考研英语真题答案4141987年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题416 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 416Section II R eading Comprehension 418Section III Structure and V ocabulary 422 Section IV Cloze Test 424Section V V erb Forms 426Section VI Error-detection and Correction 427 Section VII Chinese-English Translation 429 Section VIII English-Chinese Translation 4291987年考研英语真题答案4311986年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题433 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 433Section II C loze Test 435Section III Reading Comprehension 437Section IV Structure and V ocabulary 440 Section V E rror-detection and Correction 442 Section VI Verb Forms 444Section VII Chinese-English Translation 444 Section VIII English-Chinese Translation 4451986年考研英语真题答案4461985年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题448 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 448Section II C loze Test 450Section III Reading Comprehension 453Section IV Structure and V ocabulary 454 Section V E rror-detection and Correction 456 Section VI Verb Forms 457Section VII Chinese-English Translation 458 Section VIII English-Chinese Translation 4591985年考研英语真题答案4611984年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题464 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 464Section II C loze Test 469Section III Reading Comprehension 471Section IV Structure and V ocabulary 472 Section V E rror-detection and Correction 474 Section VI Verb Forms 476Section VII Chinese-English Translation 477 Section VIII English-Chinese Translation 4771984年考研英语真题答案4791983年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题482Section I Structure and V ocabulary 482Section II V erb Forms 484Section III Error-detection 484Section IV Cloze Test 485Section V R eading Comprehension 488Section VI Structure and V ocabulary 489Section VII Chinese-English Translation 491Section VIII English-Chinese Translation 4911983年考研英语真题答案4931982年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题495Section I Structure and V ocabulary 495Section II V erb Forms 497Section III Error-detection 498Section IV Cloze Test 499Section V R eading Comprehension 501Section VI Chinese-English Translation 503Section VII English-Chinese Translation 5031982年考研英语真题答案5051981年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题507Section I Structure and V ocabulary 507Section II E rror-detection 510Section III Sentence Making 511Section IV Verb Forms 511Section V C loze Test 512Section VI Chinese-English Translation 513Section VII English-Chinese Translation 5131981年考研英语真题答案5161980年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题519Section I Use of Prepositions 519Section II V erb Tenses 519Section III Verb Forms 520Section IV Structure and V ocabulary 521Section V E rror-detection 523Section VI Chinese-English Translation 524Section VII English-Chinese Translation 5241980年考研英语真题答案527使用说明（必读）—爱你需要理由么？1. 本文件包括自我国研究生入学实行统考以来（1980—2010年）所有31套全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案。
研究生基础综合英语1-4全文（中英文对照）-邱少林版
研究生基础综合英语1-4全文（中英文对照）-邱少林版Unit One：EducationText：In Praise of the F Word对F的赞美Tens of thousands of 18-year-olds will graduate this year and be handed meaningless diplomas. These diplomas won’t look any different from those awarded their luckier classmates.Their validity will be questioned only when their employers discover that these graduates are semiliterate.今年，将有成千上万的18岁学生毕业并被授于毫无意义的文凭。
这些文凭对每个人都是一样的,没有一点差别，而不管学生的成绩如何.但当雇主发现他们没有实际能力时，文凭的有效性就会被质疑。
Eventually a fortunate few will find their way into educational repair shops-adult-literacy programs, such as the one where I teach basic grammar and writing. There, high school graduates and high school dropouts pursuing graduate-equivalency certificates will learn the skills they should have learned in school . They will also discover they have been cheated by our educational system.即使少数幸运的人找到了成人进修的地方，像我教语法和写作的地方。
考研英语阅读外刊原文(英国卫报)
The World Wastes Roughly a Sixth of the Food Produced Each Year全球每年大约六分之一的食物被浪费Each year, the world wastes about one-sixth of the food available to consumers. That's the finding of a new United Nations report. The report now estimates global food losses at about 931 million metric tons. That's an average of 121 kilograms (267 pounds) for each man, woman and child on Earth.联合国的一份最新报告显示，全球每年大约有六分之一的食物被消费者浪费掉。
该报告估计，目前全球食物浪费量约为9.31亿吨。
这相当于地球上的每个男人、女人和孩子平均浪费了121公斤（约合267磅）。
What isn't eaten also wastes all of the resources used to make that food, notes Martina Otto. Based near Paris, France, she works for the U.N. Environment Program (UNEP). Those resources include the water, energy, money, human labor and more.在法国巴黎附近为联合国环境规划署工作的玛蒂娜·奥托指出，未被食用的食物也会浪费所有用于制造食物的资源（包括水、能源、金钱、人力等）。
Wasted food "does not feed people, but it does feed climate change", added Otto during a March 4 news conference. Some 690 million people go hungry each year. More than 3 billion people can't afford a healthy diet.奥托在3月4日的新闻发布会上补充道，浪费掉的食物“不能养活人们，但却会引发气候变化”。
2001-2004年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题解析
2001年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题第一部分英语知识应运试题解析一、文章总体分析本文是一篇报道性的文章，介绍了自露丝玛莉·韦斯特案件发生后，政府、法院、媒体各方面对于付款给证人的反应。
文章第一段介绍了政府的反应：要禁止报界买断证人新闻的举动。
第二至六段介绍了以大法官埃尔温勋爵为代表的法院在这个问题上的态度。
最后一段介绍了露丝玛莉·韦斯特案件的始末。
在该案件中由于很多证人通过讲述他们的经历而从媒体获得报酬，结果导致被告数罪并罚，被判十项无期徒刑。
结论为付款给证人的做法成为一个颇有争议的问题。
二、试题具体解析1. [A] as to关于，至于 [B] for instance举例[C] in particular特别地 [D] such as例如[答案] D[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系。
解答该题时，考生需要判断空格前后部分prominent cases和The trial of Rosemary West之间的关系，前者泛指“一些著名的案件”，后者是一个具体的案件，即“对露丝玛莉·韦斯特案件的审判”，可见两者是例证关系。
因此，所填入的选项应是一个表示“例如”或“像……一样”的连接词。
首先排除as to和in particular。
for instance（或for example）可表示“举例”，但放在句中多为插入语，且后面不可直接加宾语。
如：Here in Chicago, for instance, the movement was growing by leaps and bounds.（比如在芝加哥，运动正在迅猛发展）。
选项中只有介词短语such as可以接名词做宾语，表达“例如…，象这种的”的含义。
首段第一句话的结构比较复杂，中心句为The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers（政府要禁止报界付钱给证人），现在分词结构seeking to buy up... Rosemary West 做后置定语，用来修饰newspapers，意为“试图收买涉及一些要案证人的报纸”。
2000-2013年考研英语历年真题和答案(英语一)
2000-2013年考研英语历年真题和答案(英语一)ui2013年考研英语（一）真题 (6)Section I Use of English (6)Section II Reading Comprehension (11)Part APart B (35)Part C (42)Section III Writing (48)Part A48Part B (49)2013考研英语（一）答案 (50)Section I Use of English (50)Section II Reading Comprehension (57)Section III Writing (79)2012年考研英语（一）试题 (83)Section I Use of English (83)Section II Reading Comprehension.Part A87Part B (110)Part C (115)Section III Writing (118)Part APart B (119)2012考研英语（一）答案 (121)Section I (121)Section II Reading Comprehension (132)作文 (167)2011考研英语(一)试题 (172)Section I Use of English (172)Section II Reading Comprehension (178)Part A (178)Part B (205)Part C (211)Section ⅢWriting (216)Part A (216)Part B (216)2011考研英语（一）答案 (219)Section I Use of English (219)Section II Reading Comprehension (226)Section III Writing (244)2010年考研英语（一）试题 (250)Section I Use of English (250)Section II Reading Comprehension (251)Part A (251)Part B (258)Part C (260)Section ⅢWriting (260)Part A (260)Part B (261)2009年考研英语（一）试题 (262)Section I Use of English (262)Section I I Reading comprehension (263)Part A (263)Part B (270)Part C (271)Section ⅢWriting (272)Part A (272)Part B (272)2009年考研英语（一）答案 (274)Section I: Use of English (10 points) (274)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points) (274)Section III: Writing (30 points) (274)2008年考研英语（一）试题 (276)Section I Use of English (276)Section II Reading Comprehension (277)Part A (277)Part B (284)Part C (286)Section III Writing (287)Part A (287)Part B (287)2008年考研英语（一）答案 (289)Section I: Use of English (10 points) (289)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points) (289)Section III: Writing (30 points) (289)2007年考研英语（一）试题 (291)Section I Use of English (291)Section II Reading Comprehension (295)Part A (295)Part B (303)Part C (304)Section III Writing (305)Part A (305)Part B (306)2007年考研英语（一）答案 (307)Section I: Use of English (10 points) (307)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points) (307)Section III: Writing (30 points) (307)2006年考研英语（一）试题 (309)Section I Use of English (309)Section II Reading Comprehension (313)Part A (313)2002年考研英语（一）试题 (381)Section I Listening Comprehension (381)Part A (381)Part B (382)Part C (382)Section II Use of English (385)Section III Reading Comprehension (390)Part A (390)Part B (398)Section IV Writing (399)2002年考研英语（一）答案 (400)Section I: Listening Comprehension (20 points) (400)Section II: Use of English (10 points) (400)Section III: Reading Comprehension (50 points) (400)Section IV: Writing (20 points) (401)2001年考研英语（一）试题 (402)Section I Structure and Vocabulary (402)Part A (402)Part B (405)Section II Cloze Test (410)Section III Reading Comprehension (414)Section IV English-Chinese Translation (423)Section V Writing (424)2001年考研英语（一）答案 (426)Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (15 points) (426)Section II: Cloze Text (10 points) (426)Section III: Reading Comprehension (40 points) (426)Section IV: English-Chinese Translation (15 points) (426)Section V: Writing (20 points) (427)2000年考研英语（一）试题 (428)Section I Structure and Vocabulary (428)Part A (428)Part B (431)Part C (432)Section II Cloze Test (437)Section III Reading Comprehension (440)Section IV English-Chinese Translation (448)Section V Writing (449)2000年考研英语（一）答案 (451)Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (20 points) (451)Section III: Reading Comprehension (40 points) (451)Section IV: English-Chinese Translation (15 points) (451)Section V: Writing (15 points) (452)2013年考研英语（一）真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that ___1___ the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by ___2___ factors. But Dr Simonton speculated that an inability to consider the big ___3___ was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. ___4___, hetheorized that a judge ___5___ of appearing too soft ___6___crime might be more likely to send someone to prison ___7___he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.To ___8___this idea, they turned their attention to the university-admissions process. In theory, the ___9___ of an applicant should not depend on the few others___10___ randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonton suspected the truth was___11___.He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews ___12___ by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had ___13___ applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale ___14___ numerous factorsinto consideration. The scores were ___15___ used in conjunction w ith an applicant’s score on the GMAT, a standardized exam which is ___16___out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonton found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one ___17___ that, then the score for the next applicant would___18___ by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to___19___the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been ___20___.1. A grants B submits C transmits Ddelivers2. A minor B external C crucial D objective3. A issue B vision C picture D moment4. A Above all B On average C In principleD For example5. A fond B fearful C capable D thoughtless6. A in B for C to D on7. A if B until C though D unless8. A. test B. emphasize C. share D. promote9. A. decision B. quality C. status D. success10. A. found B. studied C. chosen D.identified11. A. otherwise B. defensible C. replaceable D. exceptional12. A. inspired B. expressed C. conductedD. secured13. A. assigned B. rated C. matched D. arranged14. A. put B. got C. took D. gave15. A. instead B. then C. ever D. rather16. A. selected B. passed C. marked D. introduced17. A below B after C above D before18. A jump B float C fluctuate D drop19. A achieve B undo C maintain D disregard20. A necessary B possible C promising D helpfulSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada ,Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her, Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn`t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish would described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline`s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers tosee clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that –and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world`s answer toconsumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan`s. The Omnivore`s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing ,like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,”Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year – about 64 items per person – and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes –and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; he r example can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment –including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line –Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D] lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-market labelsurge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment”(Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory,this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioral” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioral ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer andApple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioral ads or whether they are sticking w ith Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and presson anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favorably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, MMicrosoft's chief privacy officer, blogged: "we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that“behavioral”ads help advertisers to:[A] ease competition among themselves[B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid complaints from consumers[D] provide better online services27. “The industry”(Line 6,Para.3) refers to:[A] online advertisers[B] e-commerce conductors[C] digital information analysis[D] internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] many cut the number of junk ads[B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers[D] goes against human nature29. which of the following is true according to Paragraph.6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioral ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[A] indulgence[B] understanding[C] appreciation[D] skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured formillions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years . Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organizations are now thinking seriously about that question.For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say withconsiderable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to beinspired by[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment[B] our faith in science and technology[C] our awareness of potential risks[D] our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN`s “Red List”suggest that human being are[A] a sustained species[B] a threaten to the environment[C] the world`s dominant power[D] a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] explore our planet`s abundant resources[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world[C] draw on our experience from the past[D] curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona's immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the federal government and the states.In Arizona, United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona's controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigrations law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to "establish a uniform Rule ofnaturalization" and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state police that ran to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court's liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately "occupied the field" and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal's privileged powersHowever, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That`s because Congress has alwaysenvisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federalexecutive power”. The White House argued the Arizona`s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn't want to carry out Congress's immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightlyrejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona`s plan were overturned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph4?[A] Federal officers` duty to withhold immigrants` information.[B] States` independence from federal immigration law.[C] States` legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congress`s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.[B] undermined the states` interests.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] Outweighs that held by the states.[B] is dependent on the states` support.[C] is established by federal statutes.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every yearsince 2000.Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today`s global challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development and health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers . Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.(42)____This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creativedestruction.Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact.Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental changed”or “climate change”have increased rapidly since 2004,(43)____When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example .And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)____this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today`s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite.(45)____That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.[C] The idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health anddemographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] The solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior. All require behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is aboutdeveloping clean energy.[F] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,”to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible assuch. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49) most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts。
20年考研英语历年真题及答案（可编辑）
20年考研英语历年真题及答案考研英语历年真题及答案使用说明必读 12010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 3 Section I Use of English 3Section II Reading Comprehension 4Part A 5Part B 11Part C 13Section ⅢWriting 14Part A 14Part B 142009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 15 Section I Use of English 15Section II Reading Comprehension 17Part A 17Part B 23Part C 25Section ⅢWriting 25Part A 25Part B 262009年考研英语真题答案272008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 29 Section I Use of English 29Section II Reading Comprehension 31 Part A 31Part B 37Part C 39Section III Writing 40Part A 40Part B 402008年考研英语真题答案422007年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 44 Section I Use of English 44Section II Reading Comprehension 47 Part A 47Part B 54Part C 56Section III Writing 57Part A 57Part B 572007年考研英语真题答案582006年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 60 Section I Use of English 60Section II Reading Comprehension 63 Part A 63Part B 70Part C 72Section III Writing 73Part A 73Part B 732006年考研英语真题答案752005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 77 Section I Use of English 77Section II Reading Comprehension 80 Part A 80Part B 87Part C 89Section III Writing 90Part A 90Part B 902005年考研英语真题答案922004年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 94 Section I Listening Comprehension 94Part B 94Part C 95Section II Use of English 97Section III Reading Comprehension 101 Part A 101Part B 107Section IV Writing 1092004年考研英语真题答案1102003年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 112 Section I Listening Comprehension 112Part A 112Part B 112Part C 113Section II Use of English 115Section III Reading Comprehension 119 Part A 119Part B 126Section IV Writing 1262003年考研英语真题答案1282002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 130 Section I Listening Comprehension 130Part B 131Part C 131Section II Use of English 134Section III Reading Comprehension 138 Part A 138Part B 145Section IV Writing 1452002年考研英语真题答案1472001年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 149 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 149Part A 149Part B 151Section II Cloze Test 155Section III Reading Comprehension 159 Section IV English-Chinese Translation 166 Section V Writing 1672001年考研英语真题答案1692000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 171 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 171Part A 171Part B 173Section II Cloze Test 179Section III Reading Comprehension 180 Section IV English-Chinese Translation 188 Section V Writing 1892000年考研英语真题答案1901999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 192 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 192Part A 192Part B 194Part C 195Section II Cloze Test 199Section III Reading Comprehension 201 Section IV English-Chinese Translation 209 Section V Writing 2091999年考研英语真题答案2111998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 213 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 213Part A 213Part B 215Part C 216Section II Cloze Test 220Section III Reading Comprehension 222 Section IV English-Chinese Translation 230 Section V Writing 2311998年考研英语真题答案2331997年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 235 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 235Part A 235Part B 237Part C 238Section II Cloze Test 242Section III Reading Comprehension 244 Section IV English-Chinese Translation 251 Section V Writing 2521997年考研英语真题答案2541996年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 256 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 256Part A 256Part B 258Part C 259Section II Cloze Test 263Section III Reading Comprehension 265 Section IV English-Chinese Translation 272Section V Writing 2731996年考研英语真题答案2741995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 276 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 276Part A 276Part B 278Part C 279Section II Cloze Test 283Section III Reading Comprehension 285 Section IV English-Chinese Translation 292 Section V Writing 2931995年考研英语真题答案2941994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 296 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 296Part A 296Part B 298Part C 299Section II Cloze Test 303Section III Reading Comprehension 305 Section IV English-Chinese Translation 311 Section V Writing 3121994年考研英语真题答案3141993年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 316 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 316Section II Reading Comprehension 321 Section III Cloze Test 326Section IV Error-detection and Correction 329 Section V English-Chinese Translation 331 Section VI Writing 3311993年考研英语真题答案3331992年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 335 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 335Section II Reading Comprehension 340 Section III Cloze Test 345Section IV Error-detection and Correction 347 Section V English-Chinese Translation 349 Section VI Writing 3501992年考研英语真题答案3511991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 353 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 353Section II Reading Comprehension 358 Section III Cloze Test 363Section IV Error-detection and Correction 366 Section V English-Chinese Translation 367Section VI Writing 3681991年考研英语真题答案3691990年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 371 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 371Section II Reading Comprehension 373 Section III Cloze Test 377Section IV Error-detection and Correction 379 Section V Verb Forms 381Section VI Chinese-English Translation 381 Section VII English-Chinese Translation 382 1990年考研英语真题答案3841989年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 386 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 386Section II Reading Comprehension 388 Section III Cloze Test 393Section IV Error-detection and Correction 395 Section V Verb Forms 396Section VI Chinese-English Translation 397 Section VII English-Chinese Translation 397 1989年考研英语真题答案3991988年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 401 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 401Section II Reading Comprehension 403 Section III Cloze Test 408Section IV Error-detection and Correction 410 Section V Verb Forms 411Section VI Chinese-English Translation 412 Section VII English-Chinese Translation 412 1988年考研英语真题答案4141987年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 416 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 416Section II Reading Comprehension 418 Section III Structure and Vocabulary 422 Section IV Cloze Test 424Section V Verb Forms 426Section VI Error-detection and Correction 427 Section VII Chinese-English Translation 429 Section VIII English-Chinese Translation 429 1987年考研英语真题答案4311986年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 433 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 433Section II Cloze Test 435Section III Reading Comprehension 437 Section IV Structure and Vocabulary 440Section V Error-detection and Correction 442 Section VI Verb Forms 444Section VII Chinese-English Translation 444 Section VIII English-Chinese Translation 445 1986年考研英语真题答案4461985年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 448 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 448 Section II Cloze Test 450Section III Reading Comprehension 453 Section IV Structure and Vocabulary 454 Section V Error-detection and Correction 456 Section VI Verb Forms 457Section VII Chinese-English Translation 458 Section VIII English-Chinese Translation 459 1985年考研英语真题答案4611984年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 464 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 464 Section II Cloze Test 469Section III Reading Comprehension 471 Section IV Structure and Vocabulary 472 Section V Error-detection and Correction 474 Section VI Verb Forms 476Section VII Chinese-English Translation 477 Section VIII English-Chinese Translation 477 1984年考研英语真题答案4791983年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 482 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 482 Section II Verb Forms 484Section III Error-detection 484Section IV Cloze Test 485Section V Reading Comprehension 488 Section VI Structure and Vocabulary 489 Section VII Chinese-English Translation 491 Section VIII English-Chinese Translation 491 1983年考研英语真题答案4931982年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 495 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 495 Section II Verb Forms 497Section III Error-detection 498Section IV Cloze Test 499Section V Reading Comprehension 501 Section VI Chinese-English Translation 503 Section VII English-Chinese Translation 503 1982年考研英语真题答案5051981年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 507 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 507 Section II Error-detection 510Section III Sentence Making 511Section IV Verb Forms 511Section V Cloze Test 512Section VI Chinese-English Translation 513 Section VII English-Chinese Translation 513 1981年考研英语真题答案5161980年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 519 Section I Use of Prepositions 519Section II Verb Tenses 519Section III Verb Forms 520Section IV Structure and Vocabulary 521 Section V Error-detection 523Section VI Chinese-English Translation 524 Section VII English-Chinese Translation 524 1980年考研英语真题答案527使用说明必读爱你需要理由么1 本文件包括19802010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案我花费逐字审校多方考证制作而成这是一份凝结着无限心血的以当今世界一流技术精心打造的美仑美奂至不可思议的不论内容还是形式均堪称一流的正确率接近词典级的文档囊括年真题可谓工程浩大功在当代利及千秋她美观准确引领中国互联网走向精致时代本文档由大家学习网出品首发试题及答案均经无数遍仔细校对是无比准确的电子版本正确率基本接近词典级但错误肯定还有请各位不吝指正请来大家论坛本文档发布帖跟帖指正为了感谢大家的指正为了打造真正词典级文档为了大幅度提高中国人民尤其是中国考生的生活品质窃以为词典级真题文本是考研复习资料中最最重要的基础设施本人筹措专款数千元用于奖励应该是绰绰有余了基本的奖励标准是一个标点符号2元一个单词3元一个句子5元错误遗漏多余等都算每处错误当然只能奖励一次当然奖给最先指正者纠错必须在本文档发布帖跟帖指出不是没有诚意因为你发在别处我未必能看见啊而且还有一个指正的先后顺序问题具体奖励办法请看专帖办法对于核实的错误会立即改正立即更新本文档真正实现有错知错知错就改的理想本文档的意义不仅在于方便广大考生备考也在于方便广大教师专家编著考研真题复习资料对于考生在电脑上学习英语的效率肯定会比书面上高查单词查资料非常方便学习变成了一种享受而且对于做错的题目或者尚有疑惑的题目可以来本站很方便地提出大家网已将每题一个帖子发好你连题目都不用发直接根据全部单题链接总目录或者在考研英语区用6位数标准题号搜索如2006年第5题的标准题号就是2006051990年第18题就是199018找到相应的题目跟帖提问便是请不要发新帖本文档版权归大家网所有任何网站此文档时不得将本文档用于商业用途不得破坏本作品的完整性不得清除本文档中大家学习网和作者标识必须在明显位置清楚注明转自大家学习网否则自行承担一切法律后果预祝大家轻松考出满意高分简称满分呵呵祝你成功阁明俊2010年1月16日2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirectionsRead the following text Choose the best word s for each numbered blank and mark [A] [B] [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1 10 points In 1924 Americas National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting workers productivity Instead the studies ended giving their name to the "Hawthorne effect" the extremely influential idea that the very to being experimented upon changed subjects behavior The idea arose because of the behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant According to of the experiments their hourly output rose when lighting was increased but also when it was dimmed It did not what was done in the experiment something was changed productivity rose A n that they were being experimented upon seemed to be to alter workers behavior itselfAfter several decades the same data were to econometric the analysis Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store the descriptions on record no systematic was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lightingIt turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may behave let to interpretation of what happed lighting was always changed on a Sunday When work started again on Monday output rose compared with the previous Saturday and to rise for the next couple of days a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday workers to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case before a plateau and then slackening off This suggests that the alleged "Hawthorne effect" is hard to pin down1 [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored2 [A] at [B] up [C] with [D] off3 [A] truth [B] sight [C] act [D] proof4 [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C] mischievous [D] ambiguous5 [A] requirements [B] explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments6 [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work7 [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as8 [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion9 [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant10 [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by11 [A] compared [B] shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed12 [A] contrary to [B] consistent with [C] parallel with [D] peculiar to13 [A] evidence [B] guidance [C] implication [D] source14 [A] disputable [B] enlightening [C] reliable [D] misleading15 [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual16 [A] duly [B] accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly17 [A] failed [B] ceased [C] started [D] continued20 [A] breaking [B] climbing [C] surpassing [D] hittingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirectionsRead the following four texts Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A] [B] [C] or [D] Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 40 pointsText 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverageIt is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers Yet a considerable number ofthe most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailiesWe are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared In those far-off days it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered Theirs was a serious business and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman could be trusted to know what they were about These men believed in journalism as a calling and were proud to be published in the daily press So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism Newman wrote that I am tempted to define journalism as a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who areUnfortunately these critics are virtually forgotten Neville Cardus who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975 is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket During his lifetime though he was also one of Englands foremost classical-music critics a stylist so widely admired that hisAutobiography 1947 became a best-seller He was knighted in 1967 the first music critic to be so honored Yet only one of his books is now in print and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists Is there any chance that Carduss criticism will enjoy a revival The prospect seems remote Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized Moreover the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat21 It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies22 Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by[A] free themes[B] casual style[C] elaborate layout[D] radical viewpoints23 Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on[A] It is writers duty to fulfill journalistic goals[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing24 What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition25 What would be the best title for the text[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism[D] Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods Amazoncom received one for its "one-click" online payment system Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box Now the nations top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago In a move that hasintellectual-property lawyers abuzz the US court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents In re Bilski as the case is known is "a very big deal" says Dennis D Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law It "has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents"Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions Later move established companies raced to add such patents to their files if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch In 2005 IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them Similarly some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the courts judges rather than a typical panel of three and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whetherit should "reconsider" its state street Bank rulingThe Federal Circuits action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders Last April for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for "inventions" that are obvious The judges on the Federal circuit are "reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court" says Harold C Wegner a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School26 Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of[A] their limited value to business[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over authorization27 Which of the following is true of the Bilski case[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions[B] It involves a very big business transaction[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit[D] It may change the legal practices in the US28 The word "about-face" Line 1 Para 3 most probably means[A] loss of good will[B] increase of hostility[C] change of attitude[D] enhancement of dignity29 We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents[A] are immune to legal challenges[B] are often unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for patent holders[D] increase the incidence of risks30 Which of the following would be the subject of the text[A] A looming threat to business-method patents[B] Protection for business-method patent holders[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Point Malcolm Gladwell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals often called influentials who are unusually informed persuasive or well-connected The idea is intuitively compelling but it doesnt explain how ideas actually spreadThe supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the "two step flow of communication" Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence theinfluentials those selected people will do most of the work for them The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks brands or neighborhoods In many such cases a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing promoting or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trendsIn their recent work however some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed In fact they dont seem to be required of all The researchers argument stems from a simple observing about social influence with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey 梬hose outsize presence is primarily a function of media not interpersonal influence梕ven the most influential mem lbers of a population simply dont interact with that many others Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who according to the two-step-flow theory are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly For a social epidemic to occur however each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances who must in turn influence theirs and so on and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initialinfluential prove resistant for example from the initial influential prove resistant for example the cascade of change wont propagate very far or affect many peopleBuilding on the basic truth about interpersonal influence the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations manipulating a number of variables relating to peoples ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced Our work shows that the principal requirement for what we call "global cascades"–the widespread propagation of influence through networks – is the presence not of a few influentials but rather of a critical mass of easily influenced people each of whom adopts say a look or a brand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor Regardless of how influential an individual is locally he or she can exert global influence only if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction31 By citing the book The Tipping Point the author intends to[A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics[B] discuss influentials function in spreading ideas[C] exemplify peoples intuitive response to social epidemics[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials32 The author suggests that the "two-step-flow theory"[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C] has won support from influentials[D] requires solid evidence for its validity33 What the researchers have observed recently shows that[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention34 The underlined phrase "these people" in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who[A] stay outside the network of social influence[B] have little contact with the source of influence[C] are influenced and then influence others[D] are influenced by the initial influential35 what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence[A] The eagerness to be accepted[B] The impulse to influence others[C] The readiness to be influenced[D] The inclination to rely on othersText 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public Behind the scenes they have been taking aim at someone else the accountingstandard-setters Their rules moan the banks have forced them to report enormous losses and its just not fair These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetchUnfortunately banks lobbying now seems to be working The details may be unknowable but the independence of standard-setters essential to the proper functioning of capital markets is being compromised And unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers reviving the banking system will be difficultAfter a bruising encounter with Congress Americas Financial Accounting Standards Board FASB rushed through rule changes These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement Bob Herz the FASBs chairman cried out against those who "question our motives" Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls "the use of judgment by management"European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board IASB do likewise The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong Charlie McCreevy a European commissioner warned the IASB that it did "not live in a political vacuum" but "in the real word" and that Europe could yetdevelop different rulesIt was banks that were on the wrong planet with accounts that vastly overvalued assets Today they argue that market prices overstate losses because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets not the likely extent of bad debts The truth will not be known for years But banks shares trade below their book value suggesting that investors are skeptical And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargainsTo get the system working again losses must be recognized and dealt with Americas new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters The FASB and IASB have been exactly that cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions for example against hostility from special interests But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions36 Bankers complained that they were forced to[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules[B] collect payments from third parties[C] cooperate with the price managers[D] reevaluate some of their assets37 According to the author the rule changes of the FASB may resultin[A] the diminishing role of management[B] the revival of the banking system[C] the banks long-term asset losses[D] the weakening of its independence38 According to Paragraph 4 McCreevy objects to the IASBs attempt to[A] keep away from political influences[B] evade the pressure from their peers[C] act on their own in rule-setting[D] take gradual measures in reform39 The author thinks the banks were "on the wrong planet" in that they[A] misinterpreted market price indicators[B] exaggerated the real value of their assets[C] neglected the likely existence of bad debts[D] denied booking losses in their sale of assets40 The authors attitude towards standard-setters is one of[A] satisfaction[B] skepticism[C] objectiveness[D] sympathyPart BDirections。
考研英语阅读理解精读100篇(高分版) UNIT 3
UNIT THREETEXT ONEScores of workers from MTV Networks walked off the job yesterday afternoon, filling the sidewalk outside the headquarters of its corporate parent, Viacom, to protest recent changes in benefits. The walkout highlighted the concerns of a category of workers who are sometimes called permalancers: permanent freelancers who work like full-time employees but do not receive the same benefits.Waving signs that read ''Shame on Viacom,'' the workers, most of them in their 20s, demanded that MTV Networks reverse a plan to reduce health and dental benefits for freelancers beginning Jan. 1. In a statement, MTV Networks noted that its benefits program for full-time employees had also undergone changes, and it emphasized that the plan for freelancers was still highly competitive within the industry. Many freelancers receive no corporate benefits. But some of the protesters asserted that corporations were competing to see which could provide the most mediocre health care coverage. Matthew Yonda, who works at Nickelodeon, held a sign that labeled the network ''Sick-elodeon.'' ''I've worked here every day for three years -- I'm not a freelancer,'' Mr. Yonda said. ''They just call us freelancers in order to bar us from getting the same benefits as employees.'' The changes to the benefits package were announced last Tuesday. Freelancers were told that they would become eligible for benefits after 160 days of work, beginning in January. While that eased previous eligibility rules, which required freelancers to work for 52 weeks before becoming eligible, it would have required all freelancers not yet eligible for benefits to start the waiting period over again on Jan. 1. The 401(k) plan was also removed. On Thursday, acknowledging the complaints, MTV Networks reinstated the 401(k) plan and said freelancers who had worked consistently since March would be eligible.Fueled by a series of blog posts on the media Web site Gawker -- the first post was headlined ''The Viacom Permalance Slave System'' -- a loose cohort of freelancers created protest stickers and distributed walkout fliers last week. Caroline O'Hare, a unit manager who has worked for MTV for more than two years, said the new health care plan -- with higher deductibles and a $2,000 cap on hospital expenses each year -- had provoked outrage. ''They think they can treat us like children that don't have families, mortgages or dreams of retirement,'' she said.Outside Viacom's headquarters, several workers held posters with the words, ''There's too many of us to ignore.'' It was unclear how many freelancers are on the company's payroll; an MTV Networks spokeswoman said the figure was not known because it rises and falls throughout the year. The company has 5,500 full-timeemployees, excluding freelancers, around the world.Two freelancers and one full-time employee, who asked not to be identified for fear of retribution, estimated that the percentage of freelancers in some departments exceeded 75 percent. Another labor action is expected to take place outside Viacom later this week. Members of the Writers Guild of America, who have been on strike for five weeks, are expected to picket there on Thursday.1．Which one of the following statements is NOT true of MTV Networks’new benefits plan for freelancers?[A] Its benefits plan for freelancers is highly competitive in the industry.[B] Its freelancers cannot receive the same benefits as the full-time employees.[C] The freelancers who are not eligible for benefits should start the waiting period over again on Jan. 1.[D] The freelancers are against the new plan which substantially but their benefit 2. According to the new benefits program of MTV Networks, the following freelancers are eligible for benefits except_____[A] those who have worked for 160 days.[B] those who have worked for 1 year.[C] those who have worked since March.[D] those who have worked since Jan. 1.3.The word “reinstate” (Line 6, Paragraph3) most probably means_____[A] redesign.[B] restore. [C] repair.[D] reset.4. The MTV Networks spokeswoman did not provide the number of freelancers on the payroll mostly probably because_____[A] the figure fluctuates throughout the year and it is impossible to calculate the precise number.[B] the company wants to keep it as a secret so as to better stand the protest. [C] the company has no record of the freelancers since there is no such necessity.[D] the company does not want to provide the freelancers with benefits enjoyed by the full-time employee.5. Towards MTV Networks’ change on the benefits plan, the author’s attitude can be said to be_____[A] affirmative.[B] negative.[C] biased.[D] neutral.文章剖析：这篇文章介绍了MTV Networks公司修改其对于雇用的自由职员的福利待遇方案的调整以及引起的反响。
-历年考研英语真题集含答案(word版)
1980-2013年历年考研英语真题集含答案（word版）目录2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题- 2 -Section Ⅰ Use of English - 2 -Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension - 3 -Part A - 3 -Part B - 8 -Section III Writing - 11 -Party A - 11 -Part B - 11 -2013年考研英语真题答案- 12 -Part A - 12 -Part B: (20 points) - 13 -2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题- 13 -Section I Use of English - 13 -Section II Reading Comprehension - 15 -Part A - 15 -Part B - 21 -Section III Writing - 23 -Part A - 23 -Part B - 24 -2012考研英语真题答案 - 24 -2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题- 35 -Section I Use of English - 35 -Section II Reading Comprehension - 35 -Part A - 36 -Part B - 40 -Part C - 41 -Section Ⅲ Writing - 42 -Part A - 42 -Part B - 42 -2011年考研英语真题答案- 42 -2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题49Section I Use of English 49Section II Reading Comprehension 51Part A 51Part B 59Part C 61Section ⅢWriting 62Part A 62Part B 622010年考研英语真题答案632009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题65 Section I Use of English 65Section II Reading Comprehension 67Part A 67Part B 73Part C 75Section ⅢWriting 75Part A 75Part B 752009年考研英语真题答案752008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题75 Section I Use of English 75Section II Reading Comprehension 75Part A 75Part B 75Part C 77Section III Writing 78Part A 78Part B 782008年考研英语真题答案802007年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题82 Section I Use of English 82Section II Reading Comprehension 85Part A 85Part B 92Part C 94Section III Writing 95Part A 95Part B 952007年考研英语真题答案962006年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题98 Section I Use of English 98Section II Reading Comprehension 101Part A 101Part B 102Part C 102Section III Writing 102Part A 102Part B 1022006年考研英语真题答案1022005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题102 Section I Use of English 102Section II Reading Comprehension 103Part A 103Part B 110Part C 112Section III Writing 113Part A 113Part B 1132005年考研英语真题答案1152004年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题117 Section I Listening Comprehension 117Part A 117Part B 117Part C 118Section II Use of English 120Section III Reading Comprehension 124 Part A 124Part B 130Section IV Writing 1322004年考研英语真题答案1332003年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题135 Section I Listening Comprehension 135Part A 135Part B 135Part C 136Section II Use of English 138Section III Reading Comprehension 142 Part A 142Part B 149Section IV Writing 1492003年考研英语真题答案1512002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题153 Section I Listening Comprehension 153Part A 153Part B 154Part C 154Section II Use of English 157Section III Reading Comprehension 161 Part A 161Part B 168Section IV Writing 1682002年考研英语真题答案1702001年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题172 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 172Part A 172Part B 174Section II Cloze Test 178Section III Reading Comprehension 182 Section IV English-Chinese Translation 189 Section V Writing 1902001年考研英语真题答案1922000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题194 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 194Part A 194Part B 196Part C 197Section II Cloze Test 202Section III Reading Comprehension 203 Section IV English-Chinese Translation 211 Section V Writing 2122000年考研英语真题答案2131999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题215 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 215Part A 215Part B 217Part C 218Section II Cloze Test 222Section III Reading Comprehension 224 Section IV English-Chinese Translation 232 Section V Writing 2321999年考研英语真题答案2341998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题236 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 236Part A 236Part B 238Part C 239Section II Cloze Test 243Section III Reading Comprehension 245Section IV English-Chinese Translation 253 Section V Writing 2541998年考研英语真题答案2561997年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题258 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 258Part A 258Part B 260Part C 261Section II Cloze Test 265Section III Reading Comprehension 267 Section IV English-Chinese Translation 274 Section V Writing 2751997年考研英语真题答案2771996年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题279 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 279Part A 279Part B 281Part C 282Section II Cloze Test 286Section III Reading Comprehension 288 Section IV English-Chinese Translation 295 Section V Writing 2961996年考研英语真题答案2971995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题299 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 299Part A 299Part B 301Part C 302Section II Cloze Test 306Section III Reading Comprehension 308 Section IV English-Chinese Translation 315 Section V Writing 3161995年考研英语真题答案3171994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题319 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 319Part A 319Part B 321Part C 322Section II Cloze Test 326Section III Reading Comprehension 328 Section IV English-Chinese Translation 335Section V Writing 3351994年考研英语真题答案3371993年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题339 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 339 Section II Reading Comprehension 344 Section III Cloze Test 349Section IV Error-detection and Correction 352 Section V English-Chinese Translation 354 Section VI Writing 3541993年考研英语真题答案3561992年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题358 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 358 Section II Reading Comprehension 363 Section III Cloze Test 368Section IV Error-detection and Correction 370 Section V English-Chinese Translation 372 Section VI Writing 3731992年考研英语真题答案3741991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题376 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 376 Section II Reading Comprehension 381 Section III Cloze Test 386Section IV Error-detection and Correction 389 Section V English-Chinese Translation 390 Section VI Writing 3911991年考研英语真题答案3921990年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题394 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 394 Section II Reading Comprehension 396 Section III Cloze Test 400Section IV Error-detection and Correction 402 Section V Verb Forms 404Section VI Chinese-English Translation 404 Section VII English-Chinese Translation 405 1990年考研英语真题答案4071989年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题409 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 409 Section II Reading Comprehension 411 Section III Cloze Test 416Section IV Error-detection and Correction 418 Section V Verb Forms 419Section VI Chinese-English Translation 420 Section VII English-Chinese Translation 420 1989年考研英语真题答案4221988年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题424 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 424 Section II Reading Comprehension 426 Section III Cloze Test 431Section IV Error-detection and Correction 433 Section V Verb Forms 434Section VI Chinese-English Translation 435 Section VII English-Chinese Translation 435 1988年考研英语真题答案4371987年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题439 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 439 Section II Reading Comprehension 441 Section III Structure and Vocabulary 445 Section IV Cloze Test 447Section V Verb Forms 449Section VI Error-detection and Correction 450 Section VII Chinese-English Translation 452 Section VIII English-Chinese Translation 452 1987年考研英语真题答案4541986年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题456 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 456 Section II Cloze Test 458Section III Reading Comprehension 460 Section IV Structure and Vocabulary 463 Section V Error-detection and Correction 465 Section VI Verb Forms 467Section VII Chinese-English Translation 467 Section VIII English-Chinese Translation 468 1986年考研英语真题答案4691985年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题471 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 471 Section II Cloze Test 473Section III Reading Comprehension 476 Section IV Structure and Vocabulary 477 Section V Error-detection and Correction 479 Section VI Verb Forms 480Section VII Chinese-English Translation 481 Section VIII English-Chinese Translation 4821985年考研英语真题答案4841984年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题487 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 487 Section II Cloze Test 492Section III Reading Comprehension 494 Section IV Structure and Vocabulary 495 Section V Error-detection and Correction 497 Section VI Verb Forms 499Section VII Chinese-English Translation 500 Section VIII English-Chinese Translation 500 1984年考研英语真题答案5021983年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题505 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 505 Section II Verb Forms 507Section III Error-detection 507Section IV Cloze Test 508Section V Reading Comprehension 511 Section VI Structure and Vocabulary 512 Section VII Chinese-English Translation 514 Section VIII English-Chinese Translation 514 1983年考研英语真题答案5161982年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题518 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 518 Section II Verb Forms 520Section III Error-detection 521Section IV Cloze Test 522Section V Reading Comprehension 524 Section VI Chinese-English Translation 526 Section VII English-Chinese Translation 526 1982年考研英语真题答案5291981年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题531 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 531 Section II Error-detection 534Section III Sentence Making 535Section IV Verb Forms 535Section V Cloze Test 536Section VI Chinese-English Translation 537 Section VII English-Chinese Translation 537 1981年考研英语真题答案5401980年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题543 Section I Use of Prepositions 543Section II Verb Tenses 543Section III Verb Forms 544Section IV Structure and Vocabulary 545Section V Error-detection 547Section VI Chinese-English Translation 548Section VII English-Chinese Translation 5481980年考研英语真题答案5512013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to probation on that day.To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 .He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews, 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant's score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 .1.[A] grant [B] submits [C] transmits [D] delivers2.[A] minor [B]objective [C] crucial [D] external3.[A] issue [B] vision [C] picture [D] moment4.[A] For example [B] On average [C] In principle[D] Above all5.[A] fond [B]fearful [C] capable [D] thoughtless6.[A] in [B] on [C] to [D] for7.[A] if [B]until [C] though [D] unless8.[A] promote [B]emphasize [C] share [D] test9.[A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success10.[A] chosen [B]stupid [C]found [D] identified11.[A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise12.[A] inspired [B]expressed [C] conducted [D] secured13.[A] assigned [B]rated [C] matched [D] arranged14.[A] put [B]got [C]gave [D] took15.[A]instead [B]then [C] ever [D] rather16.[A]selected [B]passed [C] marked [D] introduced17.[A]before [B] after [C] above [D] below18.[A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate19.[A]achieve [B]undo [C] maintain [D]disregard20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpfulSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scold her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decades or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quckier turnrounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. Those labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposal-- meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that--and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking all industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a 5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2300-plus stores aroundthe world, it must rely on low-wage, overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amount of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable, and wasteful,” Cline argues, Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year--about 64 items per person--and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named SKB, who, since 2008 has make all of her own clothes--and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example, can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment--including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection Line--Cline believes lasting-change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford to it.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D]lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half . In the internet age, at least in theory ,this fraction can be much reduced . By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell adwertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Adwertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responging to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Geting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. Atter all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, bloggde:"we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to:[A] ease competition among themselves[B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid complaints from consumers[D]provide better online services27. “The industry” (Line 6,Para.3) refers to:[A] online advertisers[B] e-commerce conductors[C] digital information analysis[D]internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] many cut the number of junk ads[B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers[D]goes against human nature29. which of the following is ture according to Paragraph.6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[A] indulgence[B] understanding[C] appreciaction[D] skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years . Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence .Perhaps willfully , it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment[B] our faith in science and technology[C] our awareness of potential risks[D] our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN’s “Red List” suggest that human being are[A] a sustained species[B] a threaten to the environment[C] the world’s dominant power[D] a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] explore our planet’s abundant resources[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world[C] draw on our experience from the past[D] curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization ”and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial . Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately “occupied the field”and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.However,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement.That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion assertion of federal executive power”.The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities,even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter.In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with .Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree,according to Paragraph4?[A] Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’information.[B] States’ independence from federal immigration law.[C] States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.[B] undermined the states’ interests.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] outweighs that held by the states.[B] is dependent on the states’ support.[C] is established by federal statutes.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administrstion.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The social sciences are flourishing.As of 2005,there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010,the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change, security,sustainable development and health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to arificial fertilizers . Here , too, the problems are social: the organization and。
翻译P401英汉互译
翻译P401英汉互译模拟实战一，二一、英译汉1.Attention to detail is something everyone can and should do－especially in a tight jobmarket.2.Knowing where we want to go helps us judge the importance of every task we undertake.3.The first page attracts attention and encourages the reader to look through the rest ofthe paper,this is why editors always look for a good fist page story and headlines thatmake you stop and look.petition is not only good in itself,it is the means by which other basic Americanvalues such as individual freedom, equality of oppotunity, and hard work are protected.petition is seen as an open and fair race where success goes to the swiftest personregardless of his or her social class background.汉译英6.在社会活动中，我们可以学会如何将书本知识用于实践。
7.只有那些不怕失败的人，才有可能到达成功的顶峰。
8.要是没有资源，那么我们整个世界将处于一种混乱状态。
9.机遇可能带来诺言，但要靠我们的努力来把他们变成现实。
跨考名师解析：4+1搞定考研英语真题
跨考名师解析：4+1搞定考研英语真题以2012年考研阅读第二篇文章为例引领考研阅读复习对策跨考英语教研室韩甦没有任何意外，2012年考研阅读仍然来自国外的主流媒体。
本文以第二篇文章为例，分析如何使用4个步骤的做题以及1个原则方式的简化是做题方式，搞定阅读难关，为后续考研人，引领个方向。
这篇文章是来自于英国《卫报》2011年6月19日的一篇文章。
作者以粉红色与女性的关系为切入，进而探讨了是什么在吸引我们对于颜色产生的喜好。
在考研复习中这种文章是屡见不鲜的。
所以，在经过我们相关的集训训练，或是相关强化训练的考生可以以非常愉悦的状态应对这篇文章。
回忆一下四个步骤：1.读题划点：不读选项，只读题干，寻找题干中能够提供解题指向性的词语，或者内容，划出来，提醒自己。
2.带点读文：通读文章，找到一个点，对应的做个数字标记。
3.以点解题：以对应点的前后文章，或是这个对应点出现的段落排除备选项，做出答案。
4.全文解题：往往有一些题没有确定的对应点，这是我们的原则便有了作用，可以以原则来解决遗漏的题，一般考研预读遗漏题只有5道中会有1道。
所谓原则，就是解题区域不重复，即已经出过答案的相关句子或是有这紧密联系的句意群都不会有再出答案，因为这样是出题人的重大失误，即出题重复。
知道了以上步骤和原则我们来看这篇文章。
第一步骤：读题划点第26题，只是一道句意细节题。
该题围绕一个句子展开。
该句为“b ut it is a tiny slice of the rainbow”，这个点，已经十分明确可以看下一题。
第27 题，段落判断推理题。
该题提问，根据第二段，下列有关于色彩的选项中哪一个是正确的。
出题点也已经明确为第二段。
在此可根据出题区域原则，做基本判断，即第一题应该出现在第一段落。
第28 题，事实细节题。
集中于作者对于我们对于孩子的心理发展的感知主要是受到__ __的影响。
此题定位点较为模糊。
有出题词汇“perception”和“psychological development”以及解题核心词汇“influenced”。
新时代研究生英语综合教程1四单元
第一节 My First Week at University1.1 IntroductionAs a freshman in university, the first week was an exciting but overwhelming experience for me. It was a whole new beginning in my life, and I was eager to explore and adapt to this new environment.1.2 Orientation DayOn the first day, I attended the orientation program organized by the university. The program included introductions to the faculty, the campus facilities, and academic resources av 本人lable to students. It gave me aprehensive understanding of what to expect during my time at the university.1.3 Meeting New PeopleDuring the first week, I was introduced to a wide variety of people from different backgrounds. I had the opportunity to make new friends and learn about their cultures and experiences. This was a valuable experience that broadened myperspective and made me more open-minded.1.4 Academic ChallengesThe academic challenges during the first week were also significant. I was introduced to the syllabus for my courses and had to manage my time effectively to stay on top of my assignments and readings. It was a steep learning curve, but I was determined to succeed.1.5 ConclusionOverall, my first week at university was a mix of emotions –excitement, nervousness, and curiosity. It was a crucial period of transition, and it l本人d the foundation for the rest of my time at the university. I look forward to the journey ahead and the opportunities for growth and learning.第二节 Understanding Academic Expectations2.1 Coursework and AssignmentsOne of the key aspects of the first unit of the New EraGraduate English Comprehensive Course is understanding the academic expectations of university-level coursework and assignments. This includes learning how to manage deadlines, conduct research, and write effectively.2.2 Critical Thinking and AnalysisIn addition to mastering the language skills, the course also emphasizes the development of critical thinking and analysis. This involves evaluating and synthesizing information, making reasoned arguments, and engaging in discussion and debate.2.3 Communication SkillsEffectivemunication is another area of focus in the course. This includes not only writtenmunication but also oral presentation and interpersonal skills. The course 本人ms to develop students' ability to express themselves clearly and confidently in a range of academic and professional settings.2.4 ConclusionThe first unit of the New Era Graduate EnglishComprehensive Course provides a solid foundation for academic success. By understanding the academic expectations and developing crucial skills, students are better prepared to excel in their studies and make the most of their university experience.第三节 Language Proficiency and Fluency3.1 Language Proficiency LevelsThe New Era Graduate English Comprehensive Course is designed to cater to students at different language proficiency levels. The course recognizes that students may have varying degrees of familiarity with the English language and 本人ms to support their development accordingly.3.2 Vocabulary and GrammarA key focus of the course is to enhance students' vocabulary and grammar skills. This involves expanding their range of vocabulary, refining their understanding of grammar rules, and practicing these skills in context.3.3 Listening and SpeakingThe course also emphasizes the development of students' listening and speaking skills. This involves activities such as listening to lectures, participating in discussions, and delivering presentations. By honing these skills, students can engage more effectively in academic and professional contexts.3.4 ConclusionLanguage proficiency and fluency are criticalponents of the New Era Graduate English Comprehensive Course. By addressing the diverse needs of students and focusing on key language skills, the course sets a strong foundation for students' linguistic development and success in their academic pursuits.第四节 Cultural Awareness and Sensitivity4.1 Diversity and InclusivityThe New Era Graduate English Comprehensive Course recognizes the importance of cultural awareness and sensitivityin the academic environment. It promotes a culture of inclusivity and respect for diversity, recognizing the value of different perspectives and experiences.4.2 Intercultural CommunicationThe course encourages students to engage in interculturalmunication and exchange. This involves learning about different cultures, customs, and traditions, and developing the skills to navigate cultural differences effectively.4.3 Global PerspectivesIn a globalized world, the course also 本人ms to cultivate a global perspective among students. This involves exploring global issues, understanding international perspectives, and developing the skills to engage with a diverse and interconnected world.4.4 ConclusionCultural awareness and sensitivity are integralponents of the New Era Graduate English Comprehensive Course. By fosteringa culture of inclusivity and promoting global perspectives, the course equips students with the skills and mindset to thrive in an increasingly diverse and interconnected world.结语新时代研究生英语综合教程1四单元提供了全面而有针对性的学习内容，包括适应大学生活的挑战、理解学术期望、语言能力和流利度的培养以及文化意识和敏感性的培养。
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-----第一阶段----第四讲情态动词1.情态动词的基本含义（1）can①A light spirit can bear a heavy fate.You can do it if you believe you can.②If winter comes, can spring be far behind?You can’t step into the same river twice.③You can’t benefit from others’losses.It can be good.You can be right.（2）may①You may lead a horse to the water, but you cannot make him drink. You may well surprise yourself at what strengths you have.②Your mind may be free no matter where you are.Misfortune might be a blessing in disguise.（3）mustIn order to succeed, you must have a long-term focus.When we want to more roses, we must plant trees.It must be Tom.（4）have toLife is like school. You have to pass one test to get on to the next test.To make a lasting marriage we have to overcome self-centeredness.You have got to like what you do.You’ve got to be in order to succeed.（5）shouldYou should try to seek every opportunity instead of just waiting quietly for its visit.Everyone should be wiser today than yesterday.（6）ought toMan ought to have something that he prefers to life.Everybody ought to do at least two things each day that he hates to do.（7）willYou can if you will.Heaven never helps the man who will not act.（8）would rather （或would sooner）In order to pursue light and heat, people would rather （或would sooner）lose their lives.We would rather（或would sooner）die on our feet than live on our knees.I would rather（或would sooner）forget what others owe me than forget what I owe others.（9）dareI dare not linger, for my long walk is not yet ended.Dare you be the first to eat oysters?（10）needHe who labors diligently need never despair.（11）had betterSleeping dogs had better be left alone.We’d better struggle for the future rather than regret for the past.（12）used toMy father used to say,“it is important to learn from your mistakes”.He used to smoke, but knowing what a bad habit it is, he stopped three years ago.2.情态动词+现在完成时的用法You can’t have been here.You can’t have married.You should have told me.You should have married.You shouldn’t have married.No matter what a person’s past may （might） have been, his future is spotless.God must have made every human being with a different intention.She can’t （或couldn’t） have succeeded by luck because she made every effort possible.Well into her 70s, she could easily have retired, but she preferred not to.Marsha did not accept the bad news, she should（或ought to） have taken this as a signal to look at other opportunities.If you doubt his ab ility, you shouldn’t （或ought not to） have hired him in the first place.Often when you look back, you feel that you needn’t have worried so much because a lot of things really didn’t matter.情态动词现在完成式主要有两个功能:表示已经发生的情况和表示虚拟语气.在这两个方面must/mustn’t,；can/can n’t；need/needn’t；may/mayn’t；minght/mightn’t；should/shouldn’t；ougtht等情态动词+完成式表示的意思是有一定区别的（1）表示已经发生的情况.1）must have+过去分词,表示对已发生情况的肯定推测,译为“（昨天）一定……”，如：my pain apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically：“are you feeling all right?”[A]must be [B]had been [C]must have been [D]had to be2）can’t/couldn’t have+过去分词，表示对已发生情况的否定推测，译为“（昨天）一定没……”，如：Mary my letter； otherwise she would have replied before now.[A]couldn’t have received[B]ought to have received[C]has received [D]shouldn’t have received3）may/might have+过去分词，表示对已发生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推测，或事实上根本没发生，译为“也许……”。
如：at Florida power’s crystal river plant, a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician.（2）表示虚拟语气。
1）needn’t have+过去分词，表示做了不必须做的事，相当于“didn’t need to do”，译为“其实没必要……”。
如：you needn’t have come over yourself.as it turned out to be a small house party. we so formally.[A]needn’t dress up[B]did not need have dressed up[C]did not need dress up [D]needn’t have dressed up2）should have+过去分词，表示应该做某事但实际上未做，译为“本应该……”should not +have 过去分词表示本不应该做某事但实际上做了，译为“本不应该……”，如；I regret having left the work unfinished； I should have planned everything ahead carefully。
我本来应该事先认真地把每件事情规划的很好，但实际上作者还是没有规划好，以至工作没有完成。
3）ought to have + 过去分词，表示动作按理该发生了，但实际上未发生，译为“该……”，与should 的完成式含义类似。
如：the porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock , which went up in smoke.4）could have +过去分词，表示过去本来可以做但却未做，译为“完全可以……”，这点与ought/should/have+过去分词用法相似。
如；what you said is right, but you could have phrased it more tactfully.5）may/might have+过去分词，表示过去可以做但实际未做，译为“（那样）也许会……”。
如：it might have been better to include more punchy statistics and photos of equipment in the introduction to further assist first-time office automation managers.3.情态动词常考的句型：（1）may/might （just）as well “不防，最好”，与had better相近Since the flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train.既然航班已经取消了，你不妨乘火车吧。