印度尼西亚环境保护管理简介
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INDONESIA’S ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
by: Mia Amalia prepared for: Integrated Environmental Planning and Management Course INTAN, KUALA LUMPUR
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The Growing Threat of Urban and Industrial Pollution
? The urban transition occurring more rapidly on Java which estimated to reach 60% by 2020. ? The key issues of pollution from urban areas include human waste, solid waste, and vehicle emissions. ? The lack of an adequate sanitation facilities is a primary cause of fecal contamination in urban water supplies. ? At present, only 15-40% of solid wastes are being collected and ends up in uncontrolled dump sites leading to groundwater contamination. 30% of it ends up in the river or canal leading to flooding and residential water contamination. ? The health impact of industrial pollution are heightened by the fact that they are concentrated in urban areas and in those provinces with highest population densities. ? Air pollution from energy consumption
Water Resource Management
? In 1994 it was stated that Indonesia’s surface water is about 1,789 billion m3/year. This surface water is distributed in 5,886 watershed, 186 dam and 33 million ha of swamp. ? Issues of water quantity include emerging conflict between competing uses and between surface and groundwater in rapidly growing urban areas. ? Demand for water is expected to rise for about 10% per year. In 2010, Java is estimate to have water crisis (the ratio of demand and supply reach more than 150%). ? Demand for water in industrial sector is estimated 9 times 2010 compared to 2000 situation.
MEGAWATI …….. MEGAWATI ……..
PROPENAS :: PROPENAS 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3. 4. 4. 5. 5. 6. 6. Democracy Democracy Good governance Good governance Economic recovery Economic recovery Social welfare Social welfare Local development Local development Preparation for Preparation for general election 2004 Βιβλιοθήκη Baidueneral election 2004
Positive Achievements :: Positive Achievements •• High economic growth (6,8%/th) High economic growth (6,8%/th) •• Increasing income per-head ($70 ke $1000) Increasing income per-head ($70 ke $1000) •• Decreasing poor people (69% ke 11%) Decreasing poor people (69% ke 11%) Negative Issues: Negative Issues: •• Sector, class and regional gap Sector, class and regional gap •• A lot of corruption, collusion, and nepotism A lot of corruption, collusion, and nepotism •• Political decay Political decay
? Introduction ? Key Issues of Environmental Management ? Environmental Management in Indonesia
INTRODUCTION
? Where is Indonesia? ? General Fact about Indonesia ? Governance Flash Back
economy...
GDP GDP/head Annual growth Inflation Major product Major trading partner Currency Indonesian Rupiah (IDR; Rp) 1 USD (Rp) USD USD % % 944 3.5-4.0 7.0-9.0 Oil, gas, textiles, timber, coffee, rubber, coal, tin, copper, rice, pepper, palm oil Japan, USA, Singapore
Where is Indonesia?
General Fact about Indonesia (2003) geography...
Total area Land area Sea area Largest Islands Islands Land boundaries km sq km sq km sq km sq km 5,193,250 2,027,087 3,166,163 Sumatra (425,606); Java (129,187); Kalimantan (539,460); Sulawesi (174,219); Papua (421,981) 17,508 (6,000 inhabited) 2,800 Timor Leste (228); Malaysia (1,782); PNG (820) Tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
8,200-9,000
Governance Flash Back (After Soekarno’s Administration)
1969………
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2004?
Long term plan Long term plan Nat GL Nat GL
CRISIS
…………… SOEHARTO …………… SOEHARTO
Tap X -- MPR Tap X MPR National Guideline 1999-2004 National Guideline 1999-2004
HABIBIE HABIBIE
Political Reform: Political Reform: Act 2/99 – Political Party Act 2/99 – Political Party Act 3/99 – General Election Act 3/99 – General Election Act 4/99 – Susduk DPR/MPR Act 4/99 – Susduk DPR/MPR GR 5/99 – PNS & Parpo GR 5/99 – PNS & Parpo Freedom of press Freedom of press Abolition of political descent Abolition of political descent Polri -- TNI separation Polri TNI separation Government Reform Government Reform Act 22/99 – Local government Act 22/99 – Local government Act 25/99 – Fiscal balance Act 25/99 – Fiscal balance Economic Reform Economic Reform Banking restructuring Banking restructuring Independence of central bank Independence of central bank Economic democratization Economic democratization
GUS DUR GUS DUR
National Guidelines National Guidelines (GBHN): (GBHN): •• national unity national unity •• democratization democratization •• economic recovery economic recovery
KEY ISSUES OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
? Land use ? Water resources management ? The growing threat of urban and industrial pollution
Land Use
? On Java, the conversion of coastal wetland to agricultural use have led to soil erosion, flooding, and the loss of valuable marine resources. ? In the outer islands, the conversion of both forest land and coastal wetland to agricultural use is compounded by the commercial exploitation of timber resources has led to increasing conflict over traditional land use rights and continued access to natural resources by local communities. ? The rapid but uncoordinated expansion of urban areas contributes to urban sprawl and inefficiencies in the provision of infrastructure.
oC
Climate Temperature Annual rainfall
21-33 700
mm
people...
Population Population contras Growth rate Birth rate Death rate Life expectancy Working population Ethnic groups Language Literacy Religion % people/sq km % births/1,000 population death/1,000 population Years % 216 million Jakarta (12,600); Papua (9) 1.54 21.87 6.28 68,63 Agriculture (43.3); manufacturing (13); mining (0.6); others (41.2) 365 Bahasa Indonesia (plus 583 dialects), English, Dutch 83.8 Islam (87); Christian (9); Hindu (2)
by: Mia Amalia prepared for: Integrated Environmental Planning and Management Course INTAN, KUALA LUMPUR
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The Growing Threat of Urban and Industrial Pollution
? The urban transition occurring more rapidly on Java which estimated to reach 60% by 2020. ? The key issues of pollution from urban areas include human waste, solid waste, and vehicle emissions. ? The lack of an adequate sanitation facilities is a primary cause of fecal contamination in urban water supplies. ? At present, only 15-40% of solid wastes are being collected and ends up in uncontrolled dump sites leading to groundwater contamination. 30% of it ends up in the river or canal leading to flooding and residential water contamination. ? The health impact of industrial pollution are heightened by the fact that they are concentrated in urban areas and in those provinces with highest population densities. ? Air pollution from energy consumption
Water Resource Management
? In 1994 it was stated that Indonesia’s surface water is about 1,789 billion m3/year. This surface water is distributed in 5,886 watershed, 186 dam and 33 million ha of swamp. ? Issues of water quantity include emerging conflict between competing uses and between surface and groundwater in rapidly growing urban areas. ? Demand for water is expected to rise for about 10% per year. In 2010, Java is estimate to have water crisis (the ratio of demand and supply reach more than 150%). ? Demand for water in industrial sector is estimated 9 times 2010 compared to 2000 situation.
MEGAWATI …….. MEGAWATI ……..
PROPENAS :: PROPENAS 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3. 4. 4. 5. 5. 6. 6. Democracy Democracy Good governance Good governance Economic recovery Economic recovery Social welfare Social welfare Local development Local development Preparation for Preparation for general election 2004 Βιβλιοθήκη Baidueneral election 2004
Positive Achievements :: Positive Achievements •• High economic growth (6,8%/th) High economic growth (6,8%/th) •• Increasing income per-head ($70 ke $1000) Increasing income per-head ($70 ke $1000) •• Decreasing poor people (69% ke 11%) Decreasing poor people (69% ke 11%) Negative Issues: Negative Issues: •• Sector, class and regional gap Sector, class and regional gap •• A lot of corruption, collusion, and nepotism A lot of corruption, collusion, and nepotism •• Political decay Political decay
? Introduction ? Key Issues of Environmental Management ? Environmental Management in Indonesia
INTRODUCTION
? Where is Indonesia? ? General Fact about Indonesia ? Governance Flash Back
economy...
GDP GDP/head Annual growth Inflation Major product Major trading partner Currency Indonesian Rupiah (IDR; Rp) 1 USD (Rp) USD USD % % 944 3.5-4.0 7.0-9.0 Oil, gas, textiles, timber, coffee, rubber, coal, tin, copper, rice, pepper, palm oil Japan, USA, Singapore
Where is Indonesia?
General Fact about Indonesia (2003) geography...
Total area Land area Sea area Largest Islands Islands Land boundaries km sq km sq km sq km sq km 5,193,250 2,027,087 3,166,163 Sumatra (425,606); Java (129,187); Kalimantan (539,460); Sulawesi (174,219); Papua (421,981) 17,508 (6,000 inhabited) 2,800 Timor Leste (228); Malaysia (1,782); PNG (820) Tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
8,200-9,000
Governance Flash Back (After Soekarno’s Administration)
1969………
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2004?
Long term plan Long term plan Nat GL Nat GL
CRISIS
…………… SOEHARTO …………… SOEHARTO
Tap X -- MPR Tap X MPR National Guideline 1999-2004 National Guideline 1999-2004
HABIBIE HABIBIE
Political Reform: Political Reform: Act 2/99 – Political Party Act 2/99 – Political Party Act 3/99 – General Election Act 3/99 – General Election Act 4/99 – Susduk DPR/MPR Act 4/99 – Susduk DPR/MPR GR 5/99 – PNS & Parpo GR 5/99 – PNS & Parpo Freedom of press Freedom of press Abolition of political descent Abolition of political descent Polri -- TNI separation Polri TNI separation Government Reform Government Reform Act 22/99 – Local government Act 22/99 – Local government Act 25/99 – Fiscal balance Act 25/99 – Fiscal balance Economic Reform Economic Reform Banking restructuring Banking restructuring Independence of central bank Independence of central bank Economic democratization Economic democratization
GUS DUR GUS DUR
National Guidelines National Guidelines (GBHN): (GBHN): •• national unity national unity •• democratization democratization •• economic recovery economic recovery
KEY ISSUES OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
? Land use ? Water resources management ? The growing threat of urban and industrial pollution
Land Use
? On Java, the conversion of coastal wetland to agricultural use have led to soil erosion, flooding, and the loss of valuable marine resources. ? In the outer islands, the conversion of both forest land and coastal wetland to agricultural use is compounded by the commercial exploitation of timber resources has led to increasing conflict over traditional land use rights and continued access to natural resources by local communities. ? The rapid but uncoordinated expansion of urban areas contributes to urban sprawl and inefficiencies in the provision of infrastructure.
oC
Climate Temperature Annual rainfall
21-33 700
mm
people...
Population Population contras Growth rate Birth rate Death rate Life expectancy Working population Ethnic groups Language Literacy Religion % people/sq km % births/1,000 population death/1,000 population Years % 216 million Jakarta (12,600); Papua (9) 1.54 21.87 6.28 68,63 Agriculture (43.3); manufacturing (13); mining (0.6); others (41.2) 365 Bahasa Indonesia (plus 583 dialects), English, Dutch 83.8 Islam (87); Christian (9); Hindu (2)