1+Introduction

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Chapter 1 Introduction

Chapter 1 IntroductionⅠ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts.5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences.9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context.14. Social changes can often bring about language changes.15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language.20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21. Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language.22. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.23. D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lowerlevel of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s________. 26. Human capacity for language has a g_______ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.27. P _______ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics.29. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s _______ study of language.Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _______.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic32. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _______.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because _______.A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyedC. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongueD. All of the above35. A historical study of language is a _______ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative36. Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view.A. sociological psychologicalB. psychological sociologicalC. applied pragmaticD.semantic linguistic37. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the mem- bers of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _______ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called _______,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission40. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through _______, rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both A and BⅣ. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics42. Phonology43. Syntax44. Pragmatics45. Psycholinguistics46. Language47. Phonetics48. Morphology49. Semantics50. Sociolinguistics51. Applied Linguistics52. Arbitrariness53. Productivity54. Displacement55. Duality56. Design Features57. Competence58. Performance59. Langue60. ParoleⅤ. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?。

考研 1 introduction_of_Linguistics

Arbitrariness ---任意性，最先由
Saussure提出，语言学之父。 Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning.
Duality（二重性）语言是层级性的，主要是由
syllables morphemes word phrase sentence discourse这么个系统组成的。 (浙大）问答题：Explain what the term duality means as it is used to describe a property of human lg.
讲义一 Introduction to Linguistics
Grace Tan
T/F
1.The relation between form and meaning in human
language is natural. 2.When lg is used to get information from others , it serves an informative function. 3.The reason for French to use Cheval and English to use horse to refer to the same animal is inexplicable. 4.Most animal communication systems lack the primary level of articulation. 5.Halliday′s linguistic potential is similar to the notions of parole and performance. 6.Descriptive linguistics are concerned with how lgs work, not with how they can be improved.

[英语学习]unit-1-Introduction

7.publishing in Denmark 丹麦出版业 • 8.Publishing is flourishing. 出版事业繁荣发
展。
• a Panorama of Publishing 出版业概况 • book industry 图书出版业 • book community 书业团体
Questions on part 1
• 1 [+ obj] : to prepare and produce (a book, magazine, etc.) for sale ▪ It's a small company that only publishes about four books a year. ▪ The university press publishes academic titles. ▪ The newspaper is published daily. 2 : to have something you wrote included in a book, magazine, newspaper, etc. [no obj] ▪ There is a lot of pressure for professors to publish regularly. [+ obj] ▪ He has not published anything for a long time. 3 [+ obj] : to include (an article, letter, photograph, etc.) in a magazine or newspaper ▪ The magazine published two of my stories.
3. intriguing

1-introduction (s)(1-简介)

Marketing is so much more than that!（营销远不止这些）
Packaging（包装） Strategy（策略） Competitive Strategies（竞 Sales, Sales-force 争优势）（销售，销售队伍） Market Penetration（市场 Brand Management 渗透）（品牌管理） Quality（质量）
Meaning:

Creating customer value and satisfaction are at the heart of modern marketing thinking A very simple definition of marketing is the delivery of customer satisfaction at a profit. Goals of marketing are to attract new customers by promising superior value and to keep and grow current customers by delivering satisfaction. Marketing is much more than selling and advertising. It is about understanding and satisfying customer needs.
Logistics（物流） Location（定位） Distribution Channels（分销渠道） Pricing Considerations（价格策略）
Globalization（全球化）
New Product Develop（新产品开发） Service Delivery（服务交付）

1Introduction

主要内容 (Outline)• 绪论小规模集成电路三（SSI）• 逻辑函数基础门电路个• 组合逻辑电路模块中规模集成电路（MSI）• 集成触发器 • 时序逻辑电路大规模集成电路 • 半导体存储器（LSI）• 数模、模数转换电路绪论 (Introduction)一、数字(digital)信号和模拟(analog)信号数字量和模拟量数字电路和模拟电路二、数字信号相关概念二进制数 Binary Digits 数字信号的逻辑电平 Logic Levels 数字信号波形 Digital Waveforms一、Digital Signal and Analog Signal Digital and Analog Quantities电子电路中的信号模拟信号: 连续analogue signal value数字信号: 离散digital signal valuetime time模拟信号T( C) 30采样信号T( C)sampled3025离散化 2520202 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 t (h)A.M.P.M.2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 t (h)A.M.P.M.数字化－表示为由0、1组成的二进制码Analog Electronic SystemDigital and Analog Electronic System★ 工作在模拟信号下的电子电路是模拟电路。

研究模拟电路时，注重电路输入、输出信号间的大小、相位关系。

包括交直流放大器、滤波器、信号发生器等。

★ 模拟电路中，晶体管一般工作在放大状态。

★ 工作在数字信号下的电子电路是数字电路。

研究数字电路时，注重电路输出、输入间的逻辑关系。

主要的分析工具是逻辑代数，电路的功能用真值表、逻辑表达式或波形图表示。

★ 在数字电路中，三极管工作在开关状态，即工作在饱和状态或截止状态。

Lecture 1 Introduction

LOGO
（4）Expressiveness
It is the East, and Juliet is the sun! Arise, fair sun, and kill the envious moon… (Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet) 那就是东方, 朱丽叶就是太阳! 起来吧,美丽的太阳! 赶走那妒忌的月亮……(朱生豪译)
这是莎士比亚名剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》中罗密欧的一段台词.正是通过这种直接的抒情, 表现了罗密欧炽热而真挚的情怀,以及他对朱丽叶的仰慕之情.这是一种直抒胸臆的表达方法.

LOGO

Shall I compare thee to a summer‟s day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer‟s lease hath all too short a date 我可能把你和夏天相比拟？你比夏天更可爱更温和：狂风会把五月的花苞吹落地夏天也嫌太短促，匆匆而过。(梁实秋译)

LOGO
The child is father of the man. (Wordsworth) 儿童是成人之父童年的经历可决定成年后的性格. Then her soul sat on her lips，and language flowed， from what source I cannot tell．(Jane Eye，Chapter 8) 译文一：于是她能把思想表达出来，话流露出来了，从什么地方来的我却不知道。(李霁野，1990：84) 译文二：接着，她的心灵就像坐在她的嘴唇上似的，话语滔滔不绝地流出来；我也说不出它是从哪个源头流出来的。(祝庆英，1980：90)

Topic 1 Introduction

Trygve Haavelmo (Norway)
1980 Nobel Laureates in Economics
Lawrence R. Klein (University of Pennsylvania), “For the creation of econometric models and their application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies”
Topic 1: Introduction to Econometrics

What is econometrics? Why study econometrics? Types of econometrics Nobel Prize and Econometrics Methodology of econometrics
2. Specification of the Mathematical Model 1) Specification of variables e.g. consumption (income) inflation (money supply of the previous period, GDP growth rate) income (qualification, IQ, EQ, gender, etc.) weight (height, gender, race, age, etc.) * It should be based on economic theory and analysis of economic phenomena * Data availability * The relationship among variables: independence

unit1_introduction

The aim/ purpose of this report is to… This present report sets out to… My purpose in writing/ My purpose of writing this report is to… In writing this report, I aim to… It has been found out that… The findings show that… I found out that…

an insurance policy covering loss of movable property (e.g. jewelry) regardless of its location

Floating policy is of great importance for export trade; it is, in fact, a convenient method of insuring goods where a number of similar export transactions are intended, e.g. where the insured has to supply an oversea importer under an exclusive sales agreement or maintains sales representatives or subsidiary companies abroad. 统保单对出口贸易至关重要。它实际上是货物保险中的一种便利的办法，特别适用于分不同的时间出口的一批类似的货物，如，被保险方根据独家代理协议书向国外的进口方供货，或在国外委任了销售代表设立分支机构时使用。

1. INTRODUCTION

1. INTRODUCTION1.1. WHY USE ELECTRONS?Why should we use an electron microscope? Historically, TEMs were developed because of the limited image resolution in light microscopes, which is imposed by the wavelength of visible light. Only after electron microscopes were developed was it realized that there are many other equally sound reasons for using electrons, most of which are utilized to some extent in a modern TEM. By way of introduction to the topic let's look at how the TEM developed and the pros and cons of using such an instrument.1.1.A. An Extremely Brief HistoryLouis de Broglie (1925) first theorized that the electron had wave-like characteristics, with a wavelength substantially less than visible light. Then Davisson and Germer (1927) and Thompson and Reid (1927) independently carried out their classic electron diffraction experiments which demonstrated the wave nature of electrons. It didn't take long for the idea of an electron microscope to be proposed, and the term was first used in the paper of Knoll and Ruska (1932). In this paper they developed the idea of electron lenses into a practical reality, and demonstrated electron images taken on the instrument shown in Figure 1.1. This was a most crucial step, for which Ruska received the Nobel Prize, somewhat late, in 1986. Within a year of Knoll and Ruska's publication, the resolution limit of the light microscope was surpassed. Ruska, surprisingly, revealed that he hadn't heard of de Broglie's ideas about electron waves and thought that the wavelength limit didn't apply to electrons. TEMs were developed by commercial companies only four years later. The Metropolitan-Vickers EM 1 was the first commercial TEM. It was built in the UK in 1936, but apparently it didn't work very well and regular production was really started by Siemens and Halske in Germany in 1939. TEMs became widely available from several other sources (Hitachi, JEOL, Philips and RCA, inter alia) after the conclusion of World War II.For materials scientists a most important development took place in the late 1940s when Heidenreich (1949) first thinned metal foils to electron transparency. This work was followed up by Bollman in Switzerland and Hirsch and co-workers in Cambridge. Because so much of the early TEM work examined metal specimens, the word "foil" has come to be synonymous with "specimen." In addition, the Cambridge group also developed the theory of electron diffraction contrast with which we can now identify, often in a quantitative manner, all known line and planar crystal defects in TEM images. This theoretical work is summarized in a formidable but essential text often referred to as the "Bible" of TEM (Hirsch et al. 1977). For the materials scientist,practical applications of the TEM for the solution of materials problems were pioneered in the United States by Thomas and first clearly expounded in his text (Thomas 1962). Other materials-oriented texts followed, e.g., Edington (1976) and Thomas and Goringe (1979).Today, TEMs constitute arguably the most efficient and versatile tools for the characterization of materials. If you want to read a history of the TEM, the book by Marton (1968) is a compact, personal monograph and that edited by Hawkes (1985) contains a series of individual reminiscences. Fujita (1986) emphasizes the contribution of Japan to the development of the instrument. The field is now at the point where many of the pioneers have put their memoirs down on paper, or Festschrifts have been organized in their honor (e.g., Cosslett 1979, Ruska 1980, and Hashimoto 1986) which detail their contributions over the decades, and compile some useful overview papers of the field. If you enjoy reading about the history of science, we strongly recommend the review of Fifty Years of Electron Diffraction, edited by Goodman (1981), and Fifty Years of X-ray Diffraction, edited by Ewald (1962). (The spelling of X-ray is discussed in the CBE Manual, 1994.)Figure 1.1. The electron microscope built by Ruska and Knoll in Berlin in the early 1930s.1.1.B. Microscopy and the Concept of ResolutionWhen asked what a "microscope" is, most people would answer that it is an instrument for magnifying things too small to see with the naked eye, and most likely they would be referring to the visible-light microscope. Because of the general familiarity with the concept of the light microscope, we will draw analogies between electron and visible-light microscopes wherever it's instructive.The smallest distance between two points that we can resolve with our eyes is about 0.1-0.2 mm, depending on how good our eyes are, and assuming that there's sufficient illumination to see by. This distance is the resolution or resolving power of our eyes. So any instrument that can show us pictures (or "images" as we'll refer to them) revealing detail finer than 0.1 mm could be described as a microscope, and its highest useful magnification is governed by its resolution. A major attraction to the early developers of the TEM was that, since electrons are smaller than atoms, it would be possible, at least theoretically, to build a microscope that could "see" detail well below the atomic level. The idea of being able to "see" with electrons may be confusing to you. Our eyes are not sensitive to electrons. If a beam of high-energy electrons was aimed into your eye, you would most likely be blinded as the electrons killed the retinal cells, but you wouldn't see anything! So an integral part of any electron microscope is a viewing screen of some form, which translates electron intensity to light intensity, and which we observe or record photographically. We'll discuss these screens and other ways of recording electron images in later chapter.The resolution of a TEM means different things for different functions of the instrument, and we'll discuss them in the appropriate chapters. It's easiest to think of the image resolution in TEM in terms of the classical Rayleigh criterion for light microscopy, which states that the smallest distance that can be resolved, , is given approximately by δβµλ=δsin 61.0 [1.1]In equation 1.1, is the wavelength of the radiation, is the refractive index of the viewing medium, and is the semiangle of collection of the magnifying lens. For the sake of simplicity we can approximate sin (which is sometimes called the numerical aperture) to unity and so the resolution is equal to about half the wavelength of light. For green light in the middle of the visible spectrum, is about 550 nm (5500Å), and so the resolution of a good light microscope is about 300 nm. In TEMs we can approximate the resolution in equation 1.1 to 0.61/ which, as we'll see later, is very small.λµβµβλλβNow although 300 nm is a small dimension to us it corresponds to about 1000 atom diameters, and therefore many of the features that control the properties of materials are on a scale well below the resolution of the light microscope. So there's a real need to image detail down to the atomic level if we want to understand the properties of materials, and that's a major reason why TEMs are so useful.We'll try to use nanometers throughout this book, but you'll find that many microscopists still insist on using Angstroms rather than the SI units. However, the Angstrom is close to the atomic diameter and so is a more convenient unit because it saves us using convoluted phrases like “three tenths of a nanometer.”This limit of light microscopy was well understood at the turn of this century and prompted Ernst Abbe, one of the giants in the field, to complain that "it is poor comfort to hope that human ingenuity will find ways and means of overcoming this limit." (He was right to be so depressed because he died in 1905, some 20 years before de Broglie's ingenuity solved the problem.) Now de Broglie's famous equation shows that the wavelength of electrons is related to their energy, E, and if we ignore relativistic effects we can show approximately (and exactly in Section 1.4 below) that2/122.1~Eλ [1.2]In this equation E is in electron volts (eV) and in nm. Remember that we should be precise in our use of the units V and eV: the former represents the accelerating voltage of the microscope while the latter refers to the energy of the electrons in the microscope. So for a 100-keV electron, we find that ~ 4 pm (0.004 nm), which is much smaller than the diameter of an atom.λλFigure 1.2. A twin boundary in spinel stepping from one {111} plane to another parallel plane. The white dots are columns of atoms. The change in atomic orientation across the twin boundary can be readily seen, even if we do not know what causes the white dots or why, indeed, they are white.We'll see later that we are nowhere near building TEMs that approach this wavelength limit of resolution, because we can't make perfect electron lenses (see Section 2). But progress was rapid after Ruska's early work on lenses and, since the mid-1970s, many commercial TEMs have been capable of resolving individual columns of atoms in crystals, creating the field of "high-resolution transmission electron microscopy," or HRTEM. A typical HRTEM image is shown in Figure 1.2. The advantages of shorter wavelengths led in the 1960s to the development of high voltage electron microscopes (HVEMs), with accelerating potentials between 1 MV and 3 MV . In fact, most of these instruments were used to introduce controlled amounts of radiation damage into specimens in an attempt to simulate nuclear reactor environments, but changes in the emphasis of energy research mean there is not much call for such instruments today. While we can still improve the resolution byincremental amounts, the drive for much better resolution is now no longer paramount and the TEM is developing in other ways. In fact, only one HVEM (1 MV) for HRTEM imaging was constructed in the 1980s and three 1.25-MV machines in the 1990s. Intermediate voltage electron microscopes (IVEMs) were introduced in the 1980s. These TEMs operate at 300 or 400 kV, but still offer very high resolution, close to that achieved at 1 MV.1.1.C. Interaction of Electrons with MatterElectrons are one type of "ionizing radiation," which is the general term given to radiation that is capable of removing one of the tightly bound inner-shell electrons from the attractive field of the nucleus.One of the advantages to using ionizing radiation is that it produces a wide range of secondary signals from the specimen, and some of these are summarized in Figure 1.3. Many of these signals are used in "analytical electron microscopy,'' or AEM, giving us chemical information and a lot of other detail about our samples. AEM uses X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry (XEDS) and electron energy-loss spectrometry (EELS). For example, Figure 1.4A is an X-ray spectrum from a very small region of a TEM specimen showing characteristic peaks which identify the elements present. We can transform such spectra into quantitative data describing elemental changes associated with inhomogeneous microstructures as also shown in Figures 1.4B and C. In contrast, microscopes using nonionizing radiation such as visible light usually only generate light (but not much heat, which is good). AEMs generally offer improved performance at intermediate voltages, similar to HRTEMs.Figure 1.3. Signals generated when a high-energy beam of electrons interacts with a thin specimen. Most of these signals can be detected in different types of TEM. The directions shown for each signal do not always represent the physical direction of the signal but indicate, in a relative manner, where the signal is strongest or where it is detected.In order to get the best signal out of our specimens we have to put the best signal in, and so the electron source is critical. We are now very accomplished in this respect as you'll see in Section 4, so modern TEMs are very good signal-generating instruments. To localize these signals we need to get our TEM to form a very fine electron beam, typically <10 nm and at best <1 nm in diameter. We accomplish this by combining TEM and scanning electron microscope (SEM) technology to create a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). The STEM is both the basis for AEMs and a unique scanning imaging microscope in its own right. In fact there are instruments that are only capable of operating in scanning mode and these are sometimes referred to as "dedicated STEMs," or DSTEMs.1.1.D. Depth of FieldThe depth of field of a microscope is a measure of how much of the object we are looking at remains "in focus" at the same time. Like the resolution, this property is governed by the lenses in the microscope. The best electron lens is not a very good one, as we've already mentioned, and has been compared to using the bottom of a Coca-Cola bottle as a lens for light microscopy. To minimize this problem we have to use very small limiting apertures in the lenses, narrowing the beam down to a thin "pencil" of electrons which at most is a few micrometers across. These apertures cut down the intensity of the electron beam, but also act to increase the depth of focus of the images that we produce. Remember that "depth of field" refers to the specimen while "depth of focus" refers to the image.While this large depth of field is chiefly used in the SEM to produce 3D-like images of the surfaces of specimens with large changes in topography, it is also critical in the TEM. It turns out that in the TEM, all of the specimen is usually in focus at the same time, independent of the specimen topography, as long as it's electron transparent! Figure 1.5 shows a TEM image of some dislocations in a crystal. The dislocations appear to start and finish in the specimen, but in fact they are threading their way through the specimen from the top to the bottom, and they remain in sharp focus at all times. Furthermore, we can record the final image at different positions below the final lens of the instrument and it will still be in focus. Compare this with the visible-light microscope where, as you probably know, unless the surface of the specimen is flat to within the wavelength of light, it is not all in focus at the same time. This aspect of TEM gives us both advantages and disadvantages in comparison to the visible-light microscope.A BC Figure 1.4. (A) An X-ray spectrum from asmall biotite crystal showing peaks atenergies that are characteristic of theelements present in the region thatinteracts with the electron beam. Themajor peaks from left to right are for Mg,Al, Si, K, Fe, and the Cu support grid. (B)A TEM image of a precipitate-free zone(PFZ) in an aged Al-16 wt% Ag alloy. (C)The Ag profile across the PFZ in (B),obtained through X-ray spectrometry inthe TEM showing the depletion of Agresponsible for the PFZ formation.Figure 1.5. TEM image of dislocations in GaAs. A band of dislocations threads through the thin specimen from the top to the bottom but remains in focus through the foil thickness.1.1.E. DiffractionThompson and Reid showed that electrons could be diffracted when passing through thin crystals of nickel, and the possibility of combining electron diffraction into TEMs was realized by Kossel and Mollenstedt (1939). Today, electron diffraction is an indispensable part of TEM and is arguably the most useful aspect of TEM for materials scientists. Figure 1.6 shows a TEM diffraction pattern which contains information on the crystal structure, lattice repeat distance, and specimen shape, as well as being a most striking pattern. We'll see that the pattern can always be related to the image of the area of the specimen from which it came, in this case shown in the inset. In addition to the things we just listed, you can conduct a complete crystallographic symmetry analysis of minuscule crystals, including such esoteric aspects as point-group and space-group determination, and at all times the crystallography can be related to the image of your specimen. There is no similar capability on a light microscope because of the relatively large wavelength of visible light.So an electron microscope can produce atomic level images, can generate a variety of signals telling you about your sample chemistry and crystallography, and you can always produce images that are in focus. There are many other good reasons why you should use electron microscopes. We hope they will become evident as you read through this book. At the same time there are many reasons why you should not always seek to solve your problems with the TEM, and it is most important that you realize what the instrument cannot do, as well as knowing its capabilities.Figure 1.6. TEM diffraction pattern from a thin foil of A1-Li-Cu containing various precipitate phases, shown in the inset image. The central spot (X) contains electrons that come directly through the foil and the other spots and lines are diffracted electrons which are scattered from different crystal planes.。

unit_1_Introduction_and_greeting

I will choose two groups to present!
Dialog 1
• • • • • • Read the dialog together. Find out the elements below: Who: Where: When: What:
• Page 6. Act Out.
forms and ceremonies seriously; freedom from constraint or embarrassment 非正式，不拘礼节
a garrulous informality that is explosive, intense and distinctly American. 他29岁，有着深蓝色的眼镜，絮絮叨叨不拘礼节，是个活泼、热情、典型的美国人。
Part I: Intensive Reading Task1: Topic: Ways Americans greet, introduce and
say goodbye to people.
Section Learning
Main ideas:
1) In the American society, informality is valued very highly. 2) When you greet people who you already know, you are expected to show a certain amount of informality toward them.
e.g: He is 29 years old, with quiet blue eyes and
Section Learning
Language Points:

Unit 1 introductionppt课件

Unit 1 introduction
Advanced Medical English Writing
第四军医大学外语教研室主任周玉梅教授
周玉梅
第四军医大学基础医学院外语教研室主任、教授、硕士生导师， 2009.2─2010.3 美国伊利诺伊大学访问学者。出版教材和专业书籍 30余部，在国内外学术刊物发表论文 50余篇。现任中国科技论文统计源期刊《细胞与分子免疫学杂志》英文编辑，美国
1
Overview of an essay
Description/ Descriptive essay
Description is defined as the expression of what the five senses experience in vivid language, making the reader
Narration provides detailed account of an experience as a way to support the thesis. It adds weight to opinion, brings back memory and evokes times, places and people in a compelling way. (Sample 3: Alexander Fleming and Penicillin, pp.22-23)
Introduction
Conclusion
3
Introduction of an essay
Introduction provides the context of the essay and indicates its thesis statement. It usually

英美报刊选读1introduction

英国报刊
英国报刊发行与美国不尽相同，国内外财团控制的大报业集团的报纸占全英发行量的90%，这些大集团以往又都是集中在伦敦市中心的报业中心“舰队街”（Fleet Street）。因此，Fleet Street常用来借喻伦敦或英国“报界”或“新闻界”。现在为了改善发行和促进在海外销售，有的已移往伦敦其他地区或城市，甚至海外，如《卫报》就在德国发行国际版，而《金融时报》就直接在德国、美国和日本等国印刷发行。英国报纸按风格和内容分为quality /popular /mid-market papers, “质量类”报纸是严肃性大开张（broadsheet）的全国性日报，有很高的编辑水平，读者对象是受过较高教育的上层和中产阶级人士。Daily Express《每日快报》、Daily Mail《每日邮报》、Daily Mirror 《每日镜报》、Daily Star《每日明星报》、The Sun《太阳报》都是“通俗类”小报，消息不如quality papers 那样严肃可靠，往往追求轰动效应。如《太阳报》就以刊登英国王室成员和政界人士的桃色新闻和美女照片而“著称”。其发行量居首位。读者基本是工人阶级和中产阶级。“中间市场类”指介于这两者之间的报纸。
American major news magazines
Time Newsweek Reader’s Digest Fortune Business Week Far Eastern Review 《时代》周刊《新闻周刊》《读者文摘》《财富》杂志《商业周刊》《远东经济评论》
American major news magazines
Major News Agencies
Major provider of news for newspapers, radios and TV stations

Chapter 1 Introduction

Chapter 1 Introduction课时分配：2课时Teaching aims:1.Inspire students’ interest about Disney2.Let the students get a general knowledge of Walt Disney, the history of DisneyCompany, cartoon roles and Disney culture3.Encourage students to learn the spirit of Disney, such as optimism, freedom.4.Grasp the new words and expressionsImportant points and difficult points:Help the students to understand the history of DisneyTeaching method:Cooperative learning, task-based teaching.Teaching aids:Multimedia and blackboardTeaching procedure：Step 1: lead-inAs we all known, most of us have learned American English for almost 6 or 7 years. But how do you know about English? Or what do you think of America?In my opinion, or as far as I am concerned, America is my fairy tale world. My dear class, do you know the meaning of fairy tale? A fairy tale is a story for children involving magical events and imaginary creatures.Step 2: introduce Disney(1)free talkMy dear class, when we talk about Disney, what would you think? So you can discuss with your partner.As for me, there is a fairy tale world in my heart that is America. Because of the wonderful memory in my mind when I was one of the cartoon’s funs, I think America is a place surrounded by Disney culture.(2)guessing gameAre you familiar with this logo? Yes, it is Disney Company’s logo. So please follow me and let me tell you the magical things about American Disney.So listen carefully, and can you guess who is coming? Firstly, he is Mickey.Although he is a little shy, he is funny. Secondly, this pretty mouse is Mickey’s girl friend. Her name is Minnie. Thirdly, this is Donald Duck. Don't you think he is handsome? People always say he is the most optimistic one in the world. “I am not afraid of difficulties and I am strong enough.”(3)Walt DisneyAnd I think except these four roles, there are many other cartoon roles. However, do you know the founder of Disney Company? Can you guess who he is?It was founded by Walt Disney and his brother Roy as Walt Disney Productions in 1929.He started with his creative, came into the world of Hollywood, when the film is still black and white. His first cartoon is【Alice day at sea】.In 1927, Walt Disney has finally hit a popular cartoon character [Lucky Rabbit],and then won a lot of response.But this movie hearted Disney so much. , especially in the taste of betrayal! After this bitter experience of the Walt Disney learned a lesson: we must own the copyright of the film! On the way back to New York, Walt Disney had a good idea, that is: create a mouse! Disney's wife has thought of a name: "Mickey Mouse"!Mickey Mouse to Disney for the first time tasted the taste of fame and fortune Snow white successfully open a new page in the history of animation, from this cartoon is no longer just cartoon, but a movie!In this golden age, he made a lot of Disney movies.【Treasure Island】is the first complete history of the Disney film starring the real movies(真人电影).This is the 【Beauty and the Beast】.Their movies are still only draw the scene .Then, The Lion King began to be used in an animal life.(4)Disney productionNow, Disney Company creates a second golden age, not only continued to create cartoons. Disney clothes shop,mp3.I think Disney has becoming the leading entertainment industry.(5)Disney landDisneyland, opened in 1955, was Walt Disney's response to typical amusement parks, which entertained children but also their parents.Americans enjoy the fun in Disneyland; they realize that their childhood's dream is coming true.the dream about going to the fairy tale castle,the dream about tasting delicious food.Disneyland gives Americans a fantastic world in their real life.Look at this picture; don't you think it's beautiful?In Disneyland, you can find that there are the full of Disney famous caspers.the Seven Dwarfsthe mermaid(6)sprite of DisneyIt's a lot of Americans' dream that one day they can go to the big tall castle and dance with the beautiful princess or handsome prince.That is why I call America------ the fairy tale world.full of strong wills, full of freedoms?Maybe that is what Mr. Walt Disney really wants to give to all Americans.Step 4: introduce public courseThis period of public course is mainly about real movies produced by Disney Company. And most of the movies is about high school life. My aim to set up this course is to introduce American culture, especially the colorful life of American high school students. I want you to understand the difference between American and Chinese in order to get a better knowledge of their culture. At the same time, I think it is also a best way for you to learn English, to practice your oral English and listening ability.Step 5: enjoy the movie 《The Princess Diaries》Requirements:1)listen carefully and set down new words and expressions2)What do you think of the princess? Her personality?3)What can you learn from this movie?Step6: homework1)Write a short passage about the prince or princess in your heart.2)Try to learn to sing theme song of this movie思考题：1.What do you think about their high school life in America?2.What kind of thing will make you crazy ?Chapter 2 Character课时分配：2课时教学要求:Explain characterization in film from the perspectives of character functions and cast design, character archetypes, and motivation, conflict, and character growth.教学内容：Character FunctionsEnjoy the film <High School musical 1><High School Musical> is a good movie, is my favorite style, the United States middle school students . The most distinctive features of music, beautiful melodies, the voice actor is also a super-Chan, Troy's voice is pure, without impurities, in particular, to grasp some of the bass, treble, but it is a pity that some of the occasional break to sing. Gabriella's voice is clear, great treble. Ryan I appreciate very much a role, not artificial voice, singing school songs for singing RAP, R & B, what would be the ideal. Sharpay's voice, of course, very artificial, you compare her to speak and sing to know. All in all, at the beginning of the first paragraph of the quartet I really had a beautiful, as if Nature, when singing their grasp of eye contact is also in place. The first screen test at the same song by two pairs of two kinds of people out of style interpretation, and there is great taste. As Gabriella and solo section lyrical songs on the last few people not particularly impressed.思考题：1.What makes a film character interesting to you?2.What factors do you think should be taken into account when casting decisions are made?Chapter 3 Narrative课时分配：2课时教学要求:Define the basic terms used to analyze narratives---narrative, story, and plot.List and briefly describe the limited number of basic stories that form the basis for most narratives.Enjoy the film <High School musical 2>The film, of course, there are deficiencies, as the songs in order to emphasize the sense of the scene, a bit like a shot of the MV ordinary music or movies (especially the singing actor into the future), this can not be reflected as an inspirational film school youth The nature of the. But also because of restrictions on film, and some cases where the development of some haste, in order to pursue the plot twists and turns, an increase of too much coincidence, but some modeling.教学内容：The Basic Terms (Narrative, Story, and Plot) and the Basic Stories, Subplots.思考题：1.What are the main differences between Hollywood narratives and those of Disney films?Chapter 4 Style课时分配：2课时教学要求:Introduce methods for analyzing the cinematic shot.Enjoy the film 《Ice Princess》教学内容：Casey Carlyle (Michelle Trachtenberg) anchors the production about a young, gifted girl of seventeen who is both athletic and intellectual. She has a conflict. Her mother, Mrs. Caryle (Joan Cusack), teaches in a local Connecticut college and is quite aware that her daughter is a physics geek with straight A's in a subject in which everyone I know was lucky to get C's. She has a chance to use her brain to get a full scholarship to Harvard, but her mother's dream is not Casey's. The personable, otherwise malleable Casey is as excellent a figure skater as she is a budding physicist and wants to postpone her physics ambitions to train for the Olympics to be held in 2006. This conflict provides most of the tension in this G-rated movie, which has a targeted audience of girls between the ages of, say, ten to eighteen.Despite the presumed audience for "Ice Princess," Fywell's feature, however formulaic, can find a paying crowd of people of any age and both genders, largely because the acting is so good and even more, because the characters are painted in shades of gray rather than black or white. No one in the story is all bad, and though there are no villains, each character is flawed.Casey's problem is that she expends too much effort dealing with her conflict. Though she's about to graduate from high school, she's still a mama's girl, always on the verge of giving up her dream simply because her mother insists that there's but an eight-year shelf life for figure skaters. Mrs. Carlyle's weakness is that while she recognizes and applauds her daughter's accomplishments in science, she is so deaf to Casey's own wishes that she does not attend the young woman's training sessions and seems intent on ignoring Casey's performance in an all-important competition. Tina Harwood (Kim Cattrall), who is Casey's coach and a good one at that who insists that her students fall in line at the rink at 5:30 each morning, is at an opposite pole from Mrs. Carlyle. She pushes her own daughter, Gen (Hayden Panettiere), to practice compulsively on the rink, deaf to hints that the girl wants to be just a regular teen eager to chuck skating altogether. For her part Gen is at first hostile to Casey as both are training for the same sport but over the course of the story learns to appreciate her rival's talents and to become her best friend.Most of us in the audience are presumably out of touch with the competitive world of ice skating, thinking that the ice is meant only for the use of sportsmen especially from Canada who enjoy pushing a puck along the field and getting into fights with their rivals. We not only become attuned to this world but see quite a few examples of the sport in action, as competitive skaters like Korean-American Tiffany (Jocelyn Lai), whose father (Paul Sun- Hyung Lee) works two jobs to further his girl's ambitions, do triples, deep bends, whirls and whatever else impresses the bench full of judges who score every second of each skater as though the sport were a matter of life and death思考题：1.Do you think a film’s style really matters? Or is content more important?Chapter 5 Critical Perspectives课时分配：2课时教学要求:Give a definition of theme and outline some typical thematic concerns.Introduce some of the main theoretical approaches to the study of film—auteur theory, structuralism, feminism and gender studies, psychoanalysis and the spectator, and polictics and ideology.教学内容：Defining Theme & Typical Thematic Concerns , Structuralism .思考题：1.How can a knowledge of theory contribute to our understanding of cinema?2.Can these Western theories be applied to Chinese cinema?Chapter 6 Blockbuster Film课时分配：2课时教学要求:Exemplify the blockbuster, and in particular to show how the essence of the blockbuster lies in its use of spectacle and generic mixing.Show how the four-function model of cast design can help one to better undersand characterization in popular Hollywood films.教学内容：The Blockbuster and Synopsis , The Matrix .思考题：The basic question posed by the The Matrix is this: Should one, like Nero, accept an unpleasant reality, or, like Cypher, choose a life that is perfect but unreal”? What do you think?Chapter 7 Comedy Film课时分配：2课时教学要求:Exemplify comedy as a genre, and in particular to consider what it is that gives rise to humour.Show how engagement with characters occurs through a tripartite process of recognition, alignment, and allegiance.教学内容：Comedy and synopsis , “Gumpism” as a Philosophy .思考题：1.Do you think it is acceptable for Hollywood to rewrite history?2.Why do you think Forrest Gump is popular in China?Chapter 8 Social Drama Film课时分配：2课时教学要求:Exemplify the social drama as a genre.Apply the ideas of the protagonist and forces of antagonism to the film.教学内容：Social Drama and Synopsis , A concept of Beauty .思考题：1.Does the idea of a “Crisis in Masculinity”have any significance in China?2.How do Chinese films deal with the problem of the “mid-life crisis”?Chapter 9 Action Film课时分配：2课时教学要求:Exemplify the action genre, and in particular to show how the action film is characterized by action set-pieces, new technology and the “quip”.Introduce the Bond character and discuss the importance of casting in the Bond series.教学内容：Action and Synopsis, England and its Decline .思考题：1.Do you think it’s true that Bond films totally lack “an ethical frame of reference”?2.Why do you think Bond films are so popular?Chapter 10 Film Noir/Neo-Noir课时分配：2课时教学要求:Analyze characterization in the light of the cop/buddy model and the antagonist as representative of broader socio-cultural forces.Show how the film deliberately frustrates narratives expectations.教学内容：Film Noir/ Neo-Noir and Synopsis , Sin in the Modern World.思考题：1.Consider how the following comments about real-life serial killers help us to betterunderstand Se7en.2.Would it be true to say that Se7en is an unremittingly grim film?Chapter 11 Romance Film课时分配：2课时教学要求:Exemplify romance as a genre and to show how it rests on conventions such as that of the unlikely couple and the conflict of social and romantic perspectives.Consider how the concepts of main plot/subplot, narrative circularity and narrative depth can help us to better understand the narrative of the film.教学内容：Romance and Synopsis , The Elements of Passionate Love .思考题：1.Do you approve or disapprove of Almasy and Katherine’s behaviour?2.How do Almasy and Katherine compare to the romantic leads in Chinese films?Chapter 12 Gangster Film课时分配：2课时教学要求:Consider how the film reworks the typical gangster character and how it provides a good example of method acting.Analyze the gangster film as tragic narrative.教学内容：Gangster Films and Synopsis ,The Mafia .思考题：1.Do you sympathize with Michael?2.Why do you think The Godfather was such a popular film?Chapter 13 War Film课时分配：2课时教学要求:Analyze the film as a kind of mythological narrative and consider the implications of having two distinct versions of the film.Consider the role played by lighting and color in the film.教学内容：War Film and Synopsis , The Problems with American Culture .思考题：1.Apocalypse Now offers an explanation for the American failure in Vietnam. What do youthink it is.?2.Do you sympathize with Kurtz?Chapter 14 Horror Film课时分配：2课时教学要求:Show how casting decisions contribute to the overall effect of a film, and how characters can sometimes represent externalizations(or to use a Freudian term “projections”) of other characters.教学内容：Horror and Synopsis , The American Family and other Problems .思考题：1.What makes The Shining a frightening film?2.Do you agree with the idea of evil that is advanced in The Shining ?Chapter 15 Science Fiction Film课时分配：2课时教学要求：Consider the role of non-human characters and of character absences in the film.Describe how editing, sound, and visual rhymes are employed in the film?教学内容：Science Fiction and Synopsis , “Absolute Cinema”.思考题：1.Does 2001: A Space Odyssey manage to raise Hollywood cinema to the level of “art”?2.What, ultimately, do you think 2001: A Space Odyssey is trying to say ?附录：参考书目1.黄际英、侯丹、王丽娟选编，《博学英语·英美影视欣赏》，上海：复旦大学出版社，2006年。

1 Introduction

HLP ImplementationVersion0.1International Computer Science Institute1IntroductionHybrid Link-State Path-Vector Protocol,or HLP,is an inter-domain routing protocol designed as a replacement for the current Border Gateway Protocol(BGP).Using a combination of link-state and path vector routing,it provides greater scalability,better fault isolation and better convergence.The core of HLP is the inclusion of the economic and political structure of the Internet into inter-domain routing.That is,BGP currently considers each AS as a node in a general graph without any speciﬁc structure(using explicit policies to constrain routing),whereas HLP assumes that the Internet structure is basically hierarchical with the provider autonomous systems(ASs)being the roots of customer ASs.HLP explicitly includes the relationship between2neighboring ASs in its protocol.This will reduce misconﬁgurations which should hopefully reduce the occurrence of routing abnormalities.However,the tradeoff is some amount of inﬂexi-bility in the routing algorithm.This is resolved using exceptions that are expected to be rare and therefore acceptable. This report summarizes implementation of HLP on the XORP[1]software router.The implementation reuses much of the code in XORP’s BGP module.2DeﬁnitionsWe say that two ASs are in the same hierarchy if there exists a directed path between them such that the path consists of any number of provider links followed by any number of customer links.This deﬁnition of hierarchy implies that there exists at least one route between two ASs in a hierarchy that does not include(provider)(customer)(provider)links. Two ASs are neighbors if there exists a link between them.The relationship between neighboring ASs(peer,customer, or provider)determine the overall structure of the network,which can be as simple as shown in Figure1a,or consist of overlapping hierarchies as shown in Figure1b.In theﬁgure,each node represents an AS;the neighboring AS at a higher tier is the provider,similarly an AS at a lower tier is the customer.Thus,AS A is the provider of AS B,which in turn is A’s customer.Neighboring ASs at the same tier are also called peering ASs.Note that the use of tiers in Figure1and inprotocol.subsequentﬁgures only allows for graphical representation of relationships,it is not present in the actual HLPHLP divides the network into hierarchies consisting of providers and their customer ASs,and peering ASs in different hierarchies allow routing between hierarchies.As will be explained in the next section,this division of the network intoseparate components increases scalability,as well as reduces the convergence time for route updates.3Routing Information DisseminationTwo types of routing packets are used to disseminate routing information:link-state advertisements(LSAs)and fragmented path-vector(FPV)1.As is the case in OSPF,LSAs areﬂooded throughout a hierarchy,and allow construction of the entire hierarchy topology.FPVs are used to route between ASs;they contain the numbers of peering ASs between hierarchies. LSAs that have not previously been received are forwarded in the following manner:1.if they are from customers,we forward to all neighbors,except the customers from which they arrive.2.if they are from providers,we forward only to neighboring customers,not providers.The objective of the above rules is to restrict LSAs to the hierarchies from which they originate.Failure to do so will imply that multi-homing ASs belonging to different hierarchies can cause LSAs to be disseminated throughout the entire Internet. The rules above implements this restriction,illustrated in Figure2.By deﬁnition,AS C belongs to both hierarchies1and 2,and rule1allows LSAs from AS B to be forwarded to C.At C,rule2prevents LSAs from A from being forwarded to AS D.On the other hand,LSAs involving C will be disseminated in both hierarchies,which is correct since C is a member both.ofFPVs are used to forward routes from one hierarchy to another.They are similar to path-vector packets used in BGP,except that they do not include the AS path within hierarchies.Rules that govern forwarding of FPVs are given as follows:1.FPVs from providers are disseminated only to customers,not to peers or other providers.2.FPVs from peers are forwarded to neighboring peers and customers,but not providers.4Routing AlgorithmThe mechanism to choose a route to a particular destination AS is similar to that currently used in BGP.This eases the implementation of exceptions which will be covered in the next section,as well as the creation of FPVs for routes to customers within the hierarchy Basically,we store routes for destination ASs reachable from each neighboring AS,then decide the winning route for a particular destination.The handling of routes contained within FPVs is straightforward and similar to that of BGP,but routing information gained from LSAs needs to be converted to the same form as that in FPVs. The conversion is elaborated on in the next section.4.1From LSAs to RoutesWe denote the least cost of reaching AS A from B by cost(B,A),a route from A to B with cost C by route[(A,B),C], and we perform the conversion in the following manner,assuming that the operations are taking place in AS X:1.for each neighbor N2.if neighbor is a customer3.for each downstream customer AS Apute cost(N,A)5.create AS path[X,A]with cost C=[cost(N,A)+cost(X,N)]6.associate route[(X,A),C]with N7.else if neighbor is a provider8.for each of the non-customer ASs in the hierarchypute cost(N,A)10.create AS path[X,A]with cost C=[cost(N,A)+cost(X,N)]11.associate route[(X,A),C]with NThe computation is broken into two parts,steps2to5,and6to9of the algorithm above.This is required because forwarding of routes from a provider to a peer should take place only if the destination AS is a customer2.To distinguish between the origin of the routes,we tag them with the following:PROVIDERLSA:Route for non-customer destination AS within the same hierarchy,determined using link-state information.PEERLSA:Route for customer destination AS obtained using link-state information.An example is given in Figure3,where we focus on AS C.Table1shows the routes,costs and tags associated with each neighbor.Neighbor Cost(C,A)PROVIDERA3LSA(C,E)PROVIDERA15LSA(C,D)PROVIDERD26LSA(C,A)PROVIDERF5LSATable1:Table containing routes,costs and tags for example converting LSAs to routes4.2From FPV to RoutesCreation of routes from FPVs are much simpler,and is similar to that in BGP:1.if FPV is from a provider P2.extract route and metric,tag with PROVIDER_FPV,and associate them with P3.if FPV is from a peer Q4.extract route(prepending this AS’number)and metric,tag with PEER_FPV,and associate with Q5.if FPV is from customer,treat FPV as coming from peer,extract route(prepending this AS’number)and metric,tag with PEER_FPV,and associate with QNote that step5only occurs due to an exception in the customer AS.Figure3:Example illustrating LSA to route conversion4.3Route SelectionThe winning route to a particular destination is selected according to the following order of preferences:1.customer route(ie.tagged with CUSTOMERNeighbor TypePROVIDER CustomerFPVCUSTOMER PeerTable2:Route types that can be forwarded to corresponding neighboring AS types5ExceptionsHLP supports three different types of exceptions.The primary use of exceptions is to support operations that are currently used in BGP but not covered by the default HLP rules.The format in which exceptions are speciﬁed and stored is given by wherefromlink speciﬁes the neighboring link to which winning routes will be propagated,andAS number refers to the destination AS that this particular exception is for.In HLP,a from link is given by the tuple:5.1Exception1Figure4:(a)Example illustrating effect of exception1on rest of hierarchy.D announces that it does not have a customer route to C.B uses graph in(b)to compute shortest paths to all ASs in the same hierarchy except C(i.e.A,D and F).B uses the graph in(c)to compute the shortest path to C.Theﬁrst exception,illustrated in Figure4,allows an AS(say D)to choose an alternate route to a customer(C)via a peer (E).The route choose is dependent on the customer AS,and should not affect routes to other ASs.D indicates its intention via LSAs to other ASs in the same hierarchy that it is not choosing customer routes to C.D also informs E that it no longer has a customer route to C.If,ignoring customer routes,the winning route is from E,then D forwards that FPV to its peers and customers.However,if the winning route is from another peer not speciﬁed in the exception,then the corresponding FPV will not be forwarded.Using the same example,exception1is speciﬁed bywhere is speciﬁed using the tuple5.2Exception2This exception speciﬁes that winning routes from the stated provider is to be forwarded to a particular peer,which is typically not done.In Figure5,the exceptionallows winning routes to AS Z from provider A to be forwarded to D.5.3Exception3The last exception supported is similar to exception2.Here,routes are forwarded from a peer to a provider.Currently, the provider simply accepts incoming FPVs from customers,treating them as though they are from peers.If,for security reasons,providers should reject FPVs from customers,then additional conﬁguration will be required in the provider.Figure5:Simple network illustrating route forwarding from provider to peer5.4Exception Format and MatchingThe type of exception does not explicitly need to be speciﬁed.Instead,the neighbor relationship associated with the links given in each exception rule can be used to determine this.The format is thus simpliﬁed,and should hopefully reduce the occurrence of misconﬁgurations.Table3gives the combination of links that indicate the kind of exception speciﬁed.From To Exception TypeNULL1PeerPeer3Table3:Combination of link types associated with each exception type6Data StructuresIn this section we describe the data structures used to maintain state in a HLP router.Figure6shows theﬂow of routing information through the system,as well as the major components of the system.Figure6:Flow of routing information through systemWe describe each component below:Peer:A peer contains the necessary objects needed for receiving and sending routing information from and to neighboring routers.Each peer maintains the state machine for the connection associated with the corresponding neighbor,as well as the various timers needed during connection establishment and for keepalive messages.RibIpcHandler:Handles insertion of preﬁxes owned by this AS.Routing Information Base Input Table(RibInTable):Stores routes associated with corresponding neighboring router.Routes may be obtained via FPVs sent from neighbor,or from computation of shortest paths using link-state infor-mation.The type of tag assigned to a route is explained in Section4.1.PeerHandler:Handles reception and transmission of FPVs and LSAs.After a packet has been received,it is broken up into individual components(for instance,link changes,route withdrawals,route announcements,etc.)before being passed to HLPCore for processing.Updates passed from the DecisionTable are aggregated as much as possible within a packet(FPV or LSA)before being transmitted.Routing Information Base Output Table(RibOutTable):Stores the outgoing routes sent via FPVs.The contents of this table is a subset of the corresponding RibInTable of the neighboring router.PeerData:Contains information related to the peering link:–neighbor’s AS number and identiﬁcation number(ID),–IP tuple of the connection,–neighbor’s peer type(customer,provider or peer),–metric,or cost of the link–various timeout values(hold,retry,keepalive)HLPCore:The HLPCore contains the Lib,DecisionTable,ExceptionTable,and the AS-Preﬁx Map.It maintains the periodic update timer3,and interfaces between the user and the system.The core also connects Peers with the Lib and DecisionTable,so that incoming routing information can be processed and then pushed out of the system if necessary.Link-State Information Base(LIB):The Lib stores link-state information gathered from LSAs received.The network topology constructed is then used to determine the shortest path to each destination AS from every neighbor.DecisionTable:The DecisionTable chooses the winning route amongst the routes stored in the RibInTables for a particular destination preﬁx.The selection is based on the order of preferences given in Section4.3.Winning routes are stored in a trie,after which they are pushed to the neighboring routers based on the route type as speciﬁed in Section4.4.In general the DecisionTable deals with FPVs,whilst the Lib deals with LSAs.ExceptionTable:The ExceptionTable stores the exceptions raised locally,as well as those raised by other ASs within the same hierarchy(exceptions raised are not explicitly propagated to other hierarchies).Currently,only information with regards to exception1are disseminated via LSAs.The ExceptionTable is used when the DecisionTable is determining whether a particular winning route should be sent to a neighbor,and when the Lib is computing the shortest path to destination ASs taking into account exception1s raised.AS-Preﬁx Map:This object stores the mapping of ASs to the corresponding advertised preﬁxes.Since the core of HLP manages routes at the preﬁx level4,and route changes are disseminated at the AS level,the AS-Preﬁx Map is required to translate between the two.Thus,for instance,incoming route changes(which will not include the preﬁxes involved,but just the AS path)will be processed in the HLPCore at the preﬁx level,and merged again just before the updates are pushed out.7Finite State MachineTheﬁnite state machine for each peering connection is the same as that speciﬁed in[2].8Protocol FormatThe message header format as speciﬁed in [2]remains unchanged,as is the format of the Keepalive packet.In this section we describe the changes to the Open and Update (renamed Fragmented Path-Vector)packets,as well as introduce the LSA packet.8.1Open PacketVersionMy AS numberHold timeHLP identifierPeer type12241Figure 7:Format of Open packet,numbers denote lengths of corresponding ﬁelds in octetsSince a HLP network is dependent on the relationship between neighboring ASs,it is important that they agree on that.We thus include an additional ﬁeld in the Open packet,the peer type ﬁeld.The relationship type inserted in the ﬁeld is with respect to the neighbor.For instance,if AS A is a customer of B,it will insert type corresponding to customer in the ﬁeld of the Open packet it sends to B.Inconsistencies will result in the connection failing.8.2Fragmented Path Vector PacketThe format of the FPV ,shown in Figure 8,is similar to BGP’s Update packet,but with an additional AS Down ﬁeld.When an AS becomes unreachable for any reason,rather than withdrawing every route to that AS,we propagate just the AS number in this ﬁeld.Unfeasible routes lengthWithdrawn routesAS down lengthASnumbersTotal path attribute lengthPath attributesNetwork layerreachability informationX X2X 2X 2Figure 8:Format of FPV packet,the numbers denote lengths of corresponding ﬁelds in octets.An X means that the ﬁeld length is variable.The format in which a network preﬁx is represented is shown in Figure 9.This representation is used for the network layer reachability information (NLRI)and withdrawn routes in Figures 8and 10.Length1PrefixX Figure 9:Representation of a preﬁx:the Length ﬁeld uses 1octet,and the size of the Preﬁx ﬁeld is variable.8.3Link State Advertisement PacketThe LSA packet is a new packet type,and the ﬁelds are shown in Figure 10.We describe the four main ﬁelds and their corresponding subﬁelds as follows:1.link changes :This major ﬁeld contains information regarding links grouped together according to an endpoint AS’number.For instance,all links stated in “link information (1)”have an end AS with number “AS (1)number”.Thus,multiple link changes can be aggregated and transmitted within the same packet.The format in which information for each link is transmitted is shown in Figure 11.2.unreachable ASs :These ﬁelds provide the list of ASs (“Unreachable ASs”)that are declared unreachable from an AS (“AS unreachable from”).This ﬁeld is used to disseminate an AS’setting of exception 1.lengthLink changesAS unreachable from (1)UnreachableAS length (1)UnreachableASs (1)Unreachable AS lengthReachable AS length AS reachablefrom (1)ReachableAS length (1)ReachableASs (1)AS reachablefrom (n)ReachableAS length (n)ReachableASs (n)Unfeasible routes length Withdrawn routesNLRI total length AS announcingNLRI (1)NLRIlength (1)AS (1)numberLink changeslength (1)Linkinformation (1)NLRI (1)AS announcingNLRI (n)NLRIlength (n)AS unreachablefrom (n)UnreachableAS length (n)UnreachableASs (n)AS (n)numberLink changeslength (n)Linkinformation (n)222 222X2222NLRI (n)2222X2X22X22XXX X22XFigure10:Format of LSA packet.The numbers representﬁeld size in octets,X means theﬁeld size is variable.Neighbor AS number NeighborrelationOperation Reserved Metric1622432Figure11:Link information representation format.The numbers representﬁeld size in bits.3.reachable ASs:Theseﬁelds provide the list of ASs(“Reachable ASs”)that are declared reachable from an AS(“ASreachable from”).Note that the list of ASs must have previously been declared unreachable.Thisﬁeld is used when deleting exception1.4.unfeasible routes:Similar to Update packets,thisﬁeld holds the routes that have been withdrawn by ASs in the samehierarchy.5.NLRI announcements:Theﬁnalﬁeld gives the preﬁxes that each AS is announcing.9Boot Up ProcedureThe HLP protocol does not require knowledge of the tier level an AS is at.When connection to a new neighbor is established,the following steps are taken:if neighbor is a peersend all routes tagged with PEER_FPV and CUSTOMER_LSAif neighbor is a customersend all routes tagged with PEER_FPV and CUSTOMER_LSAsend all link-state informationsend all exception informationif neighbor is a providersend all link-state information for customer ASssend all exception informationAdditional routes that match exceptions,if any,are also sent.10Exception Setting and RemovalHLP allows dynamic setting and deletion of exceptions.Setting of exceptions should cause the network state to become the same as if the exceptions were present on bootup.Similarly,deletion of exceptions should cause the state to be the same as if the exceptions were never present.The following steps are taken when the corresponding exceptions are raised or removed:Exception1:Upon setting of exception1,the AS broadcasts an LSA packet in its hierarchy indicating the lack ofa customer route to the destination AS.It removes route(s)to the destination AS(tagged with CUSTOMERLSA and PROVIDER。

1-4单元《新编语言学教程》课后答案

Chapter 1Introduction1. Deﬁne the following terms brieﬂy.(1) linguistics语言学: the scientiﬁc or systematic study of language.(2) language语言: a system of arbitrary vocal 任意的声音symbols used for human communication.用于人类交流的任意声音符号系统(3) arbitrariness任意性: the absence of similarity betweenthe form of a linguistic sign and what it relates to in reality,语言符号的形式与现实的关系缺乏相似性e.g. the worddog does not look like a dog.(4) duality双重性: the way meaningless elements of languageat one level (sounds and letters) combine to formmeaningful units (words) at another level.在一个层面上（语言和字母）的无意义的语言元素结合在另一个层次上形成有意义的单位（词）(5) competence语言能力: knowledge of the grammar of alanguage as a formal abstraction and distinct from thebehavior of actual language use作为一种形式抽象的语言的语法知识，区别于实际语言使用的行为, i.e.performance.(6) performance语言运用: Chomsky’s term for actuallanguage behavior as distinct from the knowledge thatunderlies it, or competence.乔姆斯基对实际语言行为的术语不同于它的知识，或能力。

【精选】跨文化交际word版(1)

Unit 1 introduction一．文化文化是冻结了的人际交流，而交流是流动着的文化----W.B. Pearce, 1994.背景：长期以来，文化被认为是无处不在，无所不包的人类知识和行为的总体。

被笼统地当作“生活方式”，社会生活的一切方面，积淀物，价值观念体系，众多规范，乃至艺术，政治，经济，教育，修养，文学，语言，思维的总和。

概括地讲，文化即是人们所思，所言，所为，所觉的总和。

在不同的生态或自然环境下，不同的民族创造了自己特有的文化，也被自己的文化所塑造。

It is said that there are at least 150 definitions about culture.“Culture may be defined as what a society does and thinks”(Sapir, 1921) “Culture is man’s medium, there is not one aspect of human life that isnot touched and altered by culture. This means personality, how people expressthemselves, including shows of emotion, the way they think, how they move, howproblems are solved, how their cities are planned and laid out, how transportation systems function and are organized, as well as how economic and government systems are put together and fuction.” (E.T. Hall,1959)“A culture is a collection of beliefs, habits, living patterns, andbehaviors which are held more or less in common by people who occupy particular geographic areas” (D.Brown, 1978)文化的特性：1). 文化是由人们的内隐和外显行为组成的。

1.introduction

免疫学概论
Introduction to Immunology
Liu chun 2016 – 03 – 01
1
一、发展史：
古老： 16世纪人痘预防天花
① 接触法 ② 痘浆法 ③ 旱苗法 ④ 水苗法
18世纪牛痘预防天花 ( Jenner )
Edward Jenner discovered that cowpox vaccination protected against smallpox in 1796. Officially smallpox eradicated in 1979.
中枢
2、未成熟 LC克隆遇Ag 刺激后发生克隆清除; 成熟 LC克隆遇Ag刺激后则活化增殖分化，并清除Ag； 3、由于未成熟 LC克隆在胸腺、骨髓中与自身Ag 相遇而致自身反应性LC克隆清除；所以成熟LC克隆主要针对外来Ag。因而免
疫系统能区别自己与非己。
外周
7
克隆选择学说 ( Burnet )
44
20世纪获得诺贝尔医学生理学奖的免疫学家
年代 1901 1905 1908 1912 1913 1919 1930 1951 1957 1960 1972 1977 1980 学者姓名 Behring Koch Ehrlich Metchnikoff Carrel Richet Bordet Landsteiner Theler Bovet Burnet Medawar Edelman Porter Yalow Dausset Snell Benacerraf Jerne Kohler Milstein Tonegawa Murray Thomas Doherty Zinkernagel 国家德国德国德国俄国法国法国比利时奥地利南非意大利澳大利亚英国美国英国美国法国美国美国丹麦德国阿根廷日本美国美国澳大利亚瑞士获奖成就发现抗毒素，开创免疫血清疗法发现结核杆菌，发明诊断结核病的结核菌素提出抗体生成侧链学说和体液免疫学说发现细胞吞噬作用，提出细胞免疫学说器官移植发现过敏现象发现补体, 建立补体结合试验发现人红细胞血型发明黄热病疫苗抗组胺药治疗超敏反应提出抗体生成的克隆选择学说发现获得性移植免疫耐受性阐明抗体的化学结构阐明抗体的化学结构创立放射免疫测定法发现人白细胞抗原发现小鼠H-2系统发现免疫应答的遗传控制提出天然抗体选择学说和免疫网络学说杂交瘤技术制备单克隆抗体单克隆抗体技术及Ig基因表达的遗传控制抗体多样性的遗传基础第一例肾移植成功第一例骨髓移植成功提出MHC限制性，即T细胞的双识别模式提出MHC限制性，即T细胞的双识别模式

Unit 1 Introduction

Unit 1 IntroductionⅠ、ReadingAn Introduction to the classHello, everyone. I am very glad to be here to introduce myself.大家好，我很高兴在这里介绍我自己。

My Chinese name is Chen Hua and my English name in Jack.I’m16 我中文名字叫陈华，英文名字叫杰克。

我今年16岁。

years old. My height is 1.70 meters and I’m neither fat nor thin. I come我身高1米7，我既不肥也不瘦，我来自梅州from Meizou and now I live in Guangzhou. There are three people in my 我现在住在广州，我家有三口——父母和我。

family__ my parents and I. My father is 46 years old and he’s a manager 我父亲46岁，是一家物流公司的经理。

in a logistics company. My mother is 42 years old and she’s a designer in 我妈妈说42岁，是一家广告公司的设计师a advertising company. I am a student in Guangzhou Technical School. 我是广州技校的一名学生。

Although my school is not large, it’s good and safe. It’s also clean and虽然我的学校不大，但很好且安全，干净又舒适comfortable. I like sports such as badminton and football. Football is my 我喜欢像羽毛球、足球这样的运动。

秋外研版高中英语必修一课件：M1 Introduction(共26张PPT)

PE
5P.EWahnidchITof them are not academic
physics IT
(学术的) subjects? 6o.pWenhich are your favorite subjects?
Complete the sentences with the help of P1 2 the words in the box.
hope that one day we will be
amply rewarded. 就像一个专心致志进行探索的科学家那样，我们必须抱有这样的希望，终有一天，我们的努力会取得丰硕的成果。
Homework
Read the passage and preview the new words and expressions on Page 2&3.
You may do like this: answers with your 1. I like _______ because _c_l_a_s_s_m_a_t_e_s_..
2. I think __W__h_a_t_’s__y_oiusrimoppoinritoannt because _a_b_o_u_t__t_h_e__s_u.bjects?
4 Maths Chinese
Aftern oon
5 Maths 6 Geography 7 Music
Maths PE
Politics
Art Chinese English English
English Chemistry
PE English
Chinese History
Chinese
IT
Discuss your
•9、要学生做的事，教职员躬亲共做；要学生学的知识，教职员躬亲共学；要学生守的规则，教职员躬亲共守。2021/9/82021/9/8Wednesday, September 08, 2021 •10、阅读一切好书如同和过去最杰出的人谈话。2021/9/82021/9/82021/9/89/8/2021 8:20:58 PM •11、只有让学生不把全部时间都用在学习上，而留下许多自由支配的时间，他才能顺利地学习……（这）是教育过程的逻辑。2021/9/82021/9/82021/9/8Sep-218-Sep-21 •12、要记住，你不仅是教课的教师，也是学生的教育者，生活的导师和道德的引路人。2021/9/82021/9/82021/9/8Wednesday, September 08, 2021

chapter 1(1) introduction

2.To an anthropologist the word culture means all the ways in which a group of people act, dress, think, and feel. 3.People have to learn the cultural ways of their community: they are not something that the people in the group are born with.
“ Thank you very much, I really want appreciate it! I just try to do my best every time I step on the coment
Ms. Deng, you are the best!”
——引自何道宽：介绍一门新兴学科——跨文化的交际，载《外国语引自何道宽：介绍一门新兴学科跨文化的交际，引自何道宽跨文化的交际文教学》1983年第年第2 文教学》1983年第2期
case one :compliment
“Mr. Jordan, I am so happy to meet you. I just want to tell you, you are the best basketball player in the world; you are the greatest!”
Discuss the definition of culture
• Culture is the total way of life that a group of people shares. • Culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that the members of a society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning.