现代语言学自考历年真题
自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与(00830)_2
自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与(00830)自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与答案解析(00830)1.[单选题] In distinguishing competence and performance, Chomsky looks at language from a ____ point of view, and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.A.sociologicalB.psychologicalC.historicalD.cultural2.[单选题] Of the following speech sounds, is represented in narrow transcription.A.[i]B.[i:]C.D.[l]3.[单选题] All the following morphemes can be definitely regarded as derivational morphemes EXCEPT________.A.-iumB.-ingC.semi-D.-ly4.[单选题] In the X-bar theory, the head of the phrase “quite above the desk” is .A.quiteB.aboveC.theD.desk5.[单选题] If you say that there is no direct connection between a linguistic form and what it refers to, you hold a view of meaning study.A.namingB.conceptualistC.contextualD.behaviorist6.[单选题] The notion of________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.A.contextB.utteranceC.conversational implicatureD.speech act7.[单选题] During the Renaissance movement, many of _______words became part of the educated English lexicon.A.Germantin and GreekC.ItalianD.French8.[单选题] The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its ________.A.accentB.morphemese of wordse of structure9.[单选题] The case of Phineas Gage shows us that___________.A.human language ability is not located in the brain because Phineas’ brain was not so damaged that he could still speakB.human language ability is located in the right hemisphere of the brainC.if human language ability is located in the brain, it is situated right at the frontD.if human language ability is located in the brain, it is not situated right at the front10.[单选题] There are a number of factors pertaining to the learner that potentially influence the way in which a second language is acquired. Which of the following is NOT an individual learner factor? .A.InstructionB.MotivationC.PersonalityD.Age11.[案例题] A d ________study of language is a historical study, which studies the development of language over a period of time.12.[案例题] To describe the physical properties of speech sounds, a___ phoneticians use spectrographs to record the sound waves.13.[案例题] According to their position in the new words, a _______are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.14.[案例题] Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic c________?15.[案例题] According to the b____________ view of meaning study, the meaning of a linguistic form is the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.16.[案例题] According to Austin’s new model of speech act theory, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, i ______ act and pcrlocutionary act.17.[案例题] Sound a _______refers to the physiological effect of one sound on another.18.[案例题] Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard or v ______languages.19.[案例题] The c __________period hypothesis refers to a period in one's life experience extending from about age two to puberty, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language and language learning can proceed easily, swiftly, and without explicit instruction.20.[案例题] Although they lack grammatical morphemes, t _______sentences in the multiword stage are not simply words that are randomly strung together, but follow the principles of sentence formation.21.[案例题] Linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of any particular language such as English, Chinese and Latin.22.[案例题] Chinese is a typical tone language, which has four tones.23.[案例题] Semantically, the meaning of a compound is often the sum total of the meanings of its components.24.[案例题] Combinational rules are rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.25.[案例题] sense and reference are two important notions associated with lexical meaning.26.[案例题] What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use should be taken into consideration.27.[案例题] The division of English language into the periods of OldEnglish, Middle English and Modem English is nonconventional and not arbitrary.28.[案例题] language itself is not sexist, but it reflects sexism in society as it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism.29.[案例题] When we say that language provides a means for the expression or communication of thought, we mean that language is the only means of expressing thought.30.[案例题] Like overt teaching, imitation plays at best a very minor role in the child’s mastery of language.31.[案例题] arbitrariness32.[案例题] suprasegmental features33.[案例题] morphology34.[案例题] finite clause35.[案例题] stylistic synonyms36.[案例题] constatives37.[案例题] cognate38.[案例题] language planning39.[案例题] interpersonal communication40.[案例题] language acquisition41.[案例题] Which enjoys priority in modern linguistics, speech or writing? Why?42.[案例题] What are the four maxims under the cooperative principle? And illustrate with one example how the violation of the maxim of quality gives rise to conversational implicature.。
全国自考《现代语言学》历年真题及详解【圣才出品】
全国⾃考《现代语⾔学》历年真题及详解【圣才出品】2015年10⽉全国⾃考《现代语⾔学》真题及详解课程代码:00830选择题部分I.Directions:Read each of the following statements carefully.Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(2%×10=20%)1.A study of the features of the English language used in Charles Dickens’time can be regarded as a _____study.A.diachronicB.prescriptiveC.synchronicD.historical【答案】C【解析】研究某⼀时期的语⾔特征属于共时研究,故选C项。
2.Of the following consonants,_____is dental.A.[t]B.[p]C.[?]D.[θ]【答案】D【解析】[θ]是⾆齿⾳,故D项正确。
[t]是齿龈⾳(alveolar),[p]爆破⾳(plosive),[?]是腭⾳(palatal)。
3.The inflectional morpheme in the word“deforestated”is_____.A.de-B.forestC.-ateD.-ed【答案】D【解析】曲折词素指的是不改变单词意思⽽改变单词词性的词素,-ed将单词由动词变为形容词,属于曲折词素,故D项正确。
de-和-ate是派⽣词素,forest是词根。
4.The syntactic rules of any language are_____in number,and yet there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.A.finiteB.non-finiteC.infiniteD.definite【答案】A【解析】任何语⾔的句法规则都是有限的,但是⼈们能够制造并理解⽆数句⼦,这是由语⾔的递归性和⼆重性决定的,故A项正确。
现代语言学自考题-25_真题-无答案
现代语言学自考题-25(总分100,考试时间90分钟)PART ONEⅠ.There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can **plete the statement.1. Language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the ______ system of language.A. phonological B. semantic C. grammatical D. communicative2. Which of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition?A. Language acquisition is a process of habit formation. B. Language acquisition is the species specific property of human beings. C. Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language. D. Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use.3. Children follow a similar ______ schedule of predictable stages along the route of language development across cultures.A. learning B. studying C. acquisition D. acquiring4. In general, children's holophrastic sentences begin ______.A. in the late part of the first year or the early part of the second year B. in the second half of the second year C. between two and three years old D. between four and five years old5. In general, the ______ stage begins roughly in the second half of the child's second year.A. babbling B. one-word C. two-word D. multiword6. In the ______ stage, children begin to produce longer utterances with **plex grammatical structures.A. prelinguistic B. one-word C. two-word D. multi-word7. By the time children are going beyond the ______ stage, they begin to incorporate some of the inflectional morphemes.A. telegraphic B. multiword C. two-word D. one-word8. Basically all the following categories except ______ are always missing in the children's telegraphic speech stage.A. the copula verb "be" B. inflectional morphemes C. function words D. content words9. It is suggested that children begin to develop the articulatory movements needed to produce the phonemic distinctions of their language ______.A. after they master the phonemic contrasts B. before they master the phonemic contrasts C. long before they master the phonemic contrasts D. while they were mastering the phonemic contrasts10. Children are learning to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language during the period that ______.A. children start to produce babbling sounds B. children have just learned to produce babbling sounds C. children's babbling has become the same as the sound pattern of the language they are acquiring D. children's babbling becomes more similar to the sound pattern of the language they are acquiring11. Children learning the Chinese language usually start to produce some of the tonal patterns typical of the language ______.A. before they utter any genuine words B. after they utter any genuine words C. while they are uttering any genuine wordsD. none of the above12. At the ______ stage negation is simply expressed by single words with negative meaning.A. prelinguistic B. multiword C. two-word D. one-word13. Negative words occur at the beginning of expressions in child language acquisition ______.A. at some point during the late multiword stage B. at some point after the multiword stage C. when children's language develops towards the early multiword stage D. when children's language develops after the early multiword stage14. In children's utterances, "two feets", "goed", "corned", etc. occur although some children are aware of the irregular forms of them. These inflectional errors are the result of ______.A. children's carelessness B. improper instruction C. the wrong input D. children's overgeneralizing a constructed rule15. ______ is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.A. Acquisition B. Learning C. Studying D. Acquirement16. ______ transfer is a process that is **monly known as interference.A. Intentional B. Positive C. Negative D. Interrogative17. A focal point of SLA research has been the nature and development of L2 learners' ______.A. second language B. first language C. foreign languageD. interlanguage18. The Chinese sound /d/ in English interlanguage pronunciation of "dat" for "that" belongs to ______ error.A. fossilization B. transfer C. interference D. overgeneralization19. Studies of the effects of formal instruction on SLA show that formal instruction may help learners perform some types of tasks except ______.A. planned speech B. writing C. career-oriented exam D. casual and spontaneous conversation20. ______ motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language in order to communicate with native speakers of the target language.A. Instrumental B. Functional C. Integrative D. SocialPART TWOⅡ.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.1. The development of a first or native language is called first language a______.2. All normal human beings acquire their n______ language at a given time of life and in an appropriate linguistic environment.3. Although the development of a communicative system is not unique to human beings, the natural acquisition of l______ as a system of highly abstract rules and regulations for **munication is what distinguishes humans from all other animal species.4. C______ speech refers to the simple, modified speech used by parents, baby-sitters, etc. when they talk to young children who are acquiring their native language.5. For the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and requires little conscious i______ on the part of adults.6. R______ has been found to occur usually in children's pronunciation or reporting of the truthfulness of utterances, rather than in the grammaticality of sentences.7. Imitation plays at best a very m______ role in the child's mastery of language.8. It is normally assumed that, by the age of f______, with an operating vocabulary of more than 2,000 words, children **pleted the greater part of the language acquistion process.9. The emergence of articulatory skills begins around the age when children start to produce b______ sounds.10. The pre-school years are a c______ period for first language acquisition.11. It is estimated that the number of basic words known by English-speaking school children of age s______ is around 7800, counting word stems and their inflectional derivatives as single words.12. Linguists often use the term native language or mother tongue instead of first language, and t______ language instead of second language in second language acquisition literature.13. In order to acquire a second language, learners will subconsciously use their first language knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as language t______.14. According to the Contrastive Analysis approach, L2 errors were predominantly the result of n______ transfer.15. As a type of linguistic system in L2 learning, i______ is a product of L2 training, mother tongue interference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning **municative strategies of the learner.16. A learner has i______ motivation when he learns a second language in order to use it functionally, while integrative motivation occurs when the learner's goal is social.17. When learners take a second language in order to integrate themselves with the second**munity, their motivation in the second language learning is called i______ motivation.Ⅲ.Directions:Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false1. Some languages are more challenging to acquire as a first language.A. 正确B. 错误2. There is no biological basis for humans to prefer one particular language over any other. Our language faculty permits us to acquire any human language to which we are exposed.A. 正确B. 错误3. Linguists have arrived at an understanding that some children are more capable of acquiring their first language than others.A. 正确B. 错误4. The Error Analysis approach shows that there are striking similarities in the ways in which different L2 learners acquire a new language.A. 正确B. 错误5. The acquisition of case and gender forms of nouns in French seems more difficult than those in English, so French is more challenging to be acquired as a native language.A. 正确B. 错误6. Language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the grammatical system of language.A. 正确B. 错误7. Human beings are genetically predetermined to acquire language, and this is sufficient for language development.A. 正确B. 错误8. Conscious knowledge of linguistic rules does ensure acquisition of the rules and therefore an immediate guidance for actual performance.A. 正确B. 错误9. In natural settings, parents always correct young children's utterances that violate the rules of the grammar.A. 正确B. 错误10. Instruction and correction are key factors in child language development.A. 正确B. 错误11. According to the coursebook, conscious instruction on the part of adults is altogether futile in child language development from the stage of a babbler to that of a fluent speaker.A. 正确B. 错误12. According to Behaviorist learning theory, children are believed to gradually assume correct forms of the language of **munity when their "bad" speech gets corrected and when their "good" speech gets positively reinforced.A. 正确B. 错误13. Children learn language by simply imitating the speech of the people around them.A. 正确B. 错误14. The earliest sounds produced by infants can be considered as early language.A. 正确B. 错误15. One-word utterances sometimes show an overextension or underextension of reference.A. 正确B. 错误16. During the two-word stage of language acquisition, two-word expressions are absent of syntactic or morphological markers.A. 正确B. 错误17. Children make virtually no word order errors at the multiword stage.A. 正确B. 错误18. When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language, they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them.A. 正确B. 错误19. Interference from one's first language may occur at all levels of grammar.A. 正确B. 错误20. Positive transfer occurs when an L1 pattern is different from the counterpart pattern of the target language.A. 正确B. 错误21. The grammatical errors that occur in second language acquisition can all be explained by mother tongue interference.A. 正确B. 错误22. Empirical studies show that the process of SLA is a process of constructing and modifying rules of communication.A. 正确B. 错误23. Now the exact causes of fossilization and the ways to unfossilize the fossilized language are well-known.A. 正确B. 错误24. By researches of language acquisition, significant relationship has been found between talkativeness on the one hand and overall proficiency in a L2 on the other.A. 正确B. 错误Ⅳ.Define the following terms, giving example for illustration if necessary.1. language acquisition2. input3. caretaker speech4. over-extension5. telegraphic speech6. interference7. language transfer8. error analysis9. interlanguage10. fossilization11. formal instruction12. acculturationⅤ.Answer the following questions.1. Discuss the different theories of child language acquisition with reference to the behaviorist learning model and the nativist biological model.2. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.。
现代语言学自考题-19_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
现代语言学自考题-19(总分100, 做题时间90分钟)PART ONEⅠ.There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can **plete the statement.1.Semantics can be defined as the study of ______.• A. naming• B. meaning• C. communication• D. contextSSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D分值: 2答案:B[解析] 语义学可定义为对语言意义的研究。
2."There is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to (i.e. between language and the real world)". This is the ______ view concerning the study of meaning.• A. naming theory• B. conceptualist• C. contextualist• D. behaviouristSSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D分值: 2答案:B[解析] 意念论认为语言形式与其所指事物之间(即语言与现实世界之间)的关系不是直接的,而是间接的,是在对意义的解释过程中以人脑中的概念为中介而联系起来的。
这一点可以通过语义三角加以阐明:3.Bloomfield drew on ______ psychology when trying to define the meaning of linguistic forms.• A. contextual• B. conceptualist• C. behaviorist• D. namingSSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D分值: 2答案:C[解析] 布龙菲尔德在试图定义词汇意义时采用了行为主义心理学观点。
现代语言学自考题-27
现代语言学自考题-27(总分:58.00,做题时间:90分钟)一、(总题数:0,分数:0.00)二、{{B}}Ⅰ.Directions:Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false{{/B}}(总题数:28,分数:28.00)1.From the sociolinguistic perspective, a speech variety is no more than a dialectal variety ofa language.(分数:1.00)A.正确√B.错误解析:[解析] 从社会语言学的角度来看,一种言语变体无非是一种语言的方言变体而已。
2.When people of a community speak the same language for different purposes, sociolinguistic situations known as diglossia and bilingualism emerge.(分数:1.00)A.正确B.错误√解析:[解析] 当一个社区的人们因为不同的目的使用两种不同的地域或国家方言的时候,就会出现双言和双语之类的社会语言现象。
改正:When people of a community speak two different regional or national dialects for different purposes, sociolinguistic situations known as diglossia and bilingualism emerge.3.In Black English, when the verb is negated, the indefinite pronouns something, somebody, and some become the negative indefinites nothing, nobody, and none, as in: He don't know nothing. He don't like nobody. He don't got none.(分数:1.00)A.正确√B.错误解析:[解析] 黑人英语中一个经常遭到抨击的方面就是其中的双重否定结构。
现代语言学自考题-14_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
现代语言学自考题-14(总分90, 做题时间90分钟)Ⅰ.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.1.Consonant sounds can be either voiced or voiceless, while all vowel sounds are v______.SSS_FILL分值: 2.5答案:voiced[解析] 辅音要不就是清音要不就是浊音,而所有的元音都是浊音。
2.Of all the speech organs, the t______ is the most flexible, and is responsible for more varieties of articulation than any other.SSS_FILL分值: 2.5答案:tongue[解析] 在所有口腔的器官中,舌头是最灵活的,它比其他任何发声器官在发音变化中所起的作用都要大。
3.To satisfy the needs of the phoneticians in the study of speech sounds, a set of symbols called d______ are added to broad transcription to show the more subtle differences between similar sounds.SSS_FILL分值: 2.5答案:diacritics[解析] 鉴于人类所发出的语音经常会在特别细微的方面有所不同,国际音标向其使用者提供了一套叫做“变音符号”的附加符号,它们附加在字母上面作为字母标音方法的补充,以标示仅靠字母本身所不能解决的那些微妙的语音差别。
因此,我们现在有了两套标示语音的方法。
2024年10月 语言学概论(00541)自考真题
2024年10月语言学概论自考真题课程代码:00541一、单项选择题:本大题共20小题,每小题1分,共20分。
在每小题列出的备选项中只有一项是最符合题目要求的,请将其选出。
1.下面各项中属于孤立语的是A.汉语B.维吾尔语C.英语D.日语2.语言符号中由特定声音表示的意义就是语言符号的A.能指B.所指C.无指D.泛指3.下面各词中属于汉语外来词的是A.给力B.鼠标C.商号D.吉普4.持思维决定语言观点的代表人物是A.柴门霍夫B.柴可夫斯基C.赫尔德D.维果茨基5.汉字“本”是一个A.指事字B.象形字C.假借字D.形声字6.一般情况下,婴儿出生6个月到1岁左右,是儿童语言获得过程中的A.无意识阶段B.非自控阶段C.双词阶段D.咿呀学语阶段7.“那河畔的金柳,是夕阳中的新娘”采用的修辞手法是A.比拟B.夸张C.比喻D.叠用8.日常交往中称自己为“鄙人”,这属于A.尊称B.谦称C.蔑称D.婉称9.人脑中掌管与语言有关的活动的是A.大脑左半球B.大脑右半球C.小脑D.脑干10.在儿童语言发展过程中,双词句的出现表明儿童产生最早的A.语音能力B.模仿能力C.语法能力D.推理能力11.布洛卡失语症的表现是A.能说话但听不懂别人说的话B.基本上不能说话,但仍能听懂别人说的话C.能说话但发音很含混D.不能说话,也不能听懂别人说的话12.汉语中的“葡萄、石榴、菠萝”等词借自A.日本B.朝鲜C.西域D.西夏13.政府机关公文中的通知,属于书面语体中的A.宣传体B.应用体C.科学体D.文学体14.一般认为大脑语言功能临界期的最后期限是A.5-6岁B.7-8岁C.9-10岁D.12-13岁15.幼儿掌握自己的母语的过程被称为A.语言迁移B.语言获得C.语言转化D.语言学习16.下面各项中属于古印度文字的是A.甲骨文B.圣书字C.梵文D.石鼓文17.“横眉冷对千夫指,俯首甘为孺子牛”属于对偶中的A.正对B.反对C.串对D.流水对18.让计算机模拟人的听觉器官的反应来接受语言信号并做出回应动作,这种技术属于A.语音识别B.语音合成C.自动翻译D.人工智能19.鲁迅是最早采用口语语体写小说的,当时称作A.现代小说B.文言小说C.白话文小说D.古白话小说20.秦始皇名“正”,所以秦代的正月叫“端月”,这是为了A.吉祥B.避讳C.讨口彩D.庄重二、名词解释题:本大题共4小题,每小题4分,共16分。
现代语言学历年真题及答案_1月-10月_之欧阳学创编
全国2011年1月自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码:00830I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully.Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%× 10=20% )1.There is a difference between what we know, which is our linguistic competence, and howwe use this knowledge in actual speech production and______, which is our linguisticperformance. ( )A. creationB. communicationC. comprehensionD. perception2.The sounds that begin and endthe words church and judge arevoiceless and voiced______,respectively. ( )A. affricatesB. stopsC. velarsD. palatals3.Morphemes which represent such grammatical categories as number, tense, gender, and caseare called _______ morphemes. ( )A. freeB. boundC. derivationalD. inflectional4.XP may contain more than just X. Phrases that are formed of more than one word usuallycontain head, ______and complement. ( )A. modifierB. determinerC. qualifierD. specifier5. ______ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form while _______ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and non-linguistic world of experience. ( )A. Reference, senseB. Sense, referentC. Sense, referenceD. Referent, sense6. According to John Austin’s theory of speech act, a(n)______ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention. ( )A. prelocutionaryB. locutionaryC. illocutionaryD. perlocutionary7. Sound changes may include the loss of a sound or sounds.The so-called apocope refers to the omission of a vowel segment________. ( )A. in word-initialB. in word-middleC. in word-finalD. in syllable-initial8. In contrast to Standard American English, Black English isthe distinct variety of English native to black populations inthe USA. We regard Black English as________. ( )A. a regional dialectB. a social dialectC. a situational dialectD. an ethnic dialect9. Among the language centers, ______is responsible for physical articulation of utterances. ( )A. the motor areaB. Broca’s areaC. Wernicke’s areaD. the angular gyrus10. The language at ________ stage begins to reflect the distinction between sentence-types, such as negative sentences, imperatives, and questions. ( )A. prelinguisticB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multiwordII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which isalready given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONEword only, and you are not allowed to change the lettergiven. ( 1%×10=10% )11. A is one of the defining properties of human language, which means there is in general no natural relation between meanings and sounds.12. Among the three branches of phonetics, the study of the physical properties of the streams of sounds produced in speech is known as a phonetics.13. In using the morphological rules, we must guard against o in that different words may require different affixes to createthe same meaning change.14. Universal Grammar is a set of principles and p of grammar which, according to Chomsky, is inherited genetically by all human beings.15. The synonyms such as economical, thrifty, and stingy are different in their e meaning.16. Most of the violations of the four maxims under the Cooperative Principle give rise to conversational i .17. When there is a need to reduce ambiguity and increase communicative clarity or expressiveness, then rule eoccurs. 18. A pidgin is a m language developed as a medium of trade, or through other extended but limited contact, between groups of speakers who have no other language in common.19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called 1.20. Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. Generally speaking, it refers to children’s development of their f language.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the followingstatements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so. ( 2% × 10=20% )21. ( ) “There’s a motorcycle coming" is seen as, out of context, a statement that a motorcycle is coming. But in a particular context, it might be a warning to a pedestrian not to step onto a road. When the study of meaning is considered in the context of use, it becomes a branch of linguistics called pragmatics.22.( )To distinguish between phonemes and phones,linguists use slashes//for phonetic segments and square brackets [ ] for phonemic segments.23. ( )Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem and also change the part of speech of the original word.24. ( )In addition to sentences and clauses,a syntactic category usually refers to a 1exical category or a phrasal category that performs a particular grammatical function.25.( )The word“flower”and “flour”,which areidentical in sound,but different in spelling and meaning,are homophones.26.( )As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certain context,pragmatics can be regarded as a kind of meaning study. 27.( )The meaning representation of words may change,becoming broader, narrower, or shifted.The word knight once meant “youth”,but was elevated in meaning in the age of chivalry;When Juliet tells Romeo,“I’m too fond.” She is not claiming she likes Romeo too much.She means “I am too foolish.”These are two examples of semantic broadening.28. ( ) In sociolinguistics,speech community refers to a group of speakers who constitute a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language.Speakers of English in general might be treated as such a community. 29.( )Generally speaking,the left hemisphere of the brain controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from,the right side of the body.30.( )The optimum age for SLA always accords with the maxim of’“the younger the better”.IV. Directions: Explanin the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3% ×10=30% )31.displacement32.voicing33.morpheme34.finite clauseponential analysis36.declarations37.epenthesis38.speech variety39.linguistic relativism40.the nativist view of language acquisitionV. Directions: Answer the following questions.(10% × 2=20% )41. What is the distinction between langue and parole? Whydid Saussure make such a distinction?42. What are the differences between sentence meaning and utterance meaning? And give examples to illustrate them. 2011年1月全国自考现代语言学参考答案全国2010年10月自学考试现代语言学试题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20% )1. The purpose of Chomsky’s definition is to focus attention on the purely ______ properties of language, and these properties can be studied from a mathematically precise point of view.A. lexicalB. grammaticalC. semanticD. structural2. We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as ______.A. vowelsB. consonantsC. soundsD. speech sounds3. A(n) ______ refers to the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added.A. rootB. stemC. affixD. morpheme4. All sentences in all languages can be represented by constituent structure trees, and all have syntactic rules that determine the linear order of words and their ______ structure.A. linearB. hierarchicalC. constituentD. syntactic5. In semantic analysis of a sentence, a(n) ______ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element in a sentence. ()A. argumentB. subjectC. objectD. predicate6. Speaker A: Can you answer the telephone?Speaker B: I’m in the bath.Speaker B is violating the maxim of ______.()A. quantityB. qualityC. relationD. manner7. New words may be formed from existing words by the removal of a suffix thought to be part of the old word. Such a process is called ______, e.g., caretake from caretaker.A. back-formationB. clippingC. blendingD. abbreviating8. It is insulting to a woman to be called a spinster, but it is not insulting to a man to be called a bachelor. There is nothing inherently ______ about the word spinster. The connotations reflect the sexist views society has about an unmarried woman as opposed to an unmarried man.A. importantB. unusualC. pejorativeD. commendatory9. Human linguistic ability depends primarily on human ______. ()A. brainB. vocal cordsC. tongueD. articulatory organs10. In the ______ stage, children begin to produce longer utterances with more complex grammatical structures. ()A. prelinguisticB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multi-wordⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%×10=10% )11. D linguistics is the systematic description and elucidation of all linguistic changes through time. It studies the historical development of language over a period of time. For example, a study of the changes English has undergone since the time of Shakespeare would be a diachronic study.12. The phonemes of a language cannot be strung together in any random order to form words. The phonological system determines which phonemes can begin a word, end a word, and follow each other, in other words, there are s rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.13. Morphology can be divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and d morphology.14. Syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. It is universally found that syntactic rules comprise a speaker’s system of i linguistic knowledge known as linguistic competence.15. Pairs of words which exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the lexical items are called r opposites.16. Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies of m , but what distinguishes them is whether the context of use is considered.17. In Old English the word order is different from that of Modern English, and there are two negatives, “ne”(“not”) and “næfre”(“not”+“ever”=“never”). So d rule is one of the grammatical rules in Old English.18. When a pidgin comes to be adopted by a community as its native tongue and is learned by children as their first language, it becomes c.19. The c age for the acquisition of the first language coincides with the period of brain lateralization.20. In second language learning, instrumental motivation o ccurs when the learner’s goal is f , and integrative motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is social.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. ( 2%×10=20% )21.()Language is arbitrary by nature. And it is entirely arbitrary.22.()In producing stops or plosives, the obstructioncreated by the speech organs is total orcomplete, with the obstruction audibly releasedand the air passing out again, such as Englishstops [p] and [t] in pit. In producing [p] and [t]the flow of air is blocked through the mouthonly.23.()From the semantic point of view, the meaning of acompound is always perceived from themeanings of its components.24.()According to the “principles-and-parameters”theory, “principles”refer to highly abstractproperties of grammar which are applied tolanguage in general and which generate phrasesand at the same time restrain the power ofMove a, while “parameters”allow generalprinciples to operate in certain restricted ways,according to which particular grammars ofnatural languages vary.25.()In discussing the sense relations between sentences,Y is a prerequisite of X. So if Y is true, X mustbe true.26.()According to Austin’s classification ofperlocutionary acts, speech acts fall into fivegeneral categories, which are representatives,directives, commissives, expressives anddecalrations.27.()For some speakers of American English, the wordask is pronounced [æks], but the word asking ispronounced [æskIŋ]. It is interesting that in OldEnglish the verb ask was aksian, withthe/k/preceding the/s/. This means that ahistorical metathesis rule switched these twoconsonants, producing ask in most dialects ofEnglish. Metathesis is the phonological processthat reorders segments, often by transposingtwo adjoining sound segments.28.()Language varieties may be standard andnonstandard. Nonstandard varieties areregarded as substandard languages. Onlystandard varieties are regarded as the onlycorrect, logical and pure, and are effective inexpressing ideas in communication.29.()Language is the only means of expressing thought.30.()The Error Analysis approach shows that there arestriking similarities in the ways in whichdifferent L2 learners acquire a new language.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3%×10=30% )31. descriptive linguistics32. diphthong33. morphological rules34. case condition35. collocational synonyms36. declarations37. Grimm’s Law38. registers39. language centers40. formal instructionV. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20% )41. Explain syntactic movement, NP-movement and WH-movement with examples.42. Explain the term “euphemism” with examples. Describe the use of euphemisms in social communication. What will result in euphemistic clichés?2010年10月全国自考现代语言学参考答案全国2010年1月自学考试现代语言学试题I . Directions: Read each of the following statementscarefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, orD in the brackets. ( 2% × 10=20% )1. The language behavior of particular persons on particular occasions is determined by manyother factors over and above their linguistic ______.( )A. systemB. structureC. competenceD. performance2. When we pronounce the long vowels [i:] or [u:], our ______,which is a bony structure at the end of the windpipe, is in a state of tension. ( )A. larynxB. hard palateC. glottisD. vocal cords3. The word “manuscript” is a two-morpheme cluster which contains ______.( )A. two rootsB. a root and a prefixC. a root and a suffixD. a root and a free morpheme4. The grammatical knowledge is represented through PhraseStructure Rules, which state explicitly all and only the possible combinations of the ______ of a language, for example, in English, NP → ( Det ) (Adj) N (PP) (S). ( )A. phrasesB. clausesC. sentencesD. constituents5. The view that the meaning of a linguistic form is defined as the “situation in which thespeaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer”was proposed by ______.A. PlatoB. Ogden and RichardsC. John FirthD. Bloomfield6. According to John Austin's theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the change brought aboutby the utterance. ( )A. prelocutionaryB. locutionaryC. illocutionaryD. perlocutionary7. In 1786, Sir William Jones suggested that ______ bore to Greek and Latin a strongeraffinity than could possibly have been produced by accident.()A. GermanicB. PersianC. SanskritD. Lithuanian8. The existence of taboo words and taboo ideas stimulates the creation of euphemism, whichshows that a word or phrase not only has a linguistic denotative meaning but also has a ______.( )A. conceptual meaningB. connotative meaningC. cultural meaningD. social meaning9. Dichotic listening research tells us a signal coming in the left ear will first go to the ______ hemisphere, from where it is transferred to the left side of the brain forprocessing.A. rightB. leftC. frontD. back10. Studies of the effects of formal instruction on secondlanguage acquisition suggest thatformal instruction mayhelp learners perform some of the following types of tasks except ______.A. planned speech B. writingC. casual and spontaneous conversationD. career-oriented examination II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%)11. Double a refers to the property of language which meanslanguage iscomposed of discrete units at two levels. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds,which are meaningless. At the higher level there are morphemes and words, which aremeaningful.12. In the production of v, the back of the tongue is broughtinto contact withthe soft palate, or velum, e.g., [k] in cat, [g] in get and [η] in sting.13. Morphological rules are the rules that govern which affix can be added to what type ofs to form a new word.14. A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usuallycomprises a number of words. A phrase structure tree diagram assigns a h structure to sentences.15. The words such as “pop” meaning a certain sound and“pop”meaning popular are in relationship of c homonyms.16. The c view in the discussion of semantics is oftenconsidered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.17. Extensive changes in rules of morphology have occurred inthe history of English. English has lost most of its i endings, by which it is no longer possible to identify the functional roles of nouns.18. Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation, in which there exists a strict fdifferentiation between a low-variety or L-variety and a high variety or H-variety.19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in aparticular hemisphere of the brain is called l.20. I is the language that a learner constructs at a given stageof second language acquisition.III. Directions: Judge whether each, of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. (2% ×10=20%)21.()According to Hall (1968), language is "theinstitution whereby humans communicate andinteract with each other by means of habituallyused oral-auditory arbitrary symbols." Mostlinguists today accept the view of language as aset of "habitually used symbols."22.()Intonation refers to a distinctive pattern of tonesover stretch of speech in principle longer than aword, in other words, when pitch, stress andsound length are tied to the sentence rather thanthe word in isolation, they are collectivelyknown as intonation.23.()Suffixes are added to the end of stems, during theprocess of which they modify the meaning ofthe original word but usually do not change itspart of speech.24.()When we say a sentence has two levels of structure,D-structure and S-structure, we do not meanthat the syntactic representations of these twolevels must be different. Since syntacticmovement occurs to all sentences, so therepresentations of the twolevels look different.25.()“He has been to New York”presupposes “He has been to America”.26.()John Searle made a distinction between what hecalled “constatives”and “performatives”.27.()Regularization of exceptional plural forms of nounsconstantly occurs. By analogy to foe/foes, anddog/dogs, English speakers started saying cowsas the plural of cow instead of the earlier pluralkine. This analogical change does not occurwhen words are borrowed from foreignlanguages.28.()The common English address terms are First Name(e.g., John), Last Name (e.g., Smith), Title + LastName (e.g., Dr. Green), Title + Title (e.g., Mr.President), Title alone (e.g., Sir) and Kin term(e.g., Dad). And outside of marked settings,between friends, neighbours and colleagues, firstnames are always preferred.29.()Thanks to cerebral plasticity, people sufferingdamage to the left hemisphere are able to transfertheir language centers to the right hemisphereand to reacquire the lost linguistic skills withrelatively little disruption.30.()The earliest sounds produced by infants can be considered as early languageIV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, if necessary. ( 3% ×10=30% )31. design features32. narrow transcription33.bound morphemes34. deep structure35.missives37. sound assimilation38.idiolect39. Wernicke's area40. interferenceV. Directions: Answer the following questions. ( 10% ×2=20% )41. Please illustrate the syntactic and semantic features ofcompounds in English language with examples.42. Please explicate how language and thought develop andblend each other in order to understand the relationship between language and thought.全国2009年10月自学考试现代语言学试题Ⅰ. Directions: Read each of the following statementscarefully. Decide which one of the four choices bestcompletes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, orD in the brackets. (2% × 10=20% )1. Saussure used ______ to refer to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.()A. performanceB. paroleC. langueD. competence2. In English, a phoneme may be represented by two or more allophones. The choice of the allophone is ______. ()A. randomB. rule-governedC. haphazardD. unpredictable3. In word-formation, a ______ is the smallest meaningful unit of language. ()A. phonemeB. wordC. compoundD. morpheme4. A ______ category usually refers to a word or phrase that performs a particular grammatical function, such as the subject or predicate in a sentence. ()A. lexicalB. phrasalC. syntacticD. phonetic5. In the following pairs of words, ______ are a pair of relational opposites. ()A. “buy” and “sell”B. “male” and “female”C. “hot” and “cold”D. “alive” and “dead”6. The illocutionary point of ______ has the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this kind brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality.A. directivesB. declarationsC. commissivesD. representatives7. Old English had a rich case-ending system, e.g., Old Englishnoun had four cases, i.e., nominative, genetive, dative and ______. ()A. possessiveB. vocativeC. accusativeD. locative8. ______ dialects are characteristic of a particular type of linguistic activity and appropriate for use in particular speech situations. ()A. SocialB. EthnicC. RegionalD. Situational9. Lying under the skull, the human brain contains an average of ten billion nerve cells called ______.()A. nerve fibersB. nervesC. neuronsD. cerebral cortex10. By the time children are going beyond the ______ stage,they begin to incorporate some ofthe inflectional morphemes. ()A. telegraphicB. multiwordC. two-wordD. one-wordII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the followingstatements with one word, the first letter of which isalready given as a clue. Note that you are to fill inONE word only, and you are not allowed to changethe letter given. ( 1%×10=10% )11. If a linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct”behavior, i.e., to tell people whatthey should say and what they should not, it is said to be p.12. Languages that use the pitch of individual syllables to contrast meanings are called tlanguages. Pitch variations can be used to distinguish meaning just like phonemes.13. I morphemes are those morphemes that show variousgrammaticalrelations or categories such as number, tense and case.14. A c sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporatedinto the other.15. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be thebasic unit, but in semantic analysis ofa sentence, the basic unit is called p, which is the abstraction of themeaning ofa sentence.16. The significance of Grice’s C Principle lies in that itexplains how it ispossible for the speaker to convey more than is literally said.17. The method of r of a parent language from a comparison ofits daughterlanguages is called the comparative method. 18. The avoidance of using t language mirrors social attitude,emotions andvalue judgements.19. Genie’s case not only confirms the critical periodhypothesis, but also the view that human’slanguage a device is independent of other intellectual abilities.20. If the target language functions as a foreign language, thelearner is likely to benefit from ani motivation.Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the followingstatements is true or false. Put a T for true orF for falsein the brackets in front of each statement. Ifyou think astatement is false, you must explain why you think so.( 2% ×10=20% )21. () The arbitrary nature of language is absolute, i.e.,there are no words in world languages that maintain a correspondence between form and sound.22. () Certain strings of phonemes are permissible andothers are not. If a word beginswith an/1/or/r/, the next segment must be a vowel. That is why / 1bIk/does notsound like an English word. It violates the restriction on the sequencing ofphonemes.23. () The different stresses used in a compound do notusually affect the meaning of thecompound.24. () The recursive properties of phrase structure rulesenable these rules to generate an infinite number of sentences, and sentences with infinite length.25. () Entailment is a relation of inclusion. If X entails Y, themeaning of X is included in Y.26. () Performatives are sentences that do not state afact or describe a state, and are not verifiable.27. () Another kind of change that can be thought of as“economy of memory”results in a reduction of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. For example,children and adults are presently saying I dreamed last night(instead of dreamt).This kind of change has been called rule simplification.28. () One striking fact about the asymmetry betweenmale and female terms in manylanguages is that when there are male/female pairs, the male form for the mostpartis unmarked and the female term is produced by adding a bound morpheme or bycompounding.29. () Research findings have shown that languageprocessing centers are situated in a single area of the left hemisphere.30. () The grammatical errors that occur in secondlanguage acquisition can allbe explained by mother tongue interference.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, if necessary. (3%×10=30%)31. synchronic study32. competence33.sentence stress34. free morpheme35. major lexical category36. behaviourism as a semantic view37. stylistic synonyms38. expressives39. euphemism40. Broca’s area Ⅴ. Directions: Answer the following questions. ( 10% ×2=20% )41. In some dialects of English, the word “ask” is pronounced[æks], and children’s speechshows a number of cases of sound movement, for example, “aminal” for “animal”.Nowexplain sound movement by giving examples. State the difference between sound movementand sound addition by examples.42. Describe the distinctive features of Black English in its syntactic system by using examples.全国2009年1月自考现代语言学试题I. Directions:Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C,or Dinthebrackets. (2%×10=-20%)1. Phonetics provides the means to describe the speech sounds,showing how they differ;phonology tells us that。
现代语言学自考题-13_真题-无答案
现代语言学自考题-13(总分100,考试时间90分钟)PART ONEⅠ.There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can **plete the statement.1. We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as ______.A. vowels B. consonants C. sounds D. speech sounds2. The study of how people use their speech organs to produce speech sounds is of great interest to those working in the area of ______.A. phonology B. articulatory phonetics C. auditory phonetics D. acoustic phonetics3. ______ phonetics looks at the sounds from the hearer's point of view and studies how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.A. Articulatory B. Auditory C. Acoustic D. Oral4. In linguistics, ______ is focused on that how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds.A. acoustic phonetics B. articulatory phonetics C. auditory phonetics D. none of the above5. Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the most highly developed, is ______.A. auditory B. acoustic C. articulatory phonetics D. none of the above three6. Acoustic phoneticians try to describe the ______ properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues.A. oral B. mental C. physical D. recorded7. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing, which is a feature of ______.A. all consonants B. vowels only C. all consonants and some vowels D. all vowels and some consonants8. If you put a finger in each ear and say "z-z-z-z-z", you can feel the vibrations of the ______.A. glottis B. windpipe C. larynx D. vocal cords9. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ______ sounds.A. voiceless B. voiced C. vowel D. consonantal10. The IPA came into being towards the end of the ______ century.A. nineteenth B. eighteenth C. seventeenth D. sixteenth11. English consonants can be classified into stops, fricatives, nasals, etc. in terms of ______.A. manner of articulation B. openness of mouth C. place of articulation D. voicing12. The sounds that begin and end the words church and judge are voiceless and voiced ______, respectively.A. stops B. fricatives C. affricates D. plosives13. The phonetic form of the prefix meaning "not" is phonetically variant; it is [in] be fore a vowel or an alveolar consonant, [im] before a labial consonant, and before a ______, for example, inoperable , impossible , and inconceivable .A. velar B. palatal C. fricative D. stop14. In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of ______.A. palatal B. alveolar C. bilabial D. dental15. The initial sound in ______ is a velar stop.A. tap B. map C. gap D. hap16. The consonant [f] in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features: ______.A. voiceless, bilabial, stop B. voiceless, labiodental, fricative C. voiced, bilabial, stop D. voiced, labiodental, fricative17. The vowel in English has all the following features except ______.A. long B. rounded C. closed D. central18. A ______ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A. back B. central C. front D. middle19. All the back vowels in English are pronounced with rounded-lips, i.e. rounded, except ______.A. B. C. D.20. In English, all the front vowels and the central vowels are ______ vowels.A. unfounded B. close C. open D. rounded21. ______ are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.A. Vowels B. Consonants C. Diphthongs D. Individual vowels22. ______ aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in **munication.A. Linguistics B. Phonetics C. Phonology D. Articulatory phonetics23. A phoneme is an abstract, distinctive and ______ unit.A. phonetic B. phonemic C. phonological D. phonic24. A ______ is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneme B. phone C. sound D. speech25. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ______ of that phoneme.A. phones B. sounds C. phonemes D. allophones26. In English, a phoneme may be represented by two or more allophones. The choice of the allophone is ______.A. random B. rule-governed C. haphazard D. unpredictable27. If two speech sounds are in contrastive distribution, they ______.A. represent two phonemes B. are allophones of the same phoneme C. have exactly the same phonetic features D. do not appear in the same environment28. In English, /p/ and /ph/ are in ______ distribution.A. contrastive B. complementary C.free D. none of the above29. If similar sounds that occur in the same environments are two distinctive phonemes, they are said to form ______.A. phonemic contrast B. phonetic distinction C. complementary distribution D. minimal pair30. If two sounds are in complementary distribution, they are ______ of the same phoneme.A. symbols B. allophones C. phones D. signs31. A minimal pair can be illustrated by ______.A. sip/sheep B. bread/breast C. same/shame D. breath/breathe32. To form the present tense, 3rd person singular of the verb "teach", we have to add "-es", instead of just "-s" to it. This is required by the ______ of English.A. assimilation rule B. sequential rule C. deletion rule D. morphological rule33. Of the following **binations, only ______ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.A. klib B. bkil C. ilkb D. ilbk34. When a speech sound changes and becomes more like another sound which follows it, it is said to be ______.A. nasalized B. assimilated C. aspirated D. voiced35. Stress, tone and intonation are called ______ features.A. segmental B. vocal C. speech D. suprasegmental36. The feature that distinguishes "a greenhouse" and "a green house" is ______.A. tone B. stress C. intonation D. aspiration37. A phonological feature of the English ______ is that the stress of the word always falls on the first element, and the second element receives secondary stress.A. compounds B. phrases C. words D. sentences38. A ______ refers to a particular kind of bird, which is not necessarily black.A. black 'bird B. 'black bird C. black bird D. both B and CPART TWOⅡ.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.39. For linguists, the study of s______ is of greater importance than that of writing.40. Speech sounds can be described in physical or a______ terms. Physically, sounds aretransmitted through the air from one person to another.41. A______ phonetics is concerned with how speech sounds are produced.42. To describe the physical properties, phoneticians record the sound waves on machines called s______.43. If the vocal cords are apart, the airflow is not obstructed at the glottis and it passes freely into the vocal tract above the glottis, the sounds produced in this way are called v______ sounds.。
现代语言学自考题-7
现代语言学自考题-7(总分:100.00,做题时间:90分钟)一、{{B}}PART ONE{{/B}}(总题数:0,分数:0.00)二、{{B}}Ⅰ{{/B}}(总题数:10,分数:20.00)1.Modern linguistics focuses on the present-day language, and it will be possible to describe language from a ______ point of view.∙ A. sociological∙ B. synchronic∙ C. diachronic∙ D. psychological(分数:2.00)A.B. √C.D.解析:[解析] 在现代语言学中,共时性研究比历时性研究更受人青睐。
其主要原因是,对一种语言不同时期的状况进行成功的研究之前,人们很难对它在历史变迁中所发生的变化进行描述。
人们一般把共时性的描述看做是对时下现存语言的描述,大多数的语言学研究皆属此类。
2.If you put a finger in each ear and say "z-z-z-z-z", you can feel the vibrations of the ______.∙ A. glottis∙ B. windpipe∙ C. larynx∙ D. vocal cords(分数:2.00)A.B.C.D. √解析:[解析] 当气流从肺部发出后,流经气管(windpipe),通向声门(glottis)。
声门是喉(larynx)的一部分,是位于气管尽头的软骨结构,这是声音从肺部发出后可能被改变的第一个部位。
横在声门之间的就是声带(vocal card)。
声门关闭时,中间只有一条窄缝,气流通过时引起声带振动,这种由于声带振动而发出的音叫做浊音。
英语中所有元间和一些辅音,如[b],[z],[m]等都是浊音。
现代语言学自考题-19_真题-无答案
现代语言学自考题-19(总分100,考试时间90分钟)PART ONEⅠ.There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can **plete the statement.1. Semantics can be defined as the study of ______.A. naming B. meaning C. communication D. context2. "There is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to (i.e. between language and the real world)". This is the ______ view concerning the study of meaning.A. naming theory B. conceptualist C. contextualist D. behaviourist3. Bloomfield drew on ______ psychology when trying to define the meaning of linguistic forms.A. contextual B. conceptualist C. behaviorist D. naming4. The meaning of a language form is the "situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer" is proposed by ______.A. Plato B. Firth C. Chomsky D. Bloomfield5. ______ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the nonlinguistic world of experience. It means what a linguistic form refers to in the physical world.A. Sense B. Reference C. Symbol D. Thought6. Dialectal synonyms are synonyms used in different ______ dialects.A. personal B. regional C. social D. professional7. "Expensive, valuable, precious" are a group of words bearing the same meaning but indicating the different attitude of the user toward what he is talking about. They are ______ synonyms.A. stylistic B. semantic C. emotive D. dialectal8. Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which "girl" and "lass" belong is called ______ synonyms.A. stylistic B. dialectal C. emotive D. collocational9. "Sweets" and "candy" are used respectively in Britain and in America, but refer to the samething. The words are ______ synonyms.A. collocational B. dialectal C. complete D. stylistic10. A word with several meanings is a ______.A. synonymy B. polysemic word C. co-hyponym D. complete hyponym11. The words stationary and stationery are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning. They are ______.A. complete homonyms B. homographs C. hyponyms D. homophones12. Antonyms are divided into several kinds. Which of the following is not a kind of antonyms?A. complementary. B. relational. C. superordinate. D. gradable.13. The relationship between "fruit" and "apple" is ______.A. homonymy B. hyponymy C. polysemy D. synonymy14. Hyponyms of the same ______ are co-hyponyms.A. word B. lexical item C. superordinate D. hyponymy15. We call the relation between "animal" and "horse" ______.A. synonymy B. polysemy C. homonymy D. hyponymy16. "Interviewer" and "interviewee" are a pair of opposites ______.A. complementary B. gradable C. complete D. relational17. In the following pairs of words, ______ are a pair of relational opposites.A. "buy" and "sell" B. "male" and "female" C. "hot" and "cold" D. "alive" and "dead"18. The pair of words "lend" and "borrow" are ______.A. gradable B. relational opposites C. co-hyponyms D. synonyms19. "I bought some roses," ______ "I bought some flowers".A. entails B. presupposes C. is inconsistent with D. is synonymous with20. "Can I borrow his bike?" ______ "He have a bike."A. is synonymous with B. is inconsistent with C. entails D. presupposes21. One way to analyze lexical meaning is ______.A. predication analysis B. stylistic analysis C. componential analysis D. proposition analysis22. The **ponents of the word "gentleman" can be expressed as ______.A. +ANIMA TE, +MALE, +HUMAN, -ADULT B. +ANIMA TE, +MALE, +HUMAN, +ADULT C. +ANIMATE, -MALE, +HUMAN, -ADULT D. +ANIMATE, -MALE, +HUMAN, -ADULT23. Predication analysis is a way to analyze ______ meaning.A. phoneme B. word C. phrase D. sentence24. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called ______.A. selectional restrictions B. grammatical rules C. phrase structure rules D. phonological rules25. In semantic analysis of a sentence, a(n) ______ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element in a sentence.A. argument B. subject C. object D. predicate26. Predication analysis is a way to analyze sentence meaning, which is proposed by the British linguist ______.A. John Firth B. Bloomfield C.G. Leech D. Wittgenstein27. An ______ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence.A. argument B. predicate C. predication D. agentPART TWOⅡ.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.28. The study of the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called s______.29. According to the n______ theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to he labels of the objects they stand for.30. According to Wittgenstein, for a large class of cases, the meaning of a word is its u______ in the language.31. B______, somewhat close to contextualism, is linked with psychological interest.32. R______ is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between form and the reality.33. S______ is one aspect of meaning which is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.34. Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are c______ synonyms.35. C______ synonyms are synonyms that differ in the words they go together with. It is a matter of usage.36. S______ synonyms are the synonyms that differ slightly in what they mean.37. P______ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of different meanings.38. The various meanings of a p______ word are related to some degree.39. Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items. Theword that is more general in meaning is called s______.40. Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items are called r______ opposites.41. X: He was a bachelor all his life. Y: He never married all his life. X is s______ with Y.42. That the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the characteristic of c______ antonyms.43. There are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair of g______ antonyms.44. In terms of truth condition, if X is true, Y is false, and if X is false, Y is true. The relationship between X and Y is i______.45. E______ is a relation of inclusion.46. C______ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into **ponents.47. S______ restrictions are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.48. Linguists have proposed different ways to analyze the meaning of sentences. They might differ in their framework of analysis, but they share the aim to a ______ the meaning of sentences.49. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called p______, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.。
自考语言学试题及答案
自考语言学试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言学研究的主要对象是什么?A. 语言B. 文学C. 历史D. 地理答案:A2. 下列哪一项不是语言的属性?A. 任意性B. 线条性C. 离散性D. 社会性答案:B3. 语言学的分支学科包括以下哪些?A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 语用学D. 以上都是答案:D4. 语言的最小意义单位是?A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子5. 下列哪个选项是语言的符号性特征?A. 语言的抽象性B. 语言的创造性C. 语言的任意性D. 语言的规则性答案:C6. 语言的演变不包括以下哪一项?A. 语音变化B. 词汇变化C. 语法变化D. 语言的消亡答案:D7. 语言的交际功能包括以下哪些?A. 信息传递B. 情感表达C. 社会互动D. 以上都是答案:D8. 语言的方言差异主要体现在以下哪些方面?A. 语音B. 词汇C. 语法D. 以上都是答案:D9. 语言学研究方法中,不包括以下哪一项?B. 实验法C. 调查法D. 推理法答案:D10. 下列哪一项不是语言的交际功能?A. 命令B. 请求C. 描述D. 抒情答案:D二、填空题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言学研究的目的是______语言现象。
答案:描述和解释2. 语言的______性是指语言符号和它所代表的对象之间没有必然的联系。
答案:任意性3. 语言的______性是指语言符号的排列组合是有一定规则的。
答案:规则性4. 语言的______性是指语言符号可以无限地创造新的意义。
答案:创造性5. 语言的______性是指语言是人类社会特有的现象。
答案:社会性6. 语言的______性是指语言符号可以表达抽象的概念。
答案:抽象性7. 语言的______性是指语言符号可以表达具体的事物。
答案:具体性8. 语言的______性是指语言符号可以传达说话人的情感、态度等。
答案:情感性9. 语言的______性是指语言符号可以用于不同的交际场合。
现代语言学自考题-4
现代语言学自考题-4(总分:100.00,做题时间:90分钟)一、{{B}}PART ONE{{/B}}(总题数:0,分数:0.00)二、{{B}}Ⅰ{{/B}}(总题数:10,分数:20.00)1.The study of language as a whole is often called ______ linguistics.∙ A. particular∙ B. general∙ C. ordinary∙ D. generative(分数:2.00)A.B. √C.D.解析:[解析] 把语言作为一个整体而进行的全面的语言学研究一般称为普通语言学。
2.Acoustic phoneticians try to describe the ______ properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues.∙ A. oral∙ B. mental∙ C. physical∙ D. recorded(分数:2.00)A.B.C. √D.解析:[解析] 语音学研究中,有一种方法是人们通过观察声音通过空气从一个人传给另一个人的物质手段——音波,来研究声音传导的方式,它叫做声学语音学。
3.In the word suitable, "______ able" is a morpheme.∙ A. derivational∙ B. inflectional∙ C. root∙ D. stem(分数:2.00)A. √B.D.解析:[解析] 英语中黏着词素分为词根和词缀。
词根有较清晰、确切的意思。
词缀分为屈折词缀(inflectional affixes)和派生词缀(derivational affixes)。
屈折词缀表示诸如数、时态等的语法关系。
很显然题干中-able并没有语法范畴含义,它只是加到suit后使其改变为形容词,所以它是派生词素。
【自考真题10套】00830现代语言学试题汇编(2013年10月-2020年10月)
B. allophoபைடு நூலகம்es
C. two phonemes
D. in phonemic contrast
3. The word “decentralize” contains ________ morphemes.
A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6
4. A ________ sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as “and,” “but,” “or.”
Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word on the
ANSWER SHEET, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to
A. speech act theory
B. principles of conversation
C. selectional restrictions
D. grammatical rules
6. The illocutionary point of the ________ is to commit the speaker to something’s being the case,
钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。
2.每小题选出答案后,用 2 B 铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动,
用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其他答案标号。不能答在试题卷上。
Ⅰ. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four
全国 高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题
全国2001年10月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题第一部分选择题一、单项选择题(本大题共10 小题,每小题2 分,共20 分)在每小题列出的四个选项中只有一个选项是符合题目要求的,请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。
8.The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+last name, _______,and kin term.A.title+first nameB.title+titleC.title aloneD.first name+last name+titlenguage and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some parts. When anguage and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as "subvocal speech," and speech as "_______".( )A.vocal thoughtB.subvocal thoughtC.covert thoughtD.overt thought10.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition?_______.( )nguage acquisition is a process of habit formationnguage acquisition is the species-specific property of human beingsC.Children are born with an innate ability to acquire languageD.Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use第二部分非选择题二、填空题(本大题共10 小题,每小题1 分,共10 分。
现代语言学自考题-26
现代语言学自考题-26(总分:42.00,做题时间:90分钟)一、{{B}}PART ONE{{/B}}(总题数:0,分数:0.00)二、{{B}}Ⅰ.There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.{{/B}}(总题数:24,分数:24.00)1.______ dialects are characteristic of a particular type of linguistic activity and appropriate for use in particular speech situations.∙ A. Social∙ B. Ethnic∙ C. Regional∙ D. Situational(分数:1.00)A.B.C.D. √解析:[解析] 语域是与一定交际情景相适应的语言变体。
正鉴于此,语域又被称为语言的情景变体。
2.The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+last name, ______, and kin term.∙ A. title+first name∙ B. title+title∙ C. title alone∙ D. first name+last name+title(分数:1.00)A.B.C. √D.解析:[解析] 所有语言中都存在称谓语及正确使用这些称谓语时要恪守的特殊的规则。
现代语言学自考题-17_真题-无答案
现代语言学自考题-17(总分100,考试时间90分钟)PART ONEⅠ.There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can **plete the statement.1. ______ is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, i.e. how words are arranged in a sentence and in what order.A. Morphology B. Syntax C. Phonology D. Semantics2. A sentence is considered ______ when it conforms to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. right B. wrong C. grammatical D. ungrammatical3. A theory of grammar must provide a complete characterization of linguistic ______ that speakers implicitly consider well-formed, or grammatical sequences.A. speeches B. utterances C. events D. sentences4. The syntactic rules of any language are ______ in number.A. large B. small C. finite D. infinite5. The relation of the two clauses in a coordinate sentence is ______.A. one is subordinate to the other B. they hold unequal status C. they are structurally equal parts of the sentence D. they are incorporated6. "We vowed to fight on until all our demands were met" is a ______ sentence.A. coordinate B. complex C. compound D. simple7. The subordinate clause in a complex sentence is normally called ______ clause.A. an embedded B. a main C. a matrix D. a major8. The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a formula S ______ "NP VP".A. hierarchical B. linear C. tree diagram D. vertical9. Language is a highly ______ system of communication.A. well-formed B. ill-formed C. structured D. distructured10. A ______ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinator B. particle C. preposition D. subordinator11. All sentences in all languages can be represented by constituent structure trees, and all have syntactic rules that determine the linear order of words and their ______ structure.A. linear B. hierarchical C. constituent D. syntactic12. A ______ category usually refers to a word or phrase that performs a particular grammatical function, such as the subject or predicate in a sentence.A. lexical B. phrasal C. syntactic D. phonetic13. Words in a sentence are organized into groups of lexical ______, commonly known as parts of speech.A. verbs B. nouns C. phrases D. categories14. The structural and logical functional relations of constituents are called ______ relations.A. linear B. hierarchical C. semantic D. grammatical15. In the phrase structure rule "S→NP VP", the arrow can be read as ______.A. is equal to B. consists of C. has D. generates16. The rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences are called ______ rules.A. lexical B. structural C. coordinate D. combinational17. VP, AP and PP share similar syntactic properties with NP in that they allow for ______ **plements in phrases.A. heads B. specifiers C. lexical items D. obligatory words18. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called ______.A. phase structure rules B. syntactic rules C. lexical rules D. transformational rules19. With the ______ theory, linguists are able to describe and explain explicitly some universal properties of natural languages.A. prescriptive B. X-bar C. descriptive D. structuralist20. When we move a noun phrase from the object position to the subject position in passive transformation in English, we are ______ the noun phrase to the left.A. rewriting B. postposing C. maintaining D. preposing21. "She gave the book to John." can be changed to "To whom did she give the book?" This involves ______.A. NP-movement B. WH-movement C. AUX-movement D. post-verb adjective movement22. Since early 1980s Noam Chomsky and other generative linguists proposed and developed a theory of universal grammar known as the ______ theory.A. speech act B. TG C. principles-and-parameters D. minimalist programme23. Case Condition, Adjacency Condition and parameters are **ponents in the well-known theory of ______.A. traditional grammar B. functional grammar C. universal grammar D. phrase structure grammar24. The theory of ______ accounts for the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.A. Case Condition B. Adjacent Condition C. parameter D. Adjacent parameters25. It is the ______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.A. Case Condition B. parameter C. Adjacent Condition D. Adjacent Parameter26. Natural languages are viewed to vary according to ______ set on UG principles to particular values.A. Adjacent Condition B. parameters C. Case Condition D. Case requirementPART TWOⅡ.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.27. Morphology studies how words are formed, while s______ studies how words **bined to form sentences.28. For any natural language, a set of s______ rules are capable of yielding an endless number of sentences in that language.29. A f______ verb, informally called the main verb of a sentence, expresses existence, action or occurrence which is limited by person, number, case.30. The subject in a sentence is the r______ expression which refers to some entity, such as a person, a place, a thing, an idea, or an event. It may be a noun or a noun phrase.31. A s______ is a structurally independent unit that **prises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.32. Syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. It is universally found that syntactic **prise a speaker's system of i______ linguistic knowledge known as **petence.33. A f______ clause is a clause that takes a subject and a main verb, and at the same time stands structurally alone.34. A simple sentence consists of a single c______ which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.35. A c______ sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as "and", "but", "or".36. The clause into which another clause is embedded is called a m______ clause.37. A c______ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated in to the other.38. The two clauses in a complex sentence hold unequal status, one s______ the other.39. The sequential order of words in a sentence suggests that the structure of a sentence is l______.40. In addition to the use of structural tree diagram, linguists may show the hierarchical structure of sentences by using brackets and subscript labels, and more formally, the structures of sentences are represented with both opening and c______ csubscript labels.41. Words and phrases are organized according to the syntactic c______ they belong to.42. The g______ relations of a sentence concern the way each noun phrase in the sentence relates to the verb.43. XP may contain more than just X. For example, the NP "the boy who likes his puppy" consists of Det, N and S, with Det being the s______, N the head and S **plement.44. A______ is the movement of an auxiliary verb to the sentence initial position, such as "be", "have", "do" etc.45. G______ questions in English may motivate syntactic movement with AUX-movement.46. The application of syntactic movement rules t______ a sentence from the level of D-structure to that of S-structure.。
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全国2010年10月自学考试现代语言学试题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20% )1. The purpose of Chomsky’s definition is to focus attention on the purely ______ properties of language, and these properties can be studied from a mathematically precise point of view.A. lexicalB. grammaticalC. semanticD. structural2. We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as ______.A. vowelsB. consonantsC. soundsD. speech sounds3. A(n) ______ refers to the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added.A. rootB. stemC. affixD. morpheme4. All sentences in all languages can be represented by constituent structure trees, and all have syntactic rules that determine the linear order of words and their ______ structure.A. linearB. hierarchicalC. constituentD. syntactic5. In semantic analysis of a sentence, a(n) ______ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element in a sentence. ()A. argumentB. subjectC. objectD. predicate6. Speaker A: Can you answer the telephone?Speaker B: I’m in the bath.Speaker B is violating the maxim of ______.()A. quantityB. qualityC. relationD. manner7. New words may be formed from existing words by the removal of a suffix thought to be part of the old word. Such a process is called ______, e.g., caretake from caretaker.A. back-formationB. clippingC. blendingD. abbreviating8. It is insulting to a woman to be called a spinster, but it is not insulting to a man to be called a bachelor. There is nothing inherently ______ about the word spinster. Theconnotations reflect the sexist views society has about an unmarried woman as opposed to an unmarried man.A. importantB. unusualC. pejorativeD. commendatory9. Human linguistic ability depends primarily on human ______. ()A. brainB. vocal cordsC. tongueD. articulatory organs10. In the ______ stage, children begin to produce longer utterances with more complex grammatical structures. ()A. prelinguisticB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multi-wordⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%×10=10% )11. D linguistics is the systematic description and elucidation of all linguistic changes through time. It studies the historical development of language over a period of time. For example, a study of the changes English has undergone since the time of Shakespeare would be a diachronic study.12. The phonemes of a language cannot be strung together in any random order to form words. The phonological system determines which phonemes can begin a word, end a word, and follow each other, in other words, there are s rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.13. Morphology can be divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and d morphology.14. Syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. It is universally found that syntactic rules comprisea speaker’s system of i linguistic knowledge known as linguistic competence.15. Pairs of words which exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the lexical items are called r opposites.16. Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies of m , but what distinguishes17. In Old English the word order is different from that of Modern English, and there are two negatives, “ne”(“not”) and “næfre”(“not”+“ever”=“never”). So d rule is one of the grammatical rules in Old English.18. When a pidgin comes to be adopted by a community as its native tongue and is learned by children as their first language, it becomes c .19. The c age for the acquisition of the first language coincides with the period of brain lateralization.20. In second language learning, instrumental motivation occurs when the learner’s goal isf , and integrative motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is social.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. (2%×10=20% )21.()Language is arbitrary by nature. And it is entirely arbitrary.22.()In producing stops or plosives, the obstruction created by the speech organs istotal or complete, with the obstruction audibly released and the air passingout again, such as English stops [p] and [t] in pit. In producing [p] and [t] theflow of air is blocked through the mouth only.23.()From the semantic point of view, the meaning of a compound is alwaysperceived from the meanings of its components.24.()According to the “principles-and-parameters”theory, “principles”referto highly abstract properties of grammar which are applied to language ingeneral and which generate phrases and at the same time restrain the powerof Move a, while “parameters”allow general principles to operate incertain restricted ways, according to which particular grammars of naturallanguages vary.25.()In discussing the sense relations between sentences, Y is a prerequisite of X. 26.()According to Austin’s classification of perlocutionary acts, speech acts fall intofive general categories, which are representatives, directives, commissives,expressives and decalrations.27.()For some speakers of American English, the word ask is pronounced [æks], butthe word asking is pronounced [æskIŋ]. It is interesting that in Old Englishthe verb ask was aksian, with the/k/preceding the/s/. This means that ahistorical metathesis rule switched these two consonants, producing ask inmost dialects of English. Metathesis is the phonological process that reorderssegments, often by transposing two adjoining sound segments.28.()Language varieties may be standard and nonstandard. Nonstandard varietiesare regarded as substandard languages. Only standard varieties are regardedas the only correct, logical and pure, and are effective in expressing ideas incommunication.29.()Language is the only means of expressing thought.30.()The Error Analysis approach shows that there are striking similarities in theways in which different L2 learners acquire a new language.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3%×10=30% )31. descriptive linguistics32. diphthong33. morphological rules34. case condition35. collocational synonyms36. declarations37. Grimm’s Law38. registers39. language centers40. formal instructionV. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20% )41. Explain syntactic movement, NP-movement and WH-movement with examples.42. Explain the term “euphemism”with examples. Describe the use of euphemisms in social communication. What will result in euphemistic clichés?全国2010年1月自学考试现代语言学试题I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of thefour choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. ( 2% ×10=20% )1. The language behavior of particular persons on particular occasions is determined bymany other factors over and above their linguistic ______. ( )A. systemB. structureC. competenceD. performance2. When we pronounce the long vowels [i:] or [u:], our ______, which is a bony structure atthe end of the windpipe, is in a state of tension. ( )A. larynxB. hard palateC. glottisD. vocal cords3. The word “manuscript”is a two-morpheme cluster which contains ______. ( )A. two rootsB. a root and a prefixC. a root and a suffixD. a root and a free morpheme4. The grammatical knowledge is represented through Phrase Structure Rules, which stateexplicitly all and only the possible combinations of the ______ of a language, for example, in English, NP → ( De t ) (Adj) N (PP) (S). ( )A. phrasesB. clausesC. sentencesD. constituents5. The view that the meaning of a linguistic form is defined as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer”was proposed by ______.A. PlatoB. Ogden and RichardsC. John FirthD. Bloomfield6. According to John Austin's theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the change brought about by the utterance. ( )A. prelocutionaryB. locutionaryC. illocutionaryD. perlocutionary7. In 1786, Sir William Jones suggested that ______ bore to Greek and Latin a stronger affinity than could possibly have been produced by accident.()A. GermanicB. PersianC. SanskritD. Lithuanian8. The existence of taboo words and taboo ideas stimulates the creation of euphemism, which shows that a word or phrase not only has a linguistic denotative meaning but also has a ______.( )A. conceptual meaningB. connotative meaningC. cultural meaningD. social meaning9. Dichotic listening research tells us a signal coming in the left ear will first go to the ______ hemisphere, from where it is transferred to the left side of the brain for processing.A. rightB. leftC. frontD. back10. Studies of the effects of formal instruction on second language acquisition suggest thatformal instruction may help learners perform some of the following types of tasks except ______. A. planned speech B. writingC. casual and spontaneous conversation D.career-oriented examinationII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%)refers to the property of language which means language is composedof discrete units at two levels. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless. At the higher level there are morphemes and words, which are meaningful.12. In the production of v , the back of the tongue is brought into contact with thesoft palate, or velum, e.g., [k] in cat, [g] in get and [η] in sting.13. Morphological rules are the rules that govern which affix can be added to what type ofs to form a new word.14. A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words.A phrase structure tree diagram assigns a h structure to sentences.15. The words such as “pop”meaning a certain sound and “pop”meaning popular arein relationship of c homonyms.16. The c view in the discussion of semantics is often considered as the initial effortto study meaning in a pragmatic sense.17. Extensive changes in rules of morphology have occurred in the history of English.English has lost most of its i endings, by which it is no longer possible to identify the functional roles of nouns.18. Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation, in which there exists a strict fdifferentiation between a low-variety or L-variety and a high variety or H-variety.19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of thebrain is called l .20. I is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of second languageacquisition.III. Directions: Judge whether each, of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. (2% × 10=20%)21.()According to Hall (1968), language is "the institution whereby humanscommunicate and interact with each other by means of habitually usedoral-auditory arbitrary symbols." Most linguists today accept the view oflanguage as a set of "habitually used symbols."22.()Intonation refers to a distinctive pattern of tones over stretch of speech inprinciple longer than a word, in other words, when pitch, stress and soundlength are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they arecollectively known as intonation.23.()Suffixes are added to the end of stems, during the process of which they modifythe meaning of the original word but usually do not change its part of speech.24.()When we say a sentence has two levels of structure, D-structure andS-structure, we do not mean that the syntactic representations of these twolevels must be different. Since syntactic movement occurs to all sentences, sothe representations of the twolevels look different.25.()“He has been to New York”presupposes “He has been to America”.26.()John Searle made a distinction between what he called “constatives”and“performatives”.27.()Regularization of exceptional plural forms of nouns constantly occurs. Byanalogy to foe/foes, and dog/dogs, English speakers started saying cows as theplural of cow instead of the earlier plural kine. This analogical change does notoccur when words are borrowed from foreign languages.28.()The common English address terms are First Name (e.g., John), Last Name (e.g.,Smith), Title + Last Name (e.g., Dr. Green), Title + Title (e.g., Mr. President),Title alone (e.g., Sir) and Kin term (e.g., Dad). And outside of marked settings,between friends, neighbours and colleagues, first names are always preferred.29.()Thanks to cerebral plasticity, people suffering damage to the left hemisphere areable to transfer their language centers to the right hemisphere and to reacquirethe lost linguistic skills with relatively little disruption.30.()The earliest sounds produced by infants can be considered as early language IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, if necessary. ( 3% × 10=30% )31. design features32. narrow transcription33. bound morphemes34. deep structure35. missives37. sound assimilation38.idiolect39. Wernicke's area40. interferenceV. Directions: Answer the following questions. ( 10% ×2=20% )41. Please illustrate the syntactic and semantic features of compounds in English languagewith examples.42. Please explicate how language and thought develop and blend each other in order tounderstand the relationship between language and thought.全国2009年10月自学考试现代语言学试题Ⅰ. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2% × 10=20% )1. Saussure used ______ to refer to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. () A. performance B. paroleC. langue D. competence2. In English, a phoneme may be represented by two or more allophones. The choice of the allophone is ______. ()A. randomB. rule-governedC. haphazardD. unpredictable3. In word-formation, a ______ is the smallest meaningful unit of language. ()A. phonemeB. wordC. compoundD. morpheme4. A ______ category usually refers to a word or phrase that performs a particular grammatical function, such as the subject or predicate in a sentence. ()A. lexicalB. phrasalC. syntacticD. phonetic5. In the following pairs of words, ______ are a pair of relational opposites. ()A. “buy” and “sell”B. “male” and “female”C. “hot” and “cold”D. “alive” and “dead”6. The illocutionary point of ______ has the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this kind brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality.A. directivesB. declarationsC. commissivesD. representatives7. Old English had a rich case-ending system, e.g., Old English noun had four cases, i.e.,nominative, genetive, dative and ______. ()A. possessiveB. vocativeC. accusativeD. locative8. ______ dialects are characteristic of a particular type of linguistic activity and appropriate for use in particular speech situations. ()A. SocialB. EthnicC. RegionalD. Situational9. Lying under the skull, the human brain contains an average of ten billion nerve cells called ______.()A. nerve fibersB. nervesC. neuronsD. cerebral cortex10. By the time children are going beyond the ______ stage, they begin to incorporate someof the inflectional morphemes. ()A. telegraphicB. multiwordC. two-wordD. one-wordII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE wordonly, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%×10=10% )11. If a linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct” behavior, i.e., to tell peoplewhat they should say and what they should not, it is said to be p .12. Languages that use the pitch of individual syllables to contrast meanings are called tlanguages. Pitch variations can be used to distinguish meaning just like phonemes. 13. I morphemes are those morphemes that show various grammaticalrelations or categories such as number, tense and case.14. A c sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.15. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semanticanalysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called p , which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.16. The significance of Grice’s C Principle lies in that it explains how it is possiblefor the speaker to convey more than is literally said.17. The method of r of a parent language from a comparison of its daughterlanguages is called the comparative method.18. The avoidance of using t language mirrors social attitude, emotions and valuejudgements.19. Genie’s case not only confirms the critical period hypothesis, but also the view thathuman’s language a device is independent of other intellectual abilities.20. If the target language functions as a foreign language, the learner is likely to benefitfrom ani motivation.Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so. ( 2% ×10=20% )21. () The arbitrary nature of language is absolute, i.e., there are no words in world 22. () Certain strings of phonemes are permissible and others are not. If a wordbegins with an/1/or/r/, the next segment must be a vowel. That is why / 1b I k/does not sound like an English word. It violates the restriction on the sequencing of phonemes.23. () The different stresses used in a compound do not usually affect the meaning ofthe compound.24. () The recursive properties of phrase structure rules enable these rules to generatean infinite number of sentences, and sentences with infinite length.25. () Entailment is a relation of inclusion. If X entails Y, the meaning of X is included in Y.26. () Performatives are sentences that do not state a fact or describe a state, and arenot verifiable.27. () Another kind of change that can be thought of as “economy of memory”results in a reduction of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. For example, children and adults are presently saying I dreamed last night(instead of dreamt). This kind of change has been called rule simplification.28. () One striking fact about the asymmetry between male and female terms inmany languages is that when there are male/female pairs, the male form for the most part is unmarked and the female term is produced by adding a bound morpheme or by compounding.29. () Research findings have shown that language processing centers are situated ina single area of the left hemisphere.30. () The grammatical errors that occur in second language acquisition can all beexplained by mother tongue interference.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, if necessary. (3%×10=30%)31. synchronic study32. competence33. sentence stress34. free morpheme35. major lexical category36. behaviourism as a semantic view37. stylistic synonyms38. expressives39. euphemism40. Broca’s areaⅤ. Directions: Answer the following questions. ( 10% ×2=20% )41. In some dialects of English, the word “ask” is pronounced [æks], and children’s speechshows a number of cases of sound movement, for example, “aminal” for “animal”. Now explain sound movement by giving examples. State the difference between sound movement and sound addition by examples.42. Describe the distinctive features of Black English in its syntactic system by using examples.全国2009年1月自考现代语言学试题I. Directions:Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C,or D in the brackets. (2%×10=-20%)1. Phonetics provides the means to describe the speech sounds,showing how they differ;phonology tells us that they function as ______,acting to contrast words.A. sounds unitsB. sound featuresC. phonemesD. allophones2. Alphabetic spelling represents the pronunciation of words;but it is often the case that the sounds of the words in a language are rather unsystematically represented by ______· ( )A. writingB. orthographyC. transcriptionD. phonology3. ______morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes,either free or bound,to form a word. ( )A. BoundB. FreeC. InflectionalD. Derivational4. _______ categories refer to combination of words of different categories,such as noun phrases(NP),verb phrases(VP)in English. ( )A. LexicalB. PhrasalC. SemanticD. Logical5. In semantic analysis of a sentence,a(n)______ is a logical participant in a predication,largely identical with the nominal element(s)in a sentence. ( ) A. argument B. subject C. object D. attribute6. Of the three speech acts a speaker might be performing simultaneously when speaking,linguists are most interested in the ______ act because it is identical with the speaker’s intention. ( )A. performativeB. constativeC. illocutionaryD. perlocutionary7. Middle English began with the arrival of the Norman French invaders in England under William the Conqueror in 1066. For about a century and a half after the Norman Conquest,Middle English was heavily influenced by French,most noticeably in large and central areas of ______. ( )A. vocabularyB. pronunciationC. morphologyD. syntax8. Depending on the demands of a particular communicative situation,bilingual or multilingual speakers may change between language varieties in the middle of speech or even in the middle of a sentence. Such a situation is known as ______. ( )A. bilingualismB. multilingualismC. diglossiaD. code-switching9. Language disorder resulting from a damage to ______ area in the brain reveals word-finding difficulties and problems with syntax. ( )A. Wernicke’sB. Broca’sC. Gage’sD. Genie’s10. Studies on the effects of formal instruction on second language acquisition show that formal instruction may help learners perform some types of tasks EXCEPT ______. ( )A. planned speech B. writingC. career-oriented exam D. casual and spontaneous conversationII. Directions:Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word,the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)l1. M linguistics,unlike the linguistic study normally known as “grammar” which sets models and rules for language users to follow,is mostly descriptive,i.e.,it attempts to describe the language people actually use,be it “correct” or not.12. Many languages,including English,have vowels called d ,which could also be described as a sequence of two vowels.13. A r is often seen as part of a word;it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning;it must be combined with another similar form or an affix to form a word.14. In a complex sentence,the incorporated,or subordinate,clause is normally called an e clause.15. In the English vocabulary there are two categories of words:n words and borrowed words.16. “Your money or your life!”aims to threaten,and it is a specific instance ofd ·17. Back formation refers to a process by which new words are coined from already existing words by taking away an a thought to be part of the old word,for example,edit derived from editor on the mistaken assumption that “-or”was the agentive suffix.18. In the 1969 edition of the American Heritage Dictionary,examples used to illustrate the meaning of words include “manly courage’’ and “masculine charm. ’’Women do not fare as well. as exemplified by “womanish tears’’ and “feminine wiles.’’ This indicates that language reflects s in society.19. The c period hypothesis refers to a period in one’s life extending from about age two to puberty, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language.20. Although they lack grammatical morphemes,t sentences in the multiword stage are not simply words randomly strung together, but follow the principles of sentence formation.III. Directions:Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false,you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)21. ( )Animal communication system also possesses the feature of displacement. In other words,it can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations.22. ( )V owels usually constitute the nucleus of syllable,so they are typically syllabic. Consonants cannot be syllabic. The same is true of English consonants.23. ( )X-bar theory and phrase structure rules are similar, and they play the same roles in explaining the internal structures of language.24. ( )Transformational rules are the rules that we use to generalize the syntactic movement that occurs when a constituent in a sentence moves out of its original place to a new position.25. ( )A grammatically well-formed sentence may be a semantically ill-formed sentence.26. ( )While conversation participants nearly always observe the Cooperative Principle,they do not always observe these maxims strictly.27. ( )The Great V owel Shift did not lead to the discrepancies between the pronunciation and the spelling system of Moden English.28. ( )Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation,in which there exists a strict grammatical differentiation between a high variety or H-variety and a low variety or L-variety.29. ( )Language functions are believed to be lateralized primarily in the right hemisphere of the brain.30. ( )No language is inferior or superior to any other language,and no single human,except those with mental or physical impairments,is a better or worse language acquirer than any other human.IV. Directions:Explain the following terms,using one or two examples for illustration,if necessary. (3%×10=30%)31. arbitrariness32. distinctive features33. Universal Grammar34. Move35. contextualism36. comparative reconstruction37. speech community38. interpersonal communication39. 1inguistic determinism and relativism40. 1anguage acquisitionV. Directions:Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41. Use appropriate phrase structure rules to draw a labeled constituent structure tree diagram for each of the following sentences.1) The naughty boy cheated his teacher.2) The old man put the book on the table. 3) I think that you are from the South.42. Distinguish sentence meaning and utterance meaning by using examples.全国2008年10月自学考试现代语言学试题I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1.The distinction between langue and parole was made by _______ early last century.( )A. American linguist N. ChomskyB. Swiss linguist F. de SaussureC. American linguist Edward SapirD. British linguist J. R. Firth2.The sounds that begin and end the words church and judge are voiceless and voiced _______, respectively.( )A. stopsB. fricativesC. affricatesD. plosives3.In the word unreliable, the prefix “un-” is a(n) _______ morpheme.( )A. freeB. boundC. rootD. inflectional4.Words in a sentence are organized into groups of lexical _______, commonly known as parts of speech.( )A. verbsB. nounsC. phrasesD. categories5.The words stationary and stationery are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning. They are _______.( )A. complete homonymsB. homographsC. hyponymsD. homophones6. The illocutionary point of _______ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.( )A. directivesB. expressivesC. commissivesD. representatives7. Grimm pointed out that certain phonological changes must have occurred early in the history of the Germanic languages, which did not take place in _______, Greek, or Latin.( )A. EnglishB. SanskritC. GermanD. Danish8. Language planning refers to any attempt by a government, etc. to choose a particular speech variety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation and spelling systems, across _______ boundaries.( )。