2006华政博士英语基础试题

华东政法学院2006年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷Part One: Grammar & Vocabulary (20%)Directions: Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence and then mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET.1. The evening was beginning to as we waited.A. extendB. prolongC. dragD. delay2. Please us with your plans.A. acquaintB. informC. tellD. notify3. The book’s significance him.A. failedB. missedC. escapedD. deluded4. She said she would be late, she arrived on time.A. anyhowB. yetC. howeverD. accordingly5. L et’s this room a bit.A. cheer upB. inspireC. stimulateD. liven up6. amounts of noxious wastes were dumped into the Songhuajiang River.A. AppreciatedB. AppreciableC. AppreciativeD. Appreciating7. Their demand for a pay raise has not the slightest______ of being met.A. prospectB. predictionC. prosperityD. permission8. As your teacher, I’m just curious what difficulties any of you may come when writing in English.A. up withB. up againstC. round toD. in on9. Amid fears of a global flu pandemic, Roche has decided to up production of Tamiflu, the only drug that may be able to treat the illness.A. pullB. playC. turnD. step10. Scientists, archaeologists and historians are trying to the mystery of Egypt's sunken cities.A. unbindB. untangleC. unwindD. unravel11. They walked through the warmth of late September to a cafe across the street.A. remainingB. delayingC. loiteringD. lingering12. I was taken when I saw him because he had lost all his hair.A. abackB. asideC. aboutD. apart13. Investors rushed into the market,that prices would rise.A. instructingB. entrustingC. relyingD. assuming14. Because of her poor performance, Jane had to the possibility of being fired.A. face up toB. look up toC. stand up toD. wake up to15. In an effort to culture shocks, I think there is value in knowing something about the nature of culture.A. get offB. get byC. get throughD. get over16. My remark will ____ to your earlier comments about the issue of culture shocks.A. compareB. relateC. dependD. accord17. A memorial _____ was held yesterday for the victims of the Nanjing Massacre.A. inspectionB. investigationC. observanceD. observation18. It is a joke among the natives that you have to lie down on your back to see the sun.A. steadyB. standingC. stableD. persisting19. When writing in English, we shall always be to details.A. attentiveB. observantC. recurrentD. earnest20. ______ you find yourself in a condition of being troubled or worried about some trifles, please cultivate a hobby.A. CouldB. ShouldC. MightD. MayPart Two. Reading Comprehension (30%).Directions: In this section there are five reading passages followed by a total of fifteen multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET.TEXT APoliceman as a WriterI decided to begin the term's work with the short story since that form would be the easiest for the police officers, not only because most of their reading up to then had probably been in that genre, but also because a study of the reaction of people to various situations was something they relied on in their daily work. For instance, they had to be able to predict how others would react to their directives and interventions before deciding on their own form of action; they had to be able to take in the details of a situation quickly and correctly before intervening. No matter how factualand sparse police reports may seem to us, they must make use of a selection of vital detail, similar to that which a writer of a short story has to make.This was taught to me by one of my students, a captain, at the end of the term. I had begun the study of the short story by stressing the differences between a factual report, such as a scientist's or a policeman's report, and the presentation of a creative writer. While a selection of necessary details is involved in both, the officer must remain neutral and clearly try to present a picture of the facts, while the artist usually begins with a preconceived message or attitude which is then transmitted through the use of carefully selected details of action described in words intended to provoke associations and emotional reactions in the reader. Only at the end of the term did the captain point out to me that he and his men also try to evaluate the events they describe and that their description of a sequence of events must of necessity be structured and colored by their understanding of what has taken place.The policemen's reactions to events and characters in the stories were surprisingly unprejudiced...They did not object to writers whose stories had to do with their protagonist's rebellion against society's accepted values. Nor did stories in which the strong father becomes the villain and in which our usual ideals of manhood are turned around offend them. The many hunters among my students readily granted the message in those hunting tales in which sensitivity triumphs over male aggressiveness, stories that show the boy becoming a man because he fails to shoot the deer, goose, or catbird. The only characters they did object to were those they thought unrealistic. As the previous class had done, this one also excelled in interpreting the ways in which characters reveal themselves, subtly manipulate and influence each other; they, too, understood how the story usually saves its insight, its revelation, for the end.This almost instinctive grasp of the writing of fiction was revealed when the policemen volunteered to write their own short stories. They not only took great pains with plot and character, but with style and language. The stories were surprisingly well written, revealing an understanding of what a solid short story must contain: the revelation of character, the use of background description and language to create atmosphere and mood, the need to sustain suspense and get make each event as it occurs seem natural, the insight achieved either by the characters in the story or the reader or both. They tended to favor surprise endings. Some stories were sheer fantasies, or derived from previous reading, films, or television shows. Most wrote stories, obviously based on their own experiences, that revealed the amazing distance they must put between their personal lives and their work, which is part of the training for being a good cop. These stories, as well as their discussions of them, showed how coolly they judged their own weaknesses as well as the humor with which they accepted some of the difficulties or injustices of existence. Despite their authors' unmistakable sense of irony and awareness of corruption, these stories demonstrated how clearly, almost naively, these police men wanted to continue to believe in some of the so-called American virtues —that courage is worth the effort and will be admired; that hard work will be rewarded; that life is somehow good; and that, despite the weariness, boredom, and occasional ugliness and danger, despite all their dislike of most of their routine and despite their own occasional grousing and complaints, they somehow did like being cops; that life, even in a chaotic and violent world, is worth it after all.21. Compared to the artist, the policeman is____.A. aggressive and not passiveB. factual and not fancifulC. neutral and not prejudicedD. a man of action, not words22. Like writers, policemen must____.A. analyze situationsB. have an artistic bentC. behave coollyD. intervene quickly23.According to the author, policemen view their profession as ____.A. dangerous but adventuresomeB. full of corruptionC. full of routineD. worth the effortTEXT BBusiness in LiteratureLiterature is at once the most intimate and the most articulate of the arts. It cannot impart its effect through the senses or the nerves as the other arts can; it is beautiful only through the intelligence; it is the mind speaking to the mind; until it has been put into absolute terms, of an invariable significance, it does not exist at all. It cannot awaken this emotion in one, and that in another; if it fails to express precisely the meaning of the author, if it does not say him, it says nothing, and is nothing. So that when a poet has put his heart, much or little, into a poem, and sold it to a magazine, the scandal is greater than when a painter has sold a picture to a patron, or a sculptor has modeled a statue to order. These are artists less articulate and less intimate than the poet; they are more exterior to their work; they are less personally in it; they part with less of themselves in the dicker. It does not change the nature of the case to say that Tennyson and Longfellow and Emerson sold the poems in which they couched the most mystical messages their genius was charged to bear mankind. They submitted to the conditions which none can escape; but that does not justify the conditions, which are none the less the conditions of hucksters because they are imposed upon poets. If it will serve to make my meaning a little clearer, we will suppose that a poet has been crossed in love, or has suffered some real sorrow, like the loss of a wife or child. He pours out his broken heart in verse that shall bring tears of sacred sympathy from his readers, and an editor pays him a hundred dollars for the right of bringing his verse to their notice. It is perfectly true that the poem was not written for these dollars, but it is perfectly true that it was sold for them. The poet must use his emotions to pay his provision bills; he has no other means; society does not propose to pay his bills for him. Yet, and at the end of the ends, the unsophisticated witness finds the transaction ridiculous, finds it repulsive, finds it shabby. Somehow he knows that if our huckstering civilization did not at every moment violate the eternal fineness of things, the poet's song would have been given to the world, and the poet would have been cared for by the whole human brotherhood, as any man should be who does the duty that every man owes it.The instinctive sense of the dishonor which money purchase does to art is so strong that sometimes a man of letters who can pay his way otherwise refuses pay for his work, as Lord Bryron did, for a while, from a noble pride, and as Count Tolstoy has tried to do, from a nobleconscience. But Byron's publisher profited by a generosity which did not reach his readers; and the Countess Tolstoy collects the copyright which her husband foregoes; so that these two eminent instances of protest against business in literature may be said not to have shaken its money basis. I know of no others; but there may be many that I am culpably ignorant of. Still, I doubt if there are enough to affect the fact that Literature is Bussiness as well as Art, and almost as soon. At present business is the only human solidarity; we are all bound together with that chain, whatever interests and tastes and principles separate us.24. The author implies that writers are____.A. huckstersB. profiting against their willC. incompetent businessmenD. not sufficiently paid for their work25. According to the author, Lord Byron ___ .A. refused payment for his workB. was well known in the business communityC. did not copyright his workD. combined business with literature26. The author of the passage implies that ___.A. writers should rebel against the business systemB. writers should not attempt to change societyC. society should subsidize artists and writersD. more writers should follow the example set by Lord ByronText CPetroleumPetroleum, like coal, is found in sedimentary rocks, and was probably formed form long-dead living organisms. The rocks in which it is found are almost always of ocean origin and the petroleum-forming organisms must have been ocean creatures rather than trees.Instead of originating in accumulating woody matter, petroleum may be the product of the accumulating fatty matter of ocean organisms such as plankton, the myriads of single-celled creatures that float in the surface layers of the ocean.The fat of living organisms consists of atom combinations that are chiefly made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms. It does not take much in the way of chemical change to turn that into petroleum. It is only necessary that the organisms settle down into the ooze underlying shallow arms of the ocean under conditions of oxygen shortage. Instead of decomposing and decaying, the fat accumulates, is trapped under further layers of ooze, undergoes minor rearrangements of atoms, and finally is petroleum.Petroleum is lighter than water and, being liquid, bends to ooze upward through the porous rock that covers it. There are regions on Earth where some reaches the surface and the ancients spokeof pitch, bitumen, or asphalt. In ancient and medieval times, such petroleum seepages were more often looked on as medicines rather than fuels.Of course, the surface seepages are in very minor quantities. Petroleum stores, however, are sometimes overlain with nonporous rock. The petroleum seeping upward reaches that rock and them remains below it in a slowly accumulating pool. If a hole can be drilled through the rock overhead, the petroleum can move up through the hole. Sometimes the pressure on the pool is so great that the petroleum gushes high into the air. The first successful drilling was carried through in 1859 in Titusville, Pennsylvania, by Edwin Drake.If one found the right spot then it was easy to bring up the liquid material. It was much easier to do that than to send men underground to chip out chunks of solid coal. Once the petroleum was obtained, it could be moved overland through pipes, rather than in fright trains that had to be laboriously loaded and unloaded, as was the case with coal.The convenience of obtaining and transporting petroleum encouraged its use. The petroleum could be distilled into separate fractions, each made up of molecules of a particular size. The smaller the molecules, the easier it was to evaporate the fraction.Through the latter half of the nineteenth century, the most important fraction of petroleum was “kerosene,” made up of middle-sized molecules that did not easily evaporate. Kerosene was used in lamps to give light.Toward the end of the nineteenth century, however, engines were developed which were powered by the explosions of mixtures of air and inflammable vapors within their cylinders. The most convenient inflammable vapor was that derived from “gasoline,” a petroleum fraction made up of small molecules and one that therefore vaporized easily.Such “internal combustion engines” are more compact that earlier steam engines and can be made to start at a moments' notice, whereas steam engines require a waiting period while the water reserve warms to be boiling point.As automobiles, trucks, buses, and aircraft of all sorts came into use, each with internal combustion engines, the demand for petroleum zoomed upward. Houses began to be heated by burning fuel oil rather than coal. Ships began to use oil; electricity began to be formed from the energy of burning oil.In 1900,the energy derived from burning petroleum was only 4 percent that of coal. After World WarⅡ,the energy derived from burning the various fractions of petroleum exceeded that of coal, and petroleum is not the chief fuel powering the world's technology.The greater convenience of petroleum as compared with coal is, however, balanced by the fact that petroleum exist on Earth in far smaller quantities than coal does. (This is not surprising, since the fatty substances from which petroleum was formed are far less common on Earth than the woody substances from which coal was formed.)The total quantity of petroleum now thought to exist on Earth is about 14 trillion gallons. In weight that is only one-ninth as much as the total existing quantity of coal and, at the present moment, petroleum is being used up much more quickly. At the present rate of the use, the world'ssupply of petroleum may last for only thirty years or so.There is another complication in the fact that petroleum is not nearly so evenly distributed as coal is. The major consumers of energy have enough local coal to keep going but are, however, seriously short of petroleum. The United Stated has 10 percent of the total petroleum reserves of the world in its own territory, and has been a major producer for decades. It still is, but its enormous consumption of petroleum products is now making it an oil importer, so that it is increasingly dependent on foreign nations for this vital resource. The Soviet Union has about as much petroleum as the United States, but it uses less, so it can be an exporter.Nearly three-fifths of all known petroleum reserves on Earth is to be found in the territory of the various Arabic-speaking countries. Kuwait, for instance, which is a small nation at the head of the Persian Gulf, with an area only three-fourths that of Massachusetts and a population of about half a million, possesses about one-fifth of all the known petroleum reserves in the world.The political problems this creates are already becoming crucial.27. Petroleum is unlike coal in the way ___ .A. petroleum is found in sedimentary rocks and was probably formed from long-dead living organisms.B. once the petroleum was obtained, it could be moved overland in freight trains.C. petroleum is not nearly so evenly distributed as coal is.D. petroleum exists on Earth in far greater quantities than coal does.28. The use of petroleum is greatly encouraged by ____ .A. the fact that petroleum is lighter than waterB. the fact that petroleum is the produce of the accumulating fatty matter of ocean organisms.C. the fact that obtaining and transporting petroleum is very convenient.D. the fact that the energy derived from burning petroleum is only 4 percent that of coal.29. Which of the following is a petroleum fraction made up of small molecules and one that therefore vaporized easily?A. kerosene.B. gasolineC. asphaltD. vaporTEXT DA New Working RevolutionA silent revolution is sweeping America. According to Terri Lonier, self-styled “Lenin”of this movement, more and more people are working outside traditional corporate structures. She says: “I believe we are witnessing the biggest change in working people's lives since the industrial revolution.”More than one-sixth of America's working-age population - close to 27 million people - do not owe allegiance to a single employer. According to Link Resources, a New York-based group that gathers statistics on market trends, the number will have risen to 36.5 million by the year 2001.These people work mainly from home, selling their skills in the open marketplace. Plumbers, electricians and house painters have been doing it for years. What is strikingly new is the sheer scale of a phenomenon that straddles the social classes and promises to redefine the nature of work in the 21st century.Whether their field is marketing, sales, advertising, journalism secretarial work, banking, catering or hi-tech, more and more people are discovering that possession of a saleable skill will provide them with the opportunity to go it alone, to shape their life free of the traditional corporate grip.Terri Lonier’s mission is to spread the word; her business, Working Solo Inc, dispenses advice to individuals who wish to do it alone and to big businesses eager to tap into the pool of independent talent. Lonier has published two books —Working Solo and The Working Solo Sourcebook - and she is in constant demand as a lecturer. Unlike earlier revolutionaries, she does not need a live audience. Lonier works from home in the Hudson Valley, 70 miles north of New York. She reaches followers via her web site and has clients all over America, most of then a continent away in California’s Silicone Valley. It is no coincidence, she says, that the new working culture began to mushroom in the late 1980s and early 1990s,when personal computers became affordable to large groups of people: “Then in the last two years we've seen remarkable growth because of the Internet, which gives people the opportunity by creating their own web pages, to set up their own instant store fronts.”Dan Pink, until recently the chief speech writer for Vice President Al Gore, is a flesh-and-blood example of the capitalist New Man. A 33-year-old graduate of Yale Law School, Pink had been a resounding success at the political game in his 10 years in Washington DC. He could have expected to play a key note when Gore runs for the presidency in 2000, but, with pleasing symbolism, he chose 1997’s Independence Day, the fourth of July, to forsake the power and glory of the White House for the freedom and self-sufficiency of “The Pink House”.When we met over coffee at 11 o'clock one weekday morning following his resignation, Pink -sporting a loose sweater over a T-shirt- said that as a work environment the White House was probably better than the average Fortune 500 firm. “But there were still the office politics….”During a leisurely 90-minute conversation he explained: “Now, I have a better correlation between labor and reward. I make more money-twice as much as before.”The new Pink works from home as a freelance journalist and occasional speech writer While writing a major article for Fast Company, a magazine dedicated to reporting new trends in business, he travelled 7,000 miles around the United States, interviewing dozens of those 27 million self-employed people. He has become a leading authority on the rise of “free agents,” as he calls them.“This has happened extremely quietly. People have privately been making individual decisions; it’s happened below the political and media radar screens. Yet the collective force of it is gigantic. Traditional jobs will not be the only way we organize work in the future; soon they may not even be the most common way.” What beckons is a redefinition of the role of unions, of pensions andhealth benefits-and of politics itself.Computer technology may have provided the tools for individuals to work alone, but, according to Pink, the engine of the free agent revolution has been the fundamental change in relations between workers and employers. Until recently, employees who put up with indignities at work consoled themselves that “at least”they could count on a pay cheque to cover their mortgages, their children's educations, their retirement. Now that consolation has gone, but the curious consequence is that the successful free agent life is more secure than that of the successful employee.Lonier has reached the same conclusion as Pink. “What we have today is not job security but skills security,” she says, “Being an individual entrepreneur, you are a lot more secure because you can diversify your income. If the company decides they no longer want you, you're at ground zero. If you work independently, you have many clients; your business is more resistant to market change.”30. Which of the following is more possible to be stated by Dan Pink in an interview?A. If an employer offered me two million dollars a year to read newspapers all day, I might go back to work for him.B. Even for two million dollars I don't think I'd give up what I now have.C. I can imagine a job that would lure me away from a free agent.D. Working freely is the most terrible thing that had ever happened to them, because I feel un-secure.31.According to the passage what the old working system is?A. People are to work mainly from home, selling their skills in the open marketplace.B. More than one-sixth of America's working-age population do not owe loyalty to a single employer.C. People are to seek skills security instead of job security.D. People remain in one company for one employer and count on a pay cheque to cover their mortgages, their children's educations, their retirement.32. According to Terri Lonier, we are witnessing the biggest change in working people's lives since the industrial revolution becauseA. personal computers become affordable to large groups of people.B. the Internet has remarkable growth.C. the workplace's regulations have been changed.D. the nature of work has the different connotation.Text EThe banners are packed, the tickets booked. The glitter and white overalls have been bought, the gas masks just fit and the mobile phones are ready. All that remains is to get to the parties.This week will see a feast of pan-European protests. It started on Bastille Day, last Saturday, with the French unions and immigrants on the streets and the first demonstrations in Britain and Germany about climate change. It will continue tomorrow and Thursday with environmental and peace rallies against President Bush. But the big one is in Genoa, on Friday and Saturday, where the G8 leaders will meet behind the lines of 18,000 heavily armed police.Unlike Prague, Gothenburg, Cologne or Nice, Genoa is expected to be Europe’s Seattle, the coming together of the disparate strands of resistance to corporate globalization. Neither the protesters nor the authorities know what will happen, but some things are predictable. Yes, there will be violence and yes, the mass media will focus on it. What should seriously concern the G8 is not so much the violence, the numbers in the streets or even that they themselves look like idiots hiding behind the barricades, but that the deep roots of a genuine new version of internationalism are growing.For the first time in a generation, the international political and economic condition is in the dock. Moreover, the protesters are unlikely to go away, their confidence is growing rather than waning, their agendas are merging, the protests are spreading and drawing in all ages and concerns.No single analysis has drawn all the strands of the debate together. In the mean time, the global protest “movement” is developing its own language, texts, agendas, myths, heroes and villains. Just as the G8 leaders, world bodies and businesses talk increasingly from the same script, so the protesters’ once disparate political and social analyses are converging. The long-term project of governments and world bodies to globalize capital and development is being mirrored by the globalization of protest.But what happens next? Governments and world bodies are unsure which way to turn. However well they are policed, major protests reinforce the impression of indifferent elites, repression of debate, overreaction to dissent, injustice and unaccountable power.Their options —apart from actually embracing the broad agenda being put to them —are to retreat behind even higher barricades, repress dissent further, abandon global meetings altogether or, more likely, meet only in places able to physically resist the masses.Brussels is considering building a super fortress for international meetings. Genoa may be the last of the European super-protests.33. According to the context, the word “parties” at the end of the first paragraph refers to ____.A. the meeting of the G8 leadersB. the protests on Bastille DayC. the coming pan-European protestsD. the big protest to be held in Genoa34. According to the passage, economic globalization is paralleled by ____.。