广西医科大学内科学(心内科)2019年考博真题考博试卷

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广西内科学正(副)中级职称试题

广西内科学正（副）中级职称试题一、单项选择题（共27题，每题的备选项中，只有 1 个事最符合题意）1、对鉴别颈内动脉系统和椎-基底动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)有意义的症状是A．癎性发作B．感觉障碍C．运动障碍D．跌倒发作E．视觉障碍2、心脏正常窦性心律的起搏点是A．左心房B．窦房结C．房室结D．右心房E．心室3、郁证多发于A．中老年女性B．中老年男性C．青中年男性D．老年女性E．青中年女性4、右眼瞳孔扩大，直接对光反应消失，间接光反应存在，左侧瞳孔间接反应消失，提示病灶部位在A．右视束B．视交叉C．右侧视反射D．右侧视神经E．左侧视神经5、金属基底冠桥粗化处理时，用何种氧化铝砂喷砂处理A．25～35μmB．50～l00μmC．35～50μmD．100～120μmE．15～25μm 6、对于水的代谢下列说法错误的是A．血中氨基酸明显升高时可导致低渗B．摄入量达到一定程度时，渴饱感觉中属兴奋，渴感消失C．水的摄入主要依靠神经调节D．当血容量减少时，刺激渴感中枢引起口渴E．血中葡萄糖明显升高时可导致高渗7、小儿，7岁，因误服美曲膦酯(敌百虫)出现恶心、呕吐、流涎、瞳孔缩小、肌束震颤，下列治疗不正确的是A．用2%的碳酸氢钠溶液反复洗胃B．阿托品静脉注射C．氯解磷定(氯磷定)静脉注射D．碘解磷定静脉注射E．用硫酸钠导泻8、血虚作痒的主要症状是：A．浸淫四窜，黄水淋漓B．走窜四注，遍体作痒C．皮肤干燥，脱屑作痒D．焮红作痒，不会传染E．瘙痒剧烈，最易传染9、患者女性，70岁，5年前经过超声心动图诊断为扩张型心肌病，平时无症状。

该患，者应当长期服用A．地高辛B．β受体阻滞剂C．螺内酯(安体舒通)D．硝酸盐E．速尿10、下列治疗结核性心包炎中哪项措施是错误的A．HRZS四联抗结核治疗B．应用利尿剂C．发生心包缩窄，应尽早手术治疗，术后继续抗结核治疗1年D．大量心包积液，尤其发生心包填塞的患者，应及时进行心包穿刺E．应用肾上腺皮质激素11、对系统性红斑狼疮患者的狼疮肾炎描述不正确的是A．不论是哪种病理类型，患者预后均差B．肾穿刺病理类型对于判定预后最为重要C．血清补体降低与肾炎的活动性及严重性密切相关D．是系统性红斑狼疮最常累及的脏器E．慢性肾功能不全是主要酌死亡原因12、对诊断类风湿关节炎最有意义的关节外表现是A．肺间质病变B．皮下结节C．胸膜炎和/或心包炎D．贫血E．皮肤血管炎及溃疡13、ATD治疗时外周血白细胞(WBC)减少的停药指征是A．WBC低于4乘以十的九次方/L或中性粒细胞低于 1.5乘以十的九次方/LB．WBC低于2.5乘以十的九次方/L或中性粒细胞低于1.5乘以十的九次方/LC．WBC低于2乘以十的九次方/L或中性粒细胞低于1.5乘以十的九次方/LD．WBC低于3乘以十的九次方/L或中性粒细胞低于1.5乘以十的九次方/LE．WBC低于3.5乘以十的九次方/L或中性粒细胞低于1.0乘以十的九次方/L 14、温燥的病机是A．燥邪袭肺，肺津受伤B．凉燥束表，肺气不利C．燥邪化火，津气大伤D．燥热蒙心，气阴两伤E．燥邪夹风，损伤津液15、关于重症肌无力的阐述哪项是错误的A．用抗胆碱酯酶药物有效B．部分或全身骨骼肌易疲劳C．腾喜龙试验阴性D．活动后加重，休息后减轻和晨轻暮重E．是自身免疫性疾病16、关于大动脉炎的预后，错误的是A．受累动脉不易形成侧支循环B．5年生存率为93.8%C．10年生存率为90.9%D．只要不累及重要脏器供血多数预后良好E．常见死亡原因为脑出血17、引起脱位的暴力多见的是：A．直接暴力B．间接暴力C．肌肉牵拉力D．垂直暴力E．挤压力18、用于棘球蚴病流行病学筛查最好的方法是A．外周血检查B．皮内试验C．X线检查D．血清免疫学试验E．B型超声检查19、大脑后动脉闭塞出现记忆受损是累及A．颞叶B．额叶C．岛叶D．顶叶E．枕叶20、下列致病因素中，除哪项外，均与肛门直肠疾病有关：A．风B．寒C．燥D．气虚E．血虚21、女，36岁。

考博内科学真题

呼吸内科1、名词解释Ⅰ、Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭社区性肺炎PET/CTPACAP/HAPPTE/PEILD/IPF简答或问答题试述一位内科医生对痰性状的仔细观察对于疾病诊断的临床意义。

试述肺气肿的治疗原则及具体措施。

慢性阻塞性肺病按其临床表现特征可分为哪些类型？其主要病理变化有何不同？（10分）COPD肺动脉高压形成有哪些主要因素？如何确定是否有肺动脉高压？（15分）试述慢性肺源性心脏病急性加重期的并发症。

肺心病患者应用洋地黄的指征哮喘的分级及治疗前的临床表现临床上心源性哮喘与支气管哮喘应如何鉴别？PTE的临床表现肺癌的早期征象有哪些？（10分）早期肺癌的检查方法和诊断依据。

哪些情况应视为肺癌的可疑对象应进行排癌检查，以便早期诊断。

（20分）副癌综合症的临床表现有哪些？（15分）试述右侧胸腔大量积液的临床特征ARDS的治疗原则是什么？（10分）感染性休克（休克性肺炎）的治疗原则感染性休克的诊断及治疗原则呼吸衰竭的定义及分类慢性呼吸衰竭可归纳为哪两大类型？其病理生理有何不同？试述慢性呼吸衰竭的分类及各类型的主要病理生理基础，简述各类的处理原则。

（20分）列举呼吸衰竭时的临床表现及其基本治疗措施。

（15分）阻塞性呼吸暂停综合症的定义.急性呼吸窘迫综合征的定义及其诊断标准.肺炎的分类慢性阻塞性肺疾病要与哪些疾病相鉴别，试述其鉴别要点。

ARDS诊断定义有关ARDS方面的试述低氧血症和高碳酸血症的发生机制。

心血管内科1、名词解释高血压危象心室重构心房电重构胰岛素抵抗存活心肌二联律法则2、简答或问答题试述心血管系统疾病的常见症状与体征。

心力衰竭的诱因慢性心力衰竭的病因，心力衰竭的分级的治疗原则β-受体阻滞剂和ACEI治疗心力衰竭的要点试述近10年来慢性心功能不全的治疗进展。

慢性心衰近10年的治疗进展。

今后20年，心衰治疗的的重点应包括哪些内容？急性左心衰竭的病理、临床表现处理原则。

请列举治疗急性左心衰的具体措施，并说明各项措施的治疗一以及有关注意事项。

哈尔滨医科大学内科学(心血管病)心内科2019年考博真题试卷

医学考博真题试卷

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哈尔滨医科大学
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：内科学（心血管病）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
1. IVUS/OCT
2. X综合征
3.缩窄性心包炎
4.弛张热
5.大炮音
二、简答题
1.巨幼细胞贫血是什么，血象特点
问一：最常见的疾病（4种），下一步询问哪些病史，应该给与做哪些检查。
问二：最先应该做的检查是什么？应该在多长时间内完成？
问三：如果心电图相邻2个导联ST段弓背向上抬高治疗？
问四：如果ST段压低如何诊治
问五：心电图正常应该如何诊治？
2.浆膜腔积液形成的原因
3.胸膜腔穿刺后的注意事项
4.什么是POCT,用于什么
5.甲亢面容
6.低氧血症的分类及标准
7.什么是体重指数，WHO标准是什么
8.低氧血症的分类及标准
三、论述题
1.房颤的分类和治疗原则
2. ACS抗栓、溶栓药物的种类，作用靶点
3.意识障碍的分类及表现
四、应用题
男性，48岁，情绪激动后突发心前区疼痛40分钟。

广西医科大学内科学(呼吸内科)2018年考博真题试卷

广西医科大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
广西医科大学
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：内科学（呼吸内科）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
公共部分：（60分）
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一、单选题（1*30分）主要集中的方向有，呼吸5题，心内8题，消化6题，内分泌5题，血液4题，肾内3题难度不大，都是书本上的常见知识点二、简答题（6*5=30分） 1,简述耐药性肺结核的治疗原则 2,主动脉夹层的临床分型 3,急性胰腺炎与那些疾病鉴别 4,糖尿病酮症酸中毒的治疗原则 5,形态学上表现为小细胞低色素性贫血的疾病有哪些？专业方向：（40分） 1、病例分析题，慢阻肺患者咳嗽后胸痛，气胸的诊治等 2、肺癌的检查手段 3、支气管哮喘的诊断标准
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2019年《内科学》试卷及答案

2019年内科特训试卷1.【A1型题】关于胸腔积液渗出液的叙述，下列不正确的是A. 细胞数＞500×106/LB. 胸液Rivalta试验（一）C. 蛋白含量≥30g/L，胸液/血清＞0.5D. 胸液LDH＞ 200U/L，胸液LDH/血液LDH＞0.6E. 胸液多为混浊2.【A1型题】胃十二指肠溃疡穿孔最好发的部位是A. 十二指肠球后壁B. 十二指肠球前壁C. 胃小弯D. 胃大弯E. 幽门3.【A1型题】室性心动过速的特征性心电图改变是A. 房室分离B. QRS波群宽大畸形C. R-R间期不规则D. P波频率小于R波频率E. 心室夺获和室性融合波4.【A1型题】胃癌最常见、最早发生的转移方式是A. 直接蔓延B. 淋巴转移C. 血行转移D. 种植转移E. 局部转移5.【A1型题】不属类风湿关节炎关节外表现的是A. 贫血B. 肺间质病变C. 心脏瓣膜病变D. 类风湿结节E. 周围神经病变6.【A1型题】急性粒细胞白血病和急性单核细胞白血病最有鉴别意义的检查是A. 前者易发生颅内压增高B. 后者易发生DICC. 前者易有肝脾淋巴结肿大及牙龈增生D. 后者细胞质中可见Auer小体E. 后者非特异性脂酶染色阳性并可被氟化钠抑制7.【A1型题】血管外溶血的主要场所是A. 肝B. 脾C. 骨髓D. 组织E. 淋巴结8.【A1型题】甲状旁腺功能减退症表现为A. 低钙高磷B. 低磷低钙C. 高钙低磷D. 高钙高磷E. 低磷低镁9.【A1型题】下列哪项不引起血清催乳素（PRL）升高A. 肾衰竭B. 下丘脑疾病C. 原发性甲状腺功能减退症D. 应激、睡眠、吮吸E. 原发性醛固酮增多症10.【A1型题】Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞伴短阵室性心动过速，首选A. 利多卡因B. 阿托品C. 心室起搏D. 电复律E. 心房起搏11.【A1型题】呕血最常见的原因为A. 食管，胃底静脉曲张破裂B. 急性胃黏膜病变C. 消化性溃疡D. 胃癌E. 胃黏膜脱垂12.【A1型题】大量心包积液的体征不包括A. 颈静脉怒张B. 肝大C. 脉压增大D. Ewart征E. 心率增快13.【A1型题】下列可以作为诊断支气管哮喘依据的是A. 氨茶碱治疗有效B. X线检查双肺过度充气，透亮度增加C. 双肺布满湿性啰音D. 动脉血气分析有呼吸性酸中毒E. 反复发作呼气性呼吸困难伴弥漫性哮鸣音可自行缓解或治疗后缓解14.【A1型题】下列各项中，不属于急性心力衰竭发病机制的是A. 急性弥漫性心肌损害B. 心脏负荷突然加重C. 神经内分泌激活D. 高血压心脏病血压急剧升高E. 严重心律失常15.【A1型题】口服铁剂治疗有效，网织红细胞开始升高的时间是A. 5～10天B. 2周后C. 2个月D. 3～6个月E. 6个月以上16.【A1型题】甲状腺危象治疗时，抑制甲状腺素释放的药物是A. 复方碘溶液B. 丙硫氧嘧啶C. 普萘洛尔D. 利血平E. 甲巯咪唑17.【A1型题】导致心搏骤停的病理生理最常见机制是A. 心房颤动B. 阵发性室上性心动过速C. 心室颤动D. 二度房室传导阻滞E. 三度房室传导阻滞18.【A1型题】下列哪一项不是心肌梗死的并发症A. 心脏破裂B. 梗死后综合征C. 二尖瓣脱垂并关闭不全D. 室壁瘤E. 主动脉窦瘤破裂19.【A1型题】食管癌常见病理类型是A. 鳞状细胞癌B. 腺癌C. 未分化癌D. 印戒细胞癌E. 黏液腺癌20.【A1型题】胰头部癌的突出症状是A. 腹痛B. 消瘦C. 纳差D. 腹泻E. 黄疸21.【A1型题】大量输库存血可引起A. 血小板生成减少B. 血小板破坏增多C. 血小板在脾池内滞留D. 血小板稀释E. 以上都不是22.【A1型题】下列哪项不是Cushing综合征的表现A. 皮质醇分泌失去昼夜节律B. 具有向心性肥胖的特征C. 呈多血质外貌，常伴痤疮D. 肾上腺髓质增生或肿瘤E. 皮肤菲薄，紫纹23.【A1型题】胃癌患者可能出现的肿大淋巴结是A. 颈深上群B. 颈深下群C. 左侧锁骨上群D. 右侧锁骨上群E. 腋窝组群24.【A1型题】风心病二尖瓣关闭不全伴亚急性感染性心内膜炎患者，心脏超声检查的表现对诊断最有意义的是A. 二尖瓣面积增大，闭合不佳B. 二尖瓣腱索断裂C. 二尖瓣反流D. 二尖瓣瓣膜有赘生物E. M型超声见CD段呈吊床样改变25.【A1型题】下列不是肝癌并发症的是A. 肝性脑病B. 肝肾综合征C. 上消化道出血D. 肝癌结节破裂出血E. 继发感染26.【A1型题】慢性肾炎中，由急性肾炎转变而来的是A. 全部B. 少数C. 半数D. 大多数E. 没有27.【A1型题】心力衰竭的基本病因中，属增加心脏压力负荷的是A. 主动脉瓣关闭不全B. 主动脉瓣狭窄C. 二尖瓣关闭不全D. 室间隔缺损E. 动脉导管未闭28.【A1型题】关于原发型肺结核，下列正确的是A. 好发生于双肺锁骨上下B. 多发生明显结核中毒症状C. 极少发生血行播散D. 原发灶及淋巴结不会发生干酪坏死E. 肺门或纵隔淋巴结结核较原发综合征更为常见29.【A1型题】复杂性尿路感染病原菌谱正确的是A. 75%为大肠埃希菌B. 大肠埃希菌不足50%C. 25%局限于表皮葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷白菌等D. 多为多种细菌混合感染E. 以上均不正确30.【A1型题】急性心肌梗死早期的主要死亡原因是A. 心力衰竭B. 心源性休克C. 心律失常D. 心脏破裂E. 脑栓塞31.【A1型题】急性心肌梗死超急期的心电图改变是A. ST段明显升高B. 异常宽深的Q波C. T波高耸D. T波倒置E. R波降低32.【A1型题】亚急性感染性心内膜炎具有决定诊断意义的依据是A. 血沉B. 血象C. 尿常规D. 血培养E. 血清免疫学检查33.【A1型题】肥厚型心肌病左心室流出道狭窄的主要病理基础是A. 非对称性室间隔肥厚B. 心肌弥漫性结缔组织增生C. 室壁心肌普遍性增生肥厚D. 二尖瓣收缩期前向运动E. 心室内有附壁血栓34.【A1型题】无症状细菌尿的致病菌常为A. 副大肠埃希菌B. 大肠埃希菌C. 变形杆菌D. 链球菌E. 葡萄球菌35.【A1型题】类风湿关节炎关节痛的特点是A. 对称、持续、但时轻时重B. 对称、持续、逐渐加重C. 不对称、持续、时轻时重D. 不对称、间断、逐渐加重E. 不对称、间断、时轻时重36.【A1型题】大叶性肺炎患者同时出现头痛，其头痛最可能属于下列中的A. 颅脑病变B. 颅外病变C. 全身性炎症反应D. 神经衰弱E. 癔症性37.【A1型题】缩窄性心包炎可能的主要病因是A. 立克次体B. 结核C. 细菌D. 病毒E. 真菌38.【A1型题】诊断消化性溃疡急性穿孔最有价值的临床表现是A. 溃疡病史B. 严重上腹疼痛C. 肝浊音界消失D. 恶心、呕吐E. 腹胀尿少39.【A1型题】治疗酒精性肝病的关键是A. 营养支持B. 戒酒C. 肝移植D. 给予保肝药E. 给予利胆药40.【A1型题】临床上最常见的甲状腺功能亢进症类型是A. 碘致甲状腺功能亢进症B. 弥漫性毒性甲状腺肿C. 甲状腺自主高功能腺瘤D. 多结节性毒性甲状腺肿E. 滤泡状甲状腺癌41.【A1型题】对化疗最敏感的肺癌组织学类型是A. 鳞状上皮癌B. 类癌C. 腺癌D. 小细胞肺癌E. 大细胞肺癌42.【A1型题】主动脉瓣关闭不全的体征，错误的是A. 毛细血管搏动征B. Duroziez双重杂音C. 颈静脉怒张D. 枪击音E. 水冲脉43.【A1型题】不属于溃疡性结肠炎主要临床表现的是A. 腹痛B. 腹泻C. 黏液脓血便D. 里急后重E. 腹部包块44.【A1型题】用铁剂治疗缺铁性贫血，疗效表现最早的是A. 血红蛋白增加B. 网织红细胞增加C. 红细胞体积增大D. 红细胞平均血红蛋白量增多E. 红细胞计数增多45.【A1型题】下列因素中，与临床研究的选题立题关系不大的是A. 疾病谱B. 医学新模式C. 疾病负担D. 地方特色E. 大而全，尽量用一个研究课题来解决许多个研究问题46.【A1型题】医疗废物暂时储存的时限是A. 不得超过0.5天B. 不得超过1天C. 不得超过2天D. 不得超过3天E. 不得超过7天47.【A1型题】某医疗机构发现了甲类传染病，此时应及时采取的措施中不包括A. 对病人、病原携带者，予以隔离治疗，隔离期限根据医学检查结果确定B. 对疑似病人，确诊前在指定场所单独隔离治疗C. 对医疗机构内的病人、病原携带者、疑似病人的密切接触者，在指定场所进行医学观察和采取其他必要的预防措施D. 拒绝隔离治疗或者隔离期未满擅自脱离隔离治疗的，在由公安机关决定后可以放行E. 对本医疗机构内被传染病病原体污染的物品，必须实施消毒和无害化处置48.【A1型题】属于行政处分的是A. 行政拘留B. 记大过C. 管制D. 罚金E. 赔礼道歉49.【A1型题】下列常见的医疗事故赔偿项目中，与《医疗事故处理条例》规定不相符合的是A. 医疗费，只包括对患者造成损害所进行治疗的费用B. 误工费，应分为有固定收入、无固定收入及收入高于所在地上年度职工年平均工资三种情形处理C. 陪护费，按所在地上年度职工年平均工资计算D. 住院伙食补助费，按当地上年度家庭饮食平均消费水平计算E. 交通费，按患者实际必需的交通费计算，凭据支付50.【A1型题】患者享有的权利不正确的是A. 患者享有平等医疗的权利B. 患者享有对病情的知情同意权利C. 患者享有隐私保护的权利D. 患者有对医务人员的工作批评、监督调整的权利E. 医疗自主权利51.【A1型题】患者不应履行的义务是A. 自我保健义务B. 积极配合治疗的义务C. 遵守医疗部门的规章制度的义务D. 因病免除一定的社会责任与义务E. 尊重医务人员的义务52.【A1型题】当妊娠危及孕妇的生命时，可允许进行人工流产或引产，这符合A. 生命价值原则B. 最优化原则C. 不伤害原则D. 尊重原则E. 公正原则53.【A1型题】医疗机构施行手术、特殊检查或特殊治疗时，如果无法取得患者意见又无家属或关系人在场，应该A. 经治医师提出医疗处置方案，在取得医疗机构负责人或者被授权负责人员的批准后实施B. 经治医师提出医疗处置方案，在取得群众认可后实施C. 经治医师提出医疗处置方案，在取得第三者证实有效后实施D. 经治医师提出医疗处置方案，在取得县级以上卫生行政部门批准后实施E. 经治医师提出医疗处置方案，在取得同行讨论批准后实施54.【A2型题】男性，43岁。

2019年广西医科大学真题

2019年广西医科大学研究生考试（公共卫生综合试题）
一.选择题
60道
二.名词解释
1.R N I推荐膳食摄入量
2.食物中毒
3.生物地球化学病
4.挥发性盐基总氮
5.B i o m a r k e r o f e f f e c t
6.听谷
7.环境内分泌干扰物
8.C o f o u n d i n g f a c t o r
9.介水传染病
10.领先时间偏移
11.克山病
12.肢段溶骨症
三.问答题
1.常见的营养膳食调查法都有哪些？特点是什么？
2.试叙述糖尿病患者的营养治疗原则？
3.大气颗粒物对健康会产生什么影响？
4.环境流行病学的定义和环境流行病学都常用哪些研究方法？
5.流行病学研究中常用哪些抽样方法？
6.病例对照中会产生哪些偏移？
7.影响矽肺发病因素都有哪些？
8.试叙述一氧化碳中毒和氢化氰中毒为什么都能使皮肤粘膜变粉红色的机制
四.论述题
1.2016年发布的中国膳食指南比2007有什么新内容增加，他们的区别是什么？
2.设计调查，证明某地区水质与癌症发病的关系
3.筛查的串联并联的列表的整理，计算灵敏度，特异度，漏诊率，误诊率，正确指数
4.有机磷农药和拟草虫菊酯类农药和氨基甲酸酯类农药的中毒机制和临床表现和处理原则有哪些异同点。

医学考博2019真题

Listening ：无Vocabulary ：Section A31. According to the Geneva ______no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.A. CustomsB. CongressesC. ConventionsD. Routines 32. Environmental officials insist that something be done to ______acid rain.A. curbB. sueC. detoxifyD. condemn33. It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it will happen______, and itwill not be a long process.A. spontaneouslyB. simultaneouslyC. principallyD. approximately34. Diabetes is one of the most______ and potentially dangerous disease in the world.A. crucialB. virulentC. colossalD. prevalent35. Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medicalhelp to ______the problem.A. affiliateB. alleviateC. aggravateD. accelerate36. How is it possible that such______ deception has come to take place right underour noses?A. obviousB. significantC. necessaryD. widespread37. Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from______on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.A. configurationB. constitutionC. condemnationD. contamination38. Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have ______effects onbones.A. adverseB. prevalentC. instantD. purposeful39. Generally, vaccine makers _____ the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a processthat can take four to six months.A. penetrateB. designateC. generateD. exaggerate40. We are much quicker to respond, and we respond far too quickly by giving ______to our anger.A. ventB. impulseC. temperD. offenceSection B41. The patient's condition has worsened since last night.A. improvedB. returnedC. deterioratedD. changed42. Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at nightwhen it ’s lit up.A. decoratedB. illustratedC. illuminatedD. entertained43. Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problemof traffic congestion.A. amelioratedB. aggregatedC. deterioratedD. duplicated44. The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing oneappropriate for this case can be rather difficult.A. sufficientB. plentifulC. adequateD. countable45. The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understandswhy.A. deficitB. deviationC. draw backD. discrepancy46. He has been on hormone alternate therapy for four years and looks fantastic.A. successorB. replacementC. surrogateD. choice47. It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number ofindustrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices,and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.A. ancientB. carefullyC. very largeD. carefully protected48. When patients spend extended periods in hospital, they tend to become overlydependent and lose interest in taking care of themselves.A. extremelyB. exclusivelyC. exactlyD. explicitly49. The anxious parent was vigilant over the injured child in spite of a full array ofemergency room of doctors and nurses.A. preoccupiedB. unwaryC. watchfulD. dozing50. The doctor vacillated so frequently on disease-preventiontechniques that hiscolleagues accused him of inconsistency.A. waveredB. instigatedC. experimentedD. reliedClozeWe spend a lot of time looking at the eyes of others for social 51 —it helpsus understand a person ’emotions, and make decisions about how to respond to them. We also know that adults avoid eye contact when anxious. But researchers have knownfar 52 about eye gazing patterns in children.According to new research by Kalina Michalska, assistant professor of psychologyat the University of California, Riverside, we now, know that anxious children tend toavoid making eye contact, and this has consequences for how they experience fear. The53 and less frequently they look at the eyes of others, the more likely they are to beafraid of them, even when there may be no reason to be. Her study, “Anxiety Sympand Children's Eye Gaze During Fear Leaming”w,as published in the journal TheJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry."Looking at someone ’s eyes helps us understand whether a person is feeling sad, angry, fearful, or surprised. As adults, we then make decisions about how to respondand what to do next. But, we know much less about eye patterns in children —so,understanding those patterns can help us learn more about the development of sociallearning, ”Michalska said.Michalska and the team of researchersshowed 82 children, 9 to 13 years old,images of two women ’s faces on a computer screen. The computer was equipped withan eye tracking device that allowed them to measure54 on the screen children werelooking, and for how long. The participants were originally shown each of the twowomen a total of four times. Next, one of the images was55 with a loud scream anda fearful expression, and the other one was not. At the end, children saw both facesagain without any sound or scream.The following three conclusions can be drawn from the study:1. All children spent more time looking at the eyes of a face that was paired withthe loud scream t han the face that was not paired with the scream, 56 they payattention to potential threats even in the absence of outward cues.2. Children who were more anxious avoided eye contact during all three phases of the experiment, for both kinds of faces. This had consequences for how afraid they wereof the faces.3. The more children avoided eye conta；cthe more afraid they were 57 the faces.The conclusions suggest that children spend more time looking at the eyes of aface when previously paired with something frightening suggesting they pay moreattention to potentially threatening information as a way to learn more about thesituation and plan what to do next.However, anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, which leads togreater 58 experience. Even though avoiding eye contact may reduce anxiety59 , the study finds that — over time — children may be m i s s6i n0g_ o i m u p t ortantsocial information. This includes that a person may no longer be threatening or scary,and yet the child continues feeling fearful of that person.51. A. environment B. cues C. relations D. answers52. A. less B. more C. enough D. beyond53. A. longer B. more anxious C. shorter D. more54. A. where B. when C. how D. what55. A. followed B. recorded C. paired D. marked56. A. suggest B. suggesting C. suggests D. being suggested57. A. to B. of C.at D. about58. A. fear B. surprise C. sad D. angry59. A. in the long run B. for a long timeC. in the short timeD. in a long time60. A. with B. without C. of D. onReading ComprehensionPassage OneThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parentsduring the sensitive “attachment p”e riod from birth to three may scar a child ’s personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby' s work that children shouldnot be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separationit entails, and many people do believe this. It has been argued that an infant under threewho is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.But traditional societies are so different from modem societies that comparisonsbased on just one factor are hard to interpret. Firstly, anthropologists point out that theinsulated love affair between children and parents found in modem societies does notusually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as theNgoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone —far from i Certainty, Bowlby ’s analysis raises the possibilities that early day care had delayedeffects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime15 or 20 years later can only explored by the use of statistics. However, statisticalstudies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the resultswould certainly be complicated and controversial. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children hadproblems with it. Thirdly, in the last decade, t here have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children ’s development.Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effectsdifficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parentsand show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children findthe transition to nursery eas，yand this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experienceand available evidence indicate early care is reasonable for infants.61. According to the passage, the consequence of parental separation________.A. still needs more statistical studiesB. has been found negative is more seriousC. is obviousD. in modem times62. The author thinks that John Bowlby ’s concern___________.A. is relevant and justifiableB. is too strong to RelieveC. is utterly groundlessD. has something that deserve our attention63. What ’s the result of American studies of children in day care in the last decade?A. The children ’s unhappiness and protest was due to the day care the children received.B. The bad effects of parental separation were hard to deal with.C. The effect of day care was not necessarily negative on children ’s development.D. Early care was reasonable for babies since it ’p sracti c ed by so many peoplenowadays.64. According to the passage, which of the following is probably a reason forparents to send their children under three to day care?A. They don ’t know about day care ’s negative effect.B. They are too busy to care fortheir children.C. They want their children to be independent as early as possible.D. They want to facilitate their children to adapt to nursery at the age of about three.65. What ’s the author ’s attitude to people who have drawn the conclusion fromBowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age ofthree?A. He supports most of their belief because Bowlby's proposition is well-grounded.B. He is sympathetic for them, for he thinks they have been misled by Bowlby.C. He doesn't totally agree with them, since the long-term effect of day care still needsfurther study.D. He doesn't quite understand them, as they are contradictory in themselves.Passage TwoBy the end of this century, the average world temperature is expected to increasebetween one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animalhabitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense, the risein temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals, plant andmarine life and economic activity in Canada’N sort h are important to the country's future, says Kent Moore, an atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississaugawho is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem alongthe Beaufort Sea, from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice inthe region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oiland gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of thecountry home.Moore, who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research hasalready found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing animportant change in the marine food chain: phytoplankton（淳游植物） is blooming two to three weeks earlier. Manyanimals time their annual migration to the Arctic forwhen food is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom. " ' Animals' behaviorcan evolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of adecade, r ather than hundreds of years, ”says Moore, " Animals can't change theirbehavior that quickly. ”A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in theregion, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resourceextraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will helpgovernment, industry and communities make decisions about resource management,economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study — which involves Canadian, American and Europeanresearchersand government agencies will also use a novel technology to gatheratmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. "The drones have the capability of a largeresearch aircraft，and they ’re easier to deploy, ” he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with pilotedaircraft.66. By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will ______.A. start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB. increase the average world temperature by four degreesC. cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD. affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67. To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicatedby the passage, the international study ______.A. is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB. pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate changeC. involves so many countries for different investigationsD. is intended to deal with various aspects in research68. When he ways, “Animals can ’t change their behavior that quickly, ”what doesMoore mean by that quickly?A. The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B. The widespread effects of global warming.C. The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D. The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69. According to the author, to carry out proper human activities in theArctic______.A. becomes more difficult than ever beforeB. is likely to build a novel economy in the regionC. will surely lower the average world temperatureD. needs the research-based supporting information70. With the drones deployed, as Moore predicts, the researchers will _______.A. involve more collaborating countries than they do nowB. get more data to be required for their researchC. use more novel technologies in researchD. conduct their research at a regular basisPassage ThreeHaving too much caffeine during pregnancy may impair baby ’s liver development and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood, according to a study published in theJournal of Endocrinology. Pregnant rats given caffeine had offspring with lower birth weights, altered growth and stress hormonelevels and impaired liver development. Thestudy findings indicate that consumption of caffeine equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee may alter stress and growth hormone levels in a manner that can impair growth and development, and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood.Previous studies have indicated that prenatal caffeine intake of 300 mg/day ormore in women, which is approximately 2 to 3 cups coffee per day, can result in lower birth weights of their children. Animalstudies have further suggestedthat prenatalcaffeine consumption may have more detrimental long-term effects on liverdevelopment with an increased susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, adebilitating condition normally associated w ith obesity and diabetes. However, theunderlying link between prenatal caffeine exposure and impaired liver developmentremains poorly understood. A better understanding of how caffeine mediates theseeffects could help prevent these health issues in people in the future.In this study, Prof Hui Wang and colleagues at Wuhan University in China,investigated the effects of low (equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee) and high dose(equivalent of 6-9 cups of coffee) caffeine, given to pregnant rats, on liver function andhormone levels of their offspring. Offspring exposed to prenatal caffeine had lower levels of the liver hormone, insulin likegrowth factor (IGF-1), and higher levels of thestress hormone, corticosteroid at birth. However, liver development after birth showed a compensatory 'catch up' phase, characterised by increased levels of IGF-1, which is important for growth.Dr. Yinxian Wen, study co-author, says, “Our results indicate that prenatal caffeine causes an excess of stress hormone activity in the mother, which inhibits IGF-1 activityfor liver development before birth. However, compensatory mechanisms do occur after birth to accelerate growth and restore normalliver function, as IGF-1 activity increasesand stress hormone signalling decreases. The increased risk of fatty liver disease causedby prenatal caffeine exposure is most likely a consequence of this enhanced,compensatory postnatal IGF-1 activity. ”These findings not only confirm that prenatal caffeine exposure leads to lowerbirth weight and impaired liver development before birth but also expand our currentunderstanding of the hormonal changes underlying these changes and suggest thepotential mechanism for increased risk of liver disease in the future. However, theseanimal findings need to be confirmed in humans.Dr. Wen comments, "Our work suggeststhat prenatal caffeine is not good for babies and although these findingsstill need to be confirmed in people, I wouldrecommend that women avoid caffeine during pregnancy."71. Which of the following is NOT the problem of baby rats of pregnant rats givencaffeine?A. Lower birth weight.B. Smaller stress.C. Liver development problem.D. Growth problem.72. If a pregnant woman takes 3 cups of coffee, what will probably happen?A. Her weight will get lower and lower.B. The weight of her baby will get lower and lower.C. She will suffer from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a long run.D. Her baby will be more vulnerable to obesity and diabetes because of liver problem.73. Which of following is not correct according to the passage?A. A better understanding of the relationship between caffeine and effects has beenachieved.B. 4-5 cups of coffee could be categorized as medium-dose intake.C. Liver development problem may be remedied after birth by increased growth factor.D. The study is mainly conducted on the rats instead of human.74. What is the relationship between stress hormone and liver development whentaking in prenatal caffeine?A. Lower stress hormone, lower birth weight before birth.B. Higher stress hormone, lower growth hormone before birth.C. Higher stress hormone, more accelerated growth of weight after birth.D. Lower stress hormone, less accelerated growth of liver after birth.75. What can be the best summary of the last paragraph?A. The research hasn ’t been done on humans so pregnant women can ignore the results.B. The compensatory mechanism for liver growth makes prenatal caffeine intake safe.C. Experts suggest pregnant women should still avoid caffeine.D. We have known enough about the hormone changes underlying the healthPassage FourThe bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police, perplexed scientists, and fascinated writers for centuries. There is an endless supply of stories about sleepwalkers.Persons have been said to climb on steep roofs, solve mathematical problems, composemusic, walk through plate-glass windows, and commit murder in their sleepHow many of these stories have a basis in fact, and how many are pure fakery?No one knows, but if some of the most sensational stories should be taken with a barrelof salt, others are a matter of record.In Revere, Massachusetts, a hundred policemen combed a waterfrontneighborhood for a lost boy who left his home in his sleep and woke up five hours lateron a strange sofa in a strange living room, with no idea how he had got there.There is an early medical record of a somnambulist who wrote a novel in his sleep.And the great French writer V oltaire knew a sleepwalker who once got out of bed,dressed himself, made a polite bow, danced a minuet, and then undressed and went backto bed.At the University of Iowa, a student was reported to have the habit of getting upin the middle of the night and walking three-quarters of a mile to the Iowa River. He would take a swim and then go back tohis room to bed.The world's champion sleepwalker was supposed to have been an Indian, PanditRamrakha, who walked sixteen miles along a dangerous road without realizing that hehad left his bed. Second in line for the title is probably either a Vienna housewife or a British farmer. The woman did all her shopping on busy streets in her sleep. The farmer,in his sleep, visited a veterinarian miles away.The leading expert on sleep in America claims that he has never seen a sleepwalker.He is Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman, a physiologist at the University of Chicago. He is said toknow more about sleep than any other living man, and during the last thirty-five yearshad lost a lot of sleep watching people sleep. Says he, "Of course, I know that there are sleepwalkers becauseI have read about them in the newspapers. B ut none of mysleepers ever walked, and if I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment, Idoubt that I'd get many takers."Sleepwalking, nevertheless, is a scientific reality. Like hypnosis, it is one of thosedramatic, eerie, awe-inspiring phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic. Itlends itself to controversy and misconceptions, what is certain about sleepwalking isthat it is a symptom of emotional disturbance, and that the only way to cure it is to remove the worries and anxieties that cause it. Doctors say that somnambulism is muchmore common than is generally supposed.Some have estimated that there are fourmillion somnambulists in the United States. Others set the figure even higher. Manysleepwalkers do not seek help and so are never put on record, which means that anaccurate count can never be made.The simplest explanation of sleepwalking is that it is the acting out of a vividdream. The dream usually comes from guilt, worry, nervousness, o r some otheremotional conflict. The classic sleepwalker is Shakespeare ’L asdy Macbeth. Hernightly wanderings were caused by her guilty conscience at having committed murder. Shakespeare said of her, “The eyes are open but their sense is shut. ”The age-old question is: Is the sleepwalker actually awake or asleep. Scientists have decided that he is about half-and-half. Like Lady Macbeth, he has weightyproblems on his mind. Dr. Zeida Teplitz, who made a ten-year study of the subject, says, “Some people stay awake all night worrying about t heir problems. The sleepwalker thrashes them out in his sleep. He is awake in the muscular area, partially asleep in the sensory area." In other words, a person can walk in his sleep, move around, and do other things, but he does not think about what he is doing.76. The second sentence in the second paragraph means that_________.A. no one knows, but certainly all the sleep walking stories have something incredibleB. the sleepwalking stories are like salt adding flavor to people ’s lifeC. sleepwalking stories that are most fantastic should be sorted out from ordinary storiesD. the most fantastic sleepwalking stories may be just fictions, yet there are stilltruthfully recorded stories77. ________was supposed to be the world's champion sleepwalker.A. The student habitually walked to the Iowa River and swam in his sleepB. The man danced a minuet in his sleepC. The man walker sixteen miles along a dangerous roadD. The boy walked five hours in his sleep78. Sleepwalking is the result of ______ according to the passage.A. emotional disorderB. a vivid dreamC. lack of sleep and great anxietyD. insanity79. Dr. Zeida Teplitz seemed to_________.A. agree that sleepwalking sometimes leads to dangerous actsB. conclude that sleepwalkers are awake in their sensory areaC. disagree with the belief that sleep walkers are immune to injuryD. think that sleepwalking can turn into madness80. The writer makes it obvious that_________.A. sleepwalkers are often awakened by dangersB. most sleepwalkers can find ways to avoid self-injuryC. it is important to find out the underlying cause of sleepwalkingD. sleepwalking is actually a kind of hypnosisPassage FiveBeyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain, Freud identifiedtwo sources of psychic energy, which he called "drives ”: aggression and libido. The keto his theory is that these were unconscious drives, shaping our behavior without themediation of our waking minds; they surface, heavily disguised, only in our dreams.The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplaythe role of unconscious universal drives, focusing instead on rational processesinconscious life. But researchers have found evidence that Freud s drives really do exist,and they have their roots in the limbic system, a primitive part of the brain that operatesmostly below the horizon of consciousness.Now more commonly referred to as emotions, the modem suite of drives comprises five: rage, panic, separation distress,lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers.Although like the others it originates in the limbic system, it also involves parts of theforebrain, the seat of higher mental functions. In the 1980s, Jaak Panksepp, aneurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, became interested in a placenear the cortex known as the ventraltegmental area, which in humans lies just abovethe hairline. When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse, theanimal would sniff the air and walk around, as though it were looking for something.Was it hungry? No. The mouse would walk right by a plate of food, or for that matterany other object Panksepp could think of. This brain tissue seemed to cause a generaldesire for something new. “What I was seeing, ” he says, “was the urge to do stuff.Panksepp called this seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London, that soundsvery much like libido. “Freud needed some sort of general, appetitive desire to seekpleasure in the world of objects, ” says Solms. "Panksepp discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically. ” Solms studied the same region of the brain forhis work on dreams. Since the 1970s, neurologists have known that dreaming takesplace during a particular form of sleep known as REM — rapid eye movement — whichis associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons. Accordingly, they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest. WhenSolms looked into it, though, it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral tegmental, the same structure that Panksepp had identified as the seat of the “”s e e m k i o n t g i o n. Dreams, it seemed, originate with the libid—o which is just what Freud had believed.Freud's psychological map may have been flawed in many ways, but it alsohappensto be the most coherent and, from the standpoint of individual experience,meaningful theory of the mind. “Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin,who lived before the discovery of genes, ” says Panksepp. “Freud gave us a vision ofmental apparatus. We need to talk about it, develop it, test it. ” Perhaps it ’sof proving Freud wrong or right, but of finishing the job.。

内科学(大内科)专业历年复试真题Ⅲ

广西医科大学、北京大学十、广西医科大学（一）名词解释1.心律失常2.慢性肾衰竭3.支气管扩张4.肝硬化5.酮症酸中毒（二）简答题1.肾性骨营养不良的发病机制2.简述肺心病的诊断3.急性左心衰的治疗原则4.特殊性消化性溃疡的种类5.糖尿病的并发症6.骨髓检查的类型及骨髓穿刺的并发症7.简述COPD 的临床评估（三）论述题1.关于肺脓肿的病例分析2.关于肺结核分病例分析2009 年广西医科大学内科学复试真题（一）单选题1.男性，35 岁，近半年来血压升高较快，伴心悸、多汗、头痛、烦躁等。

上周出现视力模糊征象。

血压190/120mmHg.心率120 次/分。

心浊音界向左下扩大。

该患者可能的诊断是A.高血压 1 级B.高血压 2 级C.高血压 3 级D.高血压危象E.高血压脑病2.某肝硬化患者，近日腹胀明显，尿少，尿钠低，BUN20mmol/L，以下哪项治疗措施应避免A.强烈利尿B.严格控制输液量C.补充白蛋白D.滴注多巴胺E.输注低分子右旋糖酐3.有关类风湿性关节炎晨僵描述正确的是A.晨僵常为类风湿性关节炎最突出的临床表现B.出现晨僵的原因可能由于在睡眠或活动减少时，水肿液蓄积在炎性组织D.肌肉收缩，水肿液被淋巴管和小静脉吸收晨僵也缓解E.以上均是4.对诊断肥厚梗阻性心肌病最有意义的是A.ECG 出现深而宽的病理性Q 波B.胸骨左缘三四肋间有响亮收缩期杂音C.用力时心痛区闷痛及晕厥史D.超声心动图发现舒张期室间隔与二室后壁厚度之比为大于等于 1.3，伴二尖瓣前叶收缩期向前运动E.可闻及第二心音及第四心音5.慢性胃炎最可靠的方法是A.胃镜检查及活检B.X 线钡餐检查C.胃泌素测定D.尿素呼气试验E.壁细胞抗体测定6.下列哪一项不是使用洋地黄制剂的禁忌证A.预激综合征并房颤B.病态窦房结综合征C.Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞D.重度二狭并房颤E.肥厚梗阻型心肌病7.糖尿病最常见的神经病变是A.神经根B.脊髓神经C.颅神经D.周围神经E.植物神经8.诊断阻塞性肺气肿，最有价值的是A.PaO₂低于正常B.残气量/肺总量>40%C.第一秒用力呼气量/用力肺活量<60%D.最大通气量低于预计值的80%E.潮气量低于预计值的80%9.特发性血小板减少性紫癜急证的处理以下哪项不正确A.大剂量甲强龙B.血小板输注C.静脉注射丙种球蛋白D.血浆置换E.中医中药10.肝硬化患者进食高蛋白食物后出现急性意识错乱，计算力下降A.肝性脑病前驱期B.肝性脑病昏迷前期C.肝性脑病昏睡期D.肝性脑病昏迷期E.精神病11.再生障碍性贫血病人中性粒细胞为0.25×10⁹/L，并出现高热，体温达39.2℃，以下处理欠妥的是A.加强口腔肛周护理B.保护性隔离C.可加用G-CSFD.行血培养，待血培养结果再使用抗生素E.立即血培养检查12.当前控制哮喘发作最有效的药物是13.肥胖 2 型糖尿病患者可首选以下何种口服降糖药14.肾盂肾炎患者尿蛋白定量通常为15.洋地黄类的毒性反应最早出现的是16.淋巴瘤累及肝脏，分期17.Graves 病对血液系统的影响有18.肾小球源性血尿的最主要特点是19.急性下壁心梗最易合并20.消化性溃疡最常见并发症21.磺脲类最主要副作用22.肾病综合征最重要改变23.慢性粒细胞白血病哪项染色体24.对急慢性肾功能衰竭鉴别最有帮助的是25.导致急性心梗24 小时内死亡的最主要原因（二）填空题1.消化性溃疡病上腹痛的特点2.ST 段抬高性心肌梗死心电图特征改变为3.COPD 的并发症4.弥漫性毒性甲状腺肿临床主要表现为（三）简答题1.消化内科（1）肠结核与肠克罗恩病的鉴别诊断（2）针对肠易激综合征主要症状的药物治疗（3）病例分析：肝硬化出血，预防措施2.心血管内科（1）高血压的鉴别诊断（10 分）（2）室上性心动过速的治疗原则（10 分）（3）病例分析：反复心悸、气短9 年，2 天来不能平卧，端坐呼吸，颈V 怒张，心界扩大，HR126，胸骨左缘3～4 肋间舒张期叹气杂音。

各大名校历年心内科考博真题

各大名校历年心内科考博真题(共10页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--天津医科大学2005年心血管专业考博试题名词解释（2分）1.杵状指2.绝对不应期和相对不应期3.双向性心动过速output and cardiac index5.心源性休克和低血容量性休克6.心源性脑缺氧综合症（阿－斯综合症）stunning and hibernationangina9.法洛（fallot）四联症10老年性单纯收缩性高血压简答题（4分）1.心源性和肺源性呼吸困难的鉴别诊断2.比较心肌细胞和窦房结起搏细胞的动作电位，图示3.过早搏动（期前收缩）的临床意义4.心脏骤停时，心脏活动情况和心电图的表现类型5.决定心脏排血量的因素6.临床上应用洋地黄的适应症和相对禁忌症7.硝酸盐（nitrates）药物的作用机制8.急性心包炎的常见病因9.室性和室上性心动过速的鉴别诊断10心绞痛的病理生理机制问答题（10分）1.简单介绍心肺复苏（CPCR）和脑心肺复苏（CCPR）的主要步骤（主要环节2.急性左心衰的处理原则3.常见继发性高血压的诊断和治疗进展题（任选一，10分）段抬高急性心肌梗死的治疗进展of myocyte proliferation of damaged heart.2006年武汉大学医学院心血管内科学考博试题（记忆）名词解释：1、奇脉 2、瓣下狭窄性梗阻 3、高血压危象4、缺血性心肌病简答题：1、简述左心衰竭呼吸困难的临床表现2、fa llot四联症的主要临床表现3、尖端扭转性室速的心电图表现4、心肺复苏时心脏按压的操作事项问答题：1、根据病史、临床表现和心电图阐述疾病诊断及治疗原则（答案是急性前壁心梗）2、阐述房颤的介入治疗方法北京大学医学部2001年转博试题（内科学）一. 问答题:（每题5分）1. 血管内外溶血的鉴别。

2. 厌氧菌肺炎的治疗的抗菌素有哪几种3. 心肌梗塞的溶栓适应症、禁忌症、血栓再通的指证。

广西主治医师(心内科)初级资格考试试卷

广西主治医师（心内科)初级资格考试试卷一、单项选择题（共25题，每题2分，每题的备选项中，只有1个事最符合题意）1、患者，女，33岁。

2年前确诊为“心肌炎",近2周活动后气短，尿少,水肿。

超声心动图提示左心室内径60mm,左室壁运动普遍减弱。

最可能的病因诊断是A．慢性心肌炎急性发作B．风湿性心脏瓣膜病C．狼疮性心肌病D．扩张型心肌病E．缺血性心肌病2、患者,女，26岁，心悸，咳嗽咳痰半月余，伴发热。

体检:胸骨左缘第3、4肋间闻及舒张期叹气样杂音，肝肋下3cm,脾肋下可触及，入院后最重要的检查是A．血沉B．X线检查C．血培养D．肝功能检查E．心电图检查3、患者,男,26岁,胸廓视诊见患侧胸部饱满，其可能的诊断是A．气胸B．肺气肿C．肺不张D．肺实变E．胸膜肥厚4、关于用肾上腺糖皮质激素治疗哮喘的机制,下列说法不正确的是A．抑制磷酸酯酶A2B．抑制细胞因子的生成C．抑制炎症介子的释放D．抑制炎症细胞的迁移、活化E．增加β受体反应性5、女性,28岁，风心病二尖瓣狭窄。

经常出现呼吸困难、咳嗽、咯血等症状，经内科治疗后,上述症状逐渐减轻，但有食欲不振、肝区疼痛、水肿。

这提示A．二尖瓣狭窄肝动脉栓塞B．二尖瓣狭窄左心功能不全C．合并二尖瓣关闭不全D．合并主动脉瓣病变E．二尖瓣狭窄进入右心受累期6、下列物质中不能与苯磺酰氯反应的是__。

A．伯胺B．叔胺C．仲胺7、关于结核病变的转归,下列各项中不正确的是A．吸收B．纤维化C．癌变D．钙化和骨化E．液化8、关于影像质量评价的叙述，错误的是A．清晰度——影像重建组织细节的可见度B．分辨率是清晰度的测定方法之一C．MTF=0，表示影像能完全重建D．响应函数—-测量不同空间频率下幅度的衰减E．量子斑点是X线照片斑点产生的最大因素9、下列物质中不能与品红醛试剂反应的是__.A．对苯二酚B．甲酸C．甲醛D．水杨醛10、甲状腺功能亢进症患者,抗甲状腺药物治疗第2个月，WBC降至2 800/mm3，N降至40％。

广西医科大学同等学力申硕真题内科学

广西医科大学同等学力申硕真题内科学1、免疫抑制疗法可用来治疗（E）.A.超敏反应B.自身免疫性疾病C.移植排斥D.炎症E.以上都可以2、可用糖皮质激素类药物治疗的是（B）.A.原发性血小板增多症B.急性淋巴细胞白血病C.慢性粒细胞白血病D.真性红细胞增多症E.骨质疏松3、有一病人两天前突然感冒，出现发热、寒战，呼吸困难，今天有咳嗽，疾为红色带铁锈样外观，叩诊肺有一大叶实变，该病人病变性质可能是（D）A.浆液性炎B.化旅性炎C.出血性炎D.纤维素性炎E.肺旅肿4、患儿，女，9个月，因面色不好就医，Hb110g/L.为了明确该要是否有体内储铁减少，哪项为最重要的试验检查？（D）A.铁饱和度B.血清铁测定C.总铁结合力测定D.铁蛋白测定E.血清叶酸量测定5、关于特发性血小板减少性紫藏（ITP）的概念，描述错误的是（C）.A.急性型ITP与感染因素有关B.血小板寿命缩短C.骨髓巨核细胞总数减少D.临床上是较常见的一种出血性疾病E.急性型ITP多见于儿童6、抗原是指能够刺激机体的免疫系统发生免疫应答进而（E）.A.产生致敏LC的物质B.产生抗体的物质C.与相应的抗体在体内外特异性结合的物质D.与相应的致敏LC在体内外特异性结合的物质E.产生抗体和（或）致敏LC，并与相应的抗体或致敏LC在体内外特异性结合的物质7、新生儿早期患呼吸道感染的可能原因是（D）A.补体成分缺陷B.先天免疫缺陷C.皮肤粘膜天然屏障差D.sIgA功能尚未成熟E.呼吸道发育不良8.Perthes试验的目的是（A）A.深静脉是否通畅B.检测交通静脉功能C.检测血供是否充足。

D.检测桡骨茎突是否病变E.检测大隐静脉与深静脉交通瓣膜功能9、急性阑尾炎患者，当腹痛尚未转移至右下腹时，在诊断上具有重要意义的是（E）A.便血B.有白细胞显著升高C.已有脐周压痛反跳痛D.脐区及右下腹具有压痛反跳痛E.压痛己固定在右下腹10、下述哪一项是神经症的特点？（B）A.具有鲜明的幻觉妄想症状B.病人对自己的病有相当的自知力C.具有可证实的器质性基础D.强烈的自杀意念并有自杀行为E.智能发育障碍11、患者4岁，消瘦，活动后有气急，心悸，查体：时于胸骨左缘第2肋间听到粗糙而响亮的连续性机器杂音，初步诊断为动脉导管未闭，该睛形首先可以引起下列哪一方面的改变（C）.A.左心房增大B.右心室增大C.肺动脉扩张D.左心室增大E.右心房增大12、关于6-疏基嘌吟的叙述，不正确的是（D）.A.抑制次黄嘌哈生成IMPB.抑制IMP生成AMPC.抑制IMP生成GMPD.抑制腺昔生成AMPE.抑制鸟膘吟生成GMP13、早产儿，人工眼养，出生后第5天出现黄迫，第7~8天达到高峰，持续到第3周才逐渐消退，最可能的是（B）.A.母乳性黄疸B.生理性黄疸C.肝细胞性黄疸D.胆道梗阻性黄疸E.溶血性黄疸D.胆道梗阻性黄疸E.溶血性黄疸14、卵巢纤维瘤伴胸腹水形成称为（C）A.MeniereB.DownC.MeigsD.CushingE.类癌综合征15、单向混合淋巴细胞反应试验的主要反应细胞是（C）A.巨噬细胞B.淋巴细胞C.T淋巴细胞D.NK细胞E.中性粒细胞16、风漫性疾病指（A）A.累及关节及周围软组织的一大类疾病B.病毒感染的一类疾病C.嗜酸粒细胞增多的一类疾病D.过敏性疾病E.血尿酸增高的一组疾病17、在心动周期中，心室血液的充盈主要取决于（B）A.心房收缩韵挤压作用B.心室舒张时的"抽吸"作用C.胸内负压促进静脉血回心D.重力作用促进血液进入心室E.骨酪肌的挤压作用促进静脉血回心18、治疗成人股骨头缺血性坏死，下述哪一项措施应特殊强调？（C）A.非留体类抗炎剂B.理疗C.减少负重D.高压氧E.扩血管药物19、给高热病人进行酒精擦浴降温是利用下述哪一项散热方式？（E）A.传导B.辐射C.对流D.不感蒸发E.蒸发20、关于一期愈合的下列叙述中正确的是（D）A.需大量肉芽组织填平伤口B.创面大、边缘不齐C.创面不洁易感染，炎症反应明显D.见于手术即时缝合的切口E.愈合时间长，形成较大疲痕21、引起小儿支气管肺炎脓胸的病原菌主要是（C）A.链球菌B.肺炎链球菌C.金黄色葡萄球菌D.革兰阴性杆菌E.厌氧菌22、首选以下哪项抢救廉痛持续状态的患者？（C ）A.苯妥英钠静脉注射B.苯巴比妥钠肌内注射C.地西洋静脉注射D.氯丙嗉肌内注射E.水合氯醛灌肠23、偏头痛的预防治疗药物是（C）A.咖啡因麦角胺B.英明格C.苯嚷啶D.小剂量阿司匹林E.吲躲美辛（消炎痛）24、患者，男，28岁，有不洁性交史和吸毒史，近半年来出现体重下降、腹泻、发热，反复出现口腔真菌感染，初诊为AIDS.确诊时需要参考下列哪项主要检测指标？（B）A.HIV相应的抗原B.HIV相应的抗体C.AIDS患者的补体D.HIV相关的CDg*细胞E.HIV相关的CD4*细胞25、女性，30岁，半年来肥胖，皮肤出现座疮、紫纹，化验血皮质醇增高，血糖增高，小剂量地塞米松抑制试验血皮质醇较对照低38%，大剂量地塞米松抑制试验血皮质醇较对照低78%，该患者最可能的诊断是（C）.A.肾上腺皮质腺瘤B.肾上腺皮质腺癌C.Cushing病D.异位ACTH综合征E.糖尿病26、根据《献血法》的规定，血站对献血者每次采集的血液量为（D）.A.100毫升：150毫升B.100毫升：200毫升C.200毫升：300毫升D.200毫升：400毫升E.300毫升：400毫升27、哪项是单纯性甲状腺肿的主要原因？（C）A.甲状腺合成障碍B.应用甲状腺抑制剂C.合成甲状腺素的原料碘缺乏D.甲状腺素分泌障碍E.需要甲状腺素量增加28、不是短效口服避孕药作用机制的是（C）A.使子宫内膜分泌不良B.抑制子宫内膜增殖变化C.影响精子获能D.改变宫颈黏液性状E.抑制排卵29、下列选项不符合缺铁性贫血的是（C）.A.血清铁蛋白减低B.血清铁减低C.总铁结合力减低D.转铁蛋白饱和度减低E.骨髓有核红细胞内铁减低30、下列关于流行性脑脊酸膜炎的预防措施错误的是（E）.A.早期发现病人并就地隔离治疗B.密切接触者应医学观察1周C.本病流行期间儿童应避免到人多拥挤的公共场所D.脑膜炎球菌A群菌苗预防接种E.由于细菌对磺胺耐药，近年来已放弃使用磺胺药口服预防流行性脑脊髓膜炎。

各大名校考博真题及答案心内科部分

名词解释恶性（或急进型）高血压(北医2001)：病情急骤发展，舒张压持续≥130mmHg并有头痛、视力模糊、眼底出血和视乳头水肿，肾脏损害突出，病情进展迅速，常死于肾功能衰竭、脑卒中或心力衰竭。

高血压危象（同济1999，武汉大学2008）：因紧张、疲劳、寒冷、嗜铬细胞瘤阵发性高血压发作、突然停服降压药等诱因，小动脉发生强烈痉挛，血压急剧上升，影响重要脏器血流供应而产生危急症状。

高血压脑病：重症高血压患者，过高的血压突破了脑血流自动调节范围，脑组织血流灌注过多引起脑水肿。

白大衣性高血压 (北医2002)：代谢综合征（同济2008，协和2005）：肥胖与血脂异常，高血压，糖尿病和糖耐量异常同时存在时称为代谢综合征。

室型并行心律(北医2001)：心室的异位起搏点规律地自行发放冲动，并能防止窦房结冲动入侵。

其心电图表现为：异位室性搏动与窦性搏动的配对间期不恒定；长的两个异位搏动之间间距，是最短的两个异位搏动间期的整倍数；当主导心律的冲动下传与心室异位起搏点的冲动几乎同时抵达心室，可产生室性融合波，其形态介于以上两种QRS波群之间。

Adames-Stroke syndrome，阿－斯二氏综合征（同济2008, 武汉大学2005）：心源性脑缺氧综合症，当第一，二度房室传导阻滞突然进展为完全性房室传导阻滞时，因心室率过慢导致脑缺血，患者可出现暂时性意识丧失，甚至抽搐，称为Adames-Stroke syndrome，严重者可猝死。

阿司匹林抵抗（协和2005，上海交大2008）：定义一，是指阿司匹林不能预防血栓形成事件的发生，或不能有效抑制血小板聚集和血栓素形成的一种现象。

阿司匹林抵抗：定义二通常是指阿司匹林治疗未能引起预期的生物学效应（如抑制血小板聚集、抑制血栓素的生物合成、使出血时间延长）或未能预防动脉硬化血栓事件的现象。

心动过速性心肌病（协和2005）：长期慢性心动过速或持续快速心脏起搏可引起心脏扩大和心功能不全等类似扩张型心肌病的表现，只要心动过速得以控制，心脏形态与心功能可部分或完全恢复正常。

博士医生考试题目及答案

博士医生考试题目及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共10题，满分20分）1. 以下哪项是高血压病的主要危险因素？A. 吸烟B. 饮酒C. 遗传D. 肥胖答案：A2. 急性心肌梗死最常见的心电图表现是？A. 心室早搏B. 心房颤动C. ST段抬高D. 右束支传导阻滞答案：C3. 糖尿病的诊断标准中，空腹血糖应大于或等于多少？A. 6.1mmol/LB. 7.0mmol/LC. 5.6mmol/LD. 8.0mmol/L答案：B4. 慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）的主要病理生理改变是？A. 肺泡破裂B. 肺纤维化C. 肺气肿D. 肺动脉高压答案：C5. 胃溃疡最常见的并发症是？A. 出血B. 穿孔C. 幽门梗阻D. 癌变答案：A二、多项选择题（每题3分，共5题，满分15分）1. 以下哪些药物属于β受体阻滞剂？A. 美托洛尔B. 阿莫洛尔C. 地尔硫卓D. 卡托普利答案：A, B2. 以下哪些是急性胰腺炎的常见诱因？A. 胆石症B. 酒精中毒C. 高脂血症D. 病毒性肝炎答案：A, B, C3. 以下哪些是甲状腺功能亢进的临床表现？A. 心悸B. 体重增加C. 手颤D. 月经不规律答案：A, C, D4. 以下哪些是慢性肾脏病的诊断标准？A. 蛋白尿B. 血肌酐升高C. 肾脏结构异常D. 肾脏功能减退答案：A, B, C, D5. 以下哪些是冠心病的常见症状？A. 胸痛B. 呼吸困难C. 心悸D. 腹痛答案：A, B, C三、简答题（每题5分，共4题，满分20分）1. 简述糖尿病的诊断标准。

答：糖尿病的诊断标准包括：空腹血糖≥7.0mmol/L，随机血糖≥11.1mmol/L，或糖耐量试验2小时血糖≥11.1mmol/L。

2. 描述急性心肌梗死的临床表现。

答：急性心肌梗死的临床表现通常包括持续性胸痛，可放射至左肩、左臂、下颌或背部，伴有出汗、恶心、呕吐、呼吸困难等症状。

3. 阐述慢性阻塞性肺疾病的治疗原则。

广西主治医师(心内科)入职试题

广西主治医师(心内科)入职试题一、单项选择题（共25题，每题2分，每题的备选项中，只有1个事最符合题意）1、流脑发生皮肤瘀点的病理基础是A．血管脆性增加B．血小板减少，凝血因子消耗C．广泛血管内凝血D．细菌及内毒索引起小血管栓塞性炎症E．细菌外毒素引起小血管栓塞性炎症2、与原发X线比较，对散射线的描述，错误的是A．与原发X线方向不同B．与原发X线反向C．与原发X线成角D．比原发X线波长短E．比原发X线能量低3、应用X线能量表现被照体信息状态，并以可见光学影像记录的技术称为A．影像B．信息信号C．成像系统D．摄影程序E．X线摄影4、关于肾脏解剖结构的描述，错误的是A．两肾均在腹膜后B．有脂肪囊包绕C．肾脏长径相当于2个椎体的高度D．右肾门平第1腰椎体E．右肾蒂较左侧短5、有机化工产品中微量羰基化合物的测定，羰基化合物是以__表示的。

A．乙醛B．苯乙酮C．丙酮D．乙醇6、风湿性心脏病诊断，下列各项检查价值最大的是A．心脏体征B．心电图C．胸部X线D．超声心动图E．右心导管7、左心功能不全最早出现的症状是A．咳嗽B．咳粉红色泡沫痰C．活动后气短D．心悸E．夜间心绞痛8、关于帕金森病的药物治疗原则，以下各项中表述正确的是A．早期发现，早期诊断，早期治疗B．早期药物治疗能够阻止病情发展C．坚持单一用药D．小剂量开始，缓慢递增，不求全效E．长期坚持规律用药可以阻止病情进展9、下列物质中能与费林试剂反应的是__。

A．正丁醛B．苯甲醛C．正丁酮D．乙酸10、关于第一心音，下述错误的是A．标志着心室收缩开始B．与心尖冲动同时出现C．声音较低钝，历时较长D．半月瓣关闭引起的振动形成E．心尖部听诊最清楚11、下列物质中不能与费林试剂反应的是__。

A．乙醛B．苯甲酮C．甲醛D．异丁醛12、患者，男，26岁，阵发性心悸、胸痛半年。

体查：于胸骨左缘第3、4肋间闻及舒张期吹风样杂音。

该患者突然出现腹痛、呕吐、血粪。

首先应考虑的诊断为A．急性肠梗阻B．亚急性感染性心内膜炎、肠系膜动脉栓塞C．急性胃炎D．急性肠炎E．急性胃穿孔13、有关单纯性甲状腺肿的叙述错误的是A．甲状腺结节样肿大B．血清TSH水平正常C．甲状腺呈现轻、中度肿大，质地较软D．血清T4、T3升高E．在缺碘山区多见14、下列各项中，是动脉粥样硬化的易患因素的为A．年龄小于40岁B．高脂血症C．低血压D．血高密度脂蛋白升高E．女性多于男性15、发生急性心肌梗死的患者在心电图监测时出现频发室性期前收缩，此时治疗上应首选的药物为A．利多卡因B．腺苷C．普罗帕酮D．普萘洛尔E．维拉帕米16、下列各种物质是霍乱弧菌最主要的致病因素A．霍乱肠毒素B．内毒素C．M蛋白D．透明质酸酶E．蛋白水解酶17、测定淀粉中羰基含量时，在沸水浴中使淀粉完全糊化，冷却，调pH至3.2，移入500mL带玻璃塞的锥形瓶中，精确加入60mL羟胺试剂，加塞，在__℃下保持4h。

广西医科大学内科学(传染内科)2018--2019年考博初试真题

广西医科大学
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：内科学（传染内科）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
公共部分：（60分）
一、单选题（1*30分）
主要集中的方向有，呼吸5题，心内8题，消化6题，内分泌5题，血液4题，肾内3题
难度不大，都是书本上的常见知识点
广西医科大学
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：内科学（传染病）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
公共课题：
一、30题单选，涉及各个内科系统的比较典型的疾病
二、简答题:
1.肺结核的化疗选择和阶段
2.UA的治疗原则
3.原发性肝癌的的并发症
4.小细胞低色素性贫血包括哪些
二、简答题（6*5=30分）
1,简述耐药性肺结核的治疗原则
2,主动脉夹层的临床分型
3,急性胰腺炎与那些疾病鉴表现为小细胞低色素性贫血的疾病有哪些？
专业方向：（40分）
1，根据2015年乙肝防治指南，乙肝抗病毒治疗的适应症
2，肝衰竭的治疗原则
3，病例分析题目，一个乙肝大三阳患者的诊断治疗
5.糖尿病高血糖急性慢性并发症
专业题
传染病:
1.H7N9的诊断标准
2.人体感染乙肝后为何难以清除
3.细菌耐药机制及防治措施
4.新传染病的流行特点及主要原因