国际经济学练习题第五次答案

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国际经济学课后练习题答案

国际经济学课后练习题答案
·如果实际汇率的升值是由于对本国贸易品相对需求的
增加所导致的,对该国贸易品需求的增加会使该国贸 易品价格上涨,导致实际价格总水平上升,实际汇率 升值。另外,贸易品部门劳动生产率的提高会导致实 际汇率升值,而这个实际汇率的升值对出口部门是有 利的。
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课后练习题第3题
·当非贸易品的价格相对于贸易品价格上升时,非
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·E. 没有发生市场交易,无需记入经常项目或金融
项目。
· F. 这种离岸交易不会记入美国的国际收支账户。
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课后练习题第4题
·电话录音机的购买对于纽约州应记入经常项目的
借方(进口了产品),对于新泽西州而言,要记 入经常项目的贷方(出口了产品)。
·那当么新记泽入西纽公约司州将金所融得项的目支的票贷存方入(纽资约本州流的入银)行,时,
另一部分是收益,则是伦敦银行对这笔存款支付的10% 的利息。
因此,在伦敦银行存款的年收益率是-8%+10%=2%
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第5题
· a. 实际收益率=25%-10%=15% · b. 实际收益率=20%-10%=10% · c. 实际收益率=2%-10%=-8%
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第6题
际货币需求量的减少,价格水平同比例上升,导 致实际货币供应量减少,从M/P1到M/P2,利率恢 复到实际货币需求量减少到以前的水平。同时, 持续的货币需求减少会使外汇市场有本币贬值的 预期,导致了外国资产的本币收益率提高。汇率 从E1到E2,到E4.
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Chapter 14 第2题
贸易品支出的增加会导致实际汇率升值。
·外国转向对本国出口产品的需求,会导致对本国

国际经济学克鲁格曼课后习题答案章完整版

国际经济学克鲁格曼课后习题答案章完整版

国际经济学克鲁格曼课后习题答案章集团标准化办公室:[VV986T-J682P28-JP266L8-68PNN]第一章练习与答案1.为什么说在决定生产和消费时,相对价格比绝对价格更重要?答案提示:当生产处于生产边界线上,资源则得到了充分利用,这时,要想增加某一产品的生产,必须降低另一产品的生产,也就是说,增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本(或社会成本)的。

生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现,但究竟选择哪一点,则还要看两个商品的相对价格,即它们在市场上的交换比率。

相对价格等于机会成本时,生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。

所以,在决定生产和消费时,相对价格比绝对价格更重要。

2.仿效图1—6和图1—7,试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。

答案提示:3.在只有两种商品的情况下,当一个商品达到均衡时,另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡?试解释原因。

答案提示:4.如果生产可能性边界是一条直线,试确定过剩供给(或需求)曲线。

答案提示:5.如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线(B国)和过剩需求曲线(A国)来确定国际均衡价格,那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致?6.答案提示:国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。

7.说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。

答案提示:一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品,有利于此国贸易利益的获得,不过,出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加,有损于出口国的贸易利益;与此类似,出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加,但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。

对于进口国来讲,贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。

8.如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间,那么贸易后,国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平?答案提示:贸易后,国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。

国际经济学习题及答案5

国际经济学习题及答案5
的固定汇率,或者根据若干量化指标的变动,定期小幅调整币值。
(6)爬行区间浮动的汇率安排:货币在一定范围内围绕中心汇率上下波动,同时根据预先宣布的固定汇率或若干量化指标的变动,定期调整中心汇率。
(7)无区间的有管理浮动汇率:货币行政当局在不特别指明、不提前宣布汇率目标的情况下,通过积极干预外汇市场来影响汇率变动。
2.经济报刊上所说的外汇汇率下跌,说明本币贬值了。
3.中间汇率是指银行买入价与卖出价的平均数。
4.商业汇率是指商业企业进行外汇交易时使用的汇率。
5.在金币本位货币制度下,汇率的决定基础是铸币平价。
6.在其他条件不变情况下,一国利息率水平上升,该国货币对外价值将升高。
7.在其他条件不变的情况下,一国货币汇率上升将会使该国物价上涨。
(4)套汇
套汇是指从某种相对便宜的货币中心购买一种货币,再立即在较贵的另一货币中心将其卖掉,以赚取利润。
(5)政府干预
如果是实行固定汇率制,为维持固定的汇率,政府动用外汇储备干预外汇市场。如果本币贬值,意味着外汇市场上本币供大于求,政府会抛出外汇,购入本币,使本币汇率上升。反之,如果本币升值,意味着外汇市场本币需求大于供给,政府会抛出本币,换回外币,使本币汇率下降,同时外汇储备增加。
2.答案提示:
(1)货币兑换
(2)套期保值
覆盖暴露的头寸以避免外汇风险的交易。套期保值可以通过即期外汇交易、远期外汇交易、期货市场或期权市场来进行。一般通过远期外汇交易,因为期货、期权交易的佣金比较高。
(3)投机
投机与套期保值相反。套期保值者希望避免汇率的风险,而投机者接受甚至希望汇率风险或者暴露头寸的存在,这样才能盈利。如果投机者准确预测了汇率走势,他便能盈利;否则,便会亏损。与套期一样,投机可以发生于即期、远期、期货与期权市场。

国际经济学试题5答案

国际经济学试题5答案

一、名词解释:(5题,每题4分,共20分)1、机会成本:一种商品的成本是再生产一单位此种商品所必须放弃的另一种商品的生产量。

2、边际转换率:就是多生产一单位X而少生长Y的数量。

故边际转换率可用来表示X(横轴上的商品)的边际成本。

生产可能性曲线上某一点X对Y的边际转换率可用生产可能性曲线在该点的斜率来表示。

3、特定要素模型:国际贸易会提高贸易国出口部门特定要素的实际收入,降低与进口相竞争部门特定要素的实际收入,而对可自由流动要素的实际收入的影响则不确定。

可自由流动要素的实际收入是否提高取决于要素所有者的消费结构。

4、技术差距模型:认为贸易国之间技术差异的存在是解释某类贸易发生的原因。

工业化国家之间贸易的很大一部分都是基于新产品和新工序的引进。

这使得发明厂商和国家在世界市场上暂时处于垄断地位。

这种暂时垄断地位通常是建立在为鼓励发明创造而授予的专利或版权基础之上的。

新产品总是在发达国家首先诞生,其他国家由于技术差距,要等一段时间后才能进行模仿性生产,在这一段时间内便存在着贸易的机会和可能了。

5、普通优惠制:发达国家承诺对发展中国家或地区输入的商品,特别是制成品和半制成品,给予普遍的、非歧视的和非互惠的优惠关税待遇。

二、判断题(正确的标“T”,错误的标“F”,并将答案填入对应的方格中。

共10题,每题1分,共10分)1、F2、F3、T4、T5、T6、F7、F8、T9、T 10、T三、简答题(共5题,每题6分,共30分)1、简述比较优势说的假设条件。

(6点,每点1分)(1)学说使用两个国家,两种产品的模型,即世界由两个国家构成,每个国家都生产两种产品,即由A、B两个国家,X、Y两种产品;(2)两国均实行自由贸易政策,无任何贸易限制;(3)要素(劳动)在一国内自由流动,在两国之间不能流动;(4)以劳动价值论为基础,即劳动时间决定价值(隐含着用一种要素进行生产);(5)交易双方生产成本不变,无规模效益,不考虑运输、保险等价值;(6)没有技术革新。

ch05 国际经济学课后答案与习题(萨尔瓦多)

ch05 国际经济学课后答案与习题(萨尔瓦多)

*CHAPTER 5(Core Chapter)TRADE RESTRICTIONS: TARIFFSOUTLINE5.1 Introduction5.2 Types of TariffsCase Study 5-1 Average Tariff on Industrial Products in Major Developed CountriesCase Study 5-2 Average Tariff on Industrial Products in Some Major Developing Countries 5.3 Effects of a Tariff in a Small Nation5.4 Effect of a Tariff on Consumer and Producer Surplus5.5 Costs and Benefits of a Tariff in a Small NationCase Study 5-3 The Welfare Effects of Liberalizing Trade in Some U.S. ProductsCase Study 5-4 The Welfare Effects of Liberalizing Trade in Some EU Products5.6 Costs and Benefits of a Tariff in a Large Nation5.7 The Optimum Tariff and Retaliation5.8 Theory of Tariff StructureCase Study 5-5 Rising Tariff Rates with Degree of Domestic ProcessingCase Study 5-6 Structure of Tariffs in the United States, EU, and CanadaAppendix: Optimum Tariff and Retaliation with Offer CurvesKey TermsTrade or commercial policies Revenue effect of a tariffsurplustariff ConsumerImportExport tariff Rent or producer surplustariff Protectioncost or deadweight loss of a tariff valoremAdSpecific tariff Terms of trade effect of the tarifftarifftariff OptimumCompoundConsumption effect of a tariff Prohibitive tariffProduction effect of a tariff Rate of effective protectionTrade effect of a tariffLecture Guide1. I would cover sections 1-4 in the first lecture. The most difficult part is Section 4 on themeaning and measurement of consumer and producer surplus. Since a clear understanding of the meaning and measurement of consumer and producer surplus is crucial in measuring the welfare effect of tariffs, I would explain these concepts very carefully.2. I would cover sections 5 and 6 in the second lecture. These are the most difficult sections inthe chapter and also the most important.3. The theory of tariff structure is also difficult and important. I found that the best way toexplain it is by using the simple example in the text on the suit with and without imported inputs. This section is likely to generate a great deal of discussion about the trade relations between developed and developing nations. If you do not plan to cover optional Chapter 8 on growth and development, you could spend a bit more time on this topic here , even though it will come up again in Chapter 6.Answer to Problems1. a. See Figure 1 on the next page.b. Consumption is 70X, production is 50X and imports are 20X.c. The consumption effect is –30X, the production effect is +30X, the trade effectis –60X, and the revenue effect is $30 (see Figure 1).2. a. The consumer surplus is $250 without and $l22.50 with the tariff (see Figure 1).b. Of the increase in the revenue of producers with the tariff (as compared with theirrevenues under free trade), $22.50 represents the increase in production costs andanother $22.50 represents the increase in rent or producer surplus (see Figure 1).c. The dollar value or the protection cost of the tariff is $45 (see Figure 1).3. The dollar value or the protection cost of the tariff is $45 (see Figure 2).4. The dollar value or the protection cost of the tariff is $45 (see Figure 3).5. The optimum tariff is the tariff that maximizes the net benefit resulting from theimprovement in the nation’s terms of trade against the negative effect resulting fromreduction in the volume of trade.X Fig 5.1X Fig 5.2XFig 5.36. a. When a nation imposes an optimum tariff, the trade partner’s welfare declines because ofthe lower volume of trade and the deterioration in its terms of trade.b. The trade partner is likely to retaliate and in the end both nations are likely to lose becauseof the reduction in the volume of trade.7. Even when the trade partner does not retaliate when one nation imposes the optimum tariff,the gains of the tariff-imposing nation are less than the losses of the trade partner, so that theworld as a whole is worse off than under free trade. It is in this sense that free trade maximizesworld welfare.8. a. The nominal tariff is calculated on the market price of the product or service. The rate ofeffective protection, on the other hand, is calculated on the value added in the nation. It isequal to the value of the price of the commodity or service minus the value of the importedinputs used in the production of the commodity or service.b. The nominal tariff is important to consumers because it determines by how much the priceof the imported commodity increases. The rate of effective protection is important fordomestic producers because it determines the actual rate of protection provided by thetariff to domestic processing.9. a. Rates of effective protection in industrial nations are generally much higher than thecorresponding nominal rates and increase with the degree of processing.b. The tariff structure of developed nations is of great concern for developing nationsbecause it discourages manufacturing production in developing nations.10. If a nation reduces the nominal tariff on the importation of the raw materials required toproduce a commodity but does not reduce the tariff on the importation of the finalcommodity produced with the imported raw material, then the effective tariff rates willincrease relative to the nominal tariff rate on the commodity.Multiple-choice Questions1. Which of the following statements is incorrect?a. an ad valorem tariff is expressed as a percentage of the price of the traded commodity.b. a specific tariff is expressed as a fixed sum of the value of the traded commodity.c. export tariffs are prohibited by the U.S. Constitution*d. the U.S. uses exclusively the specific tariff2. A small nation is one:a. which does not affect world price by its tradingb. which faces an infinitely elastic world supply curve for its import commodityc. whose consumers will pay a price that exceeds the world price by the amount of the tariff *d. all of the above3. If a small nation increases the tariff on its import commodity, its:a. consumption of the commodity increasesb. production of the commodity decreasesc. imports of the commodity increase*d. none of the above4. The increase in producer surplus when a small nation imposes a tariff is measured by the area: *a. to the left of the supply curve between the commodity price with and without the tariffb. under the supply curve between the quantity produced with and without the tariffc. under the demand curve between the commodity price with and without the tariffd. none of the above.5. If a small nation increases the tariff on its import commodity:*a. the rent of domestic producers of the commodity increasesb. the protection cost of the tariff decreasesc. the deadweight loss decreasesd. all of the above6. The imposition of an optimum tariff by a small nation:a. improves its terms of tradeb. reduces the volume of tradec. increases the nation's welfare*d. non of the above7. The optimum tariff for a small nation is:a. 100%b. 50%*c. 0d. depends on the elasticity of demand and supply for the import commodity in the nation8. The imposition of an optimum tariff by a large nation:a. improves its terms of tradeb. reduces the volume of tradec. increases the nation's welfare*d. all of the above9. The imposition of an optimum tariff by a large nation:a. improves the terms of trade of the trade partner*b. reduces the volume of tradec. increases the trade partner’s welfared. all of the above10. If two large countries impose an optimum tariff*a. the welfare of the both nations decreaseb. the welfare of the both nations increasec. the welfare of the larger nation will increase and that of the other nation decreasesd. the welfare of the larger nation will decrease and that of the other nation increases11. If one nation imposes an optimum tariff and the other nation does not retaliate*a. the welfare of the first nation increases and that of the welfare of the second nation fallsb. the welfare of the second nation increases and that of the welfare of the second nation fallsc. the welfare of both nations falld. the welfare of both nations increase12. If one nation imposes an optimum tariff and the other nation does not retaliatea. the welfare of the first nation increases more than the fall in the welfare of the secondnation*b. the welfare of the first nation increases more than the fall in the welfare of the secondnationc. the welfare of the second nation increases less than the fall in the welfare of the firstnationd. the welfare of the first nation increases by the same amount as the fall in the welfare of the second nation13. The nominal tariff is the tariff calculated on thea. price of the input used in the production of the commodity*b. price of the commodity or servicec. value addedd. all of the above14. The effective tariff rate is the tariff calculated on thea. price of the input used in the production of the commodityb. commodity or service*c. value added in the nationd. all of the above15. If the nominal tariff on a commodity is higher than the nominal tariff on the imported input used in the production of the commodity, then the rate of effective protection is*a. higher on the commodity than on the inputb. lower on the commodity than on the imported inputc. equal on the commodity and on the imported inputd. any of the above。

国际经济学练习题第五次答案

国际经济学练习题第五次答案

国际经济学练习题第五次1. 重商主义认为下述哪一种方式不是获取金银的方法( C )。

A. 开采金矿B. 暴力掠夺C. 国内贸易D. 通过对外贸易获取2. 根据产品生命周期理论,技术创新国在哪个阶段会从模仿国进口产品( C) A. 产品成长阶段B. 产品成熟阶段C. 模仿国大批生产阶段D. 模仿国大批出口阶段3. 下列观点哪一种不属于重叠需求理论( C )A. 一种产品是否生产首先取决于国内市场的有效需求B. 两国需求结构越相似,两国之间的贸易量越大C. 需求结构与人们的收入水平没有直接关系D. 需求分为代表性需求和重叠性需求4. 按照征收目的不同,关税可以分为( C )A. 进口税、出口税和过境税B. 从量税、从价税和混合税C. 财政关税和保护关税D. 财政关税和过境关税5. 贸易创造是指( C )A. 成员国之间相互进口量增加B. 成员国之间相互出口量增加C. 成员国之间相互取消关税所带来的贸易规模的扩大和福利的增加D. 成员国之间建立共同的对外关税和成员国之间相互取消关税所带来的利益6.如果A 国的劳动力转移到B 国,在其他条件不变的情况下,则( B )A. A 国的厂商会因为劳动力的跨国流动而获得更多的利益B. B 国的厂商会因为劳动力的跨国流动而获得更多的利益C. A 国的劳动力会因为劳动力的跨国流动而遭受损失D.两国的劳动力和厂商都会因为劳动力的跨国流动而获得利益7. 技术转移对输出国的影响主要表现为( A )A 、 有利于扩大对外贸易,改善本国的国际收支状况B 、 有利于推动本国产业技术的更新换代和产业结构的合理调整一、单项选择题(每小题1分,共20分)在下列每小题的四个备选答案中选出一个正确的答案,并将其字母标号填入题干的括号内。

C、有利于技术创新能力的提高D、可以大量节省研发费用,促进科技创新8.同国内投资相比,国际投资的主要特点为( D )A、国际投资货币单位和货币体制的差异性B、国际投资领域的市场分割及不完全竞争性C、国际投资目的的单一性D、投资环境的供给差异9.根据李斯特的观点,对于幼稚工业的保护不应该超过()A、30年B、15年C、20年D、10年10.重商主义的基本观点是( A )A、世界资源是有限的、一定的、国家的最主要目标是利用一切方法增强国家实力B、国际市场是资本主义国家可以自由利用的市场C、增加财富的最好手段就是促使各国的市场开放,从而达到贸易自由化D、增加财富的主要手段是国际贸易,因而贸易自由化是资本注意国家应该采取的最好对外贸易政策11. 要素丰裕度是指( B )A、产品生产中某种要素投入的比例大小B、一国拥有经济资源的相对丰富程度C、资本密集型产品D、劳动密集型产业12.下列哪种方式不属于进口配额的发放方式( B )A、竞争性拍卖B、按照过去的发放数额发放C、按申请程序发放D、按固定比例优惠发放13.下述哪一个不属于不公平竞争的范畴( D )A、低价倾销B、出口补贴C、污染环境D、采用先进技术占有国外市场14.贸易转移是指( D )A、成员国之间的进口量减小B、成员国之间的出口量减小C、成员国之间相互取消关税所带来的贸易规模的扩大和福利的增加D、成员国之间建立共同的对外关税和成员国之间相互取消关税所带来的贸易方向的转移15.下述哪一个不属于关税同盟的其他静态动态效应( C )A.减少行政开支B.改善贸易条件C.有利于扩大成员国、非成员国的投资D.减少走私16. 劳动力跨国流动的主要原因为( C )A. 自然资源的不均衡,促使劳动力从自然资源相对比较匮乏的地区流向自然资源比较丰富的地区B. 所有国家都普遍鼓励劳动力流入C. 劳动力总量、结构以及供求的不均衡,导致劳动力价格的不均衡,进而引起劳动力在国际范围流动D. 经济增长比较快的国家对劳动力的需求引发了劳动力的流动17. 超保护贸易理论的创始人是( A )A. 凯恩斯B. 休谟C. 蒙代尔D. 克鲁格曼18. IS曲线的左侧代表( B )A.失业B.通货膨胀C.贸易逆差D.贸易顺差19. 如果一国的经济同时存在失业和贸易逆差,其可以采用的政策措施为( C )A.财政扩张和货币扩张B.财政紧缩和货币紧缩C.财政扩张和货币紧缩D.财政紧缩和货币扩张20. 根据蒙代尔—弗莱明模型,对于实行浮动汇率制度且资本市场完全开放的小国来说,财政政策是( B )A.最有效的B.完全无效的依赖于货币政策的二、填空题(每小题1分,共10分)21.总供给是指一个经济在其生产能力和生产成本既定时,所有厂商在一定价格水平下意欲生产和销售的产品和劳务的总量曲线的右侧代表国际收支赤字23.在固定汇率下,当资本完全流动时,采用货币政策调节国际收支对本国国民收入产生影响被证明是无效的24.在浮动汇率和资本完全移动的条件下,财政政策完全无效25.在浮动汇率下,当资本不完全流动时政府扩张性财政政策一般会提高收入和利率26.经济危机一般包括繁荣、危机、萧条和复苏四个阶段27.发展中国家在战后先后采用了鼓励初级产品出口,进口替代和出口替代三种贸易政策28. 关税同盟的效果如何必须考虑静态和动态两方面效应。

国际经济学习题课后答案

国际经济学习题课后答案

第一章国际贸易理论的微观基础一、名词解释1、国际贸易的交换利益:是指如果个人或国家之间拥有不同的商品禀赋或不同的偏好,那么通过互相之间的商品交易,他们均可改善各自的福利。

2、国际贸易的专业化利益:是指个体或国家之间可以通过专门从事其效率相对最高的生产来获得额外的利益。

3、国际均衡价格:是指一国的过剩需求等于一国的过剩供给时,对应的相对价格。

4、生产可能性边界:是指在一定的技术条件下,一国的全部资源所能生产的各种物品或劳务的最大产量。

5、开放经济:是指一国经济与世界经济存在着广泛的联系。

6、封闭经济:是指一国经济与世界经济没有任何的经济往来关系7、贸易条件:是出口商品价格指数与进口商品价格指数之比。

二、是非判断题1、国际经济学是研究稀缺资源在世界范围内的有效分配,以及在此过程中发生的经济活动和经济关系的科学。

(正确)2、国际经济学是经济学的分支学科,是建立在微观经济学和宏观经济学基础上的。

(正确)3、国际经济学经历了重商主义、自由贸易和现代国际经济学理论多层面发展的三个阶段。

它是伴随着国际经济活动的不断增加而逐渐完善起来的。

(正确)4、与一般经济学的研究方法相同,国际贸易理论在分析上也分为实证分析和规范分析两种。

(正确)5、国际贸易理论分析不涉及货币因素,考虑各国货币制度的差异与关系的影响。

(错误)6、大多数国际贸易理论都是一种静态或比较静态分析,时间因素在国际贸易理论中较多体现。

(错误)7、没有贸易价格差的存在,就不会发生国际贸易。

(正确)三、单项选择题1、国际经济学在研究资源配置时,作为划分界限的基本经济单位是( D )A、企业B、个人C、政府D、国家2、从国际经济资源流动的难度看,最容易流动的要素是( B )A、商品B、资本C、人员D、技术3、若贸易的开展导致社会无差异曲线向远离坐标原点的方向移动,则判定贸易对该国是( A )A、有益B、有害C、不变D、不能判断4、消费点在同一条社会无差异曲线上移动,表示整个国家的福利水平( C )A、增加B、减少C、不变D、不能判断5、在封闭经济条件下,下列不属于一国经济一般均衡的条件的是( D )A、生产达到均衡B、消费达到均衡C、市场出清D、货币市场达到均衡6、国际贸易建立的基础是( B )A、绝对价格B、相对价格C、不变价格D、以上三种都不是7、在封闭经济条件下,A国X商品的相对价格低于B国X商品的相对价格,我们称A国在X商品上具有( B )A、绝对优势B、比较优势C、没有优势D、以上三种都不是8、一国从国际贸易中所获利益的多寡取决于( D )A、市场占有率B、技术优势C、竞争优势D、贸易条件四、简述题:1、试用图形分析国际贸易的交换利益和专业化利益。

国际经济学(克鲁格曼)课后习题答案1-8章

国际经济学(克鲁格曼)课后习题答案1-8章

第一章练习与答案1.为什么说在决定生产和消费时,相对价格比绝对价格更重要?答案提示:当生产处于生产边界线上,资源则得到了充分利用,这时,要想增加某一产品的生产,必须降低另一产品的生产,也就是说,增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本(或社会成本)的。

生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现,但究竟选择哪一点,则还要看两个商品的相对价格,即它们在市场上的交换比率。

相对价格等于机会成本时,生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。

所以,在决定生产和消费时,相对价格比绝对价格更重要。

2.仿效图1—6和图1—7,试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。

答案提示:3.在只有两种商品的情况下,当一个商品达到均衡时,另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡?试解释原因。

答案提示:4.如果生产可能性边界是一条直线,试确定过剩供给(或需求)曲线。

答案提示:5.如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线(B国)和过剩需求曲线(A 国)来确定国际均衡价格,那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致?答案提示:国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。

6.说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。

答案提示:一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品,有利于此国贸易利益的获得,不过,出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加,有损于出口国的贸易利益;与此类似,出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加,但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。

对于进口国来讲,贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。

7.如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间,那么贸易后,国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平?答案提示:贸易后,国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。

8.根据上一题的答案,你认为哪个国家在国际贸易中福利改善程度更为明显些?答案提示:小国。

9*.为什么说两个部门要素使用比例的不同会导致生产可能性边界曲线向外凸?答案提示:第二章答案1.根据下面两个表中的数据,确定(1)贸易前的相对价格;(2)比较优势型态。

国际经济学课后练习与答案

国际经济学课后练习与答案

第一章练习与答案1.为什么说在决定生产和消费时,相对价格比绝对价格更重要?答案提示:当生产处于生产边界线上,资源则得到了充分利用,这时,要想增加某一产品的生产,必须降低另一产品的生产,也就是说,增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本(或社会成本)的。

生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现,但究竟选择哪一点,则还要看两个商品的相对价格,即它们在市场上的交换比率。

相对价格等于机会成本时,生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。

所以,在决定生产和消费时,相对价格比绝对价格更重要。

2.仿效图1—6和图1—7,试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。

答案提示:3.在只有两种商品的情况下,当一个商品达到均衡时,另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡?试解释原因。

答案提示:4.如果生产可能性边界是一条直线,试确定过剩供给(或需求)曲线。

答案提示:5.如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线(B国)和过剩需求曲线(A国)来确定国际均衡价格,那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致?答案提示:国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。

6.说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。

答案提示:一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品,有利于此国贸易利益的获得,不过,出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加,有损于出口国的贸易利益;与此类似,出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加,但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。

对于进口国来讲,贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。

7.如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间,那么贸易后,国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平?答案提示:贸易后,国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。

8.根据上一题的答案,你认为哪个国家在国际贸易中福利改善程度更为明显些?答案提示:小国。

9*.为什么说两个部门要素使用比例的不同会导致生产可能性边界曲线向外凸?答案提示:第二章答案1.根据下面两个表中的数据,确定(1)贸易前的相对价格;(2)比较优势型态。

国际经济学课后习题答案

国际经济学课后习题答案

国际经济学课后习题答案这是我在网上找的,大多数题目都有,朋友们可以参考一下!有一点不确定的是G—L指数,大家再上网查看看,是乘100还是乘1希望可以给你们帮助,预祝大家顺利通过!第二章古典国际贸易理论在古典贸易模型中,假设A国有120名劳动力,B国有50名劳动力,如果生产棉花的话,A国的人均产量是2吨,B国也是2吨;要是生产大米的话,A国的人均产量是10吨,B国则是16吨。

画出两国的生产可能性曲线并分析两国中哪一国拥有生产大米的绝对优势哪一国拥有生产大米的比较优势思路:B国由于每人能生产16吨大米,而A国每人仅生产10吨大米,所以B国具有生产大米的绝对优势。

从两国生产可能性曲线看出A国生产大米的机会成本为,而B国为,所以B国生产大米的机会成本或相对成本低于A国,B国生产大米具有比较优势。

1.下表列出了加拿大和中国生产1单位计算机和1单位小麦所需的劳动时间。

假定生产计算机和小麦都只用劳动,加拿大的总劳动为600小时,中国总劳动为800小时。

(1)计算不发生贸易时各国生产计算机的机会成本。

(2)哪个国家具有生产计算机的比较优势哪个国家具有生产小麦的比较优势(3)如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换22单位的小麦,加拿大参与贸易可以从每单位的进口中节省多少劳动时间中国可以从每单位进口中节省多少劳动时间如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换24单位的小麦,加拿大和中国分别可以从进口每单位的货物中节省多少劳动时间(4)在自由贸易的情况下,各国应生产什么产品,数量是多少整个世界的福利水平是提高还是降低了试用图分析。

(以效用水平来衡量福利水平)思路:(1)中国生产计算机的机会成本为100/4=25,加拿大为60/3=20(2)因为加拿大生产计算机的机会成本比中国低,所以加拿大具有生产者计算机的比较优势,中国就具有生产小麦的比较优势。

(3)如果各国按照比较优势生产和出口,加拿大进口小麦出口计算机,中国进口计算机出口小麦。

国际经济学作业答案-第五章

国际经济学作业答案-第五章

Chapter 5 The Standard Trade ModelMultiple Choice Questions1. The concept “terms of trade” means(a) the amount of exports sold by a country.(b) the price conditions bargained for in international markets.(c) the price of a country’s exports divided by the price of its imports.(d) the quantities of imports received in free trade.(e) None of the above.Answer: C2. A country cannot produce a mix of products with a higher value than where(a) the isovalue line intersects the production possibility frontier.(b) the isovalue line is tangent to the production possibility frontier.(c) the isovalue line is above the production possibility frontier.(d) the isovalue line is below the production possibility frontier.(e) the isovalue line is tangent with the indifference curve.Answer: B3. Tastes of individuals are represented by(a) the production possibility frontier.(b) the isovalue line.(c) the indifference curve.(d) the production function.(e) None of the above.Answer: C4. If P C/P F were to increase in the international marketplace, then(a) all countries would be better off.(b) the terms of trade of cloth exporters improve.(c) the terms of trade of food exporters improve.(d) the terms of trade of all countries improve.(e) None of the aboveAnswer: B5. If P C/P F were to increase,(a) the cloth exporter would increase the quantity of cloth exports.(b) the cloth exporter would increase the quantity of cloth produced.(c) the food exporter would increase the quantity of food exports.(d) Both (a) and (c).(e) None of the above.Answer: B6. If P C/P F were to increase,(a) world relative quantity of cloth supplied and demanded would increase.(b) world relative quantity of cloth supplied and demanded would decrease.(c) world relative quantity of cloth supplied would increases.(d) world relative quantity of cloth demanded would decrease.(e) None of the above.Answer: C7. When the production possibility frontier shifts out relatively more in one direction, we have(a) biased growth.(b) unbiased growth.(c) immiserizing growth.(d) balanced growth.(e) imbalanced growth.Answer: A8. Export-biased growth in Country H will(a) improve the terms of trade of Country H.(b) trigger anti-bias regulations of the WTO.(c) worsen the terms of trade of Country F (the trade partner).(d) improve the terms of trade of Country F.(e) decrease economic welfare in Country H.Answer: D9. Immiserizing growth is(a) likely to occur if the exporting country is poor.(b) likely to occur if the exporting country is rich.(c) likely to occur when terms of trade change.(d) likely to occur if relative supplies are elastic.(e) None of the above.Answer: Eword格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持10. If the U.S. Agency for International Development transfers funds to poor countries in Sub-SaharanAfrica, this must(a) worsen the U.S. terms of trade.(b) improve the U.S. terms of trade.(c) worsen the terms of trade of the African aid recipients.(d) improve the terms of trade of the African aid recipients.(e) None of the above.Answer: E11. If the poor USAID recipient countries have a higher marginal propensity to consume each and everyproduct than does the United States, then such aid will(a) worsen the U.S. terms of trade.(b) improve the U.S. terms of trade.(c) leave the world terms of trade unaffected.(d) worsen the terms of trade of both donor and recipient countries.(e) None of the above.Answer: B12. If the U.S. has a higher marginal propensity to consume (MPC) imports as compared to both its MPC forexportables and nontradables, then such aid will(a) worsen the U.S. terms of trade.(b) improve the U.S. terms of trade.(c) leave the world terms of trade unaffected.(d) worsen the terms of trade of both donor and recipient countries.(e) None of the above.Answer: B13. If the U.S. (a large country) imposes a tariff on its imported good, this will tend to(a) have no effect on terms of trade.(b) improve the terms of trade of all countries.(c) improve the terms of trade of the United States.(d) cause a deterioration of U.S. terms of trade.(e) raise the world price of the good imported by the United States.Answer: C14. If the U.S. (a large country) imposes a tariff on its imported good, this will(a) have no effect on economic welfare.(b) improve the terms of trade of all countries.(c) improve the economic welfare of the United States.(d) harm the economic welfare of U.S.’ trading partners.(e) None of the aboveAnswer: D15. A country will be able to consume a bundle which is not attainable solely from domestic production onlyif(a) the world terms of trade differ from its domestic relative costs.(b) the country specializes in one product.(c) the country avoids international trade.(d) the world terms of trade equal the domestic relative costs.(e) None of the above.Answer: A16. Terms of trade refers to(a) what goods are imported.(b) what goods are exported.(c) the volume of trade.(d) the prices at which trade occurs.(e) None of the above.Answer: D17. If a country’s (net-barter) terms of trade increase (“improve”) we know from this th at economic welfarein this country(a) increases(b) increases, but only relative to that of its trade partners(c) is unchanged(d) decreases(e) None of the aboveAnswer: E18. If points a and b are both on the production possibility frontier of a country, then(a) consumers are indifferent between the two bundles.(b) producers are indifferent between the two bundles.(c) at any point in time, the country could produce both.(d) Both cost the same.(e) The country could produce either of the two bundles.Answer: E19. If the economy is producing at point a on its production possibility frontier, then(a) all of the country’s workers are specialized in one product.(b) all of the county’s capital is used for one product.(c) all of the county’s workers ar e employed.(d) all of its capital is used, but not efficiently.(e) None of the above.Answer: Cword格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持20. If at point A on the production possibility frontier, and the community indifference curve cuts throughpoint a from northwest to southeast, then the optimal autarky production bundle is(a) at point A.(b) to the right of point A.(c) to the left of point A.(d) to the northeast of point A.(e) to the southwest of point A.Answer: B21. A bundle indicated by a point to the northeast of the production possibility frontier is(a) unattainable at a point in time.(b) unattainable at a point in time without international trade.(c) unattainable at a point in time without domestic trade.(d) unattainable as a consumption point.(e) None of the above.Answer: B22. If two countries with diminishing returns and different marginal rates of substitution between twoproducts were to engage in trade, then(a) the shapes of their respective production possibility frontiers would change.(b) the marginal rates of substitution of both would become equal.(c) the larger of the two countries would dominate their trade.(d) the country with relatively elastic supplies would export more.(e) None of the above.Answer: B23. If a country began exporting product A and importing product B, then, as compared to the autarky (no-trade) situation, the marginal cost of product A will(a) increase.(b) decrease.(c) shift outward.(d) shift inward.(e) None of the above.Answer: A24. If, beginning from a free trade equilibrium, the (net barter) terms of trade improve for a country, then itwill(a) increase production of its import competing good.(b) increase consumption of its export good.(c) increase the quantity of its imports.(d) experience an export-biased shift in its production possibility frontier.(e) None of the above.Answer: C25. If a small country were to levy a tariff on its imports then this would(a) have no effect on that country’s economic welfare.(b) increase the country’s economic welfare.(c) decrease the coun try’s economic welfare.(d) change the terms of trade.(e) None of the above.Answer: C26. An increase in a country’s net commodity terms of trade will always(a) increase the country’s economic welfare.(b) increase the country’s real income.(c) increas e the country’s quantity of exports.(d) increase the country’s production of its import competing good.(e) None of the above.Answer: E27. After WWI, Germany was forced to make large reparations—transfers of real income- to France. If themarginal prope nsity to consume was equal in both countries, and if France’s demand was biased toward food (relative to Germany’s demand pattern) then we would expect to find(a) the world’s relative price for food remains unchanged.(b) the world’s relative price for fo od increase.(c) the world’s relative price for food decrease.(d) the world relative price for both food and non-food rise.(e) None of the above.Answer: B28. If we add to Question 27 that France exported manufactures, whereas Germany exported food, then thereparations from Germany to France would(a) improve France’s international terms of trade.(b) cause France’ terms of trade to deteriorate.(c) cause both France’ and Germany’s terms of trade to deteriorate.(d) cause both France’ and Germany’s term s of trade to improve.(e) None of the above.Answer: B29. If a country lent money to another, this must(a) lower the terms of trade of the recipient country.(b) lower the terms of trade of both countries.(c) improve the terms of trade of the recipient country.(d) improve the terms of trade of the donor country(e) None of the above.Answer: Eword格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持30. During the 19th Century, economic growth of the major trading countries was biased towardmanufactures and away from food. The less developed countries of that time were net exporters of food.From this information, we would expect to have observed(a) falling terms of trade for the less developed countries.(b) improving (rising) terms of trade for the less developed countries.(c) no change at all in the terms of trade of the less developed countries.(d) a decrease in the relative price of food.(e) None of the above.Answer: B31. Immiserizing growth could occur to(a) a poor country experiencing export-biased economic growth.(b) a poor country experiencing import-biased economic growth.(c) a poor country experiencing growth in its non-traded sector.(d) a poor country experiencing capital-intensive biased growth.(e) None of the above.Answer: A32. A large country experiencing import-biased economic growth will tend to experience(a) positive terms of trade.(b) deteriorating terms of trade.(c) improving terms of trade.(d) immiserizing terms of trade.(e) None of the above.Answer: C33. In the period preceding the recent Financial Crisis in Asia, the South East Asian countries were receivinglarge inflows of financial capital. Following John Maynard Keynes’ theory, this should have caused(a) a glut in their banking asset situation.(b) an improvement in their terms of trade.(c) deterioration in their terms of trade.(d) a fluctuation upward and then downward in their terms of trade.(e) None of the above.Answer: B34. If Slovenia is a small country in world trade terms, then if it imposes a large series of tariffs on many ofits imports, this would(a) have no effect on its terms of trade.(b) improve its terms of trade.(c) deteriorate its terms of trade.(d) decrease its marginal propensity to consume.(e) None of the above.Answer: A35. If Slovenia is a large country in world trade, then if it imposes a large set of tariffs on many of itsimports, this would(a) have no effect on its terms of trade.(b) improve its terms of trade.(c) deteriorate its terms of trade.(d) decrease its marginal propensity to consume.(e) None of the above.Answer: B36. If Slovenia were a large country in world trade, then if it imposes a large set of tariffs on its imports, thismust(a) cause retaliation on the part of its trade partners.(b) harm Slovenia’s real income.(c) improve Slovenia’s real income.(d) improve the real income of its trade partners.(e) None of the above.Answer: E37. If Slovenia were a large country in world trade, then if it instituted a large set of subsidies for its exports,this must(a) have no effect on its terms of trade.(b) improve its terms of trade.(c) deteriorate its terms of trade.(d) decrease its marginal propensity to consume.(e) None of the above.Answer: C38. If Slovenia were a large country in world trade, then if it instituted a large set of subsidies for its exports,this must(a) cause retaliation on the part of its trade partners.(b) harm Slovenia’s real income.(c) improve Slovenia’s real income.(d) improve the real income of its trade partners.(e) None of the above.Answer: D39. If the United States exports skilled-labor intensive products and services, then we should expect unionsrepresenting skilled labor to(a) lobby in favor of tariffs.(b) lobby against the imposition of tariffs.(c) be indifferent to the issue of tariffs.(d) lobby in favor of improved terms of trade.(e) Not enough information.Answer: Eword格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持40. If the United States exports skilled-labor intensive products and services, then we should expect unionsrepresenting unskilled labor to(a) lobby in favor of tariffs.(b) lobby against the imposition of tariffs.(c) be indifferent to the issue of tariffs.(d) lobby in favor of improved terms of trade.(e) Not enough information.Answer: B41. If a there are no international loans or capital flows, then if a country’s terms of trade improve, we wouldfind that(a) the value of its exports exceeds the value of its imports.(b) the value of its exports becomes less than that of its imports.(c) the value of its exports exactly equals that of its imports.(d) the quantity of its exports equals that of its imports.(e) None of the above.Answer: C42. If the U.S. Agency for International Development transfers funds to poor countries in Sub-SaharanAfrica, the conventional assumption, following Keynes’ analysis would presume that this would tend to(a) worsen the U.S. terms of trade.(b) improve the U.S. terms of trade.(c) worsen the terms of trade of the African aid recipients.(d) improve the terms of trade of the African aid recipients.(e) None of the above.Answer: AEssay Questions1. Other things bei ng equal, a rise in a country’s terms of trade increases its welfare. What would happen ifwe relax the ceteris paribus assumption, and allow for the law of demand to operate internationally?Answer: Let us assume that the terms of trade (or technically the net commodity terms of trade) improve, thus the relative price of a country’s exports increase. This would, logically, lead to ashift away by world consumers to substitute goods. If the demand for a country’s exports iselastic, the quantity decrease would be proportionally larger than the per unit price increase.This term of trade effect would actually lower the country’s real income and economic welfare.2. If a country’s growth is biased in favor of its import, this should unequivocally improve its terms oftrade and its economic welfare. Discuss.Answer: Suppose Japan experiences economic growth biased in favor of its import substitutes. For example, assume that Japan imports components and exports final goods, but that itexperiences a major growth in its components manufacture sector. Since Japan isinternationally a large country in these markets, this would tend to hurt its componentsupplier’s terms of trade (and help Japan’s). However, such a bias in economic growth maytend to lessen the volume of international trade. At an extreme, Japan may become an exporterof components and an importer of final goods. If the result is a lessening of specialization andof the volume of trade, then this effect will lower Japan’s welfare associated with gains fromtrade. If an actual change in the pattern of comparative advantage occurs (a possibility) thismay cause dynamic dislocations whose harm overpowers static gains for a relatively longperiod of time.3. It is impossible for economic growth in a small country to lower that country’s economic welfare,regardless of the bias of the growth. Explain.Answer: This is a true statement. The reason economic growth may hurt a country is if the terms of trade effect counters and dominates the growth effect. In the case of the small country there isno terms of trade effect.4. At the conclusion of World War I, Germany, as a punishment, was obliged to make a large transfer toFrance in the form of reparations. Is it possible that the actual reparations may have improvedGermany’s economic welfare?Answer: Such a result is not likely. However, theoretically, if France’s income elasticity of demand for Germany’s exports was higher than Germany’s income elasticity of demand for its ownexportable, then the real income transfer associated with these reparations may have improvedGermany’s terms of trade, and improved its balance of payments, thus helping Germany inmanner unanticipated in the Treaty of Verssaille. Explain.5. An export subsidy has the opposite effect on terms of trade to the effect of an import tariff. Domesticallya tariff will raise the price of the import good, deteriorating the domestic terms of trade. A productionsubsidy for the export product will lower the local price of the export good, lowering the domestic terms of trade for the country. Hence the export subsidy and the import tariff have the same effect. Thisanalysis seems to contradict the first sentence in this paragraph. Discuss this paradox.Answer: While this (Lerner) equivalence may well occur domestically, internationally the tariff will improve a country’s terms of trade. An export subsidy on the other hand will in fact lower theinternational price of the (now readily available) export good, hence hurting a country’s termsof trade.6. If a country’s net barter terms of trade improve (increase), it is possible that this could decrease the valueof its exports demanded, and hence harm its economic welfare. Discuss this possibility. What alternative measure for “terms of trade” does this suggest?Answer: An “improvement” in the terms of trade occurs when the price of a country’s exports rises by more than the price of its imports. If demand for this country’s exports is inelastic, then thiscould decrease demand for its exports in the world. This is treated under the topics of theMarshal-Lerner conditions for the effects of a depreciation on the balance of payments. Thissuggests that we may wish to use some kind of “income terms of trade,” the would explicitlyconsider both changes in relative tradeables prices, and also quantities of export (the latter notdealt with by the net barter terms of trade).word格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持Quantitative/Graphing Problems1. Albania refused to engage in international trade for ideological reasons. To maximize its economicwelfare it would choose to produce at which point in the diagram above? Suppose the P A/P B at point a was equal to 1. Given this information, in which good (A or B) does Albania enjoy a comparativeadvantage?Now that the Cold War is over, Albania is interested in obtaining economic welfare gains from trade.The relevant international relative price is P A/P B = 2. Albania would therefore choose to produce atwhich point (a, b, or c)? Given this additional information, in which good does Albania enjoy acomparative advantage?Answer: Albania would choose to produce at point a. With no reference to world terms of trade, one cannot establish Albania’s comparative advantage.Later, when Albania discovers that the relative price of A equals twice the price of B, it knowsthat it has a comparative advantage in A. Therefore Albania would produce at production pointb.2. Now, suppose that the relative price of A is actually not higher than Albania’s autarkic level of 1, butquite the opposite (e.g. P A/P B = 0.5). Would Albania still be able to gain from trade? If so, where would be its production point? Given the information in this question, where is Albania’s comparativeadvantage?Answer: Yes. As long as the world’s terms of trade differed from thos e of Albania, that country stands to gain from international trade. In this particular case, its point of production with trade wouldbe at point c.3. Suppose, as a result of various dynamic factors associated with exposure to international competition,Albania’s economy grew, and is now represented by the rightmost production possibility frontier in the Figure above. If its point of production with trade was point c, would you consider this growth to be export-biased or import biased? If Albania were a large country with respect to the world trade of A and B, how would this growth affect Albania’s terms of trade? Its real income?Answer: If point c is the production point with trade, then Albania has a comparative advantage in goodB. Therefore, from the shape of the new production possibility frontier (as compared to theoriginal one), this is clearly an export-biased growth. This ceteris paribus would tend toworsen Albania’s terms of trade. The terms of trade effect would, again ceteris paribus,worsen its real income. However, the growth itself acts in the opposite direction.4. Suppose, as a result of various dynamic factors associated with exposure to international competition,Albania’s economy grew, and is now represented by the ri ghtmost production possibility frontier in the Figure above. If its point of production with trade was point b, would you consider this growth to be export-biased or import biased? If Albania were a large country with respect to the world trade of A and B, how would this growth affect Albania’s terms of trade? Its real income? What if Albania were a small country?Answer: If the production with trade point was point b,then the observed growth is a case of import-biased growth, and would improve Albania’s t erms of trade. If Albania were a small country,the world’s terms of trade would not change at all. In such a case, economic growth (with noinduced change in income distributions) would always increase its real income.word格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持5. Suppose Albania is exporting product B, and experienced economic growth biased in favor of product Bas seen in the Figure above. We are also told that Albania’s new consumption point is at point d. Would you still consider the economic growth, which took place biased in favor of B? If Albania were a large country how would this growth affect its terms of trade?Answer: This is a relatively difficult case. On the one hand, the growth is still technically export biased.However, Albania’s consumption clearly shifted in favor of its import product, A. In this case,the deterioration in the terms of trade would be much more pronounced than before, and maylead to a case of immiserizing growth. However, for this to occur, there must have been amajor shift in the taste patterns (the old community indifference map is not longer applicable).Therefore, when we try to judge the direction and magnitude of the welfare change, we arecomparing the old versus new taste preferences, which raises the classic index numberproblem.。

南开大学智慧树知到“经济学”《国际经济学》网课测试题答案卷5

南开大学智慧树知到“经济学”《国际经济学》网课测试题答案卷5

南开大学智慧树知到“经济学”《国际经济学》网课测试题答案(图片大小可自由调整)第1卷一.综合考核(共10题)1.在要素禀赋理论中,要素价格均等化会使两国生产同一产品的要素密集度均等化。

()A.错误B.正确2.由于国际贸易使商品价格发生了变化,从而引起贸易参加国可支配收入水平的提高,这是国际贸易产生的“国际分工效应”。

()A.错误B.正确3.下列属于美国国际收支统计中贷方项目的是()。

A.美国商品出口B.美国居民在中国旅游的支出C.美国企业对中国的投资D.美国居民对中国的捐款4.如果一国实行的是固定汇率制度,同时资本完全自由流动,则对其宏观经济政策有效性的判断是()。

A.货币政策有效,财政政策无效B.财政政策有效,货币政策无效C.货币政策和财政政策均有效D.货币政策和财政政策均无效5.在资产选择决定汇率的理论中,直接标价法表示的汇率数值与外国利率水平呈正相关性。

()A.错误B.正确6.如果一国实行的是固定汇率制度,同时资本完全自由流动,则对其宏观经济政策有效性的判断是()A.货币政策有效,财政政策无效B.财政政策有效,货币政策无效C.货币政策和财政政策均有效D.货币政策和财政政策均无效7.下列选项中属于“大国”征收进口关税效应的是()A.生产者剩余减少B.贸易条件改善C.政府财政收入增加D.消费者剩余下降8.下列关于产业内贸易程度的叙述,正确的是()A.技术要求高的行业,产业内贸易程度高B.产品多样化的行业,产业内贸易程度高C.资本密集度高的行业,产业内贸易程度高D.规模收益不变的行业,产业内贸易程度高9.与要素禀赋理论相比,下列有关新贸易理论的说法正确的是()A.新贸易理论主要是解释产业间贸易现象B.新贸易理论主要以规模经济与不完全竞争市场结构为前提C.国际分工模式都是确定的D.两者都强调政府没有必要对自由贸易进行干预10.封闭条件下,中国和美国的小麦与布的交换比率分别为1∶4、2∶5,那么在两国之间展开贸易后,小麦与布之间的交换比率可能为()。

国际经济学练习题及标准答案(内部资料)

国际经济学练习题及标准答案(内部资料)

国际经济学练习题及标准答案(内部资料)国际经济学练习题及答案(内部资料)————————————————————————————————作者:————————————————————————————————日期:国际经济学练习题一、判断题1、当开放贸易时,所有消费者的境况都会得到改善。

2、根据简单贸易模型,在贸易发生之前,如果各国的某种商品价格相同,这些国家之间就不会有交换该种商品的动机。

3、如果一国中某生产者通过贸易能使自己的境况得到改善,那么,该国中所有的生产者都会通过贸易来改善自己的境况。

4、在两国间均衡贸易价格条件下,一国对某种商品的过度供给必然与另一国对该商品的过度需求相等。

5、不存在free lunch,但却存在free trade。

6、一国即便在某种商品的生产上具有绝对劣势,它也可以在该商品的生产上具有相对优势。

7、根据H—O理论,一国如果比他国拥有更多英亩的土地,该国便是“土地丰富”的国家。

8、在成本递增的条件下,各国并不一定要完全专业化于一种商品的生产。

9、H—O理论假设各国拥有相同的商品偏好。

10、我们或许可以通过更为细分化的生产要素定义而解决Leontief Paradox。

11、Stolper-Samuelson定理认为,贸易将使丰富要素的所有者得到更低的实际收入,同时使稀缺要素的所有者得到更高的实际收入。

12、如果各国的生产技术相同,贸易便不会使生产要素价格均等化。

13、一国的非技术性工人会比技术性工人更加反对贸易自由化。

14、大国可投资发展进口替代产业而不是出口产业,进而改善本国的贸易条件。

15、按照定义,小国的经济增长将不会使贸易条件发生变化。

16、青春期是一个贫困化增长的好例子。

17、一国生产要素的增长总会使该国更加自给自足,进而减少对国际贸易的依赖。

18、一个与外界隔绝的国家一定会降低其公民的生活水平。

19、产业内贸易在充分竞争性产业中更为盛行。

20、根据H—0理论,各国应进行大量的产业内贸易。

《国际经济学》复习试卷5份和试题库(含答案)

《国际经济学》复习试卷5份和试题库(含答案)

温馨提示:本复习资料仅仅适合于同学们系统性地完成“看教材”后的第二轮复习,绝对不能带入考场,凡带入考场的任何相关电子档或纸质档资料,一经发现,绝对上报学校,开除学籍!!要让别人相信你,请你先相信你自己,你是最棒的!!《国际经济学》复习资料(一)一、名词解释(每小题 5 分,共 20 分)1.要素禀赋2.倾销3.黄金输送点4.三元悖论二、单项选择题:从下列每小题的四个选项中,选出一项正确的,将其标号填在题后的括号内。

(每小题 2 分,共 20 分)2.根据相互需求原理,两国均衡的交换比例取决于()A 两国的绝对优势B 两国的比较优势C 两国的相对需求强度D 两国的要素禀赋3.在当今的国际贸易格局中,产业内贸易更容易发生于()A 发展中国家与发达国家B 发达国家与发达国家C 发展中国家与发展中国家D 发展中国家和最不发达国家4.课征关税会增加生产者剩余,减少消费者剩余,社会总福利的变化将()A 上升B 降低C 不变D 不确定5.以下选项中,哪个选项不属于国际收支统计中居民的概念?()A 外国企业B 非盈利机构C 国际经济组织D 政府7.布雷顿森林体系创立了()A 以英镑为中心的固定汇率制度B 以美元为中心的固定汇率制度C 以英镑为中心的有管理的浮动汇率制度D 以美元为中心的有管理的浮动汇率制度8.在下列投资方式中,属于国际间接投资的是()A 在国外设立分公司B 在国外设立独资企业C 在国外设立合资企业D 购买国外企业债券9.经济非均衡的无形传导方式不包括()A 技术转让B 信息交流C 信息回授D 示范效应10.在斯图旺表中第三象限表示()A 通货膨胀与国际收支顺差并存B 衰退与国际收支顺差并存C 衰退与国际收支逆差并存D 通货膨胀与国际收支逆差并存三、判断正误题:正确的命题在括号里划"√",错误的命题在括号里划"×"。

(每小题 2 分,共 20 分)1.亚当。

国际经济学的课后答案及选择

国际经济学的课后答案及选择

第一章绪论(一) 选择题1.国际经济学在研究资源配置时,是以(D.政府)作为基本的经济单位来划分的。

2.国际经济学研究的对象是(D 各国之间的经济活动和经济关系)3.从国际间经济资源流动的难易度看,(C人员)流动最容易(二)问答题1.试述国际经济学和国内经济学的关系。

答案提示:(1)联系:国际经济学与国内经济学研究的经济活动是相似的,面临的主要问题也是相似的;(2)最主要的区别是国际经济的民族国家性。

第二章古典的国际贸易理论(一)选择题本国生产A、B、C、D四种产品的单位劳动投入分别为1、2、4、15,外国生产这四种产品的单位劳动投入分别为12、18、24、30,根据李嘉图模型,本国在哪种产品上拥有最大比较优势?在哪种产品上拥有最大比较劣势?((c)A、D)答案:C(二)问答题1.亚当·斯密对国际贸易理论的主要贡献有哪些?答案提示:亚当·斯密的主要贡献是:(1)抨击了重商主义;(2)提出了绝对优势之一概念;(3)强调国际分工是使国民财富增加的最重要手段。

2.绝对优势理论和比较优势理论的区别是什么?答案提示:(1)绝对优势理论强调,国与国之间劳动生产率的绝对差异导致的技术水平的差异是产生国际贸易的主要原因;(2)比较优势理论强调,劳动生产率的相对差异导致的技术水平的差异是产生国际贸易的主要原因。

第二章问答题2.假设A、B两国的生产技术条件如下所示,那么两国还有进行贸易的动机吗?解释原因。

答案提示:从绝对优势来看,两国当中A国在两种产品中都有绝对优势;从比较优势来看,两国不存在相对技术差异。

所以,两国没有进行国际贸易的动机。

3.证明即使一国在某一商品上具有绝对优势,也未必具有比较优势。

答案提示:如果ax>bx,则称A国在X生产上具有绝对优势;如果ax/ay>bx/by,则称A国在X生产上具有比较优势。

当 ay=by或者ay<by的时候,由ax>bx可以推出ax/ay>bx/by,但是,当ay>by的时候,ax>bx不能保证。

国际经济学课后习题答案

国际经济学课后习题答案

第二章 古典国际贸易理论1. 根据重商主义的观点,一国必须保持贸易顺差。

在两国模型中是否可能?为什么? 思路:在两国模型中一国的贸易顺差等于另一国的贸易逆差,不可能出现两国都顺差的情况,重商主义贸易顺差的目标必有一国无法实现。

2. 在分析中国加入世界贸易组织(WTO )的利弊时,有人说“为了能够打开出口市场,我们不得不降低关税,进口一些外国产品。

这是我们不得不付出的代价”;请分析评论这种说法。

思路:这种说法实际是“重商主义”,认为出口有利,进口受损,实际上降低关税多进口本国不具有比较优势的产品,把资源用在更加有效率的产品生产中去再出口,能大大提高一国的福利水平,对一国来说反而是好事。

3. 在古典贸易模型中,假设A 国有120名劳动力,B 国有50名劳动力,如果生产棉花的话,A 国的人均产量是2吨,B 国也是2吨;要是生产大米的话,A 国的人均产量是10吨,B 国则是16吨。

画出两国的生产可能性曲线并分析两国中哪一国拥有生产大米的绝对优势?哪一国拥有生产大米的比较优势?思路:B 国由于每人能生产16吨大米,而A 国每人仅生产10吨大米,所以B 国具有生产大米的绝对优势。

从两国生产可能性曲线看出A 国生产大米的机会成本为0.2,而B 国为0.125,所以B 国生产大米的机会成本或相对成本低于A 国,B 国生产大米具有比较优势。

800小时。

成本。

(2)哪个国家具有生产计算机的比较优势?哪个国家具有生产小麦的比较优势?(3)如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换22单位的小麦,加拿大参与贸易可以从每单位的进口中节省多少劳动时间?中国可以从每单位进口中节省多少劳动时间?如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换24单位的小麦,加拿大和中国分别可以从进口每单位的货物中节省多少劳动时间?(4)在自由贸易的情况下,各国应生产什么产品,数量是多少?整个世界的福利水平是提高还是降低了?试用图分析。

(以效用水平来衡量福利水平) 思路:(1) 中国生产计算机的机会成本为100/4=25,加拿大为60/3=20(2) 因为加拿大生产计算机的机会成本比中国低,所以加拿大具有生产者计算机的比较优势,中国就具有生产小麦的比较优势。

克鲁格曼国际经济学11版第五章答案

克鲁格曼国际经济学11版第五章答案

克鲁格曼国际经济学11版第五章答案一、国际经济学的主要问题1.国际经济学的主要问题(1)国际经济学研究国家之间经济和金融的相互依存性。

(2)国际经济学也分析一国与世界其他国家间商品劳务和资金的流向,分析直接约束这个流向的政策,以及这些政策对国家的福利所产生的效应。

2.国际经济学特别关注的问题(1)国际贸易理论国际贸易理论分析贸易的基础和所得。

(2)国际贸易政策国际贸易政策考察贸易限制的原因和效果。

(3)外汇市场外汇市场描述一国货币与他国货币交换的框架。

(4)国际收支国际收支测度一国与外部世界交易的总收入与总支出的情况。

(5)开放经济宏观经济学开放经济宏观经济学研究在出现不均衡(赤字或盈余)时国际收支的调节机制。

更重要的是,它分析一国经济内外部之间的关系,以及在不同国际货币制度下,一国经济与世界其他国家经济的互相依存性和相互关系。

3.国际经济学的微观与宏观划分(1)国际经济学的微观经济部分国际贸易理论和政策是国际经济学的微观经济部分,因为它们把单个国家看作基本单位,并研究单个商品的(相对)价格。

(2)国际经济学的宏观经济部分国际收支涉及总收入和总支出,影响国家收入水平和价格总指数的调整政策及其他经济政策,因而它们是国际经济学的宏观经济部分。

这些内容常被称为开放经济宏观经济学或国际金融。

4.国际经济关系与地区经济关系的差异国际经济关系不同于地区间的经济关系(例如,同一国家内不同地区间的经济关系),国家经常对商品、劳务和生产要素在国际间的流动施加某些限制,而一般不限制其在国内各地区间的流动。

此外,国际间的流动也因语言、风俗习惯和法律的不同而受到某些限制;国际间商品、劳务及资源的流动亦增加了外汇收入及支出,从而引起外汇价格的变动。

二、国际经济理论和政策的目的国际经济理论经常假设两国、两商品、两要素的世界模型,并进一步假设初始时没有贸易限制,存在充分的国内要素流动而无国际流动,所有商品和要素市场处于完全竞争状态,无运输成本。

国际经济学答案 (5)

国际经济学答案 (5)

Chapter 6Factor Endowments and Trade II:The Heckscher-Ohlin ModelSuggested Answers to Textbook Questions1. If both goods are produced then to find prices use the competitive profit conditions. This should yieldthat the price of food is $4 and the price of clothing is $10.After the price of clothing rises to $15, to find the new wage and capital returns use the competitive profit conditions once again. This yields that the new wage is $11/3 and the return to capital falls to $1/3. Ranking the changes in percentage terms, wages increased the most, followed by the price of clothing, the price of food (unchanged) and then the return to capital (which fell). This rakingcorresponds to the results obtained from the Stolper-Samuelson theorem.2.At point A, there are 4x c units of labor being used. Thus the ray with the slope of 1/4 can be used to represent the amount of clothing being produced.(a) If L = 1000 and K = 500, then full employment conditions yield that there will be 500/3 units ofclothing produced and 1000/3 units of food produced.(b) The minimum level of capital that will allow full employment of both factors is 250. At thiscapital stock, only clothing is being produced. The maximum is 1000, where only food isproduced. These can be found by using the full employment conditions and setting food andclothing production equal to zero respectively.(c)36 Caves/Frankel/Jones - World Trade and Payments: An Introduction, Tenth Edition3. (a) If L/K = 3, then the country will produce a mixture of goods 4 and 5. Constructing unit valueisoquants for each industry will determine this fact. Competitive profit conditions will then show that w = 1 and r = 12.(b) If the price of good 1 triples, then the unit value isoquant moves closer to the origin, showing thatproduction of good 1 dominates the production of all other goods except good 4. At the sameprices as in (a), the economy will produce a mixture of goods 1 and 4. Competitive profitconditions give that w = 8/7 and r = 82/7.(c) The economy will produce goods 1 and 2. The wage rate will be $12 and the return to capitalwill be $1.(d) If the price of good 3 increases to $14, then goods 3 and 5 will be produced. Competitive profitconditions yield w = 2/3 and r = 13 1/3.(e) Only good 3 will be produced.4. An increase in the price of good will shift its unit-value isoquants closer to the origin, allowing thisgood to be produced for a larger range of capital to labor ratios. The effects on the w/r ratio can be shown in Figure 6.7.The price increase then reduces the real wage at home (with K/L = I) and increases it abroad(where K/L = M). This is because the home country is producing goods 1 and 2 and thus 2 is the capital-intensive good. The Stolper-Samuelson theorem then implies that the wage rate should fall as the price of the capital-intensive good has risen. In the foreign country, goods 2 and 3 are beingproduced, and thus good 2 is the labor-intensive good. The increase in price will then lead to anincrease in real wages.5. Consider if the contract curve is as in the above diagram. Production is initially at point D, whereboth food and clothing are equally capital-intensive. If food production was expanded and clothing reduced so that production was at E, then this would require that food use more labor-intensivetechniques and clothing use more capital-intensive techniques. Therefore, labor must flow fromclothing to food. However, this requires that the ratio w/r increase in food and fall in clothing, which is not possible, as this ratio is equalized across sectors at all points on the contract curve.6.Chapter 6 Factor Endowments and Trade II: The Heckscher-Ohlin Model 37The foreign country has a larger labor endowment and the same capital endowment as the home country. The fact that prices are the same in the two countries implies that they will be at points on their respective contract curves that have the same slope. Consider then if the home country produces at point A. Then point B (directly below A) has a slope that is less than at A. The foreign country will then produce less food and more clothing than the home country (i.e. they will choose a point on their contract curve that is closer to the food origin than at B). As drawn, the foreign country has a higher labor endowment than the home country and produces more of the labor-intensive good and less of the capital-intensive good. This result is consistent with the Rybczinski theorem.38 Caves/Frankel/Jones - World Trade and Payments: An Introduction, Tenth EditionMultiple Choice Questions1. In a Heckscher-Ohlin framework, the home country has 100 units of labor and the foreign has 200.Which of the following is necessarily true?Answer: (e)2. Consider two countries with the same technology and factor endowment proportions close together.If factor prices are equalized across the two countries, the relatively labor-abundant country must Answer: (d)3. In a Heckscher-Ohlin framework with flexible technology, which of the following is true?Answer: (b)4. In a Heckscher-Ohlin framework with clothing as the capital-intensive good, an increase in the priceof clothing will generally result inAnswer: (d)5. In a Heckscher-Ohlin framework with clothing the capital-intensive good, a 20% increase in the priceof clothing could induceAnswer: (a)Questions 6–10 concern the following situation:Technology is the same across countries. The inputs necessary for production are fixed and it requires2 units of labor and 1 unit of capital to make a unit of food. To make a unit of clothing, it requires 1 unit of labor and 4 units of capital. The home country has 200 units of labor and 200 units of capital. The foreign country has 100 units of labor and 200 units of capital.6. Which of the following is true?Answer: (b)7. If in autarky, clothing costs $3 at home and food costs $1 at home then what is the home return tocapital?Answer: (d)8. In a Heckscher-Ohlin framework with food the labor-intensive good, a 10% increase in the wage rateis most likely caused byAnswer: (e)9. If in autarky, foreign wages are $1 and the return to capital is also $1, what are foreign autarky prices?Answer: (d)10. If in autarky, the home price of food was $1, the home clothing price was $3, the foreign price offood was $3 and the foreign clothing price was $5, then the following gain from trade:Answer: (b)Chapter 6 Factor Endowments and Trade II: The Heckscher-Ohlin Model 39 11. In a Heckscher-Ohlin framework with clothing as the capital-intensive good and fixed coefficienttechnology, capitalists would tend to encourage policies thatAnswer: (a)12. Consider a Heckscher-Ohlin framework with clothing as the capital-intensive good where the homecountry imports food. A tariff on imports of food will be encouraged byAnswer: (b)13. The “Leontief paradox” is based on the observation thatAnswer: (b)14. The increase in the differential between the hourly earnings of skilled and unskilled labor can beexplained byAnswer: (e)15. In the production box diagram used to illustrate the Heckscher-Ohlin model of trade, the slopes oflines from the origin to points on the contract curve representAnswer: (c)16. If clothing production is relatively labor-intensive, and the home country is relatively labor-abundant,then with free trade (assume the home and foreign countries are of equal size),Answer: (a)17. Unit value isoquants representAnswer: (d)18. If the price of a good increases, the unit value isoquant for the production of that goodAnswer: (e)19. In Heckscher-Ohlin model with many goods, trade allows countries toAnswer: (b)20. An increase in the world price of clothing results inAnswer: (d)21. It is observed that a country in a trading world is producing only one good. An increase in the worldprice of that good willAnswer: (e)22. In a Heckscher-Ohlin trading world where there are many countries and many goods, which of thefollowing must be true?Answer: (e)23. Assume a Hecksher-Ohlin world with many countries and free trade. If countries have similar tastes,factor intensities in a country’s aggregate consumption bundle reflectAnswer: (a)40 Caves/Frankel/Jones - World Trade and Payments: An Introduction, Tenth Edition24. The Heckscher-Ohlin model can be viewed asAnswer: (c)25. In a two-country Heckscher-Ohlin model, growth in country A’s (but not B’s) physical and humancapital leads toAnswer: (e)。

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国际经济学练习题第五次1. 重商主义认为下述哪一种方式不是获取金银的方法( C )。

A. 开采金矿B. 暴力掠夺C. 国内贸易D. 通过对外贸易获取2. 根据产品生命周期理论,技术创新国在哪个阶段会从模仿国进口产品( C) A. 产品成长阶段B. 产品成熟阶段C. 模仿国大批生产阶段D. 模仿国大批出口阶段3. 下列观点哪一种不属于重叠需求理论( C )A. 一种产品是否生产首先取决于国内市场的有效需求B. 两国需求结构越相似,两国之间的贸易量越大C. 需求结构与人们的收入水平没有直接关系D. 需求分为代表性需求和重叠性需求4. 按照征收目的不同,关税可以分为( C )A. 进口税、出口税和过境税B. 从量税、从价税和混合税C. 财政关税和保护关税D. 财政关税和过境关税5. 贸易创造是指( C )A. 成员国之间相互进口量增加B. 成员国之间相互出口量增加C. 成员国之间相互取消关税所带来的贸易规模的扩大和福利的增加D. 成员国之间建立共同的对外关税和成员国之间相互取消关税所带来的利益6.如果A 国的劳动力转移到B 国,在其他条件不变的情况下,则( B )A. A 国的厂商会因为劳动力的跨国流动而获得更多的利益B. B 国的厂商会因为劳动力的跨国流动而获得更多的利益C. A 国的劳动力会因为劳动力的跨国流动而遭受损失D.两国的劳动力和厂商都会因为劳动力的跨国流动而获得利益7. 技术转移对输出国的影响主要表现为( A )A 、 有利于扩大对外贸易,改善本国的国际收支状况B 、 有利于推动本国产业技术的更新换代和产业结构的合理调整一、单项选择题(每小题1分,共20分)在下列每小题的四个备选答案中选出一个正确的答案,并将其字母标号填入题干的括号内。

C、有利于技术创新能力的提高D、可以大量节省研发费用,促进科技创新8.同国内投资相比,国际投资的主要特点为( D )A、国际投资货币单位和货币体制的差异性B、国际投资领域的市场分割及不完全竞争性C、国际投资目的的单一性D、投资环境的供给差异9.根据李斯特的观点,对于幼稚工业的保护不应该超过()A、30年B、15年C、20年D、10年10.重商主义的基本观点是( A )A、世界资源是有限的、一定的、国家的最主要目标是利用一切方法增强国家实力B、国际市场是资本主义国家可以自由利用的市场C、增加财富的最好手段就是促使各国的市场开放,从而达到贸易自由化D、增加财富的主要手段是国际贸易,因而贸易自由化是资本注意国家应该采取的最好对外贸易政策11. 要素丰裕度是指( B )A、产品生产中某种要素投入的比例大小B、一国拥有经济资源的相对丰富程度C、资本密集型产品D、劳动密集型产业12.下列哪种方式不属于进口配额的发放方式( B )A、竞争性拍卖B、按照过去的发放数额发放C、按申请程序发放D、按固定比例优惠发放13.下述哪一个不属于不公平竞争的范畴( D )A、低价倾销B、出口补贴C、污染环境D、采用先进技术占有国外市场14.贸易转移是指( D )A、成员国之间的进口量减小B、成员国之间的出口量减小C、成员国之间相互取消关税所带来的贸易规模的扩大和福利的增加D、成员国之间建立共同的对外关税和成员国之间相互取消关税所带来的贸易方向的转移15.下述哪一个不属于关税同盟的其他静态动态效应( C )A.减少行政开支B.改善贸易条件C.有利于扩大成员国、非成员国的投资D.减少走私16. 劳动力跨国流动的主要原因为( C )A. 自然资源的不均衡,促使劳动力从自然资源相对比较匮乏的地区流向自然资源比较丰富的地区B. 所有国家都普遍鼓励劳动力流入C. 劳动力总量、结构以及供求的不均衡,导致劳动力价格的不均衡,进而引起劳动力在国际范围流动D. 经济增长比较快的国家对劳动力的需求引发了劳动力的流动17. 超保护贸易理论的创始人是( A )A. 凯恩斯B. 休谟C. 蒙代尔D. 克鲁格曼18. IS曲线的左侧代表( B )A.失业B.通货膨胀C.贸易逆差D.贸易顺差19. 如果一国的经济同时存在失业和贸易逆差,其可以采用的政策措施为( C )A.财政扩张和货币扩张B.财政紧缩和货币紧缩C.财政扩张和货币紧缩D.财政紧缩和货币扩张20. 根据蒙代尔—弗莱明模型,对于实行浮动汇率制度且资本市场完全开放的小国来说,财政政策是( B )A.最有效的B.完全无效的依赖于货币政策的二、填空题(每小题1分,共10分)21.总供给是指一个经济在其生产能力和生产成本既定时,所有厂商在一定价格水平下意欲生产和销售的产品和劳务的总量22.BP曲线的右侧代表国际收支赤字23.在固定汇率下,当资本完全流动时,采用货币政策调节国际收支对本国国民收入产生影响被证明是无效的24.在浮动汇率和资本完全移动的条件下,财政政策完全无效25.在浮动汇率下,当资本不完全流动时政府扩张性财政政策一般会提高收入和利率26.经济危机一般包括繁荣、危机、萧条和复苏四个阶段27.发展中国家在战后先后采用了鼓励初级产品出口,进口替代和出口替代三种贸易政策28. 关税同盟的效果如何必须考虑静态和动态两方面效应。

29. 进口配额是指一国政府在一定时期内,对某些商品的进口数量和金额施加以直接的限制,在规定的配内,商品可以进口,超过的则不准进口或征收较高的关税30. 出口补贴从静态分析得出的结论为国内生产厂商可以获得利益,但整个国民经济福利出现净损失三、名词解释(每小题3分,共15分)31.重商主义----重商主义是欧洲15到17世纪关于国际贸易理论的主要学派,是随着新兴商业资产阶级的发展而创立的一种理论体系,其主要政策主张为:强调金银等贵重金属的积累和主张贸易保护主义其理论体系的主要观点为,世界资源是有限的,一定的,因而国家的最主要目标在于利用一切手段增强国家实力;一国拥有的贵金属越多就越富有、越强大,国家富强的最好手段就是保持国际贸易顺差其对外贸易的主要政策主张包括:严禁金银出口;实行对外贸易垄断;实行奖出限入政策和主张大力发展本国工场手工业,鼓励商品出口32.出口替代战略----又称为出口导向发展战略,是指用制成品替代初级产品作为主要的出口商品,以此提高本国工业的竞争力,推动经济增长的策略其主要措施包括(1)放松贸易保护,大力鼓励出口(2) 对出口企业提供优先外汇安排和留成(3) 适当减免出口企业的所得税、营业税,并给与优惠政策(4) 向外国投资者提供各种优惠和便利这种策略一般为市场比较狭小,自然资源比较贫乏但海外交通比较便利的国家33.跨国公司----根据不同学者对跨国公司的不同理解,跨国公司的概念可以解释为以下几种。

第一,业绩标准,指跨国公司在国外的产值、利润额、资产额或雇佣人员必须达到一定的比例以上;第二,结构标准,在这个标准体系下,跨国公司应该满足下列条件之一:其一为,在两个以上的国家经营业务,其二为,公司的所有权为两个以上国籍的人所有,其三为,公司的高级管理人员来自两个以上的国家,其四为,公司的组织形式以全球性地区和全球性产品为基础;第三,行为标准,是指跨国公司应该具有战略目标和动机,以全球范围内的整体利益最大化为原则,以一视同仁的态度对待世界各地的商业机会和分支机构总之,跨国公司是这样一种企业,它在两个或两个以上的国家从事经营活动,它有一个统一的决策体系和全球性战略目标,其分布世界各地的不同实体分享资源和信息并承担相应的责任34.自愿出口限制----自愿出口限制是指出口国家或者地区在进口国的要求下,或在进口国的压力下“自愿”规定某一时期内(一般为3—5年)某些商品对该国的出口限制,在限定的配额内自动控制出口,超过配额即禁止出口,这种情况的产生一般是由于出口商品对进口国的某些产业形成了威胁或者影响了某些部门的切身利益,进口国通常以造成“市场混乱”为由,要求出口国“自动”限制商品的出口,这种方式也属于非关税壁垒35.有效保护率----如果一个产业在生产最终产品过程中需要投入进口原材料或其他中间品,那么,关税对产业所生产的附加值提供保护的程度就是有效保护率。

如果以V 代表未征税时最终产品的附加值,即最终产品价格减去中间产品价格,V ’表示征税后单位最终产品的附加值,即最终产品征税后的价格减去中间产品征税后的价格,则有效保护率公式为:EPR=[(V ’-V)/V]×100%,可见,有效保护率反映了关税是一个产业单位产出的附加值在征税后发生变化的百分比36.什么是里昂惕夫之谜?经济学家主要从那几个方面进行解释?你觉得那种解释是比较四、简答题(每小题5分,共25分)符合实际的?根据要素禀赋理论,资本丰裕型国家应该出口资本密集型产品,而劳动丰裕型国家应该出口劳动密集型产品,这样,国际贸易才具有发展的基础,但美国经济学家里昂惕夫通过对美国经济的研究发现,美国进口替代品的资本密集度比美国出口商品的资本密集度高出大约30%,对美国这样一个资本密集型国家而言,这显然是违反要素禀赋理论的,这种现象就被成为里昂惕夫之谜里昂惕夫提出他的观点以后,在西方经济学界引发了争论,许多经济学家对这种经济现象从不同角度给与了解释。

具有代表性的学说包括,自然资源稀缺说、人力资本说、贸易壁垒说以及要素密集性转换说等,虽然目前还没有任何一种解释是完全被理论界认同的,但我认为下述两种解释是比较符合实际的(1)自然资源稀缺说:这种理论对里昂惕夫之谜的解释为,美国在制造其工业品时需要大量的原材料,而有些矿藏资源在美国是稀缺资源,需要大量进口,而这些采矿业在国外一般属于资本密集型产业,因而在计算时就显得美国进口的资本密集型产品多一些了(2)要素密集性转换说:这种理论对里昂惕夫之谜的解释为,劳动本身是不一样的,美国的劳动力素质是比较高的,而这种比较高的素质是生产工业品的主要要素,而其他国家的劳动力素质相对美国是比较低的,这种低素质的劳动力生产的产品主要为初级产品,即美国出口的是熟练劳动生产的工业品,而进口的是非熟练劳动生产的初级产品,这样,在实际统计数字上体现为美国的劳动密集型产品出口比较多总之,我觉得上述两种说服在一定程度上对里昂惕夫之谜做出了解释37.简述“中心—外围”理论的主要观点阿根廷经济学家普雷维什提出的“中心—外围”理论是服务于发展中国家的对外贸易理论,其主要观点包括第一,世界经济体系分为中心和外围两个部分,普雷维什认为发达国家处于世界经济发展的中心,而发展中国家处于外围,这两部分在体系上具有整体性、不平衡性和差异性三大特点,这些特点决定了两类国家在国际贸易中的地位和贸易条件是不同的,总特而言,国际贸易条件对发达国家有利而对发展中国家不利第二,外围国家贸易条件长期恶化,普雷维什认为,由于技术进步的利益在中心与外围分配不均,导致工业品和初级产品的价格走势不同;经济周期对中心和外围的影响不同,因为中心和外围的的市场结构不同,导致两类国家的贸易条件不同;工会的作用不同导致两类国家的工资走势不同;以及初级产品与工业制成品的需求弹性不同,导致市场价格不同等四个方面的原因,使得外围国家的贸易条件不断恶化第三,外围国家必须实行进口替代工业化战略,独立自主地发展民族经济,普雷维什认为,外围国家要想从根本上改变自己的贸易条件,只能建立自己独立的工业体系,摆脱自己对中心国家的依赖,即实施贸易保护主义限制中心国家对自己的工业品出口,平衡国际收支,使本国经济逐步走上工业化道路38.产品生命周期理论的主要内容是什么?对此你如何评价?产品生命周期理论是由美国经济学家维农提出的,其主要观点包括(1)产品和生物一样都是有生命的(2)产品的生命周期分为创新、成长、成熟和衰退等几个阶段(3)新产品的传播还有一个比较优势在国际间转移的过程(4)新产品刚刚引进生产时需要比较高素质的劳动力,而当产品进入批量生产以后则只是需要熟练劳动力就可以了(5)批量生产以后,生产的比较优势会从发达国家转向发展中国家(6)这种转移可以分为三个阶段,其一为新产品阶段,其二为技术成熟阶段,其三为标准化阶段维农的生命周期理论将科学技术引入到国际贸易理论的分析之中,并同其他因素结合分析,共同解释比较优势的形成和变化,进一步推动了国际贸易理论的发展,并且将比较优势理39. H—O模型的主要内容是什么?你对此如何评价?赫克歇尔和俄林认为,仅用劳动生产率的差异解释比较优势从而说明国际贸易的原因是不够的,生产要素禀赋的差异也是各国比较优势乃至国际贸易产生的重要原因或者说是最主要的原因,为了论证他们的理论,赫克歇尔—俄林在说明国际贸易产生的原因时给出了一系列假设条件,并且提出了要素丰裕度和要素密集度概念,在比较优势理论基础上建立了以资源禀赋为基础的要素禀赋理论要素禀赋论是新古典贸易理论的代表,是古典贸易理论发展的新阶段,因为以前的理论都是以一种生产要素的投入为前提条件的,该理论突破了这种条件,说明国际贸易的实质乃是不同要素密集度的产品在不同要素丰裕度的国家之间相互交换的结果,从这个意义上讲,丰富了古典经济学的贸易理论,为当今国际贸易的发展做出了贡献但这种理论同样是具有局限性的,这主要表现为1)过分突出供给差异,单纯强调生产要素的供给对贸易格局的影响,忽略了需求对国际贸易的影响2)假设条件过于苛刻3)三要素是理论基础,即劳动、土地和资本,背离了劳动价值论4)过于强调静态分析40.何谓产业内贸易?它有哪些特点?为什么会出现产业内贸易?同一产业内不同的企业利用其不同的技术和其他优势生产出规格和性能均不相同的同类产品,而后进行交换,这就是产业内贸易其特点表现为产业内贸易主要反映规模经济和产品差异性,并不反映比较利益,即使两国具有相同的要素禀赋,但由于产品的差异,并且各国无法生产所有规格的产品,因而可以产生国际贸易,同时,消费者的需求偏好不同,又使得产品产生交换的必要性,因而规模经济本身就可以成为国际贸易的基础和源泉产业内贸易产生的原因大致可以归结为第一,某类产品的差异性比较大,生产厂商很难在该类产品所有的产品系列中都形成比较大的规模从而通过规模效益降低成本第二,消费者的不同偏好是形成规模经济的重要原因第三,参与国际交换可以充分发挥各国企业在同类商品不同性能与质量产品生产方面的优势获得贸易利益六、论述题(每小题10分,共20分)41.试论述区域经济一体化的原因与影响区域经济一体化是目前国际经济发展中最重要的经济现象,就区域经济一体化的形成而言,主要包括如下内容第一,联合一致,抵御外部强大压力,在经济、政治与军事等各方面都面临激烈竞争的情况下,一些国家,尤其是欧洲国家为了增强自己的国际地位与经济地位,需要联合一致,形成合力以应对外部力量的压力,这是许多经济一体化集团,尤其是欧洲经济一体化形成的直接原因第二,发展中国家维护民族经济权益和发展的需要,二战以后,许多国家摆脱了殖民统治,但随之而来的资金短缺、技术缺乏以及市场发育不足等问题长期困扰这些国家,迫使这些国家联合起来,形成自己的经济区域,这也是导致发展中国家建立区域经济一体化的直接原因第三,区域经济一体化为区域内经济体带来了巨大的经济效应,促进了这一模式在全球范围内的发展,由于减免关税,贸易和生产规模的扩大以及技术、资本、劳动力等生产要素在区域内的优化配置使得区域经济一体化为参与的各国带来巨大的经济利益,从而导致这种模式在世界很多地区成为国际合作最主要的方式第四,战后科学技术和社会生产能力的高度发展为区域经济一体化创造了非常好的条件第五,“多米诺骨牌”效应,区域经济一体化对区域外的国家形成了巨大的影响力,迫使这些没有参与区域经济一体化的国家积极申请加入这些集团,从而形成了多米诺骨牌效用第六,维护周边环境的和平与稳定、提高国际地位和加强对外谈判力量,一体化的形成使得这些国家在对外贸易,也包括政治和军事方面形成合力,用一个声音对外进行谈判,从而为相关各国的利益提升创造了条件区域经济一体化对全球经济的发展产生了巨大的影响力,这表现为(一)对区域集团内部成员国经济贸易的影响第一,市场扩大,能获得规模经济效益,一体化将相关国家的统一为一个大市场,不仅为各国的经济发展开拓了更为广阔的市场空间,同时,规模效益的产生使得各国的生产成本大幅度降低,从而提升了区域内各国的经济发展水平第二,促进了集团内贸易和投资的自由化,使得各国的资源配置与整合更为合理,不仅使得区域内的资源利用效率提高,同时也吸引了大量的外部资金第三,促进集团内部的国际分工和技术合作,由于失去了关税的保护,使得集团内企业的竞争更加激烈,这不仅提升了企业的管理素质,淘汰了落后的生产能力,同时,各国为了加强其竞争力必然在技术方面采用更广泛的合作,从而最终提升了集团的竞争能力第四,促进了区域内部贸易的迅速增长和就业的增加,由于取消关税和非关税壁垒,使得集团内部的贸易量大幅度增加,而规模效益的产生又使得产品的成本大幅度下降,所有这些都会极大促进集团内部的消费,从而最终增加内部的就业,为经济的发展奠定良好的基础第五,有利于吸引外资,集团内部的利益会不断吸引外部资金投入的该区域,从而有效解决了区域内的资金问题,同时,这些外部资金不仅带来了更为先进的技术和管理,也为集团创造了更多的税收和就业机会第六,增强和提高了集团的在世界经济中的地位和谈判力量,作为整体进行对外交往,使得集团的整体经济地位在世界上得以大幅度提升,在进行相关的贸易谈判中处于相对有力的地位(二)对区域集团外部非成员国经济贸易的影响传统的观点认为,区域经济一体化对区域外的国家而言主要是消极的,但这有失偏颇,区域经济一体化对区域外的国家和地区而言,是积极作用和消极作用同时存在的,这表现为第一,区域经济一体化直接促进了世界经济的增长,为区域外的国家扩大出口创造了条件第二,对区域外国家的贸易份额下降,这主要是因为区域经济一体化所形成的贸易转移效果会直接导致其与区域外国家和地区贸易的减少第三,对发展中国家吸引外资不利,因为区域经济一体化对外资有非常强的吸引力,而国际资金作为一种资源毕竟是有限的,因而集团对发展中国家的吸引资金会形成比较大的压力42.请对比说明关税、出口补贴、进口配额、自愿出口限制四种贸易政策对生产者、消费者、政府以及整个社会的福利影响。

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