微观经济学习题二答案资料讲解
成都理工大学微观经济学第二章习题解答
第二章(注:红字为正确答案)一、单选1、需求曲线向下倾斜,表示当一种商品价格()时,需求量()。
A、上升,增加B、下降,减少C、下降,不变D、上升,减少2、供给曲线向右上方倾斜,表示一种商品价格(),他的供给量()。
A、上升,不变B、上升,减少C、上升,增加D、下降,增加3、何种情况下会存在供给大于需求?()A、实际价格低于均衡价格B、实际价格等于均衡价格C、实际价格高于均衡价格D、消除了稀缺性4、假设一种商品的供给无弹性,如果其需求曲线向左移动,那么()。
A、均衡数量增加,均衡价格保持不变B、均衡数量减少,均衡价格保持不变C、均衡数量保持不变,均衡价格上升D、均衡数量保持不变,均衡价格下降5、当供求力量自发作用时,一次谷物欠收的效果通过什么显示在市场上。
A、政府规定的个人谷物购买量限制B、谷物价格上升C、报纸上劝告人们减少谷物消费量的广告D、谷物价格下降6、消费者收入减少会导致()。
A、需求曲线左移B、需求量沿着需求曲线减少C、需求量沿着需求曲线增加D、需求曲线右移7、替代品价格上升一般会导致()。
A、需求曲线左移B、需求量沿着需求曲线减少C、需求量沿着需求曲线增加D、需求曲线右移8、互补品价格上升一般会导致:A、需求曲线左移B、需求量沿着需求曲线减少C、需求量沿着需求曲线增加D、需求曲线右移9、假设需求的收入弹性系数为0.5,那么当收入变动5%时,需求量变动()。
A、0.5%B、2.5%C、4.5%D、5.5%10、如果一个企业降低其商品价格后发现其总收益增加,这意味着该种商品的()。
A、价格弹性大于1B、收入缺乏弹性C、需求缺乏弹性D、需求富有弹性二、多选1、在不考虑对外贸易的前提下,市场上的经济主体有:()。
A、消费者B、生产者C、政府D、司法机构2、需求变动可能使均衡价格()。
A、上升B、下降C、不变D、消失3、政府运用均衡价格理论干预经济的重要政策有()A、取缔黑市B、实行计划经济体制C、支持价格D、限制价格4、广义的需求弹性包括()A、需求的价格弹性B、需求的收入弹性C、需求的预期弹性D、需求的交叉弹性5、按两种商品的关系分类,需求的交叉弹性系数可能()A、大于零B、小于零C、等于零D、无穷大三、判断1、如果苹果的价格上升,消费者会用梨、橘子等相关商品来替代苹果。
微观经济学第二章答案
第二章 需求、供给和均衡价格一.名词解释1.需求价格弹性[解析](1)需求价格弹性是指:在一定时期内,一种商品的需求量对其价格变动的反应程度,其弹性系数等于需求量变动的百分比处以其价格变动的百分比。
如果用e d 表示需求价格弹性系数,用Q 和Q ∆分别表示需求量和需求量,用P 和P ∆分别表示价格和价格变动量,则需求价格弹性公式为:d e Q P P Q ∆=-∆g 。
(2)影响需求价格弹性的因素主要有消费者对商品的需求强度。
商品的替代数目和可替代程度、商品用途的广泛性等,另外,时间、地域差别、消费习惯、商品质量等也会影响需求价格弹性。
(3)需求价格弹性与商品销售总收益有密切的关系。
如果价格弹性大于1,即商品富有弹性,则其销售总收益与价格是反方向变动,即销售总收益随价格的提高而减少,随价格的降低而增长;如果需求价格弹性小于1,即商品是缺乏弹性的,则该商品销售总收益与价格变动是同方向的,即总收益随价格的提高而增长,随价格的降低而减少。
2.需求收入弹性[解析](1)需求收入弹性是指:在一定时期内,一种商品的需求量对消费者的收入变动程度,是需求量变动的百分比与收入变动的百分比之比。
如果用e M 表示需求的收入弹性系数,用I 和ΔI 分别表示收入和收入的变动量,用Q 和ΔQ 分别表示需求的量和需求量的变动量,则需求收入弹性公式为:eMQ II Q∆=∆g。
(2)在影响需求的其他因素既定的前提下,可以通过需求收入弹性来判断商品是正常商品还是劣等品。
如果某种商品的需求收入弹性系数为正值,即e M>0,表示随着收入水平的提高,消费者对此种商品的需求量增加,则该商品就是正常品。
如果某种商品的需求收入弹性系数是负值,及e M<0,表示随着收入水平的提高,消费者对此种商品的需求反而下降,则该商品为劣等品。
需求收入弹性并不取决于商品本身的属性,而取决于消费者购买时的收入水平。
3.蛛网模型[解析]蛛网模型是一个动态模型,其考察的是价格波动对下一个周期产量的影响,以及由此而产生的均衡的变动,它通常用来分析市场经济中某些产品价格与产量之间的关系,这些产品具有这样的特点,即本期产量决定本期价格,而本期价格决定下期产量。
高鸿业微观经济学习题及参考答案
⾼鸿业微观经济学习题及参考答案微观经济学习题参考答案中国⼈民⼤学出版社⾼鸿业《微观经济学》习题第⼆章需求与供给曲线概述以及有⼆、选择正确答案1.在得出某种商品的个⼈需求曲线时,下列()外均保持为常数。
A.个⼈收⼊B.其余商品的价格C.个⼈偏好D.所考虑商品的价格2.在得出某棉花种植农户的供给曲线时,下列()外均保持常数。
A.⼟壤的肥沃程度B.技术⽔平C.棉花的种植⾯积D.棉花的价格3.在某⼀时期内彩⾊电视机的需求曲线向左平移的原因可以是()。
A.彩⾊电视机的价格上升B.⿊⽩电视机的价格上升C.消费者对彩⾊电视机的预期价格下降D.消费者的收⼊⽔平提⾼4.某⽉内,X商品的替代品的价格上升和互补品的价格上升,分别引起X商品的需求变动量为50单位和80单位,则在它们共同作⽤下该⽉X商品需求数量()。
A.增加30单位B.减少30单位C.增加130单位D.减少130单位5.如果⼀条线性的需求曲线与⼀条曲线型的需求曲线相切,则在切点处两条需求曲线的需求的价格弹性系数()。
A.不相同B.相同C.可能相同,也可能不相同 D.根据切点的位置⽽定6.消费者预期某物品未来价格要上升,则对该物品当前需求会()。
A.减少B.增加C.不变D.上述三种都可能17.当两种商品中⼀种商品的价格发⽣变化时,这两种商品的需求量都同时增加或减少,则这两种商品的需求的交叉价格弹性系数为()。
A.正B.负18.若X和Y两商品的交叉价格弹性是,则()。
和Y是替代品和Y是正常商品和Y是劣等品和Y是互补品19.如果某商品富有需求的价格弹性,则该商品价格上升会使该商品的()。
A.销售收益增加B.销售收益不变C.销售收益下降D.销售收益可能增加也可能下降答案:三、计算1.已知某⼀时期内某商品的需求函数为Q d=50-5P,供给函数为Q s=-10+5P。
(1)求均衡价格P e和均衡数量Q e。
(2)假定供给函数不变,由于消费者收⼊⽔平提⾼,使需求函数变为Q d=60-5P。
补充习题2题解
微观经济学习题二答案一、单项选择题1、需求量和价格之所以呈反向变化,是因为(C )A替代效用的作用B收入效应的作用C上述两种效应同时发生作用D消费者的偏好不同2、下列因素中除哪一种外都会使需求曲线移动(B)A购买者收入变化B商品价格下降C其他有关商品价格下降D消费者偏好3、如果商品A和B是替代的,则A的价格下降将造成(D)A A的需求曲线向右移动B A的需求曲线向左移动C B的需求曲线向右移动D B的需求曲线向左移动4、一种商品价格下降对其互补品最直接的影响是(A)A互补品的需求曲线向右移动B互补品的需求曲线向左移动C互补品的供给曲线向右移动D互补品的价格上升5、生产者预期某物品未来价格要下降,则对该物品当前的供给会( A )A 增加B减少C不变D上述三种情况都可能6、市场上某产品存在超额需求是由于(D)A产品价格超过均衡价格B该产品是优质产品C 该产品供不应求D该产品价格低于均衡价格7、如果商品价格上升2%,其需求量下降10%,则该商品的需求价格弹性是(B)A缺乏弹性的B富有弹性的C有单位弹性的D无法确定8、若某行业中许多生产者生产同一种标准化产品,我们可估计到其中任何一个生产者的产品需求将是(D)A毫无弹性B有单元弹性C缺乏弹性D富有弹性或弹性很大9、假如其他条件不变,生产某种物品所需原料价格上升了,则这种商品的(B)A需求曲线向左移动B供给曲线向左移动C需求曲线向右移动D供给曲线向右移动10、直线型需求曲线的斜率不变,因此其价格弹性也不变,这种说法(B)A一定正确B一定不正确C可能不正确D无法断定其正确与否11、若X和Y二产品的交叉弹性是-2.3,则(D)A X和Y是替代品B X和Y是正常商品C X和Y是劣质品D X和Y是互补品12、如果价格下降10%,能使买者总支出增加1%,则这种商品的需求量对价格(A)A富有弹性B具有单元弹性C缺乏弹性D其弹性不能确定13、两种商品中,当其中一种的价格变化时,这两种商品的购买量同时增加或减少,则二者的交叉需求弹性系数(A)A 为负值B 为正值C 为0D 为114、劣质商品需求的收入弹性(C)A 小于1B 等于1C 小于零D 大于零15、在需求和供给同时减少的情况下(C)A 均衡价格和均衡交易量都将下降B 均衡价格将下降,均衡交易量的变化无法确定C 均衡价格的变化无法确定,均衡交易量都将减少D 均衡价格将上升,均衡交易量将下降二、分析题从提高生产者收入的角度考虑,大米和家用空调分别应采取提价还是降价的办法?为什么?大米是生活必需品,需求弹性小;相比之下,空调是高档品,需求富有弹性。
微观经济学第二章习题答案
《微观经济学》(高鸿业第四版)第二章练习题参考答案1. 已知某一时期内某商品的需求函数为Q d=50-5P,供给函数为Q s =-10+5p。
(1) 求均衡价格Pe 和均衡数量Q e ,并作出几何图形。
(2) 假定供给函数不变,由于消费者收入水平提高,使需求函数变为Qd =60-5P 。
求出相应的均衡价格Pe 和均衡数量Q e,并作出几何图形。
(3) 假定需求函数不变,由于生产技术水平提高,使供给函数变为Qs=-5+5p 。
求出相应的均衡价格P e 和均衡数量Q e,并作出几何图形。
(4) 利用(1)(2)(3),说明静态分析和比较静态分析的联系和区别。
(5) 利用(1)(2)(3),说明需求变动和供给变动对均衡价格和均衡数量的影响.解答:(1)将需求函数d Q = 50-5P和供给函数s Q =-10+5P代入均衡条件d Q = s Q ,有:50- 5P= -10+5P 得: Pe=6以均衡价格Pe =6代入需求函数 d Q =50-5p ,得: Q e=50-5206=⨯或者,以均衡价格 Pe =6 代入供给函数 s Q =-10+5P ,得: Qe=-10+5206=⨯所以,均衡价格和均衡数量分别为Pe =6 , Q e=20 ...如图1-1所示.Q sQ dQd(2) 将由于消费者收入提高而产生的需求函数d Q =60-5p和原供给函数s Q =-10+5P , 代入均衡条件d Q =s Q ,有:60-5P=-10=5P 得7=Pe以均衡价格 7=Pe 代入d Q =60-5p ,得 Qe=60-5257=⨯或者,以均衡价格7=Pe 代入s Q =-10+5P, 得 Qe=-10+5257=⨯所以,均衡价格和均衡数量分别为7=e P ,25=Qe (3) 将原需求函数d Q =50-5p 和由于技术水平提高而产生的 供给函数Qs =-5+5p ,代入均衡条件d Q =s Q ,有: 50-5P=-5+5P 得 5.5=e P以均衡价格5.5=e P 代入d Q =50-5p ,得5.225.5550=⨯-=e Q或者,以均衡价格5.5=e P 代入s Q =-5+5P ,得5.225.555=⨯+-=e Q所以,均衡价格和均衡数量分别为5.5=e P ,5.22=Qe .如图1-3所示. (4)所谓静态分析是考察在既定条件下某一经济事物在经济变量的相互作用下所实现的均衡状态及其特征.也可以说,静态分析是在一个经济模型中根据所给的外生变量来求内生变量的一种分析方法.以(1)Pe-为例,在图1-1中,均衡点E 就是一个体现了静态分析特征的点.它是在给定的供求力量的相互作用下所达到的一个均衡点.在此,给定的供求力量分别用给定的供给函数 s Q =-10+5P 和需求函数d Q =50-5p 表示,均衡点E具有的特征是:均衡价格6=e P 且当6=e P 时,有d Q =s Q =20=Qe ;同时,均衡数量 20=Qe ,切当20=Qe 时,有e s d P P P ==.也可以这样来理解静态分析:在外生变量包括需求函数的参数(50,-5)以及供给函数中的参数(-10,5)给定的条件下,求出的内生变量分别为6=e P ,20=Qe 依此类推,以上所描素的关于静态分析的基本要点,在(2)及其图1-2和(3)及其图1-3中的每一个单独的均衡点()2,1i E 都得到了体现.而所谓的比较静态分析是考察当所有的条件发生变化时,原有的均衡状态会发生什么变化,并分析比较新旧均衡状态.也可以说,比较静态分析是考察在一个经济模型中外生变量变化时对内生变量的影响,并分析比较由不同数值的外生变量所决定的内生变量的不同数值,以(2)为例加以说明.在图1-2中,由均衡点 变动到均衡点 ,就是一种比较静态分析.它表示当需求增加即需求函数发生变化时对均衡点的影响.很清楚,比较新.旧两个均衡点 和 可以看到:由于需求增加由20增加为25.也可以这样理解比较静态分析:在供给函数保持不变的前提下,由于需求函数中的外生变量发生变化,即其中一个参数值由50增加为60,从而使得内生变量的数值发生变化,其结果为,均衡价格由原来的6上升为7,同时,均衡数量由原来的20增加为25. 类似的,利用(3)及其图1-3也可以说明比较静态分析方法的基本要求.(5)由(1)和(2)可见,当消费者收入水平提高导致需求增加,即表现为需求曲线右移时,均衡价格提高了,均衡数量增加了.由(1)和(3)可见,当技术水平提高导致供给增加,即表现为供给曲线右移时,均衡价格下降了,均衡数量增加了.总之,一般地有,需求与均衡价格成同方向变动,与均衡数量成同方向变动;供给与均衡价格成反方向变动,与均衡数量同方向变动. 2 假定表2—5是需求函数Q d =500-100P在一定价格范围内的需求表:某商品的需求表(1)求出价格2元和4元之间的需求的价格弧弹性。
高鸿业微观经济学习题及参考答案
微观经济学习题参考答案中国人民大学出版社高鸿业《微观经济学》习题第二章需求与供给曲线概述以及有关的基本概念一、判断正误并解释原因1.假如卫生组织发布一份报告,称某种蘑菇会致癌,则这种蘑菇的需求曲线会向右移。
分析:错误。
因为卫生组织发布该蘑菇会致癌的报告会使人们减少对此种蘑菇的需求量,因此其需求曲线会向左下方移。
2.预计某产品的价格会下降,则该产品的供给将会减少。
分析:正确。
因为当预计某产品的价格下降时,生产者会在价格下降前尽量多地生产产品,因此该产品的供给会增加,供给曲线向右上方移动。
3.如果政府对某种商品的生产者给予现金补贴,会使该商品的供给曲线向左上方移动。
分析:错误。
如果政府对某种商品的生产者给予现金补贴,会使该商品的供给曲线向右下方移动。
这与生产者生产成本减少或生产技术改善使供给曲线向右下方移动是一样的。
4.需求曲线的斜率和需求的价格弹性是相同的概念。
分析:错误。
二者是两个紧密联系却又不相同的概念。
需求曲线在某点的斜率为dP/ dQ,而需求的点弹性不仅取决于斜率的倒数值dQ/dP,还取决于P/Q。
5.假如某城市运输的需求的价格弹性为1.2,则为了增加运输的收入,运输价格应该降低。
分析:正确。
因为运输的需求的价格弹性为1.2,说明运输的需求是富有弹性的。
富有弹性的商品的价格与销售收入成反方向变动。
因此要增加收入必须降价。
6.降低价格一定会使供给量下降。
分析:错误。
对于一般商品来说,在其他因素不变的条件下,降低价格会使供给量减少。
但当其他因素发生变化时,降低价格不一定会使供给量减少。
二、选择正确答案1.在得出某种商品的个人需求曲线时,下列()外均保持为常数。
A.个人收入B.其余商品的价格C.个人偏好D.所考虑商品的价格2.在得出某棉花种植农户的供给曲线时,下列()外均保持常数。
A.土壤的肥沃程度B.技术水平C.棉花的种植面积D.棉花的价格3.在某一时期内彩色电视机的需求曲线向左平移的原因可以是()。
微观经济学复习题2(含答案)
一、单选题(每小题2分,共40分)1.在其他条件不变的情况下,某种商品的需求量( )。
A.随着替代商品价格的提高而减少B.随着替代商品价格的提高而增加C.随着偏好的增加而减少D.随着互补品价格下降而减少2.对西红柿需求的变化,可能是由于( )。
A.消费者认为西红柿价格太高了B.西红柿的收成增加C.消费者预期西红柿将降价D.种植西红柿的技术有了改进3.某种商品沿着供给曲线运动是由于( )。
A.商品价格的变化B.互补品价格的变化C.生产技术条件的变化D.生产这种商品的成本的变化E.产量的变化4.某消费者的收入下降,而他对某商品的需求却增加,该商品为( )。
A.高档商品B.低档商品C.替代商品D.互补商品5.需求完全无弹性可以用( )。
A.一条与横轴平行的线表示B.一条与纵轴平行的线表示C.一条向右下方倾斜的线表示D.一条向右上方倾斜的线表示6.当两种商品中一种商品的价格发生变化时,这两种商品的需求量都同时增加或减少,则这两种商品的需求的交叉价格弹性系数为:( )。
A.正B.负C.0D.17.当羽毛球拍的价格下降时,对羽毛球的需求量将( )。
A.减少B.不变C.增加D.视具体情况而定8.当出租车租金上涨后,对公共汽车服务的( )。
A.需求下降B.需求增加C.需求量下降D.需求量增加9.当总效用增加时,边际效用应该:()。
A.为正值,且不断增加B.为正值,但不断减少C.为负值,且不断减少D. 为正值可能增加也可能减少。
10.当某消费者对商品X的消费达到饱和点时,则边际效用MUX为:( )。
A. 正值B.负值C.零D.不确定,需视具体情况而定11. 无差异曲线的形状取决于( )。
A. 消费者偏好B. 消费者收入C. 所购商品的价格D. 商品效用水平的大小12. 无差异曲线为斜率不变的直线时,表示相结合的两种商品是( )。
A. 可以替代的B. 完全替代的C. 互补的D. 互不相关的13. 同一条无差异曲线上的不同点表示( )。
《微观经济学》第2章需求与供给练习题及答案解析
第二章需求与供给一、选择题1.随着公共汽车车票的价格上升,会出现公共汽车车票的( )。
A. 需求量增加;B. 需求量减少;C. 需求增加;D. 需求减少解析:B.本题考察需求量的含义,商品本身价格的变化导致的需求数量的变化被称为需求量的变化。
表示在不同的价格下消费者改变了消费数量。
2.随着公共汽车票的价格大幅下降,会出现私人汽车的( )。
A. 需求量增加;B. 需求量减少;C. 需求增加;D. 需求减少解析:D.本题考察需求的含义,商品本身价格以外的因素发生变化也就是非价格因素的变化导致的需求数量的变化被称为需求的变化。
表示在每一个与以前相同的价格下消费者改变了消费数量。
公共汽车和私人汽车互为替代品,替代品价格下降,被研究对象的需求会跟着下降,消费者在相同的价格下减少了对私人汽车的需求数量。
3.随着汽油价格大幅下降,会出现私人汽车的( )。
A. 需求量增加;B. 需求量减少;C. 需求增加;D. 需求减少解析:C.本题考察需求的含义,商品本身价格以外的因素发生变化也就是非价格因素的变化导致的需求数量的变化被称为需求的变化。
表示在每一个与以前相同的价格下消费者改变了消费数量。
汽油和私人汽车互为互补品,互补品价格下降,被研究对象的需求数量会增加,消费者在相同的价格下增加了对私人汽车的需求数量。
4. 随着养猪专业户的增加,会出现生猪的( )。
A. 需求量增加;B. 需求量减少;C. 需求增加;D. 需求减少解析:A. 本题考察需求量的含义,商品本身价格的变化导致的需求数量的变化被称需求量的变化。
表示在不同的价格下消费者改变了消费数量。
本题供给增加导致生猪价格下降,在较低的价格下消费者增加了生猪的需求数量,是需求量的变化。
5.随着商品房价格上升,商品房的()A.供给增加;B.供给量增加;C.供给减少;D.供给量减少。
解析:B.本题考察供给量的含义,商品本身价格的变化导致的供给数量的变化被称供给量的变化。
《微观经济学》课后练习题参考答案2
第二章供需(ɡònɡ xū)理论一、选择题二、名词解释1、需求:是指在某一特定时期内,在各种可能的价格上,人们愿意(yuàn yì)而且能够购买的商品的数量。
四层含义①建立在购买(支付)能力(nénglì)的基础上②涉及P和Q两个(liǎnɡɡè)变量。
③非实际(shíjì)购买量,只是计划购买量。
④时间概念2、需求规律:又称需求铁律,是指在其他条件不变的前提下,当商品的价格上升时,商品的需求量下降;反之,当商品的价格下降时,商品的需求量上升。
即商品的价格与商品的需求量成反比例变化。
3、需求的变动:是指商品自身价格之外的其它因素变化引起该商品需求量的变化。
需求的变动伴随着需求表、曲线和函数的变化。
4、供给:是指生产者(厂商)在一定时期和各种可能的价格上,原意而且能够提供的某种商品的数量。
有四层含义①原意并有实际的供给能力。
②涉及两个变量P,Q③并不是实际出售量,而是计划的出售量。
④时间概念。
5、供给的变动:供给的变动是由于本身价格之外的其他因素变化所引起的该商品供给量的变化。
供给的变动伴随着供给表的变化和需求曲线的移动。
6、点弹性:弹性原是物理学上的概念,意指某一物体对外界力量的反应力。
用于经济学,其含义是指经济因变量对经济自变量变动的反应程度,点弹性是指经济变量变动的非常微小的弹性。
其弹性系数公式用微分表示。
7、弧弹性:是指经济变量取值于某一区间的平均弹性,在弹性系数的计算公式中,经济自变量和经济因变量都取值于区间端点的平均值。
例如需求价格的弧弹性公式:△Q (P1+P2)/2 △Q P1+P2Ed= ──·───── = ──·───△P (Q1+Q2)/2 △P Q1+Q28、需求的价格弹性:又称需求弹性,指在一定时期内一种商品的需求量对于其价格变动的反应程度。
其弹性系数等于需求量变动的百分比除以价格变动的百分比。
微观经济学习题-第二章____需求曲线和供给曲线概述以及有关的基本概念
微观经济学习题-第⼆章____需求曲线和供给曲线概述以及有关的基本概念第⼆章需求曲线和供给曲线概述以及有关的基本概念2010级医药贸易同学分享⼀、单项选择题1、下列()体现了需求规律。
A、药品的价格上涨,使药品质量得到了提⾼B、汽油的价格提⾼,⼩汽车的销售量减少C、丝绸价格提⾼,游览公园的⼈数增加D、照相机价格下降,导致其销售量增加2、供给规律可以反映在()。
A、消费者不再喜欢消费某商品,使该商品的价格下降B、政策⿎励某商品的⽣产,因⽽该商品的供给量增加C、⽣产技术提⾼会使商品的供给量增加D、某商品价格上升将导致对该商品的供给量增加3、需求量和价格之所以呈反⽅向变化,是因为()。
A、收⼈效应的作⽤B、替代效应的作⽤C、收⼈效应和替代效应的共同作⽤D、以上均不正确4、对于⼤⽩菜供给的减少,不可能是由于()。
A、⽓候异常严寒B、政策限制⼤⽩菜的种植C、⼤⽩菜的价格下降D、化肥价格上涨5、假设某商品的需求曲线为Q=10-2P,市场上该商品的均衡价格为4,那么,当需求曲线变为Q=12-2P后,均衡价格将()。
A、⼤于4B、⼩于4C、等于4D、⼩于或等于46、当某种商品的需求和供给出现同时减少的情况时,那么()。
A、均衡价格下降,均衡产销量减少B、均衡价格下降,均衡产销量⽆法确定C、均衡价格⽆法确定,均衡产销量减少D、均衡价格上升,均衡产销量减少7、如果商品A和商品B互为替代品,则A商品的价格下降将造成()。
A、A的需求曲线向右移动B、A的需求曲线向左移动C、B的需求曲线向右移动D、B的需求曲线向左移动8、某种商品价格下降对其互补品最直接的影响是()。
A、其互补品的需求曲线向右移动B、其互补品的需求曲线向左移动C、其互补品的供给曲线向右移动D、其互补品的价格上升9、如果⼀条直线型的需求曲线与⼀条曲线型的需求曲线相切,则在切点处两曲线需求的价格弹性()。
A、不同B、相同C、可能相同也可能不同D、依切点所在的位置⽽定10、如果两种商品a和b需求的交叉价格弹性是-3,则()。
平狄克《微观经济学》(第7版)习题详解(第2章 供给和需求的基本原理)
平狄克《微观经济学》(第7版)第2章 供给和需求的基本原理课后复习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题解析资料库,您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题,经济学考研参考书等内容,更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验,从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富,这或许能帮你少走弯路,躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理,如您还需更多考研资料,可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
1.假定异常炎热的天气会使冰淇淋的需求曲线向右移动,解释为什么冰淇淋价格会上升到一个新的市场出清水平。
答:如图2-3所示,假设短期内供给完全无弹性,则供给曲线是垂直的。
供给曲线S 与初始的需求曲线1D 相交,确定均衡价格为1P ,均衡数量为1Q 。
异常炎热的天气会使冰淇淋的需求曲线向右移动,在当前价格1P 上造成短期需求过剩,消费者为获得冰淇淋,愿意为每一单位冰淇淋出价更高。
在需求压力下,冰淇淋价格将上升,直到供给与需求达到均衡。
图2-3 冰淇淋的供求分析2.请运用供给曲线和需求曲线来说明以下各事件会怎样影响黄油的价格、销售量及购买量:(1)人造黄油价格上升;(2)牛奶价格上升;(3)平均收入水平下降。
答:(1)人造黄油和黄油是一对替代品。
人造黄油价格上升将导致黄油消费量的上升,因此黄油的需求曲线将从1D 向右移动至2D ,均衡价格将从1P 上升至2P ,均衡数量将从1Q 增加至2Q ,如图2-4所示。
图2-4 人造黄油价格上升的影响(2)牛奶是黄油的主要原料。
牛奶价格上升将增加黄油制造成本。
黄油的供给曲线将从1S 向左移动至2S ,在更高的价格2P 实现均衡,同时供给量减少到2Q ,如图2-5所示。
图2-5 牛奶价格上升的影响(3)假设黄油是正常商品。
平均收入水平下降将导致需求曲线从1D 向左移动至2D ,结果价格降至2P ,需求量也下降至2Q ,如图2-6所示。
图2-6 平均收入下降的影响3.如果玉米片价格上升3%而使其需求量下降6%,那么玉米片的需求价格弹性是多少? 解:需求价格弹性指某种商品需求量变化的百分率与价格变化的百分率之比,它用来测度商品需求量变动对于商品自身价格变动反应的敏感性程度。
微观经济学课后习题答案
第二章计算题1.假定某商品得需求函数为P=100-5Q,供给函数为P=40+10Q。
(1)求该商品得均衡价格与均衡产量;(2)由于消费者收入上升导致对该商品得需求增加15,则求新得需求函数;(3)由于技术进步导致对商品得供给增加15,则求新得供给函数;(4)求供求变化后新得均衡价格与均衡数量;(5)将(4)与(1)比较,并说明结果。
2、某市得房租控制机构发现,住房得总需求就是Qd=100—5P,其中数量Qd以万间套房为单位,而价格P(即平均月租金率)则以数百美元为单位。
该机构还注意到,P较低时,Qd得增加就是因为有更多得三口之家迁入该市,且需要住房。
该市房地产经纪人委员会估算住房得供给函数为Qs=50+5P.(1)如果该机构与委员会在需求与供给上得观点就是正确得,那么自由市场得价格就是多少?(2)如果该机构设定一个100美元得最高平均月租金,且所有未找到住房得人都离开该市,那么城市人口将怎样变动?(3)假定该机构迎合委员会得愿望,对所有住房都设定900美元得月租金。
如果套房上市方面得任何长期性增长,其中得50%来自新建筑,那么需要新造多少住房?3.在某商品市场中,有10000个相同得消费者,每个消费者得需求函数均为Qd=12-2P;同时又有1000个相同得生产者,每个生产者得供给函数均为Qs=20P。
(1)推导该商品得市场需求函数与市场供给函数;(2)求该商品市场得均衡价格与均衡数量;(3)假设政府对售出得每单位商品征收2美元得销售税,而且1000名销售者一视同仁,这个决定对均衡价格与均衡数量有什么影响?实际上就是谁支付了税款?政府征收得税额为多少?(4)假设政府对产出得每单位商品给予1美元得补贴,而且1000名生产者一视同仁,这个决定对均衡价格与均衡数量又有什么影响?该商品得消费者能从中获益吗?4。
某君对商品x得需求函数为P=100-,求P=60与P=40时得需求价格弹性系数。
5.假定需求函数Qd=500一lOOP,试求:(1)价格2元与4元之间得弧弹性;(2)分别求出价格为2元与4元时得点弹性。
微观经济学练习题(二)
第三章《消费者行为理论》章节习题(一)、填空题:1、总效用是消费者消费一定量的商品或劳务所得到的_________的总和。
2、在边际效用为正的情况下,随着消费量的增加,总效用也增加,但总效用是按_______的比率增加的。
3、同一物品对于不同的人有的效用,同一消费者,对同一物品,在不同时间其效用________。
4、如果某个消费者使用某种商品的消费量从1单位增加到2单位,他所感到的总效用从4单位增加到7单位,那么他消费第2单位商品的边际效用是_________。
5、消费者达到均衡时,从每一元商品中所获得的边际效用_______其所支付的每一元货币的边际效用。
6、无差异分析是研究消费者如何通过消费两种物品的不同组合,而得到程度_________的满足。
7、距离坐标原点愈远的无差异曲线所代表的满足水平__________。
8、如果不考虑符号的正负,X物品对Y物品的边际替代率等于X物品的_____对Y物品的____比值。
9、在同一条预算线上,消费者的总支出是__________。
10、如果某个消费者把同一种商品分配到两种用途中去,那么他获得最大效用的条件是______。
(二)、单项选择题(在每小题中选择一个最合适的答案)1、欲望是指人对物品的________的感觉和要求满足的愿望。
A.有用性 B。
盈利性 C。
稀缺性 D。
安全性2、美国经济学家P·萨缪尔森提出的“幸福方程式”指出幸福等于_______。
A.效用÷欲望 B。
效用×欲望 C.效用+欲望 D。
效用-欲望3、猪肉对于回民来说可能有_________。
A.很大的效用 B。
很小的效用 C.零效用 D。
负效用4、基数效用论认为效用是________。
A.不可计量的 B。
可以计量的 C.不能确定的 D。
可以排序的5、序数效用论认为效用是________。
A.不可排序的 B。
可以排序的 C.不可确定的 D。
可以计量的6、如果某个消费者消费巧克力的消费量从2包增加到3包时,他感受到的总效用从50单位到60单位,那么,他在消费第3包巧克力时的边际效用是___________。
微观经济学chapter2-6习题答案
Chapter 2Thinking Like an EconomistsTRUE OR FALSE1. Economists devise theories, collect data, and then analyze these data in an attempt to verify or refute their theories. (T)2. While the scientific method is applicable to studying natural sciences, it is not applicable to studying a nation’s economy. (F)3. It is difficult for economists to make observations and develop theories, but it is easy for economists to run experiments to generate data to test their theories. (F)4. Good assumptions simplify a problem without substantially affecting the answer. (T)5. Assumptions can simplify the complex world and make it easier to understand. (T)6. Economic models omit many details to allow us to see what is truly important. (T)7. The circular-flow diagram explains, in general terms, how the economy is organized and how participants in the economy interact with one another. (T)8. In the circular-flow diagram, households and firms are the decision makers. (T)9. In the circular-flow diagram, factors of production are the goods and services produced by firms. (F)10. In the circular-flow diagram, firms own the factors of production and use them to produce goods and services. (F)11. In the circular-flow diagram, one loop represents the flow of goods and services, and the other loop represents the flow of factors of production. (F)12. The production possibilities frontier is a graph that shows the various combinations of outputs that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology. (T)13. Refer to Figure 2-1, if this economy uses all its resources in the dishwasher industry, it produces 35 dishwashers and no doghouses. (T)Figure 2-114. Refer to Figure 2-1, it is possible for this economy to produce 75 doghouses. (F)15. Refer to Figure 2-1, it is possible for this economy to produce 30 doghouses and 20 dishwashers. (T)16. Refer to Figure 2-1, it is possible for this economy to produce 45 doghouses and 30 dishwashers. (F)17. Refer to Figure 2-1, unemployment could cause this economy to produce at point B. (T)18. Refer to Figure 2-1, the opportunity cost of moving from point A to point D is 10 dishwashers. (T)19. Refer to Figure 2-1, the opportunity cost of moving from point B to point D is 15 doghouses. (F)20. Refer to Figure 2-1, the opportunity cost of an additional doghouse increases as more doghouses are produced. (T)21. If an economy can produce more of one good without giving up any of another good, then the economy’s current producti on point is inefficient. (T)22. When a production possibilities frontier is bowed outward, the opportunity cost of the first good in terms of the second good increases as more of the second good is produced.(F)23. A production possibilities frontier wil l be bowed outward if some of the economy’s resources are better suited to producing one good than another. (T)24. While the production possibilities frontier is a useful model, it cannot be used to illustrate economic growth. (F)25. Microeconomics is the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in specific markets. (T)26. Macroeconomics is the study of economy-wide phenomena. (T)27. Economists acting as scientists make positive statements, while economists acting as policy advisers make normative statements. (T)28. Normative statements describe how the world is, while positive statements prescribe how the world should be. (F)29. "Other things equal, an increase in supply causes a decrease in price" is a normative statement, not a positive statement. (F)30. There is only one explanation for why economists give conflicting advice on policy issues, and it is that they have different values about what policy should try to accomplish.(F)31. The slope of a line is equal to the change in the x-variable divided by the change in the y-variable. (F)Chapter 3 Interdependence And The Gains From TradeTRUE OR FALSE1. Interdependence among individuals and interdependence among nations are both based on the gains from trade. (T)2. If a person chooses self-sufficiency, then she can only consume what she produces. (T)3. If Wrex can produce more math problems per hour and more book reports per hour than Maxine can, then Wrex cannot gain from trading math problems and book reports with Maxine. (F)4. Trade allows a country to consume outside its production possibilities frontier. (T)5. Opportunity cost refers to how many inputs a producer requires to produce a good. (F)6. Opportunity cost measures the trade-off between two goods that each producer faces. (T)7. For a country producing two goods, the opportunity cost of one good will be the inverse of the opportunity cost of the other good. (T)8. If one producer has the absolute advantage in the production of all goods, then that same producer will have the comparative advantage in the production of all goods as well. (F)9. If a country has the comparative advantage in producing a product, then that country must also have the absolute advantage in producing that product. (F)10. If one producer is able to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than some other producer, then the producer with the lower opportunity cost is said to have an absolute advantage in the production of that good. (F)11. Unless two people who are producing two goods have exactly the same opportunity costs, thenone person will have a comparative advantage in one good, and the other person will have a comparative advantage in the other good. (T)12. The principle of comparative advantage states that, regardless of the price at which trade takes place, everyone will benefit from trade if they specialize in the production of the good for which they have a comparative advantage. (F)13. Trade can benefit everyone in society because it allows people to specialize in activities in which they have a comparative advantage. (T)14. Two countries can achieve gains from trade even if one country has an absolute advantage in the production of both goods. (T)15. As long as two people have different opportunity costs, each can gain from trade with the other, since trade allows each person to obtain a good at a price lower than his or her opportunity cost. (T) 16. When each person specializes in producing the good in which he or she has a comparative advantage, each person can gain from trade but total production in the economy is unchanged. (F) 17. For both parties to gain from trade, the price at which they trade must lie exactly in the middle of the two opportunity costs. (F)18. David Ricardo was the author of the 1817 book Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. (T)19. International trade may make some individuals in a nation better off, while other individuals are made worse off. (T)20. Trade can make some individuals worse off, even as it makes the country as a whole better off. (T) SHORT ANSWER1. Explain the difference between absolute advantage and comparative advantage. Which is more important in determining trade patterns, absolute advantage or comparative advantage? Why? Absolute advantage refers to productivity, as in the producer who can produce a product at a lower cost in terms of the resources used in production. Comparative advantage refers to the producer who can produce a product at a lower opportunity cost. Comparative advantage is the principle upon which trade patterns are based. Comparative advantage is based on opportunity cost, and opportunity cost measures the real cost to an individual or country of producing a particular product. Opportunity cost is therefore the information necessary for an individual or nation to determine whether to produce a good or buy it from someone else.2. The only two countries in the world, Alpha and Omega, face the following production possibilities frontiers.Alpha’s Production Possibilities Frontier Omega’s Pro duction Possibilities Frontiera.Assume that each country decides to use half of its resources in the production of eachgood. Show these points on the graphs for each country as point A.b.If these countries choose not to trade, what would be the total world production ofpopcorn and peanuts?c.Now suppose that each country decides to specialize in the good in which each has acomparative advantage. By specializing, what is the total world production of eachproduct now?d.If each country decides to trade 100 units of popcorn for 100 units of peanuts, show onthe graphs the gain each country would receive from trade. Label these points B. Alpha’s Production Possibilities Frontier Omega’s Production Possibilities Frontiera.Alpha would be producing 125 units of peanuts and 75 units of popcorn (point A on itsproduction possibilities frontier) and Omega would be producing 50 units of peanutsand 150 units of popcorn (point A on its production possibilities frontier).b.The total world production of peanuts would be 175 units and the total world productionof popcorn would be 225 units.c.The total world production of peanuts would now be 250 units and the total worldproduction of popcorn would now be 300 units.d.Alpha would be producing 250 units of peanuts and would trade 100 of them to Omega,leaving Alpha with 150 units of peanuts. Alpha would then receive 100 units of popcornfrom Omega. Omega would be producing 300 units of popcorn and would trade 100 ofthem to Alpha, leaving Omega with 200 units of popcorn. Omega would then receive100 units of peanuts from Alpha.Choice1. People who provide you with goods and services (b)a.are acting out of generosity.b.do so because they get something in return.c.have chosen not to become interdependent.d.are required to do so by the government.2. When an economist points out that you and millions of other people are interdependent, he or she is referring to the fact that we all (b)a.rely upon the government to provide us with the basic necessities of life.b.rely upon one another for the goods and services we consume.c.have similar tastes and abilities.d.are concerned about one another’s well-being.3. When can two countries gain from trading two goods? (d)a.when the first country can only produce the first good and the second country can onlyproduce the second goodb.when the first country can produce both goods, but can only produce the second good atgreat cost, and the second country can produce both goods, but can only produce thefirst good at great costc.when the first country is better at producing both goods and the second country is worseat producing both goodsd.Two countries could gain from trading two goods under all of the above conditions.4. Shannon bakes cookies and Justin grows vegetables. In which of the following cases is it impossible for both Shannon and Justin to benefit from trade? (a)a.Shannon does not like vegetables and Justin does not like cookies.b.Shannon is better than Justin at baking cookies and Justin is better than Shannon atgrowing vegetables.c.Justin is better than Shannon at baking cookies and at growing vegetables.d.Both Shannon and Justin can benefit from trade in all of the above cases.5. A production possibilities frontier is bowed outward when (d)a.the more resources the economy uses to produce one good, the fewer resources it hasavailable to produce the other good.b.an economy is self-sufficient instead of interdependent and engaged in trade.c.the rate of tradeoff between the two goods being produced is constant.d.the rate of tradeoff between the two goods being produced depends on how much ofeach good is being produced.” could bea.100.b.150.c.200.d.250.7. Assume for the United States that the opportunity cost of each airplane is 100 cars. Then which of these pairs of points could be on the United States' production possibilities frontier? (c)a.(200 airplanes, 5,000 cars) and (150 airplanes, 4,000 cars)b.(200 airplanes, 10,000 cars) and (150 airplanes, 20,000 cars)c.(300 airplanes, 15,000 cars) and (200 airplanes, 25,000 cars)d.(300 airplanes, 25,000 cars) and (200 airplanes, 40,000 cars)8. What must be given up to obtain an item is called (c)a.out-of-pocket cost.parative worth.c.opportunity cost.d.absolute value.9. A farmer has the ability to grow either corn or cotton or some combination of the two. Given no other information, it follows that the farmer’s opportunity cost of a bushel of corn multiplied by his opportunity cost of a bushel of cotton (c)a.is equal to 0.b.is between 0 and 1.c.is equal to 1.d.is greater than 1.10. If Korea is capable of producing either shoes or soccer balls or some combination of the two, then(d)a.Korea should specialize in the product in which it has an absolute advantage.b.it would be impossible for Korea to have an absolute advantage over another country inboth products.c.it would be difficult for Korea to benefit from trade with another country if Korea isefficient in the production of both goods.d.Korea’s opportunity cost of shoes is the inverse of its opportunity cost of soccer balls.11. Mike and Sandy are two woodworkers who both make tables and chairs. In one month, Mike can make 4 tables or 20 chairs, where Sandy can make 6 tables or 18 chairs. Given this, we know that the opportunity cost of 1 chair is (a)a.1/5 table for Mike and 1/3 table for Sandy.b.1/5 table for Mike and 3 tables for Sandy.c. 5 tables for Mike and 1/3 table for Sandy.d. 5 tables for Mike and 3 tables for Sandy.12. If Shawn can produce more donuts in one day than Sue can produce in one day, then (c)a.Shawn has a comparative advantage in the production of donuts.b.Sue has a comparative advantage in the production of donuts.c.Shawn has an absolute advantage in the production of donuts.d.Sue has an absolute advantage in the production of donuts.13. Kelly and David are both capable of repairing cars and cooking meals. Which of the following scenarios is not possible? (c)a.Kelly has a comparative advantage in repairing cars and David has a comparativeadvantage in cooking meals.b.Kelly has an absolute advantage in repairing cars and David has an absolute advantagein cooking meals.c.Kelly has a comparative advantage in repairing cars and in cooking meals.d.David has an absolute advantage in repairing cars and in cooking meals.14. Comparative advantage is related most closely to which of the following? (b)a.output per hourb.opportunity costc.efficiencyd.bargaining strength in international trade15. Two individuals engage in the same two productive activities. In which of the following circumstances would neither individual have a comparative advantage in either activity? (c)a.One individual’s production possibilities frontier is steeper than the other individual’sproduction possibilities frontier.b.One individual is faster at both activities than the other individual.c.One individual’s opportunity costs are the same as the other individual’s opportunitycosts.d.None of the above is correct; one of the two individuals always will have a comparativeadvantage in at least one of the two activities.16. Total output in an economy increases when each person specializes becausea.there is less competition for the same resources.b.each person spends more time producing that product in which he or she has acomparative advantage.c. a wider variety of products will be produced within each country due to specialization.ernment necessarily plays a larger role in the economy due to specialization.17. Which of the following statements is not correct? (d)a.Trade allows for specialization.b.Trade has the potential to benefit all nations.c.Trade allows nations to consume outside of their production possibilities curves.d.Absolute advantage is the driving force of specialization.18. By definition, imports are (d)a.people who work in foreign countries.b.goods in which a country has an absolute advantage.c.limits placed on the quantity of goods leaving a country.d.goods produced abroad and sold domestically.19. By definition, exports are (d)a.limits placed on the quantity of goods brought into a country.b.goods in which a country has an absolute advantage.c.people who work in foreign countries.d.goods produced domestically and sold abroad.20. Which of the following would not result from all countries specializing according to the principle of comparative advantage? (d)a.The size of the economic pie would increase.b.Worldwide production of goods and services would increase.c.The well-being of citizens in each country would be enhanced.d.Each country’s production possibilities frontier would shift outward.Chapter 4The Market Forces of Supply and DemandTRUE OR FALSE1. In a market economy, supply and demand determine both the quantity of each good produced and2. the price at which it is sold. (T)3. Prices allocate a market economy’s scarce resources. (T)4. Sellers as a group determine the demand for a product, and buyers as a group determine the supply of a product. (F)5. In a competitive market, the quantity of each good produced and the price at which it is sold are not determined by any single buyer or seller. (T)6. In a perfectly competitive market, the goods offered for sale are all exactly the same. (T)7. The law of demand states that, other things equal, when the price of a good rises, the quantity demanded of the good rises, and when the price falls, the quantity demanded falls. (F)8. The market demand curve shows how the total quantity demanded of a good varies as the income ofbuyers varies, while all the other factors that affect how much consumers want to buy are held constant. (F)9. If something happens to alter the quantity demanded at any given price, then the demand curve shifts. (T)10. If the demand for a good falls when income falls, then the good is called an inferior good. (F)11. A decrease in income will shift the demand curve for an inferior good to the right. (T)12. An increase in the price of a substitute good will shift the demand curve for a good to the right. (T)13. A decrease in the price of a complement will shift the demand curve for a good to the left. (F)14. If a person expects the price of socks to increase next month, then that person’s current demand for socks will increase. (T)15. A decrease in the price of a product and an increase in the number of buyers in the market affect the demand curve in the same general way. (F)16. Whenever a determinant of demand other than price changes, the demand curve shifts. (T)17. The quantity supplied of a good or service is the amount that sellers are willing and able to sell at a particular price. (T)18. When the price of a good is high, selling the good is profitable, and so the quantity supplied is large. (T)19. If something happens to alter the quantity supplied at any given price, then we move along the fixed supply curve to a new quantity supplied. (F)20. A decrease in supply shifts the supply curve to the left. (T)21. A reduction in an input price will cause a change in quantity supplied, but not a change in supply.(F)22. If there is an improvement in the technology used to produce a good, then the supply curve for that good will shift to the left. (F)23. When a seller expects the price of its product to decrease in the future, the seller's supply curve shifts left now. (F)24. When the market price is above the equilibrium price, the quantity of the good demanded exceeds the quantity supplied. (F)25. Price will rise to eliminate a surplus. (F)26. Sellers respond to a shortage by cutting their prices. (F)27. A shortage will occur at any price below equilibrium price and a surplus will occur at any price above equilibrium price. (T)28. In a market, the price of any good adjusts until quantity demanded equals quantity supplied. (T)29. A decrease in demand will cause a decrease in price, which will cause a decrease in supply. (F) SHORT ANSWER1.a. What is the difference between a "change in demand" and a "change in quantity demanded?"Graph your answer.b.For each of the following changes, determine whether there will be a change in quantitydemanded or a change in demand.i. a change in the price of a related goodii. a change in tastesiii. a change in the number of buyersiv. a change in pricev. a change in consumer expectationsvi. a change in incomea. A change in demand refers to a shift of the demand curve. A change in quantitydemanded refers to a movement along a fixed demand curve.b. A change in price causes a change in quantity demanded. All of the other changes listedshift the demand curve.A change in quantity supplied A change in supply2.Suppose we are analyzing the market for hot chocolate. Graphically illustrate the impact each of the following would have on demand or supply. Also show how equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity would change.a.Winter starts and the weather turns sharply colder.b.The price of tea, a substitute for hot chocolate, falls.c.The price of cocoa beans decreases.d.The price of whipped cream falls.e. A better method of harvesting cocoa beans is introduced.f.The Surgeon General of the U.S. announces that hot chocolate cures acne.g.Protesting farmers dump millions of gallons of milk, causing the price of milk to rise.h.Consumer income falls because of a recession, and hot chocolate is considered a normalgood.i.Producers expect the price of hot chocolate to increase next month.j.Currently, the price of hot chocolate is $0.50 per cup above equilibrium.(a) (b)(c) (d) (e) (f)(g) (h)(i) (j)In (j), a price above equilibrium will affect both quantity demanded and quantity supplied and will cause a surplus in the market. It will not cause either demand or supply to shift.3.Fill in the table below, showing whether equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity go up, go down, stay the same, or change ambiguously.CHOICE1. Which of the following is an example of a market? (d)a. a gas stationb. a garage salec. a barber shopd.All of the above are examples of markets. (d)2. In a competitive market, the price of a producta.is determined by buyers and the quantity of the product produced is determined bysellers.b.is determined by sellers and the quantity of the product produced is determined bybuyers.c.and the quantity of the product produced are both determined by sellers.d.None of the above is correct.3. A downward-sloping demand curve illustrates (d)a.that demand decreases over time.b.that prices fall over time.c.the relationship between income and quantity demanded.d.the law of demand.4. Refer to Table 4-1. Whose demand does not obey the law of demand? (c)a.Aaron’sb.Angela’sc.Austin’sd.Alyssa’s5. Refer to Table 4-1. If these are the only four buyers in the market, then the market quantity demanded at a price of $1 is (d)a. 4 units.b.7.75 units.c.14 units.d.31 units.6. When we move along a given demand curve, (c)a.only price is held constant.b.income and price are held constant.c.all nonprice determinants of demand are held constant.d.all determinants of quantity demanded are held constant.7. Which of the following is not held constant in a supply schedule? (c)a.technologyb.the price of the goodc.the prices of inputsd.expectations8. A market supply curve is determined by (b)a.vertically summing individual supply curves.b.horizontally summing individual supply curves.c.finding the average quantity supplied by sellers at each possible price.d.finding the average price at which sellers are willing and able to sell a particular quantityof the good.9. A decrease in quantity supplied (a)a.results in a movement downward and to the left along a fixed supply curve.b.results in a movement upward and to the right along a fixed supply curve.c.shifts the supply curve to the left.d.shifts the supply curve to the right.10. Another term for equilibrium price is (b)a.dynamic price.b.market-clearing price.c.quantity-defining price.d.balance price.11. If, at the current price, there is a surplus of a good, then (a)a.sellers are producing more than buyers wish to buy.b.the market must be in equilibrium.c.the price is below the equilibrium price.d.quantity demanded equals quantity supplied.12. If a shortage exists in a market, then we know that the actual price is (c)a.above the equilibrium price and quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded.b.above the equilibrium price and quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied.c.below the equilibrium price and quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied.d.below the equilibrium price and quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded.13. If the demand for a product increases, then we would expect (c)a.equilibrium price to increase and equilibrium quantity to decrease.b.equilibrium price to decrease and equilibrium quantity to increase.c.equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity both to increase.d.equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity both to decrease.14. If the supply of a product decreases, then we would expect (a)a.equilibrium price to increase and equilibrium quantity to decrease.b.equilibrium price to decrease and equilibrium quantity to increase.c.equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity both to increase.d.equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity both to decrease.15. When supply and demand both increase, equilibrium (d)a.price will increase.b.price will decrease.c.quantity may increase, decrease, or remain unchanged.d.price may increase, decrease, or remain unchanged.16. What would happen to the equilibrium price and quantity of coffee if the wages of coffee-bean pickers fell and the price of tea fell? (a)a.Price would fall and the effect on quantity would be ambiguous.b.Price would rise and the effect on quantity would be ambiguous.c.Quantity would fall and the effect on price would be ambiguous.d.Quantity would rise and the effect on price would be ambiguous.17. Which of these statements does not apply to market economies? (c)a.Prices prevent decentralized decision making from degenerating into chaos.b.Prices coordinate the actions of millions of people with varying abilities and desires.c.Prices ensure that anyone who wants a product can get it.d.Prices ensure that what needs to get done does in fact get done.Chapter 5Elasticity and its Its ApplicationTRUE OR FALSE1. The demand for bread is likely to be more elastic than the demand for solid-gold bread plates. (F)2. In general, demand curves for luxuries tend to be price elastic. (T)3. Goods with close substitutes tend to have more elastic demands than do goods without close substitutes. (T)4. The demand for gasoline will respond more to a change in price over a period of five weeks than over a period of five years. (F)5. The price elasticity of demand is defined as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price. (T)6. Demand is inelastic if the price elasticity of demand is greater than 1. (F)7. Price elasticity of demand along a linear, downward-sloping demand curve increases as price falls.(F)8. If the price elasticity of demand is equal to 1, then demand is unit elastic. (T)9. When demand is inelastic, a decrease in price increases total revenue. (F)10. The income elasticity of demand is defined as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income. (T)11. Normal goods have negative income elasticities of demand, while inferior goods have positive income elasticities of demand. (F)12. If the cross-price elasticity of demand for two goods is negative, then the two goods are substitutes. (T)13. If the cross-price elasticity of demand for two goods is negative, then the two goods are complements. (T)14. Price elasticity of supply measures how much the quantity supplied responds to changes in the price. (T)15. Supply and demand both tend to be more elastic in the long run and more inelastic in the short run. (T)16. If the price elasticity of supply is 2 and the quantity supplied decreases by 6%, then the price must have decreased by 3%. (T)17. If a supply curve is horizontal, then supply is said to be perfectly elastic, and the price elasticity of supply approaches infinity. (T)18. A government program that reduces land under cultivation hurts farmers but helps consumers. (F)19. OPEC failed to maintain a high price of oil in the long run, partly because both the supply of oil and the demand for oil are more elastic in the long run than in the short run. (T)20. Drug interdiction, which reduces the supply of drugs, may decrease drug-related crime because the demand for drugs is inelastic. (F)Short Answer1. Using the midpoint method, compute the elasticity of demand between points A and B. Is demand along this portion of the curve elastic or inelastic? Interpret your answer with regard to price and quantity demanded. Now compute the elasticity of demand between points B and C. Is demand along this portion of the curve elastic or inelastic?。
微观经济学原理课后习题及答案-第二章需求、供给和均衡价格
微观经济学原理课后习题及答案-第二章需求、供给和均衡价格第一部分教材配套习题本习题详解1. 下列各事件对x 商品的需求有何影响?(1) x 商品的生产厂商投入大量资金做广告宣传。
(2) 生产x 商品的工人的工资增加了。
(3) y 商品是x 商品的替代品,y 商品的价格下降了。
(4) 消费者的收入增加了。
解答:(1)x 商品的生产厂商投入大量资金做广告宣传,提高商品的知名度和消费者对商品的偏好,导致在每一价格下,消费者对商品需求量增加,使需求曲线向右移动。
(2) 生产x 商品的工人的工资增加了。
对x 商品的需求没有直接影响,需求曲线不变,但是工人的工资增加,增加了生产成本,使供给曲线向左上移动,需求不变供给减少,导致均衡价格上升,均衡数量减少。
(3) y商品是x 商品的替代品,y 商品的价格下降了,x 商品相对贵了,消费者用y 商品替代x 商品,导致在每一价格下,消费者对商品需求量减少,使需求曲线向左移动。
(4) 若消费者消费的是正常商品,消费者的收入增加了,在每一价格下,消费者对商品需求量增加,使需求曲线向右移动;若消费者消费的是劣商品(抵挡商品),导致在每一价格下,消费者对商品需求量减少,使需求曲线向左移动。
2. 下列各事件对棉花供给有何影响?(1) 气候恶劣导致棉花歉收。
(2) 种植棉花所需的化肥的价格上升。
(3) 政府对种植棉花的农户实施优惠政策。
(4) 棉花价格上升。
下列事件对棉花供给有何影响?(1)气候恶劣导致棉花歉收。
解答:( 1)棉花的供给曲线会左移。
因为恶劣气候导致的棉花歉收在棉花价格不变的情况下,会使棉花的供给数量减少,棉花的供给曲线会左移。
(2)棉花的供给曲线会左移。
因为化肥价格上升使得棉花的生产成本上升、利润下降,在任一价格水平下,农户都会缩小棉花种植面积,导致棉花供给数量下降, 棉花的供给曲线会左移。
(3)棉花的供给曲线会右移。
因为政府对种植棉花农户的优政策将激励农户的生产积极性,在任价格水平下,户都会大棉花种面积,导致棉花供给数量増加,棉花的供给曲线会右移。
高鸿业版微观经济学练习题第二章-需求曲线和供给曲线概述以及有关的基本概念(参考练习与答案)
第二章 需求曲线和供给曲线概述以及有关的基本概念2.1 判断题:2.11 政府规定某种商品的最高限价会使该商品短缺现象发生。
( ) 2.12 价格呈发散型蛛网波动,说明需求曲线的斜率绝对值大于供给曲线的斜率绝对值。
( )2.13 对所有商品来说,价格上升,消费者的购买数量都会下降。
( ) 2.14 需求曲线向右上方移动说明消费者愿意在更高的价格上购买更多的商品。
( ) 2.15 X 商品价格下降导致Y 商品需求数量上升,说明两种商品是替代品。
( ) 2.16 汽车的价格下降,会使汽油的需求曲线向左下方移动。
( ) 2.17 垂直的需求曲线说明消费者对此商品的需求数量为零。
( ) 2.18 替代品的价格上升会导致供给量减少。
( ) 2.19 某种商品的价格上升会使其互补品的需求曲线向右上方移动。
( ) 2.110 从供给的角度看,价格越高,生产者获取利润的机会就越多。
( ) 2.111 生产环境的改善会使供给曲线向左上方移动。
( ) 2.112 原油价格的下降会促进人们对别的替代能源的开发。
( ) 2.113 政府规定最高限价的意图是防止价格下跌。
( )2.114 如果需求曲线比供给曲线陡直,征收单位销售税的结果是使消费者负担更大比例的税收。
( )2.115 需求的价格弹性等于需求曲线的斜率。
( ) 2.116 线性的需求曲线的上半部分的需求价格弹性绝对值总是大于1。
( ) 2.117 购买某种商品的支出占全部收入的比例越小,其价格弹性就越小。
( ) 2.118 一般来说,价格上升就会增加销售收入,而降价则要减少销售收入。
( ) 2.119 在价格缺乏弹性时,价格变化的方向与销售收入的变化方向是相反的。
2.120 只要价格弹性绝对值大于1,边际销售收入一定大于1。
( ) 2.121 如果某种商品很容易被别的商品替代,则该种商品的价格弹性就比较大。
2.122 高档商品因占人们的收入的比例比较大,所以它的价格弹性比较小。
微观经济学习题(unit2附答案)
A. 价格之比; B. 数量之比; C. 边际效用之比; D. 边际成本之比。
11、商品X和Y的价格按相同的比率上升,而收入不变 ,预算线
A. 向左下方平行移动; B. 向右上方平行移动; C. 也不变动; D. 向左下方或右上方平行移动。
A. 小于; B. 等于; C. 大于。
23、当消费者的爱好保持不变时,消费者( )也将保持不变。
A. 均衡点; B. 满足; C. 所喜爱的两种商品的无差异曲线; D. 购买的商品数量。
Unit 2 消费者选择
22、在均衡条件下,消费者购买的商品的总效 用一定( )他所支付的货币的总效用。
15、在消费者均衡点以上的无差异曲线的斜率
A. 大于预算线的斜率; B. 小于预算线的斜率; C. 等于预算线的斜率; D. 可能大于、小于或等于预算线的斜率。
Unit 2 消费者选择
16、假定其他条件不变,如果某种商品 (非吉芬商品)的价格下降,根据效用 最大化原则,消费者会( )这种商品 的购买。
Unit 2 消费者选择
12、商品X和Y的价格以及消费者收入都 按同一比率同方向变化,预算线
A. 向左下方平行移动; B. 向右上方平行移动; C. 也不变动; D. 向左下方或右上方平行移动。
Unit 2 消费者选择
12、商品X和Y的价格以及消费者收入都 按同一比率同方向变化,预算线
Unit 2 消费者选择
7、无差异曲线为斜率不变的直线时,表示相结合的两 种商品是
A. 可以替代的; B. 完全替代的; C. 互补的; D. 互不相关的。
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习题二
(消费者选择理论和生产者选择理论部分)
一、选择题:
1.无差异曲线的形状取决于()
A. 消费者偏好;
C. 消费者收入;B. 所购商品的价格;
D. 商品效用水平的大小。
2.无差异曲线上任一点商品X和Y的边际替代率等于它们的()
A. 价格之比;
C. 数量之比;B. 边际效用之比;
D. 边际成本之比。
3.消费者实现均衡的条件是()
A、P X/P Y=MU Y/MU X
B、P X/P Y=MU X/MU Y
C、P X•X=P Y•Y
D、以上三者都不是
4.在消费者的收入和商品的价格给定的条件下,预算线反映了()
A、消费者的偏好;
B、消费者的收入约束;
C、消费者人数;
D、货币的购买力。
5.假定X、Y的价格已定,当MRSXY>PX/PY时,消费者为达到最大满足,他将()
A.增购X,减少Y;
C.减少X,增购Y;B.同时增购X、Y;
D.同时减少X、Y。
6.正常物品价格上升导致需求量减少的原因在于()
A.替代效应使需求量增加,收入效应使需求量减少;
B.替代效应使需求量增加,收入效应使需求量增加;
C.替代效应使需求量减少,收入效应使需求量减少;
D.替代效应使需求量减少,收入效应使需求量增加。
7.生产的第Ⅱ阶段始于()止于()
A.AP L=0,MPL=0
B. AP L=MP L,MP L=0
C. AP L=MP L,MP L<0
D. AP L>0,MP L=0
8. 等产量线上某一点的切线的斜率表示()
A. 边际替代率
B.边际技术替代率
C. 等成本线的斜率
D. 边际报酬率
9.下列说法中错误的是()
A.只要总产量减少,边际产量一定是负数;
B. 只要边际产量减少,总产量一定也减少;
C. 随着某种生产要素投入量的增加,边际产量和平均产量增加到一定程度将趋于下降,
其中边际产量的下降一定先于平均产量;
D.边际产量曲线一定在平均产量曲线的最高点与之相交。
10.经济学中短期和长期的划分取决于( )
A.时间长短; C.可否调整产量;
B.可否调整产品价格;
D.可否调整生产规模。
11.短期平均成本曲线成为U形的原因与( )有关。
A. 规模报酬 B. 外部经济与不经济
C. 要素的边际报酬
D. 固定成本与可变成本所占比例
12. 当边际成本小于平均成本时,产量的进一步增加将导致( )。
A. 平均成本上升;
B. 平均可变成本可能上升也可能下降;
C. 总成本下降;
D. 平均可变成本一定是处于减少的状态。
L
Q
TP
L
Q
AP
13. 长期平均成本曲线呈“U ”型原因是( )
A. 规模报酬的变化所致;
B. 规模经济与规模不经济所致;
C. 生产要素的边际生产率所致;
D. 固定成本与可变成本所占比重所致。
14. 如果一个厂商的生产是处于规模报酬不变的阶段,则其LAC 曲线一定是处于( )
A. 上升趋势
B. 下降趋势
C. 水平状态
D. 垂直状态
二、计算与简答
1. 用作图方法表示正常物品、低档物品、吉芬物品的替代效应和收入效应。
替代效应(Substitution effect ):商品的价格变动所引起的商品相对价格的变动,进而由商品相对价格变动所引起的商品需求量的变动。
收入效应(Income effect ):商品的价格变动所引起的实际收入水平变动,进而由实际收入水平变动所引起的商品需求量的变动。
正常物品(Normal good ):需求量随消费者的收入提高而增加、随消费者收入降低而减少 的物品。
(正常商品是商品价格下降后,替代效应和收入效应都为正数的商品。
) E 2 E 1
O X Y 1 2 1 2A 1
A 2 E
2
E 1
O X
Y
X X B B A 2
A 1
替代效应
收入效应
低档物品(Inferior good):需求量随消费者的收入提高而减少、随消费者收入下降而增加的物品。
(劣等商品是商品价格下降后,收入效应为负数,替代效应仍为正数,而且替代效应的绝对值大于收入效应的绝对值的商品,所以劣等商品价格下降后,最终仍然是需求量增加)
吉芬物品(Giffen good):需求量随价格成同方向变动的特殊商品。
(吉芬商品是价格下降后,收入效应为负,替代效应为正,而且替代效应绝对值小于收入效应的商品。
)
2.假定某企业的短期成本函数是TC(Q)=Q3-10Q2+17Q+66。
①指出该短期成本函数中的可变成本部分和不变成本部分。
②写出下列相应的函数:TVC(Q)、AC(Q)、AVC(Q)、AFC(Q)和MC(Q)。
3.如果某企业短期总成本函数为STC=1200+240Q-4Q2+(1/3)Q3。
试问:
①当SMC达到最小值时,它的产量多少?
②当AVC达到最小值时,它的产量多少?
4.已知某企业的短期总成本函数是STC(Q)=0.04Q3-0.8Q2+10Q+5,求最小的平均可变成本。
5. 某人爱好红葡萄酒。
当其他商品价格固定不变时,他的红葡萄酒的需求函数是Q=0.02M -2P。
他的收入M=7500元,红葡萄酒的价格P=30元。
现在价格上升到40元,问价格上涨的价格效应是多少瓶酒?其中替代效应是多少瓶,收入效应是多少瓶?
当M=7500元,P=30元时,q=0.02M-2p=0.02*7500-2*30=90瓶
子价格上升到40元后,为使他仍能购买同价格变化前一样数量的洒和其他商品,需要的收入M=7500+90*(40-30)=8400元
当M=8400,P=40,该消费者事实上不会购买90瓶,他会减少购买量,而用别的洒来替代,因此这时白酒的购买量q=0.02M-2P=0.02*8400-2*40=88瓶
由于该消费者收入维持M=7500元的水平不变,而酒的价格涨为P=40元时,等于他的实际收入还下降了,因此不仅替代效应会使他减少白酒的购买,收入效应也会使他减少白酒的购买,因此事实上他对酒的购买量只有q=0.02M-2P=0.02M*7500-2*40=70瓶。
可见,价格效应使他对白酒的的需求量减少90-70=20瓶,其中替代效应是减少了90-88=2瓶,收入效应是减少88-70=18瓶。
6.消费x,y两种商品的消费者的效用函数为u=x2y,两种商品的价格分别为P x=4,P y=2,消费者的收入为m=30。
求其对x,y的需求量。
7.某人每月收入120元可花费在X和Y两种商品上,他的效用函数为U=XY,P X=2元,P Y=3元。
试求:
①为获得最大效用,他会购买几单位X和Y?
②假如X的价格提高44%,Y的价格不变,为使他保持原有的效用水平,收入必须增加多少?8.某个生产者的生产函数是Q=KL,已知K的数量是4单位,总价值(价格×数量)是100;L的价格是10;K、L的价格由市场决定。
求:L的投入函数和生产Q的总成本函数。