外交官衔的英文表达

外交官衔的英文表达
外交官衔的英文表达

外交官衔的英文表达

外交官衔(diplomatic rank)是外交与国际关系领域(world of diplomacy and international relations)使用的一套职业(professional)与社会(social)等级。

在19世纪前的传统欧洲外交(traditional European diplomacy)中,每个国家都有自己的一套外交头衔。各国官员级别的高低引发了不少争议。大国(major nations)倾向于认为自己官员的级别高于小国(minor nations)的同类官员,尤其在座次安排(table seatings)方面。为了解决这些问题,1815年维也纳会议(Congress of Vienna)正式确立了一套国际性的外交官衔。其中包括:

特命全权大使(Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary):国家元首(head of state)的正式代表(formal representative)。梵蒂冈(the Holy See)同级别的(equivalent)罗马教廷大使叫papal nuncio。在英联邦国家(Commonwealth countries),同级别的官员通常是高级专员(High Commissioner),但他代表政府(government)而不是国家元首【可能因为它们的国家元首都是英国国王或女王】。

无任所大使(Ambassador-at-Large):代表国家(representing the country)的最高级别外交官(diplomat),也叫公使(minister)。

大使负责某一个国家的外交代表机构/外交使团(diplomatic mission),但无任所大使往往负责若干个临近国家(neighboring countries)、地区(region)或政府间机构(intergovernmental organization)【例如联合国(United Nations)或欧盟(European Union)】的外交事务。有时候,无任所大使专门负责某一项事务(a particular issue),给政府首脑(head of government)与外交部长(foreign minister)提供协助与建议(assisting and advising),如美国战争罪行问题大使(United States Ambassador-at-Large for War Crimes Issues)。如果想区分单一国家(single-country)大使与无任所大使,可以将前者说成长驻大使(ambassador-in-residence)。

特命全权公使(Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary):一般就叫Minister,而Envoy是国家元首的全权代表(representative with plenipotentiary powers),但级别低于大使。在二战之后已经很少使用这个官衔。

长驻公使(Minister Resident/Resident Minister):一般就叫Minister,现在已经非常罕见,是最低级别的外交使团负责人(chief of mission),仅仅比代办(Chargés d’affaires)【一般被看作是使团负责人的替代者(substitute)或代理(acting)】高一级。

注意作为公使使用的minister一词与政府部长(government minister)与牧师(religious minister)中的minister含义并不相同。公使级的外交使团叫legation。由于他正式代表国家元首,所以可以使用和大使一样的头衔His/Her Excellency。

代办(Chargés d’affaires):这个发语词的含义是in charge of affairs。简称Chargés。所以他在高级外交官员(senior diplomats)临时不在(temporary absence)的情况下处理事务。Chargés d’affaires ad interim/a.i.是临时代办。在外交使团负责人不在时候代理工作。Chargés d’affaires en pied/e.p.与大使职权(functions and duties)相同,是对应对方国家(the receiving state)的外交部长而不是国家元首的。

但这一体系并没有解决优先权(precedence)的问题。主要国家与同盟国家之间会互派大使,而大国往往只向小国派出特使(envoy)。因此美国直到19世纪末成为世界大国(major world power)之后才有资格使用大使这一官衔。在20世纪中期之前,使用最多的外交官衔是特使。

在二战之后,联合国主权国家平等的原则(the UN doctrine of equality of sovereign states)不再允许将某些国家看作低人一等(inferior);很多公使级别外交使团(legation)都升级为大使馆(embassy)。美国在1966年升级了在保加利

亚的最后一个公使馆。尽管这些官衔仍然存在,但是担任者(incumbent)是作为使馆部门负责人(section chief)或使团负责人的副职(deputy chief of mission)。

负责一个外交使团的外交官一般叫chief of mission或head of mission,可以是大使、高级专员、教廷大使、特使或长驻公使。由大使负责的外交使团叫大使馆,而由高级专员负责的叫高级专员署(High Commission)。一个国家的外交官与负责对外政策(foreign policy)的官员(officer)叫外交机构(foreign service/diplomatic service)。派往某一个国家的所有外交官叫外交使节团(diplomatic corps)【注意corps的发音与core一样】。其中一位往往成为primus inter pares(同辈者之首),也叫团长(dean of the diplomatic corps)。一般由在该国的最有资历的外交官出任。资历按照到达该国的日期(date of arrival in country)或递交国书(presentation of credentials)日期来确定。

现代外交(modern diplomacy)中情况有所变化。双边外交(bilateral diplomacy)中有一些低于大使级别的职务。因为大部分外交使团都是大使馆级别,所以这些职务并不代表驻在国【或派出国(host country)】重要性的不同,只是反映外交官个人资历(individual seniority)。

大使/高级专员;无任所大使(Ambassador/High commissioner; Ambassador-at-Large)

公使(Minister)

公使衔参赞(Minister-Counselor)

参赞(Counselor)

一秘(First Secretary)

二秘(Second Secretary)

随员(Attaché)

助理随员(Assistant Attaché)

在多边外交(multilateral diplomacy)中,有一些特别的职务。

无任所大使(Ambassador-at-Large):负责具体任务或地区【有时兼职(doubling)】,具体目标是多元外交(multi-track diplomacy)。

常驻代表(Permanent Representative):相当于大使,并可能有大使头衔,但是派往国际机构(international body)【作为成员国(member state)或观察员国(observer state)】,而不是对应一个国家元首。

常驻代表(Resident Representative):相当于大使,但是由国际机构派往某个国家。

专使(Special Ambassador):某个具体领域的大使,不常驻一个国家,全球巡回。

美国贸易代表(U.S. Trade Representative):内阁(cabinet)级外交官,领导美国多边谈判(multilateral negotiations)的各个代表团(delegations)。

特使(special envoy)一般由联合国秘书长(Secretary-General)与地区大国委任。

领事系统(consular career)往往构成一个独立体系(a separate hierarchy)。从高到低(ranking in descending order)的职务为:总领事(Consul-General)、领事(Consul)、副领事(Vice-Consul)与领事代办(Consular Agent);同类但没有外交豁免权(without diplomatic immunity)的职务为:荣誉总领事(Honorary Consul-General)、荣誉领事(Honorary Consul)与荣誉副领事(Honorary Vice-Consul)。

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