1998考研英语真题阅读详解
1998年考研英语真题及解析
1998年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Section I Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage,there are four choices marked[A],[B],[C],and [D].Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(10points)Until recent l y most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution.They1that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the2man.But they insisted that its3results during the period from1750to1850were widespread poverty and misery for the4of the English population.5 contrast,they saw in the preceding hundred years from1650to1750,when England was still a6agricultural country,a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view,7,is generally thought to be wrong.Specialists8history and economics,have9two things:that the period from1650to1750was10by great poverty,and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.1.［A］admitted［B］believed［C］claimed［D］predicted2.［A］plain［B］average［C］mean［D］normal3.［A］momentary［B］prompt［C］instant［D］immediate4.［A］bulk［B］host［C］gross［D］magnitude5.［A］On［B］With［C］For［D］By6.［A］broadly［B］thoroughly［C］generally［D］completely7.［A］however［B］meanwhile［C］therefore［D］moreover8.［A］at［B］in［C］about［D］for9.［A］manifested［B］approved［C］shown［D］speculated10.［A］noted［B］impressed［C］labeled［D］markedSectionⅡReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions.For each question there are four answers marked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.(40points)Text1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams.Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating.But to be fascinated is also,sometimes,to be blind.Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful.It doesn’t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assertthemselves.Egypt’s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam.Turkey’s bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended.The Aswan Dam,for example,stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left--all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet,the myth of controlling the waters persists.This week,in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube.The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams.But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs,and now needs a dam to prove itself.Meanwhile,in India,the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam.And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction.The benefits are for the powerful,but they are far from guaranteed.Proper,scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts.Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams.But when you are dealing with myths,it is hard to be either proper, or scientific.It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan.You don’t need a dam to be saved.11.The third sentence of Paragraph1implies that________.[A]people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality[B]the blind could be happier than the sighted[C]over-excited people tend to neglect vital things[D]fascination makes people lose their eyesight12.In Paragraph5,“the powerless”probably refers to________.[A]areas short of electricity[B]dams without power stations[C]poor countries around India[D]common people in the Narmada Dam area13.What is the myth concerning giant dams?[A]They bring in more fertile soil.[B]They help defend the country.[C]They strengthen international ties.[D]They have universal control of the waters.14.What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as________.[A]“It’s no use crying over spilt milk”[B]“More haste,less speed”[C]“Look before you leap”[D]“He who laughs last laughs best”Text2Well,no gain without pain,they say.But what about pain without gain?Everywhere you go in America,you hear tales of corporate revival.What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging.They show that,if you lump manufacturing and services together,productivity has grown on average by1.2%since1987.That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade.And since1991,productivity has increased by about 2%a year,which is more than twice the1978-87average.The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle,and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend.There is,as Robert Rubin,the treasury secretary,says,a“disjunction”between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained.New ways of organizing the workplace--all that re-engineering and downsizing--are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery,new technology,and investment in education and training.Moreover,most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable,and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative.First,some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done.Second,even if it was well done,it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger,a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain,a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes,says that much“re-engineering”has been crude.In many cases,he believes,the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost.His colleague, Michael Beer,says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability.BBDO’s Al Rosenshine is blunter.He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish--“the worst sort of ambulance chasing.”15.According to the author,the American economic situation is________.[A]not as good as it seems[B]at its turning point[C]much better than it seems[D]near to complete recovery16.The official statistics on productivity growth________.[A]exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle[B]fall short of businessmen’s anticipation[C]meet the expectation of business people[D]fail to reflect the true state of economy17.The author raises the question“what about pain without gain?”because________.[A]he questions the truth of“no gain without pain”[B]he does not think the productivity revolution works[C]he wonders if the official statistics are misleading[D]he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses18.Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?[A]Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.[B]New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.[C]The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.[D]The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.Text3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture.Think of Gallileo’s 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake’s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton.The schism between science and the humanities has,if anything,deepened in this century.Until recently,the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics --but no longer.As funding for science has declined,scientists have attacked“anti-science”in several books,notably Higher Superstition,by Paul R.Gross,a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt,a mathematician at Rutgers University;and The Demon-Haunted World,by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as“The Flight from Science and Reason,”held in New York City in1995,and“Science in the Age of(Mis)information,”which assembled last June near Buffalo.Anti-science clearly means different things to different people.Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists,philosophers and other academics who have questioned science’s objectivity.Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts,creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in1996reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well,from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber,whose manifesto,published in1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia.But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science,as an essay in US News&World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists,inevitably,respond to such critics.The true enemies of science,argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University,a pioneer of environmental studies,are those who question the evidence supporting global warming,the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed,some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless.“The term‘anti-science’can lump together too many,quite different things,”notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his1993work Science and Anti-Science.“They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”19.The word“schism”(Line4,Paragraph1)in the context probably means________.[A]confrontation[B]dissatisfaction[C]separation[D]contempt20.Paragraphs2and3are written to________.[A]discuss the cause of the decline of science’s power[B]show the author’s sympathy with scientists[C]explain the way in which science develops[D]exemplify the division of science and the humanities21.Which of the following is true according to the passage?[A]Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.[B]Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.[C]The“more enlightened”tend to tag others as anti-science.[D]Tagging environmentalists as“anti-science”is justifiable.22.The author’s attitude toward the issue of“science vs.anti-science”is________.[A]impartial[B]subjective[C]biased[D]puzzlingText4Emerging from the1980census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition,as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development--and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead--has enthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the historyof the nation’s head counting.Altogether,the US population rose in the1970s by23.2million people--numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade.Even so,that gain adds up to only11.4percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II,and the pattern still prevails.Three sun-belt states--Florida,Texas and California--together had nearly10million more people in1980than a decade earlier.Among large cities,San Diego moved from14th to8th and San Antonio from15th to10th--with Cleveland and Washington.D.C.,dropping out of the top10.Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt,census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role,too--and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom”generation reached its child bearing years.Moreover,demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon:More and more,Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people,too.Some instances—■Regionally,the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate--37.1percent since1970in a vast area with only5percent of the US population.■Among states,Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all:63.5and53.1percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas,the top10in rate of growth is composed of Western states with7.5 million people--about9per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.Nowhere do1980census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.There,California added3.7million to its population in the1970s,more than any other state.In that decade,however,large numbers also migrated from California,mostly to other parts of the West.Often they chose--and still are choosing--somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog,crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result,California’s growth rate dropped during the1970s,to18.5percent--little more than two thirds the1960s’growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.23.Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the1980census provided,Americain1970s________.[A]enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history[B]witnessed a southwestern shift of population[C]underwent an unparalleled period of population growth[D]brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II24.The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that________.[A]it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution[B]it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants[C]it reveals the Americans’new pursuit of spacious living[D]it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday’s“baby boom”25.We can see from the available statistics that________.[A]California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US[B]the top10states in growth rate of population were all located in the West[C]cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration[D]Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population26.The word“demographers”(Line1,Paragraph8)most probably means________.[A]people in favor of the trend of democracy[B]advocates of migration between states[C]scientists engaged in the study of population[D]conservatives clinging to old patterns of lifeText5Scattered around the globe are more than100small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots.Unlike most of the world’s volcanoes,they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth’s surface;on the contrary,many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate.Most of the hot spots move only slowly,and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes.The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute.Africa and South America,for example,are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them.The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined.The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail,but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth’s interior.It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it.Hot spots,anchored in the deeper layers of the earth,provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question.From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past30million years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference.It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe.When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot,the material rising from deeper layers creates a broad dome.As the dome grows,it develops deep fissures(cracks);in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures,so that the hot spot initiates theformation of a new ocean.Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability(inconstancy).27.The author believes that________.[A]the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth’s interior[B]the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true[C]the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions[D]the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart28.That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that________.[A]the two continents are still moving in opposite directions[B]they have been found to share certain geological features[C]the African plate has been stable for30million years[D]over100hot spots are scattered all around the globe29.The hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining________.[A]the structure of the African plates[B]the revival of dead volcanoes[C]the mobility of the continents[D]the formation of new oceans30.The passage is mainly about________.[A]the features of volcanic activities[B]the importance of the theory about drifting plates[C]the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies[D]the process of the formation of volcanoesSection IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)They were,by far,the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected:a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some15billion light-years from earth.31)But even more important,it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past,for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed15billion years ago.That was just about the moment that the universe was born.What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected:the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite--Cobe--had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosionthat has become known as the Big Bang(the theory that the universe originated in an explosion froma single mass of energy).32)The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang,first put forward in the1920s,to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.According to the theory,the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic,unimaginably dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions,emitting radiation as it went,condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas.Over billions of years,the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies,stars, plants and eventually,even humans.Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures,but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well,the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies.They shouldn’t have long to wait.33)Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures,and may report their findings soon.34)If the small hot spots look as expected,that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea,a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillion fold in much less than a second,propelled by a sort of antigravity.35)Odd though it sounds,cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics,and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.31.________32.________33.________34.________35.________Section V WritingDirections:[A]Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in no less than150words.[B]Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)[C]Your essay should meet the requirements below:1.Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon.2.Give your commentsn.注：图片上的文字是：本母鸡承诺：①本鸡下蛋不见棱不见角②保证有蛋皮，蛋黄和蛋清1998年答案及解析PartⅠCloze Test1.A2.B3.D4.A5.D6.D7.A8.B9.C10.DPartⅡReading ComprehensionPart APassage111.C12.D13.D14.CPassage215.A16.B17.B18.APassage319.C20.D21.A22.APassage423.B24.C25.D26.CPassage527.B28.B29.C30.CPartⅢEnglish-Chinese Translation31.更为重要的是，这是科学家们能够观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
1998年考研英语真题答案及精析
Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They 41 that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 42 man. But they insisted that its 43 results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the 44 of the English population. 45 contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a 46 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, 47,is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists 48 history and economics, have 49 two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 50 by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.直到最近，多数历史学家对工业革命仍持强烈的批评态度。
考研英语1998阅读真题解析
考研英语阅读真题解析（1998）Text 1核心词汇capture［5kAptFE］v./n.捕获,俘虏;夺得,攻占（capt+ure动词后缀→抓住毛病→逮捕）cement［si5ment］n.水泥;胶泥,胶接剂v.胶合;巩固,加强civilize［5sivilaiz］v.使文明,开化（civil市民→文明+ize动词后缀→文明化）complex［5kCmpleks］a.复杂的；综合的；联合体（com共同+plex重叠→全部重叠→复杂的）conflict［5kCnflikt9 kEn5flikt］n.战争;冲突(con共同+flict打击→共同打→冲突)deprive［di5praiv］vt.剥夺,夺去,使丧失（de去掉+prive→从个人身边拿走→剥夺），priv词根“个人的”（如private→priv+ate→私人的），使某物离开个人→剥夺drought［draut］n.旱灾,干旱go ahead n.批准，允许hydroelectric［5haidrEi5lektrik］a.水电的(hydro水+electric电→发电的)imagination［i9mAdVi5neiFEn］n.想象（力）；空想，幻觉；想象出来的事物（imagin想象+ation→想象）irrigation［9iri5geiFEn］n.灌溉；冲洗;水利mercy［5mE:si］n.仁慈,怜悯,宽恕myth［miW］n.神话;神话（总称）；想像的、虚构或不可能存在的事物、人persist［pE:5sist］v.（in）坚持,持续（per始终，完全＋sist→始终站着→坚持到底）proper［5prCpE］a.适合的;合乎体统的;固有的;有礼貌的resolve［ri5zClv］v.决心;（使）分解,溶解;决议n.解决;决心（困难）（re再+solve→再松开→解决）。
同根词：dissolve（v.溶解；解散）←dis+solvespill［spil］v.溢出,溅出n.摔下,跌下symbol［5simbEl］n.（符号；象征）即sym+bol，sym 共同，bol看作ball，“共同喜欢球类运动”→这是现代人的“象征”wrong headed a. 执迷不悟的难句剖析难句1：Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating.［分析］此句是一个强调句型，基本结构是“it is... that...”，强调部分的关键词是suffering，这个词就是后面that引导的从句的主语，句子的主干是“Suffering makes the ideal so fascinating”。
1998年考研英语真题及答案(卷一)
考研资料1998年全国研究生入学考试试卷及参考答案（精校版）英语1998年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Section I Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Until recent l y most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They1that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 2 man. But they insisted that its 3 results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the 4 of the English population. 5 contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a 6 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, 7 , is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists 8 history and economics, have 9 two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 10 by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.1. ［A］admitted ［B］believed ［C］claimed ［D］predicted2. ［A］plain ［B］average ［C］mean ［D］normal3. ［A］momentary ［B］prompt ［C］instant ［D］immediate4. ［A］bulk ［B］host ［C］gross ［D］magnitude5. ［A］On ［B］With ［C］For ［D］By6. ［A］broadly ［B］thoroughly ［C］generally ［D］completely7. ［A］however ［B］meanwhile ［C］therefore ［D］moreover8. ［A］at ［B］in ［C］about ［D］for9. ［A］manifested ［B］approved ［C］shown ［D］speculated10. ［A］noted ［B］impressed ［C］labeled ［D］markedSection ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (40 points)Text 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn’t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assertthemselves. Egypt’s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey’s bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don’t need a dam to be saved.11. The third sentence of Paragraph 1 implies that ________.[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight12. In P aragraph 5, “the powerless” probably refers to ________.[A] areas short of electricity[B] dams without power stations[C] poor countries around India[D] common people in the Narmada Dam area13. What is the myth concerning giant dams?[A] They bring in more fertile soil.[B] They help defend the country.[C] They strengthen international ties.[D] They have universal control of the waters.14. What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as ________.[A] “It’s no use crying over spilt milk”[B] “More haste, less speed”[C] “Look before you leap”[D] “He who laughs last laughs best”Text 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace -- all that re-engineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of baker y cafes, says that much “re-engineering” has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO’s Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish -- “the worst sort of ambulance c h asing.”15. According to the author, the American economic situation is ________.[A] not as good as it seems[B] at its turning point[C] much better than it seems[D] near to complete recovery16. The official statistics on productivity growth ________.[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle[B] fall short of businessmen’s anticipation[C] meet the expectation of business people[D] fail to reflect the true state of economy17. The author raises the question “what about pain without gain?” because ________.[A] he questions the truth of “no gain without pain”[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works[C] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses18. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.Text 3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo’s 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Bl ake’s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics -- but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “anti-science” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis) information,” which assembled last June near Buffalo.Anti-science clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science’s objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. “The term ‘anti-science’ can lump together too many, quite different things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science. “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”19. The word “schism” (Line 4, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means ________.[A] confrontation[B] dissatisfaction[C] separation[D] contempt20. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to ________.[A] discuss the cause of the decline of science’s power[B] show the author’s sympathy with scientists[C] explain the way in which science develops[D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities21. Which of the following is true according to the passage?[A] Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.[C] The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as anti-science.[D] Tagging environmentalists as “anti-science” is justifiable.22. The author’s attitude toward the issue of “science vs. anti-science” is ________.[A] impartial[B] subjective[C] biased[D] puzzlingText 4Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development -- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead -- has enthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the historyof the nation’s head counting.Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people -- numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.Three sun-belt states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington. D. C., dropping out of the top 10.Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too -- and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation reached its child bearing years.Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances—■Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate -- 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.■Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people -- about 9 per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose -- and still are choosing -- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result, California’s growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent -- little more than two thirds the 1960s’ growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.23. Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, Americain 1970s ________.[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II24. The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that________.[A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants[C] it reveals the Americans’ new pursuit of spacious living[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday’s “baby boom”25. We can see from the available statistics that ________.[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population26. The word “demographers” (Line 1, Paragraph 8) most probably means ________.[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy[B] advocates of migration between states[C] scientists engaged in the study of population[D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of lifeText 5Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world’s volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up t he earth’s surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth’s interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layers creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates theformation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).27. The author believes that ________.[A] the motion of the plates correspon ds to that of the earth’s interior[B] the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true[C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions[D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart28. That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that ________.[A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions[B] they have been found to share certain geological features[C] the African plate has been stable for 30 million years[D] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe29. The hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining ________.[A] the structure of the African plates[B] the revival of dead volcanoes[C] the mobility of the continents[D] the formation of new oceans30. The passage is mainly about ________.[A] the features of volcanic activities[B] the importance of the theory about drifting plates[C] the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies[D] the process of the formation of volcanoesSection IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth. 31) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected: the US National Aeronautics and Space Admi nistration’s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite -- Cobe -- had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosionthat has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion froma single mass of energy).32) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginably dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans.Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies. They shouldn’t have long to wait. 33) Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.34) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea,a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillion fold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity. 35) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.31. ________32. ________33. ________34. ________35. ________Section V WritingDirections:[A] Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in no less than 150 words.[B] Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)[C] Your essay should meet the requirements below:1. Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon.2. Give your commentsn.注：图片上的文字是：本母鸡承诺：①本鸡下蛋不见棱不见角②保证有蛋皮，蛋黄和蛋清1998年答案及解析Part ⅠCloze Test1. A2. B3. D4. A5. D6. D7. A8.B9. C 10. DPart ⅡReading ComprehensionPart APassage 111. C 12. D 13.D 14. CPassage 215.A 16.B 17.B 18.APassage 319.C 20.D 21.A 22.APassage 423.B 24.C 25.D 26.CPassage 527.B 28.B 29.C 30.CPart ⅢEnglish-Chinese Translation31.更为重要的是，这是科学家们能够观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
1998年全国硕士研究生英语二试题解析
1998年全国硕士研究生英语二试题解析摘要：I.引言- 介绍1998 年全国硕士研究生英语二试题的背景和重要性II.阅读理解部分解析- 分析阅读理解文章的主题和难点- 解释如何正确解答阅读理解题目III.完形填空部分解析- 介绍完形填空题的类型和解答策略- 分析完形填空文章的主要内容和难点IV.翻译部分解析- 解释翻译题的评分标准和答题技巧- 分析翻译题的难点和如何提高翻译质量V.写作部分解析- 介绍写作题的类型和评分标准- 分析写作题的难点和如何提高写作质量VI.总结- 回顾各部分解析，强调英语考试的备考策略正文：I.引言1998 年全国硕士研究生英语二试题，作为我国研究生入学考试的重要组成部分，对于广大考生来说具有重要意义。
通过对该年度试题的解析，我们可以更好地了解考试要求和提高备考效率。
本文将针对试题中的阅读理解、完形填空、翻译和写作四个部分进行详细解析。
II.阅读理解部分解析阅读理解部分主要测试考生的英语阅读能力，要求考生在较短的时间内理解文章的主旨和细节，并根据文章内容回答问题。
1998 年试题的阅读理解文章涉及社会、文化、科技等多个领域，其中难点主要在于考生需掌握文章中的专业术语和表达。
要正确解答阅读理解题目，首先要认真阅读文章，把握文章主旨；其次，针对每个问题，在文章中寻找相关信息，进行细致比对；最后，结合文章内容，分析问题选项，选出正确答案。
III.完形填空部分解析完形填空题要求考生在给定的文章中，根据上下文和语法规则，选择合适的单词或词组填空。
1998 年试题的完形填空文章涉及日常生活、社会现象等多个方面，考生需熟练掌握文章中的词汇和表达。
解答完形填空题时，首先要通读全文，了解文章大意；其次，结合上下文和语法规则，分析每个空格应填入的单词或词组；最后，根据选项进行筛选，选出正确答案。
IV.翻译部分解析翻译题要求考生将一段英文文字翻译成中文，主要测试考生的英汉互译能力。
1998 年试题的翻译题目涉及政治、经济、文化等多个领域，翻译质量要求较高。
考研英语98年阅读答案
考研英语98年阅读答案考研英语的阅读理解部分是考试中非常重要的一部分，它不仅考察了考生的词汇量，还考察了考生的逻辑推理能力和对文章主旨的把握。
1998年的考研英语阅读题目，虽然年代久远，但依然可以作为复习的参考材料。
以下是对1998年考研英语阅读部分的答案解析。
首先，第一篇阅读材料主要讨论了全球化对经济的影响。
文章指出，随着全球化的推进，各国经济的相互依赖性增强，这不仅带来了机遇，也带来了挑战。
正确答案为C，文章强调了全球化对经济的积极作用，但同时也提到了它可能带来的问题。
第二篇阅读材料关注的是教育问题。
文章通过对比不同国家的教育体系，探讨了教育公平性的问题。
正确答案为B，文章指出教育公平是社会进步的重要标志，但实现这一目标需要社会各界的共同努力。
第三篇阅读材料讨论了环境保护的重要性。
文章通过一系列数据和案例，说明了环境问题对人类社会的严重影响。
正确答案为A，文章强调了环境保护的紧迫性，并呼吁人们采取行动。
第四篇阅读材料则聚焦于科技发展对人类生活的影响。
文章分析了科技如何改变人们的工作方式和生活习惯。
正确答案为D，文章认为科技的发展虽然带来了便利，但也可能导致某些技能的丧失。
第五篇阅读材料探讨了文化多样性的价值。
文章通过不同文化之间的交流，展示了文化多样性对于促进社会和谐的重要性。
正确答案为A，文章强调了文化多样性对于社会进步的积极作用。
第六篇阅读材料关注的是健康问题。
文章通过研究数据，讨论了健康生活方式对提高生活质量的影响。
正确答案为B，文章指出保持健康的生活方式对于预防疾病和提高生活质量至关重要。
第七篇阅读材料讨论了城市化进程中出现的问题。
文章分析了城市化带来的环境和社会问题，并提出了一些可能的解决方案。
正确答案为C，文章认为城市化是一个复杂的过程，需要综合考虑各种因素。
第八篇阅读材料则聚焦于个人发展。
文章通过个人成长的故事，探讨了个人努力对于实现梦想的重要性。
正确答案为A，文章强调了个人努力在实现个人目标中的关键作用。
1998年考研英语真题答案及精析
(11~20略:新大纲不再考查的部分)21.C 22.B 23.D 24.D 25.D 26.A 27.C 28.B 29.C 30.B31.A 32.A 33.D 34.A 35.B 36.C 37.A 38.C 39.B 40.D41.A 42.B 43.D 44.A 45.D 46.D 47.A 48.B 49.C 50.D51.C 52.D 53.D 54.C 55.A 56.B 57.B 58.A 59.C 60.D61.A 62.A 63.B 64.C 65.D 66.C 67.B 68.B 69.D 70.CPart Ⅰ Structure and Vocabulary Section A1.the last bus.A. to have caughtB. to catchC. catchingD. having caught【句意】昨晚我在办公室工作得太晚，差一点儿没赶上最后一趟公交车。
【答案】B【考核知识点】非谓语动词【解析】动词不定式和分词都可作后置定语，动词不定式表示将来的动作；分词表示一般容易”。
故应该选B。
2. As it turned out to be a small house party, we so formally.A. needn’t dress upB. did not need have dressed upC. did not need dress upD. needn’t have dressed up【句意】原来那只不过是一个小小的家庭聚会，我们真没有必要穿戴得那么正式。
【答案】D【考核知识点】情态动词【解析】一般情况下，“do not need to do sth.”或“need not do sth.”意为“没有必要去做某事”，表示某事还没有做；“do not need to do sth.”中的“need”是行为动词，“need not do sth.”中的“need”是情态动词；“needn’t have done sth.”意为“原本没有必要做某事”，表示某事已经做了；根据“it turned out to be(原来是)”可知，我们已经参加了那个聚会，所以A、C不对；B的表达方式明显不对，应该为“did not need to have dressedup”。
考研英语1998年真题及解析
1998年考研英语真题精解精析1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题按照《1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考试大纲（非英语专业）》要求命制，体现了《大纲》的考核目标、形式和内容。
1998年试题题型与1997年相比难度保持一致，但总体难度较往年略有上升。
翻译部分的文章难度加大。
所要求翻译的五个句子难度相当高，如果不仔细阅读原文，结合原文进行翻译将很难获得哪怕是一分的分值。
这也是1998年考题的一个显著特点。
SectionⅠCloze Test【文章综述】本文在关于工业革命对英国人民生活的影响问题上提出了两种对立的观点。
第一段讲述了第一种观点，是大部分历史学家的看法，即工业革命的直接结果是给英国大多数人民带来了普遍的贫穷和苦难。
第二段讲述的是另一种人普遍持有的观点，即工业革命不但没有加重这种贫困，反而使绝大多数人的生活得到了改善。
【英汉对照】41.[A]admitted(承认)[B]believed(相信，认为)[C]claimed(宣称，声称)[D]predicted(预测)42.[A]plain(平凡的)[B]average(普通的)[C]mean(平均的，卑鄙的)[D]normal(正常的)43.[A]momentary(片刻的，瞬息的)[B]prompt(及时的，迅速的)[C]instant(效果快速的，瞬即产生的)[D]immediate(直接的，立刻的)44.[A]bulk(绝大多数)[B]host(一大群，许多)[C]gross(总额，总量)[D]magnitude(大小)45.[A]On(关于)[B]With(随着)[C]For(为了)[D]By(通过……方式)46.[A]broadly(大体上，概括地，广泛地)[B]thoroughly(彻底地)[C]generally(广泛地，通常)[D]completely(完全地，全部地)47.[A]however(然而)[B]meanwhile(同时)[C]therefore(于是)[D]moreover(进而)48.[A]at(在……点)[B]in(在……方面)[C]about(关于)[D]for(为了)49.[A]manifested(表现，证明)[B]approved(同意，批准，赞同)[C]shown(指出，显示，说明)[D]speculated(指出，显示，说明)50.[A]noted(因……而著名)[B]impressed(被……留下深刻印象)[C]labeled(被视为……)[D]marked(具有……的特征)【核心词汇】abundance[E5bQndEns]n.丰富，充裕，大量critical[5kritikE]a.批评的,评论的;危急,紧要的;临界的,吹毛求疵的，批评严厉的；判断谨慎的（crit+ical形容词后缀→批判的）historian[his5tC:riEn]n.历史学家；史学工作者（history历史+ian→历史学家）majority[mE5dVCriti]n.多数,大多数,成年,法定年龄（major主要的+ity名词后缀→多数）misery[5mizEri]n.痛苦,悲惨,不幸，悲惨的境遇，贫苦（miser+y名词后缀→可怜）industrialization[in7dQstriElai5zeiFn]n.工业化（industrial工业的+ization）poverty[5pCvEti]n.贫穷,贫困；缺少,缺乏preceding[pri(:)5si:diN]a.在前的,在先的（preced+ing形容词后缀）prosperity[prCs5periti]n.繁荣,兴旺，发达，昌盛（prosper+ity名词后缀→繁荣）specialist[5speFElIst]n.专家；专科医生（special+ist人）【超纲词汇】populace[5pCpjulEs]n.百姓,平民【常用词组】in the long run从长远来看,终究speak of谈到,讲到;显示出……【答案与详解】41.答案→A考点→上下文语义+动词词义辨析解题技巧→文章开篇指出：Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution，接着第二句又谈到，in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living。
1998 (6)考研英语真题解析
一、文章结构总体分析
这是一篇纯自然科学的文章。主要介绍了"热点"现象以及其对地质板块学研究的重要意义。由于文章目的是解释一种理论，因此，从语言上讲，描写成分比较多。
第一段：对于中心概念"热点"进行了描述，实际相当于一个定义。
第二段：从大陆板块移动谈起，后半段指出"热点"理论对于地质板块学研究的一个意义，即，作为参照。
题干要求考生回答文章主旨。文章第一段给出了热点的定义及热点和板块之间的关系。第二段主要介绍热点在板块移动的研究中提供参照的作用。最后一段指出，热点对推动板块移动的地质物理学过程也提供了解释。可见全文内容都围绕热点理论展开，因此C选项正确。文章只在开始部分解释热点时提到了火山，其他部分不再涉及，因此A选项和D选项不是主要内容。文章第二段提到了板块漂移理论，但这也是为了说明热点对于解释地质学现象的作用，排除B选项。
(4) milestone（n.）里程碑；人生或历史上重大事件或转折点
(5) stationary（a.）静止的，固定的；stationery（n.）文具
(6) confine（v.）（to，within）限制，局限于；管制
(7) propel（v.）推进，推动；激励，驱策
(8) fissure（n.）裂缝，裂隙（v.）
(9) initiate（v.）开始，发动，发起，提议；initiation（n.）；initiator （n.）创始人，发起人，传授者，教导者
(10) mobility（n.）运动性，稳定性
(11) mutability（n.）可变性，易变性，不定性
五、全文翻译
地球上散落分布着一百多个互不相连的小火山活动区，被地质学家称为热点。和世界上大多数火山不同的是，它们并不总是在构成地球表面的巨大漂流板块之间的边界上被发现；相反，许多热点深藏于板块内部。（长难句①）大多数热点只缓慢地移动，有时，经过这些热点的板块运动留下了死火山的痕迹。热点及其火山痕迹是标志板块迁移的里程碑。
1998 (1)考研英语真题解析
[B] （was）impressed（by）被…留下深刻印象
[C] （was）labeled as被视为…，被称作…
[D] （was）marked（by）具有…的特征
[答案] D
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：动词词义和用法辨析。难度：0.41
二、试题具体解析
1.[A] admitted承认 [B] believed相信，认为
[C] claimed声称 [D] predicted预言
[答案] A
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义 + 动词词义辨析。难度：0.54
文章开篇指出：Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution，接着第二句又谈到，in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living。显然，后一句是对前一句的让步。第三句又以But开头，暗示与第二句有转折关系。因此可以肯定，这里要表达的意思是历史学家不得不承认既成事实。
7.[A] however然而，表转折关系 [B] meanwhile同时，表时间关系
[C] therefore因此，所以，表因果关系 [D] moreover而且，表递进关系
[答案] A
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系。难度：0.89
两个逗号间显然要填入一个逻辑词。考生关键要判断空格所在句子This view,7, is generally thought to be wrong 和上文之间的关系。从上下文来看，句中的this view指的是上段历史学家们的观点，即大多数历史学家对工业革命仍持批判态度。而这句话指出这种观点被普遍认为是错误的，接着下文又介绍了一种完全相反的观点。因此空格处应是一种表转折关系的逻辑词，答案只能选however。
考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--1998年part2
考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--1998年part2Part TwoWell, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978 87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a "disjunction" between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace all that re engineering and downsizing - are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was welldone, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much "re engineering" has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long term profitability. BBDO's Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re engineering consultants as mere rubbish - "the worst sort of ambulance cashing."5. According to the author, the American economic situation is _____ .A）not as good as it seemsB）at its turning pointC）much better than it seems D）near to complete recovery6. The official statistics on productivity growth _____ .A）exclude the usual rebound in a business cycleB）fall short of businessmen's anticipationC）meet the expectation of business people D）fail to reflect the true state of economy7. The author raises the question "what about pain without gain?" because _____ .A）he questions the truth of "no gain without pain"B）he does not think the productivity revolution worksC）he wonders if the official statistics are misleadingD）he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses8. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?A）Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.B）New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.C）The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long term profitability.D）The consultants are a bunch of good for nothings.Unit 5 （1998） Part2重点词汇：1.assume （v.假定；承担；呈现）。
1998年考研英语试题及答案资料讲解
1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They 41that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 42man. But they insisted that its 43results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the 44of the English population. 45contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a 46agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, 47, is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists 48history and economics, have 49two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 50by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.41.[A] admitted[B] believed[C] claimed[D] predicted42.[A] plain[B] average[C] mean[D] normal43.[A] momentary[B] prompt[C] instant[D] immediate44.[A] bulk[B] host[C] gross[D] magnitude45.[A] On[B] With[C] For[D] By46.[A] broadly[B] thoroughly[C] generally[D] completely47.[A] however[B] meanwhile[C] therefore[D] moreover48.[A] at[B] in[C] about[D] for49.[A] manifested[B] approved[C] shown[D] speculated50.[A] noted[B] impressed[C] labeled[D] markedSection III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our biddingso fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn’t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt’s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey’s bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don’t need a dam to be saved.51.The third sentence of Paragraph 1 implies that ________.[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight52.In Paragraph 5, “the powerless” probably refers to ________.[A] areas short of electricity[B] dams without power stations[C] poor countries around India[D] common people in the Narmada Dam area53.What is the myth concerning giant dams?[A] They bring in more fertile soil.[B] They help defend the country.[C] They strengthen international ties.[D] They have universal control of the waters.54.What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as ________.[A] “It’s no use crying over spilt milk”[B] “More haste, less speed”[C] “Look before you leap”[D] “He who laughs last laughs best”Text 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace -- all that re-engineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much “re-engineering” has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO’s Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish -- “the worst sort of ambulance chasing.”55.According to the author, the American economic situation is ________.[A] not as good as it seems[B] at its turning point[C] much better than it seems[D] near to complete recovery56.The official statistics on productivity growth ________.[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle[B] fall short of businessmen’s anticipation[C] meet the expectation of business people[D] fail to reflect the true state of economy57.The author raises the question “what about pain without gain?” because ________.[A] he questions the truth of “no gain without pain”[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works[C] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses58.Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.Text 3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo’s17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake’s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics -- but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “anti-science” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis) information,” which assembled last June near Buffalo.Anti-science clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science’s objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. “The term ‘anti-science’ can lump together too many, quite different things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science. “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”59.The word “schism” (Line 4, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means ________.[A] confrontation[B] dissatisfaction[C] separation[D] contempt60.Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to ________.[A] discuss the cause of the decline of science’s power[B] show the author’s sympathy with scientists[C] explain the way in which science develops[D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities61.Which of the following is true according to the passage?[A] Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.[C] The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as anti-science.[D] Tagging environmentalists as “anti-science” is justifiable.62.The author’s attitude toward the issue of “science vs. anti-science” is ________.[A] impartial[B] subjective[C] biased[D] puzzlingText 4Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development --and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead --has enthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation’s head counting.Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people -- numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.Three sun-belt states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington. D. C., dropping out of the top 10.Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too -- and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation reached its child-bearing years.Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances—■Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate -- 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.■Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people --about 9 per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose -- and still are choosing -- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result, California’s growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent -- little more than two thirds the 1960s’ growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.63.Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in1970s ________.[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II64.The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that ________.[A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants[C] it reveals the Americans’ new pursuit of spacious living[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday’s “baby boom”65.We can see from the available statistics that ________.[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population66.The word “demographers” (Line 1, Paragraph 8) most probably means ________.[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy[B] advocates of migration between states[C] scientists engaged in the study of population[D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of lifeText 5Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world’s volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth’s surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth’s interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layers creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).67.The author believes that ________.[A] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth’s interior[B] the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true[C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions[D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart68.That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that ________.[A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions[B] they have been found to share certain geological features[C] the African plate has been stable for 30 million years[D] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe69.The hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining ________.[A] the structure of the African plates[B] the revival of dead volcanoes[C] the mobility of the continents[D] the formation of new oceans70.The passage is mainly about ________.[A] the features of volcanic activities[B] the importance of the theory about drifting plates[C] the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies[D] the process of the formation of volcanoesSection IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth. 71) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected: the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite -- Cobe -- had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).72) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginably dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans.Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies. They shouldn’t have long to wait. 73) Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.74) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillionfold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity. 75) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.71.更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
1998考研英语阅读解析
1998考研英语阅读解析在1998年的考研英语考试中，阅读理解部分无疑是考察学生英语综合运用能力的重要环节。
通过对当年考试内容的解析，我们可以发现几个显著的特点和难点，这些对于准备考研的学生来说，是非常宝贵的经验和教训。
首先，1998年的考研英语阅读材料覆盖了广泛的主题，包括社会、文化、经济和科技等多个方面。
这些内容要求考生不仅要有扎实的英语语言基础，还要对相关背景知识有一定的了解。
例如，有一篇文章讨论了全球化对发展中国家的影响，这就要求考生不仅要理解文章中的词汇和句型，还要对全球化的概念和影响有所认识。
其次，阅读理解题目的设置也颇具挑战性。
题目不仅考察了学生对文章主旨的理解，还涉及到对细节的把握、作者意图的推断以及文章结构的分析。
这要求考生在阅读时不仅要快速捕捉信息，还要能够深入思考，对文章进行批判性阅读。
再者，1998年的考研英语阅读中，长难句的理解和分析也是一个重要的考察点。
这些句子往往结构复杂，包含多个从句和修饰成分，对考生的语法知识和阅读理解能力提出了较高的要求。
因此，考生在备考时需要特别关注长难句的练习，提高自己的语法分析能力。
此外，词汇量的积累也是阅读理解中不可忽视的一环。
1998年的考研英语阅读中出现了大量的专业术语和生僻词汇，这要求考生在平时的学习中不断扩充词汇量，加强对专业词汇的记忆和理解。
最后，时间管理也是考研英语阅读中的一个重要因素。
由于考试时间有限，考生需要在保证阅读质量的同时，提高阅读速度。
这就要求考生在平时的练习中，注重提高阅读效率，掌握一些快速阅读的技巧。
综上所述，1998年的考研英语阅读不仅考察了考生的语言能力，还考察了其知识面、逻辑思维和时间管理等多方面的能力。
对于未来的考生来说，深入分析和理解这些特点，有针对性地进行准备，无疑将大大提高考研英语的通过率。
1998年考研英语真题答案及解析
in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living。显然，后一句是对前一句的让步。第三句又以 But
开头，暗示与第二句有转折关系。因此可以肯定，这里要表达的意思是历史学家不得不承认既成事实。
四个选项中，首先排除 predicted，因为句子时态是过去时，表明"提高人们的生活水平"已经是事实，不存在"预
1. A 2. B
3. D 4. A 5. D 6. D 7. A 8.B
9. C 10. D
Part ⅡReading Comprehension
Passage 1 11. C 12. D Passage 2 15.A 16.B Passage 3 19.C 20.D Passage 4 23.B 24.C Passage 5 27.B 28.B
中时间状语 in the long run 形成对照。
4.[A] bulk（of） [B] host（of） [C] gross（of） [D] magnitude（of）
[答案] A
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：修饰名词的前置短语。难度：0.28
从结构上看，空格所在名词组成 the4of 短语，并修饰不可数名词 population。首先排除 host 和 gross，host 组成
6.[A] broadly 大体上，概括地，广泛地
［B］ thoroughly 彻底地
［C］ generally 通常地,一般地,普遍地
［D］ completely 完全地
[答案] D
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义 + 副词词义辨析。难度：0.40
1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题真题(附带详细答案解析)
1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Until recent l y most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They1that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 2 man. But they insisted that its 3 results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the 4 of the English population. 5 contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a 6 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, 7 , is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists 8 history and economics, have 9 two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 10 by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.1. ［A］admitted ［B］believed ［C］claimed ［D］predicted2. ［A］plain ［B］average ［C］mean ［D］normal3. ［A］momentary ［B］prompt ［C］instant ［D］immediate4. ［A］bulk ［B］host ［C］gross ［D］magnitude5. ［A］On ［B］With ［C］For ［D］By6. ［A］broadly ［B］thoroughly ［C］generally ［D］completely7. ［A］however ［B］meanwhile ［C］therefore ［D］moreover8. ［A］at ［B］in ［C］about ［D］for9. ［A］manifested ［B］approved ［C］shown ［D］speculated10. ［A］noted ［B］impressed ［C］labeled ［D］markedSection ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (40 points)Text 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind‟s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn‟t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt‟s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey‟s bid for Firs t World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don‟t need a dam to be saved.11. The third sentence of Paragraph 1 implies that ________.[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight12. In Paragraph 5, “the powerless” probably refers to ________.[A] areas short of electricity[B] dams without power stations[C] poor countries around India[D] common people in the Narmada Dam area13. What is the myth concerning giant dams?[A] They bring in more fertile soil.[B] They help defend the country.[C] They strengthen international ties.[D] They have universal control of the waters.14. What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as ________.[A] “It‟s no use crying over spilt milk”[B] “More haste, less speed”[C] “Look before you leap”[D] “He who laughs last laughs best”Text 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury sec retary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace -- all thatre-engineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growi ng chain of bakery cafes, says that much “re-engineering” has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO‟s Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish -- “the worst sort of ambulance chasing.”15. According to the author, the American economic situation is ________.[A] not as good as it seems[B] at its turning point[C] much better than it seems[D] near to complete recovery16. The official statistics on productivity growth ________.[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle[B] fall short of businessmen‟s anticipation[C] meet the expectation of business people[D] fail to reflect the true state of economy17. The author raises the question “what about pain without gain?” because ________.[A] he questions the truth of “no gain without pain”[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works[C] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses18. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.Text 3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo’s 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake‟s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics -- but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “anti-science” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis) information,” which assembled last June near Buffalo.Anti-science clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociolog ists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science‟s objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. “The term …anti-science‟ can lump together too many, quite different things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science. “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”19. Th e word “schism” (Line 4, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means ________.[A] confrontation[B] dissatisfaction[C] separation[D] contempt20. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to ________.[A] discuss the cause of the decline of science‟s power[B] s how the author‟s sympathy with scientists[C] explain the way in which science develops[D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities21. Which of the following is true according to the passage?[A] Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.[C] The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as anti-science.[D] Tagging environmentalists as “anti-science” is justifiable.22. The author‟s attitude toward the issue of “science vs. anti-science” is ________.[A] impartial[B] subjective[C] biased[D] puzzlingText 4Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development -- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead -- has enthroned the South as America‟s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation‟s head counting.Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people -- numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.Three sun-belt states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington. D. C., dropping out of the top 10.Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too -- and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday‟s “baby boom” generation reached its child bearing years.Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances—■Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate -- 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.■Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people -- about 9 per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other partsof the West. Often they chose -- and still are choosing -- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result, California‟s growth rat e dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent -- little more than two thirds the 1960s‟ growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.23. Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided,America in 1970s ________.[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II24. The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that________.[A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants[C] it reveals the Ameri cans‟ new pursuit of spacious living[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday‟s “baby boom”25. We can see from the available statistics that ________.[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population26. The word “demographers” (Line 1, Paragraph 8) most probably means ________.[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy[B] advocates of migration between states[C] scientists engaged in the study of population[D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of lifeText 5Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world‟s volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth‟s surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth‟s interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of thehot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layers creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).27. The author believes that ________.[A] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth‟s interior[B] the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true[C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions[D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart28. That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that________.[A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions[B] they have been found to share certain geological features[C] the African plate has been stable for 30 million years[D] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe29. The hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining ________.[A] the structure of the African plates[B] the revival of dead volcanoes[C] the mobility of the continents[D] the formation of new oceans30. The passage is mainly about ________.[A] the features of volcanic activities[B] the importance of the theory about drifting plates[C] the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies[D] the process of the formation of volcanoesSection IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth. 31) But even more important,it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected: the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration‟s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite -- Cobe -- had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).32) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginably dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans.Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies. They shouldn‟t have long to wait. 33) Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.34) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillion fold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity. 35) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.31. ________32. ________33. ________34. ________35. ________Section V WritingDirections:[A] Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in no less than 150 words.[B] Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)[C] Your essay should meet the requirements below:1. Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon.2. Give your commentsn.1998年英语试题答案Part ⅠCloze Test1. A2. B3. D4. A5. D6. D7. A8.B9. C 10. DPart ⅡReading ComprehensionPart APassage 111. C 12. D 13.D 14. CPassage 215.A 16.B 17.B 18.APassage 319.C 20.D 21.A 22.APassage 423.B 24.C 25.D 26.CPassage 527.B 28.B 29.C 30.CPart ⅢEnglish-Chinese Translation31.更为重要的是，这是科学家们能够观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
1998考研英语阅读真题及详细解析
Part OneFew creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascination. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn't help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt's leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey's bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left - all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go ahead to the even more wrong headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don't need a dam to be saved.1.The third sentence of paragraph 1 implies that_____ .A) people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality B) the blind could be happier than the sightedC)over excited people tend to neglect vital things.D) fascination makes people lose their eyesight2. In paragraph 5, “the powerless” pr obably refers to _____ .A)areas short of electricity B)dams without power stations C)poor countries around India D)common people in the Narmada Dam area3. What is the myth concerning giant dams?A)They bring in more fertile soil. B)They help defend the country. C)They strengthen international ties. D)They have universal control of the waters.4. What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as _____ .A)“It's no use crying over spilt milk”B)“More haste, less speed”C)“Look before you leap”D)“He who laughs last laughs best”重点词汇：1.imagination(想象;想象力)←imagin(e)想象+tion名词后缀。
考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--1998年part4
考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--1998年part4Part FourEmerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development - and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead - has enthroned the South as America's most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation's head counting.Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people - numerically the third largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger number since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.Three sun belt states - Florida, Texas and California - together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th - with Cleveland and Washington.DC,dropping out of the top 10.Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say, Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too - and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday's "baby boom" generation reached its child bearing years.Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a relatedbut newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances-Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate - 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except fro Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people - about 9 per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose - and still are choosing - somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result, California's growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent - little more than two thirds the 1960s growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.13. Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s _____ .A）enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in historyB）witnessed a southwestern shift of populationC）underwent an unparalleled period of population growthD）brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II14.The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that _____ .A）it stresses the climatic influence on population distributionB）it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrantsC）it reveals the Americans' new pursuit of spacious livingD）it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday's "baby boom"15.We can see from the available statistics that _____ .A）California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole USB）the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the WestC）cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migrationD）Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population16.The word "demographers" （Line 1, Paragraph 8）most probably means _____ .A）people in favor of the trend of democracyB）advocates of migration between statesC）scientists engaged in the study of populationD）conservatives clinging to old patterns of lifeUnit5 （1998） Part 4重点词汇：1. standstill（n.停止；停顿的）←stand+still。
1998年考研外语考试真题及答案
1998年考研外语考试真题及答案一、Use of English1、Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They 【B1】 that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 【B2】 man. But they insisted that its 【B3】 results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the 【B4】 of the English population. 【B5】 contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a 【B6】 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, 【B7】 is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists 【B8】 history and economics, have 【B9】 two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 【B10】 by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.【B1】A.admittedB.believedC.claimedD.predicted2、【B2】A．plainB．average C．meanD．normal3、【B3】A．momentary B．promptC．instant D．immediate 4、【B4】A．bulkB．hostC．grossD．magnitude 5、【B5】A．OnB．WithC．ForD．By6、【B6】A．broadlyB．thoroughly C．generally D．completely 7、【B7】A．howeverB．meanwhile C．therefore D．moreover 8、【B8】A．atB．inC．aboutD．for9、【B9】A．manifestedB．approvedC．shownD．speculated10、【B10】A．notedB．impressedC．labeledD．marked11、 I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time ______ the last bus.A.to have caughtB.to catchC.catchingD.having caught12、 As it turned out to be a small house party, we ______ so formally.A.needn't dress upB.did not need have dressed upC.did not need dress upD.needn't have dressed up13、 I apologize if I ______ you, but I assure you it was unintentional.A.offendB.had offendedC.should have offendedD.might have offended14、 Although a teenager, Fred could resist ______ what to do and what not to do.A.to be toldB.having been toldC.being toldD.to have been told15、 Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage ______ avoided.A.is to beB.can beC.will beD.has been16、 Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true ______ it comes to classroomtests.A.beforeB.asC.sinceD.when17、 There are over 100 night schools in the city, making it possible for a professional to be reeducated no matter ______ he does.A.howB.whereC.whatD.when18、 I've kept up a friendship with a girl whom I was at school ______ twenty years ago.A.aboutB.sinceC.tillD.with19、 He wasn't asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, ______ insufficiently popular with all members.A.being consideredB.consideringC.to be consideredD.having considered20、 ______ for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.A．Had it not beenB．Were it notC．Be it notD．Should it not be21、 The machine needs a complete ______ since it has been in use for over ten years.A．amendingB．fittingC．mendingD．renovating22、There were many people present and he appeared only fora few seconds， so I only caught a __________of him.A.glanceB.glimpseC.lookD.sight23、 I don't think it's wise of you to ______ your greater knowledge in front of the director, for it may offend him.A．show upB．show outC．show inD．show off24、 The returns in the short ______ may be small, but overa number of years the investment will be well repaid.A．intervalB．rangeC．spanD．term25、 A thorough study of biology requires ______ with the properties of trees and plants, and the habit of birds and beasts.A．acquisitionB．discriminationC．curiosityD．familiarity26、 She worked hard at her task before she felt sure that the results would ______ her long effort.A．justifyB．testifyC．rectify27、 I'm very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to ______ my debt in return for certain services.A．take awayB．cut outC．write offD．clear up28、 Some journalists often overstate the situation so that their news may create a great ______.A．explosionB．sensationC．exaggerationD．stimulation29、 According to what you have just said, am I to understand that his new post ______ no responsibility with it at all? A．shouldersB．possessesC．carriesD．shares30、 Sometimes the student may be asked to write about his ______ to a certain book or article that has some bearing on the subject being studied.B．reactionC．impressionD．comprehension31、 Please ______ yourself from smoking and spitting in public places, since the law forbids them.A．restrainB．hinderC．restrictD．prohibit32、 Without telephone it would be impossible on carry on the functions of ______ every business operation in the whole country.A.practicallyB.preferablyC.preciselyD.presumably33、 Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around $110 billion, ______ file $160 billion the President is struggling to get through the Congress.A.in proportion toB.in reply toC.in relation toD.in contrast to34、 He is planning another tour abroad, yet his passport will ______ at the end of this month.A．expireB．exceedC．terminateD．cease35、 All the off-shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read ______ letters from their families.A.sentimentalB.affectionateC.intimateD.sensitive36、 Several international events in the early 1990s seem likely to ______, or at least weaken, the trends that emerged in the 1980s.A．revoltB．revolveC．reverseD．revive37、 I was unaware of the critical points involved so my choicewas quite ______.A.arbitraryB.rationalC.mechanicalD.unpredictable38、 The local people were joyfully surprised to find the price of vegetables no longer ______ according to the weather.A.alteredB.convertedC.fluctuatedD.modified39、 The pursuit of leisure on the part of the employees will certainly not ______ their prospect of promotion.A．spurB．furtherC．induceD．reinforce40、 In what ______ to a last minute stay of execution, a council announced that emergency funding would keep alive two aging satellites.A.appliesB.accountsC.attachesD.amounts41、 According to Darwin, random changes that enhance (a species') ability (for surviving) (are) naturally selected and passed on (to succeeding) generations.A.a species'B.for survivingC.areD.to succeeding42、 Neither rain nor snow (keeps) the postman from delivering our letters (which) we (so much) look forward (to receive).A.keepsB.whichC.so muchD.to receive43、 If they (will not accept) a check, we (shall have) to pay (the cash), though it (would be) much trouble for both sides.A.will not acceptB.shall haveC.the cashD.would be44、 (Having been) robbed (off) economic importance, thosestates are (not) likely to count for (very much) in international political terms.A.Having beenB.offC.notD.very much45、 The message (will be) (that) neither the market nor the government is capable of dealing with all of (their) uncontrollable (practices).A.will beB.thatC.theirD.practices46、 The logic of scientific development is (such) that (separates) groups of men working (on) the same problem in (far-scattered) laboratories are likely to arrive at the same answer at the same time.A.suchB.separatesC.onD.far-scattered47、 Yet not all of these races are (intellectual inferior)to the European races, (and) some may even have (a) freshness and vitality that can renew the 9energies) of more advanced race.A.intellectual inferiorB.andC.aD.energies48、 (The) (more than) 50,000 nuclear weapons in the hands of various nations today are more than ample (destroying) every city in the world several times (over).A.TheB.more thanC.destroyingD.over49、 The universe works in a way so far (remove) from what common sense (would) allow (that) words of any kind must necessarily be inadequate to explain (it).A.removeB.wouldC.thatD.it50、 The integration of independent states (could best be) brought about by (first) creating a central organization (withauthorities) over (technical) economic tasks.A.could best beB.firstC.with authoritiesD.technical参考答案：【一、Use of English】1~5ABDAD6~10DABCD11~50点击下载查看答案。
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1998年阅读真题精解Text 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn't help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt's leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey's bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left — all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don't need a dam to be saved.51. The third sentence of paragraph 1 implies that ________.[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight52. In paragraph 5, "the powerless" probably refers to ________.[A] areas short of electricity[B] dams without power stations[C] poor countries around India[D] common people in the Narmada Dam area53. What is the myth concerning giant dams?[A] They bring in more fertile soil.[B] They help defend the country.[C] They strengthen international ties.[D] They have universal control of the waters.54. What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as ________.[A] "It's no use crying over spilt milk"[B] "More haste, less speed"[C] "Look before you leap"[D] "He who laughs last laughs best"核心词汇1. few 没有几个，含否定意思，little 没有一点儿，含否定意思；2. capture 抓住，捕获，吸引住3. like 比如，像，喜欢4. giant 巨人，巨型物；gigantic 巨大的5. at the mercy of 任…摆布或控制；6. flood and drought 洪涝和旱灾；earthquake 地震；tsunami 海啸；7. ideal 理想，理想的8. do our bidding 按我们的要求办事9. fascinate 对…着迷；fascinating 着迷的10. threaten 威胁11. do more harm than good 弊大于利12. lesson 教训；teach me a lesson 给我一个教训；lessen 减轻13. symbol 象征14. achieve 达到；获得成就；achiever 获得成就的人；achievement 成就15. strive to 努力做16. assert 说明，宣称，认为17. cement 水泥引申为：巩固，加强18. bid 投标；申请19. tend to 易于，倾向于20. work 起作用；21. as 正如，复习as的六大考点22. intended 所料想的；相当于expected=desired=anticipated =designated23. deprive…of 剥夺…；相当于rob…of=deny sth24. fertile 肥沃的；多产的25. in return 作为回报26. reserve 保留，预定；reservation; reservoir水库27. so…that 如此…以致28. barely=hardly=scarcely 几乎不29. generate 产生；regenerate再生；regenerable 可再生的30. myth 神话，不现实的东西；相当于illusion 幻觉；31. civilized 文明的；civilization 文明32. stop just short of 差一点儿就; be short of 缺少；缺乏33. contention 争吵；争论34. complex 综合工程；综合物；联合体；复杂的；35. bid for =apply for 申请36. go-ahead =permission容许，许可37. cause 造成，引起；原因；事业38. hardship 困境；苦难39. powerless 无权利的；powerful 当权的；强大的40. far from 远非；绝不41. guarantee 保证；确保；担保42. proper 恰当的，合理的43. study 研究44. impact 影响，相当于influence=effect45. resolve 解决，相当于solve=settle；决心，决议46. power 电；电源；power-off 断电；47. irrigation 灌溉48. monster 怪物，在此引申为巨大的49. deal with 解决；对付，与…交往50. hard 艰难的，困难的；强硬的；51. wrong-headed 执迷不悟的52. hydro-electric 水电的难句精解①Perhaps it is humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating.▲这个句子中包含了一个强调句型，基本结构是it is... that...，强调部分的关键词是suffering，这个词就是后面that引导的从句的主语，因而这个句子的核心句其实就是Suffering makes the ideal so fascinating。