美国文学复习资料

American romanticism（美国浪漫主义）: an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism. and rebellion against established social rules and conventions.

Transcendentalism（超验主义）is a philosophical and literary movement that flourished in New England from about the early 19th century. It is the summit of American Romanticism. It holds that one must transcend, in a sense go beyond, logic and experience through intuition in order to find the deepest truths. The Transcendentalists stressed spirit or the Over soul. They affirms the role of individual and saw nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. The main representatives are Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau and Magyar Fuller.

Realism（现实主义）: The attempt in literature and art to represent life as it really is, without sentimentalizing or idealizing it. Realistic writing often depicts the everyday life and speech of ordinary people. This has led, sometimes, to an emphasis on sordid details.

Naturalism（自然主义）: An extreme form of realism. Naturalistic writers usually depict the sordid side of life and show characters who are severely, if not hopelessly, limited by their environment or heredity.

Modernism现代主义：is loosely a synonym of anything contemporary. Strictly, especially in literary criticism, which began in the late 19th century and the theory of psychoanalysis as its theoretical base. They pay more attention to the psychic time than the chronological one. Imagism意象派: is a poetic movement of England and the United States, flourished from 1909-1917. Its credo, expressed in Some Imagist Poets, included the use of the language of common speech, project matter, the evocation of images in hard, clear poetry, and concentration.

Lost generation（迷失的一代）: It defines a sense of moral loss or aimlessness. The WWI destroyed the innocent ideas, many good young men went to the war and died, or returned damaged, both physically and mentally; their moral faith were no longer valid—they were “Lost

The Beat Generation（跨掉的一代）: The Beat Generation is a group of American young writers and artists popular in the 1950s and early 1960s. The member of the beat generation were new bohemian libertines, who engaged in a spontaneous, sometimes messy, creativity. The beat writers produced a body of written work controversial both for its advocacy of non-conformity and for its non-conforming style. The major writing are jack Kerouac‟s on the road and Allen Ginsberg‟s Howl.

Iceberg Theory of Writing: 1/8 is above the water. All of the rest is under the water. The same is true with Hemingway‟s writing. His sentences only give one small bit of the meaning. The rest is implied. One must go very deep beneath the surface to understand the full meaning of his writing.

Hemingway Code Hero（海明威式英雄）：Hemingway Code Hero，also called code hero，is one who，wounded but strong more sensitive，enjoys the pleasures of life in face of ruin and death，and maintains，through some notion of a code，an ideal of himself.

Stream of consciousness（意识流）: it is one of the modern literary techniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them.

Local color/regionalism: local color is a term applied to literature which emphasizes its settings, being concerned with the character of a district or of an area, as marked by its customs, dialects, landscape or other peculiarities that have escaped standardizing cultural influences. American Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God. As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind.

Washington Irving 华盛顿.欧文

1.A History of New York《纽约外史》

2. The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.

3."Rip Van Winkle"《瑞普.凡.温克尔》

4."The Legend of Sleepy Hollow."《睡谷的传说》

Edgar Allan Poe埃德加.艾伦.坡

1.The Fall of the House of Usher《厄舍府的倒塌》代表作

2.The Murders in the Rue Morgue《莫格街谋杀案》

3..The Cask of Amontillado《一桶蒙特亚白葡萄酒》

4.《The Raven》乌鸦

5.《To Helen》致海伦

6.Annabel Lee《安娜贝尔•李》

Henry David Thoreau亨利•戴维•梭罗

1. Walden《瓦尔登湖》

Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔.霍桑

1.Twice-Told Tales《尽人皆知的故事》

Washington Irving 华盛顿.欧文

1.A History of New York《纽约外史》

2. The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.

3."Rip Van Winkle"《瑞普.凡.温克尔》

4."The Legend of Sleepy Hollow."《睡谷的传说》

Edgar Allan Poe埃德加.艾伦.坡

1.The Fall of the House of Usher《厄舍府的倒塌》代表作

2.The Murders in the Rue Morgue《莫格街谋杀案》

3..The Cask of Amontillado《一桶蒙特亚白葡萄酒》

4.《The Raven》乌鸦

5.《To Helen》致海伦

6.Annabel Lee《安娜贝尔•李》

Henry David Thoreau亨利•戴维•梭罗

1. Walden《瓦尔登湖》

Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔.霍桑

1.Twice-Told Tales《尽人皆知的故事》

2.Mosses from an Old Manse《古屋青苔》

3.The Snow-Image and Other Twice-Told Tales

4.The Scarlet Letter《红字》

5. The House of. the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子》

6.The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》

7.The Marble Faun《玉石雕像》

8."Young Goodman Brown,"《小伙子布朗》

Herman Melville 赫尔曼.麦尔维尔

1.Moby-Dick《白鲸》

2.Billy Budd《比利.伯德》

3.Typee《泰比》

4. Omoo《奥穆》

5. Mardi《玛地》

6.Redburn《雷得本》

7. White Jacket《白外衣》

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利•沃兹沃斯•朗费罗

1. V oices of the Night《夜吟》

2. Evangeline《伊凡吉》

3.ballads and other poem 《歌谣及其他》

4.the psalm of life 《人生颂》

5.the song of Hiawatha 《海华沙之歌》

Walt Whitman 华尔特.惠特曼

1. Leaves of Grass《草叶集》

2."Song of Myself.《自我之歌》

3.Drum Taps《鼓点》

Mark Twain 马克.吐温

1.Adventures of Huckleberry Finn《哈克贝利.芬历险记》

2. Life on the Mississippi《密西西比河上的生活》

3."The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County,"

4.Innocents Abroad《傻瓜出国记》

5.The Adventures of Tom Sawyer《汤姆。索娅历险记》

6.The Gilded Age《镀金时代》

7. A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court《亚瑟王宫