中山大学2018年《837外国语言学与应用语言学》考研专业课真题试卷
2018年中山大学翻译硕士英语真题试卷及答案
2018年中山大学翻译硕士英语真题试卷一、词汇1.Nebraska has floods in some years, ______.（A）in others droughts（B）droughts are others（C）while other droughts（D）others in droughts2.Sir Dennis, who is 78, has made it known that much of his collection______to the nation.（A）has left（B）is to leave（C）leaves（D）is to be left3.She has taken great pains to conceal her emotions, and thereby madethem______conspicuous.（A）all the more（B）all the much（C）all more（D）all much4.Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he______our chairman now. （A）would have been（B）must have been（C）were（D）would be5.I______admit the truth of your remarks, although they go against my interests. （A）can but（B）may not go（C）can't but（D）need but6.Before starting on a sea voyage, prudent navigators learn the sea charts, ______ and memorize lighthouse locations to prepare themselves for any conditions they might encounter.（A）sailing directions are studied（B）study the sailing directions（C）to direct sailing studies（D）studies direct sailing7.All the committee members said the lecture was______a second time.（A）worth to listen to（B）worth being listened to（C）worth listening to（D）worth to listening to8.They will wonder whether their life______considerably by 2010.（A）will have changed（B）will be changing（C）will have to change（D）is going to change9.I______provided you with the money. Why didn't you ask me?（A）could have（B）had（C）must have（D）ought to have10.Unfortunately, it was after two o'clock in the morning______he arrived at a solution.（A）when（B）that（C）after（D）until11.She was the first woman elected to a full term in the United StatesSenate______her husband in either the Senate or the House of Representatives. （A）who succeeded（B）who was succeeded（C）who did not succeed（D）she didn't succeed12.The tree, the branches______are almost bare, is a very old one.（A）whose（B）in which（C）of which（D）which13.The plan______, what is to be done now is how to carry it out.（A）been made（B）has been made（C）having been made（D）having been making14.She said she wouldn't go to Beijing the next day, ______she?（A）would（B）wouldn't（C）did（D）didn't15.______he does get annoyed with her sometimes.（A）As he likes her much（B）Much although he like her（C）Although much he likes her（D）Much as he likes her16.The album might have ______had it been less expensive.（A）worked out（B）fallen through（C）caught on（D）fitted in17.My reading in later life has supplied me with some possible explanations ofhis______.（A）temperature（B）temperament（C）temptation（D）temperance18.The new speed restrictions were a______ debated issue.（A）heavily（B）hotly（C）deeply（D）profoundly19.The Japanese dollar-buying made traders eager to ______ dollars in fear of another government intervention.（A）let in（B）let out（C）let go of（D）let off20.I wouldn't say he is brilliant but he is______at his job.（A）competent（B）skillful（C）capable（D）efficient21.If you don't put the cheese in the refrigerator, it may______.（A）go at（B）go off（C）go on（D）go back22.After more than thirty years, the United States and China have begunto______their relations.（A）economize（B）normalize（C）decentralize（D）standardize23.The worker was______with indignation.（A）quiet（B）silent（C）mute（D）speechless24.The______of a cultural phenomenon is usually a logical consequence of some physical aspect in the life style of the people.（A）implementation（B）demonstration（C）manifestation（D）expedition25.I've______a list of candidates that I'd like to interview.（A）drawn on（B）drawn back（C）drawn out（D）drawn up26.The girl was so______by the mighty river that she would spend hours sitting on its bank and gazing at the boats and rafts going and coming.（A）absorbed（B）fascinated（C）moved（D）touched27.According to official statistics, retail sales in China rose 10% and 12% in the first and the second quarter ______this year.（A）accordingly（B）correspondingly（C）respectively（D）individually28.I hope you aren't bossing me, Molly. You are walking me out of______already. （A）order（B）breath（C）reach（D）step29.The place did not appear to be popular, for it was completely deserted, and in any case______to traffic.（A）inadequate（B）incompatible（C）inaccessible（D）insignificant30.Most reviewers maintain that TV has been unfairly criticized and argue that the power of the medium is______.（A）exaggerated（B）granted（C）implied（D）remedied二、阅读理解To understand the marketing concept, it is only necessary to understand the difference between marketing and selling. Not too many years ago, most industries concentrated primarily on the efficient production of goods, and then relied on " persuasive salesmanship" to move as much of these goods as possible. Such production and selling focuses on the needs of the seller to produce goods and then to convert them into money.Marketing, on the other hand, focuses on the wants of consumers. It begins with first analyzing the preferences and demands of consumers and then producing goods that will satisfy them. This eye-on-the-consumer approach is known as the marketing concept, which simply means that instead of trying to sell whatever is easiest to produce or buy for resale, the makers and dealers first endeavor to find out what the consumer wants to buy and then go about making it available for purchase.This concept does not imply that business is benevolent or that consumer satisfaction is given priority over profit in a company. There are always two sides to every business transaction—the firm and the customer—and each must be satisfied before trade occurs. Successful merchants and producers, however, recognize that the surest route to profit is through understanding and catering to customers. A striking example of the importance of catering to the consumer presented itself in mid-1985, when Coca Cola changed the flavor of its drink. The non-acceptance of the new flavor by a significant portion of the public brought about a prompt restoration of the Classic Coke, which was then marketed alongside the new. King Customer ruled!31.The marketing concept discussed in the passage is, in essence, ______.（A）a form of persuasive salesmanship（B）the customer-centred approach（C）making goods available for purchase（D）the practice of turning goods into money32.What was the main concern of industrialists before the marketing concept was widely accepted?（A）The needs of the market.（B）The preferences of the dealer.（C）The efficiency of production.（D）The satisfaction of the user.33.According to Paragraph One, "to move as much of these goods as possible" means______.（A）to redesign these goods for large-scale production（B）to transport goods as efficiently as possible（C）to sell the largest possible amount of goods（D）to dispose of these goods in large quantities34.What does the restoration of the Classic Coke best illustrate?（A）Products must be designed to suit the taste of the consumer.（B）Consumers with conservative tastes are often difficult to please.（C）It takes time for a new product to be accepted by the public.（D）Traditional goods have a stronger appeal to the majority of people.35.In discussing the marketing concept, the author focuses on______.（A）its social impact（B）its theoretical basis（C）its possible consequence（D）its main characteristicMost of us are taught to pay attention to what is said—the words. Words do provide us with some information , but meanings are derived from so many other sources that it would hinder our effectiveness as a partner to a relationship to rely too heavily on words alone. Words are used to describe only a small part of the many ideas we associate with any given message. Sometimes we can gain insight into some of those associations if we listen for more than words. We don't always say what we mean or mean what we say. Sometimes our words don't mean anything except " I'm letting off some steam. I don't really want you to pay close attention to what I'm saying. Just pay attention to what I'm feeling. " Mostly we mean several things at once. A person wanting to purchase a house says to the current owner, " This step has to be fixed before I'll buy. " The owner says, " It's been like that for years. " Actually, the step hasn't been like that for years, but the unspoken message is: "I don't want to fix it. We put up with it. Why can't you?" The search for a more expansive view of meaning can be developed of examining a message in terms of who said it, when it occurred, the related conditions or situation, and how it was said.The time when a message occurs can also reveal associated meaning. Let us assume two couples do exactly the same amount of kissing and arguing. But onecouple always kisses after an argument and the other couple always argues after a kiss. The ordering of the behaviors may mean a great deal more than the frequency of the behavior. A friend's unusually docile behavior may only be understood by noting that it was preceded by situations that required an abnormal amount of assertiveness. Some responses may be directly linked to a developing pattern of responses and defy logic. For example, a person who says " No!" to a series of charges like " You're dumb," "You're lazy," and "You're dishonest," may also say "No|" and try to justify his or her response if the next statement is "And you're good looking.We would do well to listen for how messages are presented. The words, " It sure has been nice to have you over," can be said with emphasis and excitement or ritualistically. The phrase can be said once or repeated several times. And the meanings we associate with the phrase will change accordingly. Sometimes if we say something infrequently it assumes more importance; sometimes the more we say something the less importance it assumes.36.Effective communication is rendered possible between two conversing partners,if______.（A）they use proper words to carry their ideas（B）they both speak truly of their own feelings（C）they try to understand each other's ideas beyond words（D）they are capable of associating meaning with their words37."I'm letting off some steam" in Paragraph One means______.（A）I'm just calling your attention（B）I'm just saying what I don't really want to say（C）I'm just saying the opposite（D）I'm just giving off some sound38.The house-owner's example shows that he actually means______.（A）the step has been like that for years（B）he doesn't think it necessary to fix the step（C）the condition of the step is only a minor fault（D）the cost involved in the fixing should be shared39.Some responses and behaviors may appear very illogical, but are justifiableif______.（A）linked to an abnormal amount of assertiveness（B）seen as one's habitual pattern of behavior（C）taken as a developing pattern of responses（D）expressed to a series of charges40.The word " ritualistically" in the last paragraph equals something done______. （A）without true intention（B）light-heartedly（C）in a way of ceremony（D）with less emphasisThe establishment of the Third Reich influenced events in American history by starting a chain of events which culminated in war between Germany and the United States. The compete destruction of democracy, the persecution of Jews, the war on religion, the cruelty and barbarism of the Nazis, and especially the plans of Germany and her allies, Italy and Japan, for world conquest caused great indignation in this country and brought on fear of another world war.While speaking out against Hitler's atrocities, the American people generally favored isolationist policies and neutrality.The Neutrality Acts of 1935 and 1936 prohibited trade with any belligerents or loans to them. In 1937 the President was empowered to declare an arms embargo in wars between nations at his discretion.American opinion began to change somewhat after President Roosevelt's " quarantine the aggressor" speech at Chicago (1937) in which he severely criticized Hitler's policies. Germany's seizure of Austria and the Munich Pact for the partition of Czechoslovakia (1938) also aroused the American people.The conquest of Czechoslovakia in March, 1939 was another rude awakening to the menace of the Third Reich. In August, 1939 came the shock of the Nazi-Soviet Pact and in September the attack on Poland and the outbreak of European war.The United States attempted to maintain neutrality in spite of sympathy for the democracies arrayed against the Third Reich. The Neutrality Act of 1939 repealed the arms embargo and permitted "cash and carry" exports of arms to belligerent nations.A strong national defense program began.A draft act was passed (1940) to strengthen the military services. A Lend-Lease Act (1941) authorized the President to sell, exchange, or lend materials to any country deemed necessary by him for the defense of the United States. Help was given to Britain by exchanging certain overage destroyers for the right to establish American bases in British territory in the Western Hemisphere. In August 1940, President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill met and issued the Atlantic Charter which proclaimed the kind of a world which should be established after the war.In December 1941, Japan launched the unprovoked attack on the United States at Pearl Harbor. Immediately thereafter, Germany declared war on the United States. 41.One item occurring before 1937 that the author does NOT mention in his list of actions that alienated the American public was______.（A）the burning of the Reichstag（B）German plans for conquest（C）Nazi barbarism（D）the persecution of religious groups42.The Lend-Lease Act was designed to______.（A）help the British（B）strengthen the national defense of the United States（C）promote the Atlantic Charter（D）avenge Pearl Harbor43.American policy during the years 1935 ~ 1936 may be described as being______. （A）watchful（B）isolationist（C）peaceful（D）indifferent44.The Neutrality Act of 1939______.（A）permitted the selling of arms to belligerent nations（B）antagonized Japan（C）permitted the British to trade only with the Allies（D）led to Lend-Lease Act45.The United States entered the war against Germany ______.（A）because Germany declared war（B）because Japan was an ally of Germany（C）after Germany had signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact（D）after peaceful efforts had failedA controversy erupted in the scientific community in early 1998 over the use of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) fingerprinting in criminal investigations. DNA fingerprinting was introduced in 1987 as a method to identify individuals based on a pattern seen in their DNA, the molecule of which genes are made. DNA is present in every cell of the body except red blood cells.DNA fingerprinting has been used successfully in various ways, such as to determine paternity where it is not clear who the father of a particular child is. However, it is in the area of criminal investigations that DNA fingerprinting has potentially powerful and controversial uses. DNA fingerprinting and other DNA analysis techniques have revolutionized criminal investigations by giving investigators powerful new tools in the attempt to prove guilt, not just establish innocence. When used in criminal investigations, a DNA fingerprint pattern from a suspect is compared with a DNA fingerprint pattern obtained from such materials as hairs or blood found at the scene of a crime. A match between the two DNA samples can be used as evidence to convict a suspect.The controversy in 1998 stemmed from a report published in December 1991 by population geneticists Richard C. Lewontin of Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass. , and Daniel L. Haiti called into question the methods to calculate how likely it is that a match between two DNA fingerprints might occur by chance a-lone. In particular, they argued that the current method cannot properly determine the likelihood that two DNA samples will match because they came from the sameindividual rather than simply from two different individuals who are members of the same ethnic group.In response to their criticisms, population geneticists Ranajit Chakraborty of the University of Texas in Dallas and Kenneth K. Kidd of Yale University in New Haven, Conn. , argued that enough data are already available to show that the methods currently being used are adequate. In January 1998, however, the federal Bureau of Investigation and laboratories that conduct DNA tests announced that they would collect additional DNA samples from various ethnic groups in an attempt to resolve some of these questions. And, in April, a National Academy of Sciences called for strict standards and system of accreditation for DNA testing laboratories.46.Before DNA fingerprinting is used, suspects______.（A）would have to leave their fingerprints for further investigations（B）would have to submit evidence for their innocence（C）could easily escape conviction of guilt（D）could be convicted of guilt as well47.DNA fingerprinting can be unreliable when______.（A）the methods used for blood-cell calculation are not accurate（B）two different individuals of the same ethnic group may have the same DNA fingerprinting pattern（C）a match is by chance left with fingerprints that happen to belong to two different individuals（D）two different individuals leave two DNA samples48.To geneticists like Lewontin and Hartl, the current method______.（A）is not so convincing as to exclude the likelihood that two DNA samples can never come from two individuals（B）is arguable because two individuals of the same ethnic group are likely to have the same DNA pattern（C）is not based on adequate scientific theory of genetics（D）is theoretically contradictory to what they have been studying49.The attitude of the Federal Bureau of Investigation shows that______.（A）enough data are yet to be collected from various ethnic groups to confirm the unlikelihood of two DNA samples coming from two individual members（B）enough data of DNA samples should be collected to confirm that only DNA samples from the same person can match（C）enough data are yet to be collected from various ethnic groups to determine the likelihood of two different DNA samples coming from the same person（D）additional samples from various ethnic groups should be collected to determine that two DNA samples are unlikely to come from the same person50.National Academy of Sciences holds the stance that______.（A）DNA testing should be systematized（B）only authorized laboratories can conduct DNA testing（C）the academy only is authorized to work out standards for testing（D）the academy has the right to accredit laboratories for DNA testing How to answer interview questions?To start, take a tip from consultants who coach executives on how to handle media interviews. They say you can deliver the message you want to an employer, regardless of the question you're asked."Unlike some politicians, who take no notice of press questions and immediately introduce a different topic in response, job candidates must answer employers' queries," says John Barford of the interview training firm Genesis. "However, you can quickly make the transition from your answer to the important points you want to convey about your qualifications," he says.He advises candidates at job interviews to apply the formula Q = A + 1 : Q is the question; A is the answer; + is the,fridge to the message you want to deliver; and 1 is the point you want to make.Diligent preparation is also necessary to effectively answer any interview question, say senior executives. They give a number of useful tips: -Learn as much as you can beforehand. Ask company employees questions prior to job interviews to gain as much insight as you can. If the company is publiclyowned, find out how viable it is by reading shareholder reports. You can then tailor what you say to the company's issues.Be prepared for questions that require you to show how you handled difficult challenges. These questions require stories in response, but as it's unlikely that you'll have one that fits every situation, try to recall some from your past experience that show how you coped with a range of issues.Count on being asked about a past mistake or blemish on your career record, and don't try to dodge the issue. Ms. Murphy, president of the Murphy Group, a media interview training firm, says that it's important to steer clear of lies at all costs. Just answer the question and move on.When discussing a mistake, focus on the positive outcomes. " You learn as much by dropping the ball as you do by catching it," says senior executive Mr. Friedmann. When he was being interviewed for his current job, he mentioned he had been involved in many successful turnarounds and one that failed. " And I said how I'd benefited in many ways from going through that experience," he says.Answer the following questions, using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the text for each answer.51.According to the writer, what do some politicians ignore?52.To allow them to communicate their main points, what are interviewees recommended to follow?53.From whom do senior executives advise candidates to request information before an interview?54.What does the head of an interview training firm advise people to avoid telling?55.What do senior executives advise candidates to focus on when talking about a past mistake?写作---为题目类型56.Nowadays the way many people interact with each other has changed because of technology. In what ways has technology affected the types of relationships people make? Has this become a positive or negative development?You should write about 400 words on this topic.In the first part of your essay you should state clearly your main argument, and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.Write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET.答案：1-5.ADADC 6-10.BCAAB CDD 16-20.CBBCA21-25.BBDCD 26-30.BCBCA 31-35.BCCAD 36-40.CABCC41-45.ABBAA 46-50.DBBBB51.Press questions．52.The formula Q=A+1．pany employees．54.Lies．55.The positive outcomes．56. How Technology Affects Human RelationshipsIt’s great that we have the technology to connect with people across the globe instantly, but there’s also a sense of disconnection. If there’s an internet-capable device with a screen anywhere nearby, the immediate world doesn’t get our full attention. Therefore, the long-term impact of technology on personal interactions is not a positive trend.Technology makes conversations context shortage. One issue with technology and relationships is the inability to detect tone. I can’t really know when someone is being sarcastic, serious or joking. I can’t tell you how many times I’ve wondered what someone meant by their words—whether on social media, in a text or over email. Unless I see the person’s face, hear their voice and understand the environment, I have no idea the context surrounding the written words. Misunderstandings, miscommunications and assumptions result, which have an impact on how we view others.Technology fails to deliver essential personal touch. Sometimes I just need a hug, a handshake or a pat on the back. Once in a while, I get "stickers" and "emojis" on social media. Those symbol or smiley face is cute, but it doesn’t make me feel a personal connection with the poster. Do you use technology to pet your dog or cat? Not likely. Sometimes we fail to realize that, as humans, we’re also animals that need personal touch.Technology-addiction can lead to cocooning. For addicting to the convenience brought by technology, some people stay at home and become mouse potato. Technology takes them out of the physical world. And like many addictions, there are serious implications on number and quality of human relationships. Conversations through social media and email take the place of traditional interactions and discussions; eventually, a person doesn’t need to leave the house to communicate with others. This phenomenon leads to social isolation that can be crippling for some people.All in all, technology paints a pretty gloomy picture on human interaction. But it teaches us the value of balancing our offline and online communications with others. I believe the best approach is to use technology appropriately, so that it supplements our relationships rather than replaces them.。
中山大学语言学及应用语言学考研真题语言学概论
中山大学语言学及应用语言学考研真题语言学概论 LELE was finally revised on the morning of December 16, 2020中山大学语言学及应用语言学2011年招收硕士学位研究生入学考试语言学概论部分（150分）一、名词解释题（每小题6分，共30分）1.聚合关系2.非音质音位3.亲属语言4.克里奥尔语5.索绪尔二、分析应用题：（每小题10分，共40分）1.下面是“桃”等8个字在北京、苏州、长沙、南昌和广州的读音。
请据此分析北京话声母与其他四地方言声母的对应关系。
2.下面是三组短语。
请据此分析：（1）每组内的a和b两类短语有什么区别？（2）造成这些区别的原因是什么？第一组：a.死三天 b.看三天a.丢三天b.挖三天a.到三天b.写三天第二组：a.吃了半个钟头了 b.等了半个钟头了a.喝了半个钟头了b.睡了半个钟头了a.谈了半个钟头了b.想了半个钟头了第三组：a.看了半个钟头了 b.挂了半个钟头了a.说了半个钟头了b.开了半个钟头了a.修了半个钟头了b.摆了半个钟头了3.下面是三个词的释义。
请据此分析：（1）这三个词的词义（语素义）的引申方式；（2）它们的引申方式可以归纳为几种类型？信：（1）言语真实；（2）对人真诚；（3）相信；（4）的确、确实；（5）凭证；（6）信使；（7）音讯；（8）书信。
要：（1）腰；（2）中间；（3）拦截；（4）要挟；（5）求得；（6）需要。
节：（1）竹子的节；（2）用于树木，为木节；（3）用于动物，为关节；（4）用于时日，为节气；（5）用于音乐，为节奏；（6）用于道德，为节操；（7）用于社会，为法度；（8）用于动作，为节约。
4.下列是部分广东方言的词汇和普通话的对比。
请据此分析：（1）为这些异序词进一步分类；（2）你如何解释这种“异序”现象？普通话：要紧蔬菜已经客人母鸡干菜生鱼汤匙广州话：紧要菜蔬经已人客鸡乸菜干鱼生匙羹三、论述题（每小题20分，共80分）1.一些动物内部有着特定的交际方式，这就是所谓的动物“语言”。
(NEW)中山大学外国语学院《638基础英语》历年考研真题及详解
目 录2003年中山大学外国语学院352基础英语考研真题及详解2004年中山大学外国语学院352基础英语考研真题及详解2005年中山大学外国语学院352基础英语考研真题及详解2006年中山大学外国语学院348基础英语考研真题及详解2007年中山大学外国语学院738基础英语考研真题及详解2008年中山大学外国语学院616基础英语考研真题及详解2009年中山大学外国语学院628基础英语考研真题及详解2010年中山大学外国语学院622基础英语考研真题及详解2011年中山大学外国语学院632基础英语考研真题及详解2012年中山大学外国语学院632基础英语考研真题及详解2013年中山大学外国语学院637基础英语考研真题及详解2014年中山大学外国语学院638基础英语考研真题及详解2015年中山大学外国语学院638基础英语考研真题及详解2016年中山大学外国语学院637基础英语考研真题及详解2017年中山大学外国语学院638基础英语考研真题及详解2018年中山大学外国语学院638基础英语考研真题及详解2003年中山大学外国语学院352基础英语考研真题及详解Ⅰ. Reading (30%)Green Wave Washes Over Mainstream Shopping Research in Britain has shown that “green consumers” continue to flourish as a significant group among shoppers. This suggests that politicians who claim environmentalism is yesterday’s issue may be seriously misjudging the public mood.A report from Mintel, the market research organization, says that despite recession and financial pressures, more people than ever want to buy environmentally friendly products and a “green wave” has swept through consumerism, taking in people previously untouched by environmental concerns. The recently published report also predicts that the process will repeat itself with “ethical” concerns, involving issues such as fair trade with the Third World and the social record of businesses. Companies will have to be more honest and open in response to this mood.Mintel’s survey, based on nearly 1,000 consumers, found that the proportion who look for green products and are prepared to pay more for them has climbed from 53 percent in 1990 to around 60 percent in 1994. On average, they will pay 13 percent more for such products, although this percentage is higher among women, managerial and professional groups and those aged 35 to 44.Between 1990 and 1994 the proportion of consumers claiming to be unaware of or unconcerned about green issues fell from 18 to 10 percent but the number of green spender among older people and manual workers has risen substantially. Regions such as Scotland have also caught up with the south of England in their environmental concerns. According to Mintel, the image of green consumerism as associated in the past with the more eccentric members of society has virtually disappeared. The consumer research manager for Mintel, Angela Hughes, said it had become firmly established as a mainstream market. She explained that as far as the average person is concerned environmentalism has not “gone off the boil”. In fact, it has spread across a much wider range of consumer groups, ages and occupations.Mintel’s 1994 survey found that 13 percent of consumers are “very dark green”, nearly always buying environmentally friendly products, 28 percent are “dark green”, trying “as far as possible” to buy such products, and 21 percent are “pale green” tending to buy green products if they see them. Another 26 percent are “armchair greens”; they said they care about environmental issues but their concern does not affect their spending habits. Only 10 percent say they do not care about green issues.Four in ten people are “ethical spenders”, buying goods which do not, for example, involve dealings with oppressive regimes. This figure is the same as in 1990, although the number of “armchair ethicals” has risen from 28 to 35 percent and only 22 percent say they are, unconcerned now, against 30 percent in 1990. Hughes claims that in the twenty-first century, consumers will be encouraged to think more about the entire history of the products and services they buy, including the policies of the companies that provide them and that this will require a greater degree of honesty with consumers.Among green consumers, animal testing is the top issue—48 percent said they would be deterred from buying a product if it had been tested on animals—followed by concerns regarding irresponsible selling, the ozone layer, river and sea pollution, forest destruction, recycling and factor farming. However, concern for specific issues is lower than in 1990, suggesting that many consumers feel that Government and business have taken on the environmental agenda.Questions 1-6Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer of the passage? In your answer booklet write YES, NO, or NOT GIVEN for each statement.1. The research findings report commercial rather than political trends.2. Being financially better off has made shoppers more sensitive to buying ‘green’.3. The majority of shoppers are prepared to pay more for the benefit of the environment according to the research findings.4. Consumers’ green shopping habits are influenced by Mintel’s findings.5. Mintel has limited their investigation to professional and managerial groups.6. Mintel undertakes market surveys on an annual basis.【答案与解析】1. YES(文章通篇没有多提政治，除了第一段“politicians claims environmentalism is yesterday’s issue”，本文更多的是从消费者的角度来讨论这一问题的。
(NEW)中山大学外国语学院《834法语语言文学》历年考研真题及详解
目 录2017年中山大学834法语语言文学考研真题及详解2018年中山大学834法语语言文学考研真题及详解2017年中山大学834法语语言文学考研真题及详解Partie de la linguistique 语言学部分 50%1. Quelles sont les différences entre la langue et le langage ? 10%La langue est un système évolutif de signes linguistiques,【答案】vocaux, graphiques et gestuels, qui permet la communication entre les individus, alors que le langage est la capacité d’exprimer et de communiquer au moyen d’un système de signes. La langue est une des nombreuses manifestations du langage.2. Préciser les fonctions des composants （marqués en formedifférente） de la phrase suivante ? 10% Monsieur Ma est un professeur qui aime bien expliquer la grammaire. （Tels que sujet, verbe, complémentd’objet indirect...）« Monsieur Ma » est le sujet ; « est » le verbe ; « un 【答案】professeur » est l’attribut du sujet et l’antécédent de la proposition relative ;« qui » est le pronom relatif ; « aime » est le verbe ; « bien » est l’adverbe ;« expliquer » est le complément d’objet direct du verbe « aime » ; « la grammaire » est le complément d’objet direct du verbe « expliquer ».3. Veuillez expliquer les différences entre le signifiant et le signifié,avec un mot par exemple. 10%Le signifié désigne la représentation mentale du concept associé【答案】au signe, tandis que le signifiant désigne la représentation mentale de la forme et de l’aspect matériel du signe. On utilise le mot « arbre » pourdésigner le réel arbre. Le mot « arbre » est donc le signifiant, alors que ce que le mot désigne est le signifié.4. D'après vous, quelles sont les caractéristiques de la langue française ?（Écrivez un petit texte d'entre 100 à 150mots. Attention aux bonnes expressions, à la structure et à la logique） 20%【答案】Une des caractéristiques de la grammaire française est la richesse de ses temps et modes. Toutefois, cette richesse tend à se réduire à l’oral. Certains temps ne se trouvent guère plus qu’à l’écrit. Comme le français est écrit avec l’alphabet latin de base, elle ressemble beaucoup à l’anglais. Grâce à ses normes orthographiques assez rigoureuses et détaillées, elle est considérécomme la langue la plus précise du monde et souvent utilisée comme langue officielle et de travail de plusieurs organisations internationales.La majorité du fonds lexical français provient du latin ou bien est construit à partir des racines gréco-latines. La langue française se caractérise aussi par les emprunts à d’autres langues : d’abord à l’anglais, puis à l’italien, aux autres langues romanes, aux langues germaniques tels que l’allemand et le néerlandais.Partie de la littérature 文学部分 100%1. Répondez aux questions suivantes （60 pts）1） Comment appelle-t-on les récits épiques du Moyen Age qui ontprécédé l'apparition du genre romanesque ? /5 pts.【答案】Les chansons de geste.2） Quels sont les deux sens du mot « roman »? /10 pts.Au Moyen Age, le roman désigne une oeuvre en vers ou en 【答案】prose, présentant des aventures surnaturelles et rédigées en langue romane. Maintenant, il désigne plus souvent une oeuvre en prose, relativement longue, basée sur une intrigue imaginaire qui dépeint l’évolution et la psychologie des personnages.3） Citez un roman symbolique du moyen Age./5 pts.【答案】Le Roman de Renart4） Citez les caractéristiques de l'Humanisme. Donnez le nom d'un auteur emblématique de cette époque. /10 pt.L’appétit de savoir, l’esprit critique et l’attention à l’humain 【答案】définissent les contours de l’Humanisme. François Rabelais.5） Pourquoi ce nom « Philosophes des Lumières »? Que traduit cette métaphore ?/10 pts.【答案】Ce terme est utilisé pour désigner les philosphes avant vécu。
2018年广东中山大学汉语基础考研真题
2018年广东中山大学汉语基础考研真题一、填空题（每空1分，共30分）1.汉语普通话中的单元音韵母可分为舌面元音、舌尖元音和__________。
2.口腔无阻碍，气流同时从鼻腔和口腔呼出，发出的音在口腔和鼻腔共鸣，叫做__________音。
3.汉语普通话声母中的舌尖前、不送气、清、塞擦音用国际音标应记为__________。
4.不同音素能出现在相同语音环境中且替换后会引起词的意义变化，这体现音位的__________原则。
5.“小拇指”中第一个音节“小”的实际调值应为__________。
6.__________是从音色的角度划分出来的最小的语音单位。
7.广东省主要的方言包括粤方言、客家方言和__________方言。
8.韵母可分为韵头、韵腹和韵尾，其中韵头也叫做__________。
9.语气词“啊”发音时往往受到前字读音的影响而产生音变，当前字韵腹或韵尾为u 时，“啊”应念为__________。
10.按照记录语言单位的大小差异，可以把文字分为__________文字和__________文字。
11.隶书有__________和__________两种。
12.__________既便于书写，又易于辨认，是现代汉字手写体中应用最广泛的字体。
13.“舟”字的第四笔是__________；“乘”字的第七笔是__________。
14.__________是由笔画组成的构字单位。
15.繁体字“害”简化为“书’，，使用的简化方法是__________。
16.“幸亏他来了”中，“幸亏”是__________词。
17.“箱子上面放着照片”中，“上面”是__________词。
18.从语义成分角度看，“一条船坐四个人”中，“四个人”是__________。
19.“写得清清楚楚”中的补语成分属于__________补语。
20.“希望他一切顺利”是__________短语。
21.“当他走进教室的时候”是__________短语。
2018年广东中山大学法学专业基础考研真题及答案
2018年广东中山大学法学专业基础考研真题及答案一、单选题1.最高人民法院发布《关于审理抢劫案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释》中规定，抢劫正在使用中的银行或者其他金融机构的运钞车的，视为“抢劫银行或者其他金融机构”，该规定使用的解释方法是（）A.扩大解释；B.类推解释；C.限制解释；D.文理解释。
【答案】A【解析】根据解释的方法，刑法解释可分为文理解释和论理解释。
文理解释是根据条文的字面含义进行的说明。
论理解释是根据立法的精神与目的对条文进行说明。
一般认为，论理解释包括目的解释、扩大解释、缩小解释、当然解释、比较解释和历史解释等。
扩大解释是指当刑法的条文中所使用的文字、词语的含义过于狭窄，不足以涵盖立法者所欲调整的范围时，为符合立法本意，对文义进行扩张，将排除在适用范围之外的案件纳入调整范围的解释方法。
本题中，最高人民法院将运钞车解释入“银行或其他金融机构”中，扩大了“银行或其他金融机构”的范围，是扩大解释，A项正确。
2.下列关于单位犯罪的表述，正确的是（）A.没有可执行财产的单位分支机构不会构成单位犯罪；B.我国刑法中有关单位犯罪的规定不适用于外国公司、企业；C.两个以上单位以共同故意实施犯罪的可不区分别主犯、从犯；D.对单位犯罪直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员可不区分主犯、从犯。
【答案】D【解析】单位分支机构可以构成单位犯罪，不能因为其没有可供执行的财产而认定不构成单位犯罪，A项错误；外国公司企业也属于单位，适用单位犯罪的规定，B项错误；两个以上单位共同犯罪的需要进行主从犯的区分，C项错误；有的案件，主管人员与直接责任人员在实施犯罪行为的主从关系不明显的，可以不分主犯从犯，因此D选项正确。
3.下列选项中，主观方面可以表现为过失的是（）A.放火罪；B.虐待罪；C.危险驾驶罪；D.食品监管渎职罪。
【答案】D【解析】放火罪、虐待罪、危险驾驶罪的主观方面都是故意，只有食品监管渎职罪的主观方面可以表现为过失。