pathfinder 疏散软件入门教程 users_guide使用手册

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Pathfinder最新版详尽使用手册

Pathfinder最新版详尽使用手册Pathfinder是一款非常受欢迎的角色扮演游戏系统，其最新版已经发布了。

如果你打算尝试这款游戏系统并使用最新版，就需要一本详尽的使用手册。

本文将介绍Pathfinder最新版的各个方面，帮助你深入了解、学习和使用这款游戏系统。

1. 角色建立在Pathfinder中，玩家可以创建自己的角色。

首先需要选择种族、职业、能力值、技能和特殊能力。

种族包括人类、精灵、矮人、侏儒、半身人等多种选择，每个种族都会影响你的能力和技能。

职业分为战士、法师、盗贼、神职者等，每个职业都有自己的特点和能力。

在选择能力值时，需要将六个属性点（力量、敏捷、体质、智力、感知、魅力）分配给这六项属性。

技能则涵盖多个方面，如摸骰子、攀爬、游泳、骑马等。

特殊能力包括魔法、特殊技能、武器专长等。

角色建立是你踏入Pathfinder世界的第一步，所以要认真考虑每个选项，并根据自己的喜好和需求做出最佳选择。

2. 游戏规则Pathfinder的游戏规则相当复杂，但也非常有趣，因此在游戏中要清楚地了解这些规则。

其中最重要的规则是行动轮，即每个人物在一个回合中所能做的事情。

每个回合都由一个标准行动、一个移动行动和一个自由行动构成。

标准行动可以是攻击、施法或采取行动，移动行动可以是移动、奔跑或爬行，自由行动可以是念咒、拔出武器等。

Pathfinder还有众多规则，如伤害、命中、魔法等，需要认真研究和遵守。

在游戏中，玩家需要与其他玩家、NPC和怪物进行战斗，并尽可能地保存自己的生命。

战斗结束后，还需要注意治愈和伤口的处理，以便更好地应对下一场战斗。

3. 魔法系统魔法是Pathfinder中的一个重要元素。

不同的职业有不同的魔法，如法师、神职者、德鲁伊等。

玩家需要准确掌握魔法的使用方法，才能在游戏中发挥最大的作用。

你需要掌握咒语的强度、范围、耗费和效果，以便在适当的时间使用它们。

在敌人使用魔法时，你也需要有相应的应对策略。

第三章 Pathfinder程序基础

§3-4 群体模型组织
二、改变组
在任何时刻一个对象可以从一个组移动到另一个组。改变一个对象的组，在Navigation View中拖动对象到所想要的组或者右键单击对象并选择改变组（Change Group…）。这此时将显示一个对话框，允许用户选择新组。这个选项显示新组只有是有效的组，该组才可以被改变。选择OK改变该组。
§ 3-1 § 3-2 § 3-3 § 3-4 导航视图 3D和2D视图视图选项群体模型组织
Pathfinder 为疏散模型提供了三个主要视图： 2D视图、 3D视图和导航视图。这些视图表示用户当前的模型。如果在一个视图中添加、删除或选择一个物体，其它视图将同时反映出这一变化。下面会简要描述每个视图。
Navigation View：导航视图，该视图以分层次的格式列出了模型中的所有对象。它可以通过名字快速定位和修改物体。 3D View：3D视图，该视图显示了当前模型的 3D视图。可以使用各种工具对该模型进行探索和修改。 2D View：2D视图，该视图非常类似于 3D视图，但它另外为模型提供了一个捕捉网格和一个直角的视图。
§3-3 视图选项
二、人员显示
人员可以通过使用大量的选项显示出来。它们可以被视为简单的形状，包括硬盘和圆柱体。它们还可以显示为艺术家的人体模特或作为各自的人类化身，通过在它们的配置来定义。这些选项存在于在视图（View）菜单和人员（Agents）子菜单中。
§3-3 视图选项
三、房间着色
房间可以用各种方式上色。所有的着色选项在视图菜单（View）下的房间着色子菜单（Color Rooms）中找到。默认的选项是显示每个房间有独特的颜色。它们也可以通过人员密度上色，这意味着将以红色房间代表人员更集中的房间颜色，用蓝色代表房间人员集中更少的房间颜色。最后一个选项是使用混合模式。在这种模式下，如果房间中包含人员，房间只通过人员集中度来上色；否则，房间以它们独特的颜色上色。

Pathfinder最新版详尽使用手册-睿驰科技出品-Part1

北京环中睿驰科技有限公司Pathfinder 使用手册主要介绍Pathfinder软件的详细使用方法。

Pathfinder使用手册 (5)1 软件介绍 (5)1.1 图形用户界（GUI） (5)1.2 模型展示 (7)1.3 模拟模型 (9)1.4 局限性和不足之处 (9)1.5 系统要求 (9)2 Pathfinder基础介绍 (11)2.1 导航视图 (11)2.2 3D和2D视图 (12)2.2.1 导航3D视图 (13)2.2.2 2D视图导航 (14)2.2.3 重置视图 (14)2.2.4 填充视图 (14)2.2.5 在2D和3D视图中绘制图形 (14)2.3 视图选项 (15)2.3.1 渲染选项 (15)2.3.2 人员显示 (16)2.3.3 设置房间颜色 (16)2.3.4 房间透明度 (16)2.4 用分组实现模型组织 (16)2.4.1 创建子分组 (17)2.4.2 变更分组的方法 (17)3 创建可移动区域 (17)3.1 Floors (17)3.1.1 自动创建楼层 (18)3.1.2 对存在的模块使用自动归集 (19)3.1.3 手工创建楼层 (19)23.1.4 更改活动楼层 (20)3.1.5 显示所有楼层 (20)3.1.6 楼层属性设置 (21)3.2 房间 (21)3.2.1 增加新房间 (21)3.2.2 绘制平面 (23)3.2.3 Thin Walls (24)3.2.4 分割房间 (24)3.2.5 分割和合并房间 (26)3.2.6 房间属性 (27)3.2.7 避免room-crossing (28)3.3 障碍物、Holes (29)3.3.1 绘制任意形状的障碍物（桌椅等） (29)3.3.2 Thick Walls (30)3.4 门 (31)3.4.1 薄门 (31)3.4.2 Thick Doors厚门、走廊 (32)3.4.3 门属性面板 (33)3.5 楼梯 (34)3.5.1 两边界间的楼梯 (35)3.5.2 绘制单边楼梯 (36)3.5.3 楼梯属性介绍 (37)3.6 斜坡Ramps (38)3.7 自动扶梯 (38)3.8 电动人行道 (39)3.9 电梯 (39)3.9.1 创建电梯 (40)3.9.2 展示电梯 (42)33.9.3 电梯属性介绍 (42)3.9.4 额定承载人数 (44)3.9.5 Connecting/Disconnecting floors (44)3.9.6 电梯呼叫组 (44)3.10 出口 (45)3.11 导入文件 (45)3.11.1 导入图像 (45)3.11.2 导入CAD文件 (46)3.11.3 导入Revit文件 (47)3.11.4 导入PyroSim和FDS文件 (49)3.12 使用导入的数据 (49)3.12.1 图像操作方法 (49)3.12.2 使用3D CAD，PyroSim和FDS文件 (50)3.12.3 使用2D DXFs数据 (51)3.12.4 填充缺损部分 (52)3.12.5 Flattening and Z location (53)3.12.6 视觉特性 (54)3.12.7 材料 (55)3.12.8 重构和快速编辑 (57)4Pathfinder使用手册1软件介绍Pathfinder是基础出口为主体和人类运动的模拟器。

pathfinder 疏散软件入门教程 stairwell 楼梯绘制

403 Poyntz Avenue, Suite BManhattan, KS 66502USA+1.785.770.8511Stairwell ExamplePathfinder 2011Stairwell ExampleThis example represents an outer section of a dormitory wing with 30 persons randomly distributed inside. The persons will move through their respective halls and down a stairway to exit the model.Create Floor GeometryTo select Metric measurements:1.On the View menu, click Units and select SI.To specify snap grid spacing:1.On the View menu, click Edit Snap Grid....2.In the Snap grid spacing box, type 1.0 m .3.Click OK.To create the room with a hallway:1.In the View toolbar, click Top View ( ).2.In the Tools toolbar, click Add a Rectangular Room ().Note: Using a double-click makes thetool "sticky", that is, it remains selected so that we can add multiple rooms without selecting the tool every time. This is indicated by the small green dot on the tool. To unselect the tool, select another tool or press ESC.3.We will make a large room and then subdivide it. To add the first room, click and drag frompoint (4,0) to point (18,8).4.Create four additional rooms from (4,0) to (11,3), (11,0) to (18,3), (6,5) to (12,8), and(12,5) to (18,8). Note: When we draw new rooms on top of an existing room, the new room is "cut out" from the existing room. By first drawing the base room and then drawing new rooms, we have automatically created a connected hallway.5.Create the base of the stairwell by drawing a rectangular room from (2,6) to (4,8).Figure 1: Geometry of ground floorTo quickly make the second and third floors, we will copy the ground floor. For convenience and to help organize our model, we first create two new floors. To create the second floor:1.In the Floor options (located above the Tree View), click <Add New...>.2.Type 4 m for the height of the new floor, then click OK.3.In the Tree View, click to select Floor 0.0 m.4.In the tools toolbar, click the Copy/Move Objects ( ) tool. Select Copy Mode. In the Copiesbox, type 1. In the Move Z box, type 4.0. Click Copy/Move.5.The second and third floors have larger landings than the first floor. To edit the size of thesecond floor landing, right-click Floor 0.0 m and click Set as Active Floor. With the Select/Edit Objects tool (), select the landing of the second floor. Click and drag the top left handle (blue dot on the room) to (0,8) and the bottom left handle to (0,6), Figure 2.To create the third floor:1.In the Floor options (located above the Tree View), click <Add New...>.2.Type 8 m for the height of the new floor, then click OK.3.In the Tree View, click to select Floor4.0 m.4.In the tools toolbar, click the Copy/Move Objects ( ) tool. Select Copy Mode. In the Copiesbox, type 1. In the Move Z box, type 4.0. Click Copy/Move.5.Because we copied the second floor, we do not need to edit the landing of the third floor.To show the entire model:1.Click the Floor pulldown menu located above the Tree View and select <Show All>.2.Click the Perspective View ().3.Click Reset All () and then spin the model. The model should look similar to .Figure 2: After dragging the top left handle of the second floor landing.Figure 3: After creating the second and third floorsAdd LandingBefore adding stairs, we add landings between floors. To add the landing between the first and second floors:1.In the Floor options (located above the Tree View), click <Add New...>.2.Type 2 m for the height of the new floor.3.In the New Floor dialog box, check Set as active floor. This hides all other floors and causesnewly created geometry to be added to the new floor. Click OK.4.In the View toolbar, click Top View ( ).5.In the Tools toolbar, click Add a Rectangular Room (). Create a rectangular landing from (0, 0)to (4, 2).Repeat to add a second landing at 6.0 m, Figure 4.Figure 4: After adding landings (highlighted in purple)Add StairsTo create the stairs, we will use the stair tool that adds a stair between existing floors. To simplify placing the stairs, we will display only the floors of interest when adding the stairs. To add the first stairs:1.In the Tree View, hold the CTRL key and select Floor 0.0 m and Floor2.0 m.2.Release the CTRL key and right-click on either of the selected floors. From the context menu,select Filter. Only the first floor and the first landing will be displayed.3.Click the Create Stairs between two edges () tool.4.In the Width box, type 2 m.5.Click on the first floor landing, then click on the 2.0 m landing. The stairs should look like Figure5.6.Repeat the above steps, but add a stairs between Floor 2.0 m and Floor 4.0 m. This stair isshown in Figure 6.7.Repeat to add stairs between Floor 4.0 m and Floor 6.0 m.8.Repeat to add stairs between Floor 6.0 m and Floor 8.0 m.When finished, right-click on Floors in the Tree View and click Show All. The stairs should look as shown in Figure 7.Figure 5: After adding stairs between the first floor and the lowest landingFigure 6: After adding stairs between the lowest landing and the second floorFigure 7: After adding all stairsAdd DoorsWith the geometry finished, doors can be added. This can be done in the 3D view, but it will be easier to use the Top View and work with one floor at a time. To work in any specific floor, right-click it in the Tree View and select Set as Active Floor or select the floor from the drop-down menu above the tree view.To add doors to the first floor:1.On the View menu, click Edit Snap Grid..., type 0.5 m, then click OK.2.Right-click on Floor 0.0 m and select Set as Active Floor.3.In the View toolbar, click Top View ( ).4.Click the Add a new Door tool ().5.To add a door from the hallway to the stairwell, click and drag from (4,6.5) to (4,7.5).6.Create 1 m doors to connect each room to the hallway. Click and drag from (9.5, 3.0) to (10.5,3.0), (11.5, 3.0) to (12.5, 3.0), (10.5, 5.0) to (11.5, 5.0), and (12.5, 5.0) to (13.5, 5.0), Figure 8.Repeat for Floor 4.0 m and Floor 8.0 m.Finally, add an exit door on the first floor (Floor 0.0 m) from (4, 8) to (6, 8).Figure 8: After adding doors to the first floorAdd OccupantsWe now add occupants to each floor.1.Right-click on Floor 0.0 m and select Set as Active Floor.2.Hold the CTRL key and click on each of the four rooms on the floor to select them.3.On the Model menu, click Add Occupants.4.In the By Number box, type 20, then click OK.5.In the same manner, add 50 occupants to the second floor and 30 occupants to the third floor. To show the completed model:1.On the View toolbar, click Perspective View.2.On the View menu, under Agents, click Show as People, Figure 9.Figure 9: The finished modelThe occupants will be assigned the default Behavior, which is to leave the building using any available exit.Run SimulationTo run the simulation:1.On the File menu, select Save As…2.Save the model to a new folder on your computer and name the filemulti_floor_stairwell.pth.3.On the toolbar, click Run Simulation ().View ResultsWhen the simulation is finished, the 3D Pathfinder results window will display.To view results:1.Click the Play button.2.At any time click the Pause or Stop button. You can drag the time line to control the animation.3.To view occupants as people, click the Stop button, on the Agents menu, click Show as People,then click the Play button, Figure 10.Detailed information for each room is provided in comma-separated value (CSV) files that can be imported to a spreadsheet. The LAST OUT time is 83.3 seconds for steering behavior.Figure 10: The 3D results showing stairwell evacuationSelect SFPE ModePathfinder provides the option to select different simulation modes. The SFPE movement mode is consistent with the assumptions used in the SFPE Engineering Guide - Human Behavior in Fire (SFPE, 2003). Assumptions include:1.The occupants move toward the exits using the shortest path2.The maximum occupant speed is a function of room density3.Occupants move independently and can occupy the same space as other occupants4.Queues form at doors, with the flow rate through the door as specified by SFPE guidelines.Because multiple occupants can occupy the same space, a queue may appear as a singleoccupant.To select the SFPE mode:1.On the Simulation menu, click Simulation Parameters....2.Click the Behavior tab.3.In the Behavior Mode box, select SFPE.4.In the Door Boundary Layer box, type 0 cm. This removes the boundary layer from the flowcalculation of the door5.Click OK.Save the model using the name multi_floor_stairwell_sfpe.pth and run the analysis. The LAST OUT time for SFPE mode is 85.3 seconds.Compare SFPE Calculation with Expected ResultThe expected SFPE mode evacuation time can be calculated by hand. The time is the time required for the first occupant from the second floor to exit plus the time for the remaining second and third floor occupants to pass through the door at the bottom of the stairs.The speed on the stairs is 0.918 m/s. The speed on the floor and landing is 1.19 m/s. The flow rate through a 1.0 m door is 1.32 pers/sec. Figure 11 shows the path of the first person on the second floor highlighted in yellow. The length is approximately 12.9 m. The time for the first person to exit is approximately 10.8 s to reach the landing, 5 s on the landing and exit floor, and 9.7 seconds on the stairs, for a total time of 25.5 seconds. The time for 79 people to pass through the 1.0 m door is 59.9 seconds. The total exit time is then approximately 85.4 seconds, which matches the time calculated by Pathfinder.Figure 11: The yellow highlight shows the path of the first person to reach the landing on the second floor. The length of this path is approximately 12.9 m.References(SFPE, 2003) Engineering Guide - Human Behavior in Fire. June, 2003. Society of Fire Protection Engineers. 7315 Wisconsin Avenue, Suite 620E Bethesda Maryland USA 1-301-718-2910.11。

pathfinder 疏散软件入门教程

403 Poyntz Avenue, Suite BManhattan, KS 66502USA+1.785.770.8511Getting StartedPathfinder 2011Downloading and InstallationPathfinder can be downloaded from the Pathfinder web site at:/pathfinderOnce downloaded, double-click the installer file and follow the on-screen directions. The Pathfinder installer will place a link in the Windows Start Menu in the Pathfinder 2011 program group. To run Pathfinder: on the Windows Start Menu, navigate to the Pathfinder 2011 program group, then click Pathfinder 2011.Licensing and ActivationThe first time Pathfinder is opened it will display the License dialog, shown below. To enter your license information:1.Select Online Activation.2.In the Key box, enter your activation key (provided via email or online).3.Click Activate to acquire your license. Pathfinder will automatically download and installyour license file. Licensing information will appear at the bottom of the dialog.4.Press OK to begin using Pathfinder.Figure 1: The Pathfinder Licensing DialogIf you experience any problems with your activation key, you can retrieve an activation file manually at /license. The activation file can then be used by selecting Local Licensewithin the licensing dialog and clicking Install License File. Alternately, please contactsupport@ to request a license file by email.Once Pathfinder has been activated, you should see the Pathfinder interface, shown below.Figure 2: The Pathfinder InterfaceOpening a Pathfinder ModelFor the purposes of this guide, we will open an example file that can be downloaded from the Pathfinder web site. Download the file named multi-floor-stairwell.pth and save it to a new folder.To open the file:1.After downloading the file, click Open on the File menu.2.Navigate to the folder where you saved the file.3.Select multi-floor-stairwell.pth then click Open.Figure 3: The Pathfinder example after openingRunning a Pathfinder ModelTo run the simulation:1.On the Simulation menu, click Run Simulation (). This will open the Run Simulationdialog. The Run Simulation dialog will track the progress of the simulation until it iscompleted.2.Click OK to exit the Run Simulation dialog. You may also need to close the 3D Results view,which opens automatically after the simulation has completed.Figure 4: The Run Simulation dialogViewing ResultsRunning a Pathfinder model generates multiple forms of output. This guide will look at the summary file, the occupant count graph, and the 3D results. The summary file provides an overview of the simulation results, the occupant count graph shows the number of people in areas over time, and the 3D results view allows you to replay the simulation as an animation.To view the summary file, on the Results menu, click Show Summary File. For each room, the summary file shows when the first occupant entered, and when the last occupant exited. It also shows the total number of occupants to pass through the room and the average flow rate. This information is also shown in the Run Simulation dialog log window after a simulation has completed.To view the room usage time history, on the Results menu, click Room Usage. The occupant count graph provides a visual representation of the number of occupants in an area over time. Click to check and uncheck the boxes on the left to display the lines for different areas. For example, checking the Remaining box will show the emptying of the model over time.Figure 5: The occupant count graphTo view 3D Results, on the Results menu, click View 3D Results… The 3D Results view is used to replay an animation of the simulation. Click the play button to view the animation. Occupants will file down the stairs and out the exit.Figure 4: The 3D Results view with agents displayed as peopleThe 3D Results view also includes several options to assist in viewing a model.To show occupant trails, on the View menu, click Show Occupant Paths. This will cause occupants to leave a colored trail as they move through the simulation.To view each floor from above, on the Scene menu, click Layout Floors Horizontally. This will collapse each floor to a single viewing plane where they can all be viewed simultaneously. To re-center the view after changing the floor layout, press CTRL+RTo show occupants using human models, on the Agents menu, click Show as People. Occupants will be rendered using realistic human models. The specific models displayed are selected based on the occupant profile information from the simulation input.Figure 6: The 3D Results view with features enabledLearn MoreTo learn more about Pathfinder, you can use the following sources of additional Pathfinder documentation:∙The Pathfinder Examples on the Pathfinder web page will help familiarize new users with advanced features of Pathfinder.∙The Pathfinder User Manual provides an overview of Pathfinder and its features.∙The Pathfinder Technical Reference contains more in-depth information about Pathfinder’s functionality and file formats.。

MANUAL GUIDE说明手册

一、參數設定 (3)二、MANUAL GUIDE主畫面說明 (3)1、模式選擇開關切換到EDIT(編輯) (3)2、按下MANUL UGIDE按鍵出現如圖所示畫面 (3)3、功能鍵說明 (4)三、功能鍵功能說明- WRK-CO(工作座標)模式 (4)1、功能鍵說明 (5)2、OFFSET-刀具補償標準 (5)四、[ SETTNG ] (6)1、功能鍵說明 (6)五、LIST-程式目錄 (7)1、功能鍵說明 (7)六、編輯選單說明 (8)1、編輯選單的說明如下 (8)1、功能鍵說明 (9)七、MSF CODE-M、S、F碼軟鍵 (10)2、功能鍵說明 (10)八、EDIT-編輯程式 (11)1、模式選擇開關切換到EDIT(編輯) (11)2、按下MANUL UGIDE按鍵出現如圖所示畫面 (11)3、設定「OFFSET(刀具補正)」 (11)九、編輯程式「LIST」 (12)1、按下「LIST」出現如圖 (12)2、輸入程式號碼例-1 (12)3、按下「POSTIN」，逐一按下選擇「G91」模式，出現如圖 (13)4、按下「G91」模式，出現如圖 (13)6、設定「平面加工」指令 (18)7、設定「TOOL(刀具定義)」 (19)8、設定鑽孔加工 (25)9、設定「MSF(MSF值)」 (26)10、設定袋狀輪廓加工 (31)11、設定「MSF(MSF值)」 (32)一、參數設定OPTION參數:P9984#7=1PMC訊號:G62.4=1示波器功能需OFF(會影響MANUAL GUIDE的圖形顯示) 其他參數:P6500#5=1P6515=10P9100=8000P9125=224P9126=234P9127=235P9140=20P9141=20P9150=800二、M ANUAL GUIDE主畫面說明1、模式選擇開關切換到EDIT(編輯)2、按下MANUL UGIDE按鍵出現如圖所示畫面3、功能鍵說明●EDIT(編輯 ): 製造或者編輯一個程式。

人员应急疏散仿真工程软件Pathfinder从入门到精通

阅读感受
这本书的结构清晰，分为入门篇、提高篇和精通篇。这样的安排使得读者可以根据自己的实际情况选择阅读的内容，既适合初学者快速入门，也适合有经验的读者进一步提高。每一部分都配以实战练习，使读者能够在实践中深化理解。
阅读感受
在内容方面，书中详细介绍了Pathfinder软件的使用方法，包括其基本概念、功能、原理等。同时，结合各阶段仿真模型实例详解，使读者能够更加深入地理解软件的运用。书中还特别提到了薄墙19这个内容，对于我这样的初学者来说，是一个很好的提醒和指导。
谢谢观看
精彩摘录
精彩摘录
《人员应急疏散仿真工程软件Pathfinder从入门到精通》精彩摘录在当今社会，安全问题日益受到人们的。尤其是在建筑物内，当突发事件发生时，如何快速、有效地疏散人群成为了一个重要的议题。《人员应急疏散仿真工程软件Pathfinder从入门到精通》一书为我们提供了详尽的解决方案。
阅读感受
在阅读过程中，我深感这本书对于应急疏散工作的指导意义。通过学习 Pathfinder软件的使用，我们可以更加准确地模拟和预测人员疏散的情况，为应急疏散工作提供科学的依据。书中介绍的实例应用也使我更加深入地理解了软件的运用，对于我未来的工作具有很大的帮助。
阅读感受
《人员应急疏散仿真工程软件Pathfinder从入门到精通》是一本非常实用的书籍。通过阅读这本书，我不仅掌握了Pathfinder软件的使用方法，还对人员疏散工作有了更深入的理解。我相信这本书对于从事应急疏散工作的人员来说，是一本不可或缺的参考书籍。对于其他对人员疏散感兴趣的读者来说，这本书也是一个很好的学习资料。
目录分析
在入门篇中，目录详细列出了Pathfinder的基础知识，包括但不限于基本概念、界面介绍、模型建立等。通过这些章节，读者可以建立起对Pathfinder的基本认知，并开始构建自己的模拟场景。

USER GUIDE Subcategories说明书

USER GUIDE____________________________________________________________________________________SUBCATEGORIES____________________________________________________________________________________Our support team:___________________________________________________________________________________Table of contentsIntroduction to Subcategories 2 Key features 2 How to Install Subcategories Extension 3 How to Configure 4 How to Use13Feedback19___________________________________________________________________________________1.Introduction to SubcategoriesGood navigation is one of the key factors for a successful and user-friendly web-store. With the help of the S ubcategories module you can give a new and fresh look for the subcategories layout on your Magento web-shop.The extension allows controlling the child category listings by defining their position on a page,changing the layout, background colors, background images and other features.Key features●Display subcategories listings on any page of your store.●Define the position of the subcategory listings on a page.●Set-up and configure subcategories either as CMS-blocks or as widgets.●Several types of layouts are available for child category listings:grid,list,simpleslider, carousel slider and action slider.●Change the sorting order for the subcategories.●Define number of columns for grid layout.●Specify custom titles for the blocks with subcategory listings.●Change background images for carousel and slider layouts or pick up somecustom colors.●Define the position of the subcategories names within the simple slider andcarousel slider layouts.●Upload custom images and provide descriptive texts for parent categories.___________________________________________________________________________________2.How to Install Subcategories ExtensionMagento2provides a convenient way to manually install a module via composer.In case you got an extension from a provider like a zip-file, follow t his instruction.Further run the following commands:1.Enable module with p hp bin/magento module:enable BelVG_SubCategories2.Run p hp bin/magento setup:upgrade3.Recompile DI p hp bin/magento setup:di:compile4.Recompile static files: p hp bin/magento setup:static-content:deploy5.Flush cache p hp bin/magento cache:flush___________________________________________________________________________________3.How to ConfigureNote:The extension has been developed and tested only on the Luma and blank Magento themes,so the setting descriptions and screenshots provided in this manual may differ from those you may see if using some custom theme.To configure the module’s general settings log into your Magento admin panel and navigate to S tores ➞ Configuration ➞ BelVG Extensions ➞ Sub-categories.There you will find the general settings which include the following sub-menus for configuration:Settings●Enabled:choose Y ES t o enable the module on the frontend.●Hide Category Image:if you enable this option you will be able to upload anddisplay custom pictures as category images on every category page(i mages can be uploaded under Catalog -> Categories).●Hide Category Description:this option lets you enable a custom descriptiontext for each category page(y ou can specify the description text for each category separately under Catalog -> Categories).●Category Thumbnail placeholder:u pload an image that will be used as athumbnail for each sub-category item in the list.●Type by Default:select the type of the layout how the child categories will bedisplayed on a category page.___________________________________________________________________________________Grid Settings / List Settings●Show Title:c hoose Y ES if you want to show a separate title for the block withthe list of subcategories.●Title:specify the title name.___________________________________________________________________________________ Simple / Action Slider Settings●Text Position:choose the position of the sub-category name in the slider.●Indicators: e nable/disable slider indicators.●Background Type:specify the type of the slider’s background:upload customimages,pick up custom or random colors or choose to display both images andcolors.Carousel Slider Settings●Show Title:c hoose Y ES if you want to show a separate title for the block withlist of subcategories.●Title:specify the title name.●Indicators:enable/disable slider indicators.●Dist:specify perspective zoom scaling.●Padding:specify the padding space between subcategory items in the slider.●Number Visible:set the number of subcategory items to be visible in the slider.●Background Type:s pecify the type of the slider’s background:upload customimages,pick up custom or random colors or choose to display both images andcolors.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Configuring Subcategory SettingsThe module allows configuring child category listings in two main ways:either as C MS blocks or as widgets.To configure a specific subcategory settings as a CMS block navigate to C atalog➞Categories.On the left side you will find the list of categories available on your store. Select the category you wish to edit and open the C ontent menu.___________________________________________________________________________________Under the C ontent m enu you can upload a custom image that will be displayed as a general category image on the frontend and also enter a custom category description text.To edit subcategory settings for the selected category switch to the S ubcategories Settings menu.In this section you can define the settings that will be applied to the selected category when it becomes a child category for some other directory.___________________________________________________________________________________ Configuring widget settingsSubcategories can also be managed and configured through widget settings.Go to Content ➞ Widgets ➞c lick to edit Home Subcategories.Under the S torefront Properties menu find the L ayout Updates section.___________________________________________________________________________________ To create a new widget with the list of subcategories click A dd Layout Update a nd specify the page where that new widget should be displayed:either o n a specific page,on all pages of the store, specific category page or product page.Then specify the position of the widget on the page and the type of the layout.___________________________________________________________________________________ Switch to the W idget Options where you will be able to change a few subcategory settings,such as the s ubcategory title,sorting order,number of subcategory itemsin the list, the position of the text and background color/image.Once you are done with the settings click the S ave button to apply the changes.Note:If you have Full Page Cache enabled you will need to flush Magento cache each time you change any module settings:S ystem➞Cache Management➞Flush Magento Cache.Then check the status of the module index under S ystem ➞ Index Management. The index may have the following statuses:●Ready— the changes have been saved and applied on the frontend.●Processing— the changes are being implemented on your store.●Reindex required— changes have not been applied yet.___________________________________________________________________________________4. How to UseLet’s check how the S ubcategories module lets you change and control the layout of the subcategories on the frontend.The module allows displaying the block with child categories on any page of your store: homepage,product pages or specific categories.It is also possible to choose the position of the block and add multiple blocks to a page:to display child categories both at the top of a page___________________________________________________________________________________at the bottom of the same page:___________________________________________________________________________________With the help of the module you can also change the layout of the subcategories and present them either as grid:or simple list:___________________________________________________________________________________or slider:___________________________________________________________________________________or carousel:___________________________________________________________________________________ The module allows changing not only the layout,but also define the background color for slider and carousel and use different custom images for each subcategory for the grid or simple list layouts.It is also possible to assign a separate custom image for each category page suppliedby a custom description text.___________________________________________________________________________________We’d be happy to hear your feedback!Your comments help us provide the best service on the market.So, please, take a moment and s hare your thoughts.In case any difficulties feel free to c ontact us.We’ll be happy to assist!。

人员应急疏散仿真工程软件：Pathfinder从入门到精通

谢谢观看
目录分析
第1章初识 Pathfinder2015
第2章 Pathfinder2015工
作界面
第3章基本模型绘制
第4章入门模型实例——建模详解
第5章运动空间绘制第6章创建人员
第7章控制点操作第8章文件操作
第9章模拟
第10章提高模型实例— —建模详解
第11章模型检查
第12章模型观察与记录
人员应急疏散仿真工程软件： Pathfinder从入门到精通
读书笔记模板
01 思维导图
03 目录分析 05 读书笔记
目录
02 内容摘要 04 作者介绍 06 精彩摘录
思维导图
关键字分析思维导图
读者
空间
软件
流程
界面
小节
人员Biblioteka 人员仿真软件第章
创建
工程
模型
运动
实例
初识
操作
工作
内容摘要
本书分入门篇、提高篇、精通篇，从基础入门开始逐渐介绍Pathfinder的基础知识和操作流程，配合各小节实战练习及各阶段仿真模型实例详解，在实例应用中帮助读者不断巩固所学软件知识，将软件学习与实际应用紧密结合，力求帮助读者快速入门并全面精通，最终熟练掌握Pathfinder模拟仿真软件的学习效果。本书适合消防及安全技术人员，消防、安全专业的师生阅读参考。
第13章模拟结果
第14章精通模型实例——建模详解
作者介绍
这是《人员应急疏散仿真工程软件：Pathfinder从入门到精通》的读书笔记模板，暂无该书作者的介绍。
读书笔记
这是《人员应急疏散仿真工程软件：Pathfinder从入门到精通》的读书笔记模板，可以替换为自己的心得。

疏散模拟软件STEPS与Pathfinder对比研究

疏散模拟软件STEPS与Pathfinder对比研究杜长宝1,2,3，朱国庆1,2,3，李俊毅1,2,3（1. 中国矿业大学安全工程学院，江苏徐州221116；2. 中国矿业大学煤矿瓦斯与火灾防治教育部重点实验室，江苏徐州221116；3. 中国矿业大学消防工程研究所，江苏徐州221116）摘要：为了解两款疏散模拟软件STEPS与Pathfinder的功能差异及适用范围，本文采用理论研究与实际模拟相结合的方法进行对比分析。

研究发现：STEPS软件采用元胞自动机（CA）模型，疏散规则简单，人员智能化程度低，疏散时人员行为特征与现实情况不完全相符，但路径决策系统很好地解决了上述问题，可以很真实地模拟常态下人员疏散；Pathfinder软件采用Agent-base模型，人员智能化程度高，个体可以回应环境刺激，人员可以轻松规避障碍物，人群中的个体行为特征丰富且与现实情况十分相符，但在出口选择上存在缺陷，只能选择前方的出口而忽略后方的出口，不能模拟常态下人员疏散。

分析得出Pathfinder模拟结果与真实情况相符程度更高，STEPS更适合模拟常态下人员疏散。

关键词：疏散；STEPS；元胞自动机；Pathfinder；Agent-baseComparative Study on Evacuation Simulation Software STEPS and PathfinderDU Chang-bao1,2,3, ZHU Guo-qing1,2,3,LI Jun-yi1,2,3(1 School of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou Jiangsu 221116, China2 Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Gas and Fire Control for Coal Mines, Xuzhou Jiangsu 221116, China3 Fire Research Institute, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou Jiangsu 221116, China）Abstract: To know the different of two evacuation simulation software STEPS and Pathfinder in function and scope, this paper uses the analysis method of combining the theoretical research and practical simulation. Found that STEPS theory model is cellular automata (CA), its evacuation rules is simple and intelligence degree is low, the evacuation behavior is not completely consistent with reality, but path decision system solved the problems. In addition, STEPS can simulate the normal population. Pathfinder has a high intelligence degree, its individual can respond to environmental stimuli and also can easily avoid obstacles. Besides, the individual also has a rich attribute that strictly conform to the reality. But it has some flaws in door choice system, individuals can only choose the front direction ignoring the back, and can't simulate the normal evacuation. Finally, concluded that the intelligence degree of Pathfinder is high and its simulation results match the real better, STEPS is more suitable for simulating normal evacuation. Keywords: Evacuation, STEPS, Cellular Automata, Pathfinder, Agent-base1引言以往人员疏散的研究主要集中在对火灾现场的观察分析，对幸存者的访谈记录，对统计数据的拟合整理。

pathfinder学习资料

pathfinder学习资料1、pathfinder存在三种视图：3D、2D、导航视图。

2、Imported Geometry可以分类整理出不同类型的构件，并⽤不同颜⾊表现出来。

3、profiles包括对根据编辑对话框设置的居住⼈群分布表格4、包括设置的对⾏⼈如何⾏动。

5、如果⼀次性设置多个⾏⼈，则多个⾏⼈将归于同⼀组。

6、在模型中选中某⼀构件，点击此按钮则⾃动展开到imported geometry 对应位置。

7、轨道按钮，平时显⽰为，按住⿏标左右键都可以随意移动。

按住ALT键可以放⼤放⼩。

8、漫游按钮，随意进出模型，按住ctrl可以x y 轴移动，按住alt可以z轴移动（？？就已导⼊项⽬，点击这个按钮，⾃动将三维视图变成照⽚模式）9、或者CTRL+R可以看到项⽬全部，在三维视图中则默认为俯视图，相当于revit中双击滚轮。

10、CTRL+E，在选中某⼀构件后，此快捷键可以将该构件放⼤到全图显⽰。

11、单机F键，或者点击，则将视图放于窗⼝中间位置，⽆论是平⾯图还是三维图中的任意视⾓，视⾓不变，平移和放⼤缩⼩视图⽽已。

12、view菜单下color rooms选项可以调节各房间颜⾊设置⽅案，默认⽅案中，⼈越多，则房间显⽰为红⾊，否则显⽰为蓝⾊。

13、点击如下界⾯add new 设置新的楼层，在如下界⾯进⾏楼层设置。

14、房间设置分为这两种，⼀种进⾏规则矩形，⼀种则随意图形，随意图形绘制完毕点击close结束绘制。

15、点击该按钮对已有房间进⾏分割。

16、在model菜单下merge、separate可以使房屋合并和分开。

两个房屋合并过程中，可以稍微⾯积交叉⼀点，但是不能有中间有空隙的交界线17、房间内障碍物可以通过两种⽅式设置：1）在已设置好的房间内，再次绘制房间，房间边界为障碍物形状，然后将新绘制的房间删除，则变成了洞⼝模样；2）通过thick wall绘制，墙宽为洞⼝宽18、门的绘制：1）thin door 的绘制，必须在相邻的两个房间之间对门进⾏绘制，⾸先在属性框进⾏设置属性后，可以单击，可以进⾏点击-拖动-松开进⾏绘制。

Sperian Pathfinder 辅助救援设备说明书

> > >RESPIRATORY PROTECTIONSPERIAN PATHFINDER™The Best Tool for a Worst-Case ScenarioThe Sperian Pathfinder firefighter locating system, with PULSE ®ultrasound technology, marks a new era in rapid intervention techniques.Its goal is simple — to reduce the time it takes a rescue team to reach a firefighter in trouble.Even in the most stressful situations, reliability and simplicity are evident in the Sperian Pathfinder’s three components.Beacons on the front and back IntelliPASS ™modules of Sperian SCBAs become active once the PASS has been activated, whether manually or auto m atically.Auxiliary and exit beacons ,left like breadcrumbs by the in-bound rescue team,mark the path to a safe exit.The Tracker,™a handheld device, detects the ultrasonic frequenciesofthePASSbeacons,the auxiliary beacons,and the exit beacons and clearly indicates the path rescuers should take for both rescue and exit.PULSE— short forPersonnel Ultrasonic Locating Safety Equipment — is what makes the Sperian Pathfinder so effective and reliable. Like sonar, ultrasound is unique in its ability to map out the shortest, most direct path to a firefighter or an exit.On the front and back of the Warrior ®and SurvivairPanther ®SCBAs, Sperian Pathfinder beacons are installed and transmit high-frequency sound waves — waves that are reflected by walls.They travel, like smoke does,through openings — hallways,windows, doors — for a way out of a structure. The Tracker senses these crucial ultra -sound signals and leads a RIT team toward the activated beacons, using visual and audible indicators.Why Ultrasound is SuperiorSperian Pathfinder ™— A Fast Approach to Team Member LocationActivating the Sperian Pathfinder is SimpleThere are no complex sequences to remember, just two easy ways to activate the Sperian Pathfinder:The firefighter presses the manual activation button on the IntelliPASS unit, or…The PASS goes into alarm without any movement from the downed firefighter.Once activated, the Sperian Pathfinder beacons on the front and back of the SCBA are activated and emit the ultrasound signals.• Ultrasound signals reflect and bounce off walls and travel through openings and cracks in windows, doorjambs and hallways, the same way smoke travels through an opening. When firefighters are led to a wall, aiming the Tracker to the right or left tells them which path to take,based on the signal strength of the ultra s ound signal emitted from Sperian Pathfinder beacons on the IntelliPASS.• Radio frequency, on the other hand, travels through solid objects and lacks sophisticated accuracy. Firefighters could be led to a wall,with a fallen team member on the other side,but the radio frequency signal is indicating to the user to go through the wall to locate their missing team member, without revealing how to do so.123Signals Can Be Seen and HeardThe Sperian Pathfinder takes no chances when it comes to leading rescue teams to their missing team members. The Tracker uses two indicators:•The visual alarm is a vertical column of LEDs which light up incrementally as the signal strength increases. Should the team turn the wrong way, the LEDs decrease accordingly,indicating to change direction.•The audible alarm increases and decreases in volume just as with the visual alarms.12The advantage of ultrasoundtechnology over radio frequency (RF) is clear.SRP.105 2/09Sperian Respiratory Protection USA, LLC | 3001 South Susan Street, Santa Ana, CA 92704 | Beacon Specifications Type 360° omni-directional ultrasound transmitter Weight 9.68 oz. (includes front-mounted beacon, back-mounted beacon, and DoublePASS module)Frequency Approximately 40 KHz Battery 9-volt alkalineBattery Life100+ hours in sensing mode; minimum of 1 hour in transmission modeTracker Specifications Type 15° directional ultrasound receiver Size 9" x 5" x 3.5"Weight 14.5 oz. with batteries Material Ultem ®thermoplastic Displays High-intensity LEDs Batteries Four AA alkalineBattery Life 16–25 hours, depending on number of lighted LEDs Sperian Pathfinder System SpecificationsRange Approximately 100-120 ft. line-of-sight; range will vary and may be reduced by obstructionsPatentU.S. 6,504,794 issued January 7, 2003; other patents pendingPart Number Description976050Sperian Pathfinder upgrade kit with DoublePASS for Warrior SCBA 961999Tracker kit 963000Exit beacon 963001Auxiliary beaconPart numbers for the Sperian Pathfinder installed in a configured Warrior SCBA depends on the pressure and low air alarm chosen.Contact your local Sperian distributor for further information.LWARNING!This document provides only an overview of the respiratory products shown. It does not provide important product warnings and instructions. Sperian Respiratory Protection recommends all users of respiratory equipment undergo thorough training and that all warnings and instructions provided with the products be thoroughly read and understood prior to use.Failure to read and follow all product warnings and instructions may result in serious personal injury, illness or death.Gear Keeper ®to keepattached to SCBA backpackLED bar graph for signal Audible annunciatorDirectional ultrasound receiver Mode switch and LEDs Mute switchLED bar graph for batterySperian Pathfinder• Time-saving technology helps you get to missing team members fast • Lightweight and easy to use • Exit and auxiliary beacons act as “bread crumbs,” safely leading you out the way you came in • Action ready and field-tested• Seamless upgrade to the Warrior ®SCBATracker ™is a trademark and PULSE ®is a registered trademark of Summit Safety of Devens, MA.Gear Keeper ®is a registered trademark of Hammerhead Industries of Ventura, CA. Ultem ®is a registered trademark of GE Plastics of Pittsfield, MA.。

Pathfinder最新版详尽使用手册-睿驰科技出品-Part1

北京环中睿驰科技有限公司Pathfinder 使用手册主要介绍Pathfinder软件的详细使用方法。

pathfinder 疏散软件入门教程技术手册

iii
Table of Contents
Disclaimer ................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................iii Table of Contents.......................................................................................................iv Figures ....................................................................................................................... vi Overview ....................................................................................................................7
ii
Acknowledgements
This work was partially funded by a Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) grant by the United States National Science Foundation. We would like to thank Rolf Jensen and Associates for their assistance with testing and other suggestions that helped guide the development of the simulator. In addition, we would like to thank all of the beta testers who contributed feedback on the web forums and via email.

pathfinder软件的使用

Pathfinder使用实例
Pathfinder使用实例
以一个简单的实例介绍Pathfinder的基本使用，模拟一个两层（一层层高2.5m)建筑的人员疏散

一新建楼层

Cad information in this example
Room 30m*20m Door 1.425m Floor 2.5m
The Basic Graphical User Interface of Pathfinder：
菜单栏快捷工具栏工具属性定义区模型区
导航菜单栏
A unique feature of pathfinder
目前广泛使用的几款疏散软件生成的人员疏散模型往往是由一定体积的网格组成，例如 buildExodus,其模型就是由 0.5*0.5的网格组成，且模型为二维，比较不直观 Pathfinder运动的环境是一个完整的三维三角网格设计，以配合实际层面的建设模式，生成的人员疏散模型为一个整体，且模型为三维结构，与实际建筑契合

The Behavior tab allows you to set options for Pathfinder's two primary simulation modes

SFPE： SFPF模式使用了火灾防护设计手册中的SFPE概念，模式中
行人不会相互影响，即互不避让并可互相穿透。人员的行走速率由每个房间的人群密度决定，通过出口的人流量则由出口宽度决定，以流量为基础的选择意味着人员会自动转移到最近的出口。
原CAD图纸

添加楼梯、疏散门
Define door propety
Define stair propety

pathfinder 疏散软件入门教程教程实例

403 Poyntz Avenue, Suite BManhattan, KS 66502USA+1.785.770.8511SFPE Example 2Pathfinder 2011SFPE Example 2This is the second example in the SFPE Engineering Guide - Human Behavior in Fire (SFPE, 2003). The example determines the total movement time for a 5-story building with the following characteristics:1.There are 200 people on each floor above the ground floor.2.Each floor is served by two 44 inch (1.12 m) wide stairways. The doors leading into and from thestairway are 32 inches wide (0.81 m). The stair design uses 7 inch/11 inch risers and treads.3.The floor to floor distance is 12 feet. Floor to landing distance is 6 feet.ndings between the floors are 4 x 8 feet (1.22 x 2.44 m).5.Handrails are provided on both sides of the stairways 2.5 inches (64 mm) from the wall.The model is shown in Figure 1. Obviously, a real building would have a different arrangement of landings, but this model captures the geometry as described in the example. Consistent with the SFPE description of the problem, additional exits are provided on the first floor such that the flow of 400 people (each stairway takes ½ the occupants) from the upper floors through each stairway is the controlling component.In the problem description we use the floor naming convention with the first floor meaning the main floor at Z=0.Figure 1: SFPE Example 2 geometry and occupantsCreate GeometryTo select English measurements:1.On the View menu, click Units and select EN to display measurements using the English system. To specify snap grid spacing:1.On the View menu, click Edit Snap Grid....2.In the Specify snap grid spacing menu, type 2.0. By default, length units will be in feet,however, you can type a value followed by a unit (e.g.: "in" or "m") and the length will beconverted to feet.3.Click OK.To define the default floor height:1.In the Floor Height box, type 12.0.To create the room:1.In the View toolbar, click Top View ( ).2.In the Tools toolbar, click Add a Rectangular Room ().3.In the Z Plane box, type 0.0.4.In the coordinate boxes enter the following values: X1:0.0, Y1:0.0, X2:60.0, Y2:40.0.5.Click Create.Replicate the room to create five floors.1.In the View toolbar, click the Selection Tool icon .2.Select the room.3.In the Tools toolbar, click the Move Objects icon .4.Select Copy Mode.5.In the Copies box type 4.6.In the Move Z box, type 12.0.7.Click Copy/Move.8.Click the Zoom Fit icon to rescale the view.Your model should now look like Figure 2.Figure 2: The floors in the modelTo define the landings:1.Create the first landing at Z=6.0 ft. In the View toolbar, click Top View ( ). In the Tools toolbar,click Add a Rectangular Room (). In the Z Plane box, type 6.0. In the coordinate boxes enter the following values: X1:-13.5, Y1:16.0, X2:-9.5, Y2:24.0. Click Create.2.Replicate the landing. In the View toolbar, click the Selection Tool icon . Select the landing. Inthe Tools toolbar, click the Move Objects icon . Select Copy Mode. In the Copies box type 3.In the Move Z box, type 12.0. Click Copy/Move.3.Repeat for the landing on the opposite side. In the View toolbar, click Top View ( ). In theTools toolbar, click Add a Rectangular Room (). In the Z Plane box, type 6.0. In thecoordinate boxes enter the following values: X1:69.5, Y1:16.0, X2:73.5, Y2:24.0. ClickCreate.4.Replicate the landing. In the View toolbar, click the Selection Tool icon . Select the landing. Inthe Tools toolbar, click the Move Objects icon . Select Copy Mode. In the Copies box type 3.In the Move Z box, type 12.0. Click Copy/Move.Your model should now look like Figure 8.4Figure 3: The floors and landings in the modelTo add the first stairway on the left side of the building:1.In the Tools toolbar, click Create Stairs between two edges ().2.In the Stair Width box, type 44.0 in. In the Door 1 Width box and the Door 2 Width box, type32.0 in.3.Click on the lower landing and position the stair towards the front side of the landing. Click onthe lower floor to create the stairs from the landing to the lower floor, Figure 4.e the Move Objects tool to make three copies of the stair, separated by 12 ft in the Zdirection.5.Add the stairs that go up from the landing. Click on the lower landing and position the stairopposite the first stairs. Click on the second floor to create the stairs from the landing to thesecond floor.e the Move Objects tool to make three copies of the stair, separated by 12 ft in the Zdirection.7.Repeat on the other side of the model. This time, position the first stairs on the back side of thelanding.Figure 4: First stairs on left side of buildingAdd the exit doors:1.Select the door tool () and in the Max Width box, type 120.0 in.2.Place a door adjacent to both stairs on the lowest floor. These doors are wide enough that exitfrom the first floor does not affect the egress time. the doors Right Exit and Left Exit to aid in later plotting of the exit rates througheach door, Figure 8.7.Figure 5: The Left ExitThe SFPE problem description assumes that evacuation of the first floor does not affect evacuation from the higher floors. Therefore, we add four more exits to the first floor, Figure 6.Figure 6: Additional exits on first floorDefine ProfilesProfiles describe the characteristics of the occupants, including the walking speed, delay times before movement, size, display image, and base color. We will use a different color for each floor, so that we can identify occupants in the graphical display of their egress. To define the profiles:1.On the Model menu click Edit Profiles. Click Rename and change the name of the default profileto Floor 1.2.Click the Color box, click the Palette tab, and select a red color. Click OK. Click Apply.3.Click New to create a new profile, give it the name Floor 2, and give it an orange color.4.Repeat for floors 3, 4, and 5, giving colors yellow, green, and blue.Add OccupantsTo add occupants:1.Select the first (lowest) floor. On the Model menu click Add Occupants. For the Profile selectFloor 1. For Occupant Count select By Number and type 200. Click OK.2.Repeat for each floor, selecting the corresponding profile for each floor.When finished, your model should look like Figure 7.Figure 7: Pathfinder model with occupantsRun SimulationTo run the simulation:1.Save your document to a new folder. Use the name sfpe2.pth.1.On the toolbar, click Run Simulation (). By default, the problem will be solved using theSteering behavior mode.2. A summary report is provided in the analysis dialog. It provides FIRST IN and LAST OUT times foreach room and door. The total time required for evacuation is approximately 410 seconds. View ResultsWhen the simulation is finished, the 3D Pathfinder results window will display.To view results:1.Click the Play button. This will display the occupants as cylinders with their direction indicatedby a triangle.2.At any time click the Pause or Stop button. You can drag the time line to control the animation.3.To view occupants as people, click the Stop button, on the Agents menu, click Show as People,then click the Play button, Figure 8.Detailed information for each room is provided in comma-separated value (CSV) files that can be imported to a spreadsheet.Figure 8: Display of resultsAnother useful way to view the data is to plot either floor occupancy or door flow rates. These options are available under the Results menu. Figure 9 shows a graph of floor occupancy as a function of time This is a good time to recognize the naming floors can help in their later selection.Figure 9: Display of floor occupancySelect SFPE ModePathfinder provides the option to select different simulation modes. By default, the occupants act as agents with a steering behavior that seeks to reach a goal while avoiding other occupants and boundaries. The SFPE movement mode is consistent with the assumptions used in the SFPE Engineering Guide - Human Behavior in Fire (SFPE, 2003). Assumptions include:1.The occupants move toward the exits using the shortest path2.The maximum occupant speed is a function of room density3.Occupants move independently and can occupy the same space as other occupants4.Queues form at doors, with the flow rate through the door as specified by SFPE guidelines.Because multiple occupants can occupy the same space, a queue may appear as a singleoccupant.To select the SFPE mode:1.On the Simulation menu, click Simulation Parameters....2.Click the Behavior tab.3.In the Behavior Mode box, select SFPE.4.In the Door Boundary Layer box, type 6 in.5.Click OK.Before running the analysis, save the model using the name sfpe2_sfpe_mode.pth. The total time for all occupants to exit is approximately 607 sec.Compare Results to SFPE Calculation The SFPE solution to this problem is given below.The Pathfinder solution gives the time to exit the stairs as 607 sec, compared to the SFPE solution of 617 sec (10.29 minutes).Adding Collision Avoidance to the SFPE ModeThe SFPE mode does not prevent multiple occupants from occupying the same space. A collision handling option can be added to the SFPE calculation. Flow rates through doors and walking speeds are still calculated using the SFPE To run with this movement option:1.Open the sfpe2_sfpe_mode.pth model created above. On the File menu, click Save As...and give the name as sfpe2_collision.pth.2.On the Simulation menu, click Simulation Parameters....3.Click the Behavior tab.4.In the Behavior Mode box select SFPE.5.Click to select Add Basic Collisions.6.Click OK to close the Simulation Parameters dialog.7.Run the simulation.In the new solution, the time to exit the stairs is 632 sec. These times are similar to the standard SFPE solution, but the appearance of the solution is improved, since the occupants form queues at the doors.References[SFPE, 2003] Engineering Guide - Human Behavior in Fire. June, 2003. Society of Fire Protection Engineers. 7315 Wisconsin Avenue, Suite 620E Bethesda Maryland USA 1-301-718-2910.。

Owner’s Guide

| | |Owner’s Guide | A COUSTIC W AVE ®M USIC S YSTEMII2请阅读本用户指南请务必认真遵守本用户指南中的说明。

这有助于正确设置和运行本系统，享受其所有先进特性。

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切勿让液体溅入系统的任何部分，就像对待所有的电子产品一样。

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请向合格的维修人员咨询维修事宜。

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系统上标示的等边三角形内的感叹号标志旨在警示用户，在本用户指南中有相应的重要操作和维护指示。

B 类放射本 B 类数字设备满足《加拿大干扰源设备规范》(Canadian Interference-Causing Equipment Regulations) 中的所有要求（仅限加拿大地区）。

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插头要完全插入插座。

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ARBookFinder用户指南（AR BookFinder User's Guide）说明书

Dear Parent or Guardian,There are many things you can do to help your child become a better reader. • Read with your child. • Start a home library.• Ask questions about the books your child has read.When you make learning a family affair, there’s no limit to the success your child can achieve! Selecting the right books for your child to read is easier than ever. Visit to access AR BookFinder.With just a few clicks, you can search for titles at the appropriate level that your childwill find interesting and enjoyable.Parent’s Guide toAR BookFinder(800) 338-4204 • Find Books and Create Book Lists in Seconds!Quick SearchTo use the Quick Search tab in AR BookFinder:1. Go to .2. F rom the Quick Search tab on the top of the page,type a book title, author, topic, or quiz number intothe blank field and click Go.3. T o narrow the results, select any of the options onthe left of the screen under Refine Y our Search.You can continue to refine your search until you getyour desired results.4. T o create a book list from the titles you have found,click Add to AR BookBag below thedescription of any book you want to add toyour list.AR BookBagThe AR BookBag is a place to create your own book list.This list can be printed and taken to the library orbookstore. It cannot be saved in AR BookFinder.However, you can save the “report” (a .PDF) to yourcomputer’s hard drive.AR BookFinder HelpFor information about specific features of AR BookFinder,click Help in the upper-right corner.Buy from Located on the right side of a book's description page isthe Buy from button. You can use this topurchase books not available at your child’s school orlocal library.Notes:If you do not see the Buy from button, youwill see this message: A book matching this AR Quiz isnot available from , based on ISBN(s).Renaissance Learning cannot guarantee that a particularbook will be available through Students do not see this button, as long as they selected“Student” when accessing AR BookFinder.Refine Your Search to Zero In on Specific Books Advanced SearchThe Advanced Search tab allows you to enter more search criteria such as ATOS book level, interest level, topics/subtopics, fiction/nonfiction, and language to get more specific results.1. C lick the Advanced Search tab on the top of the page.2. S elect Contains , Starts With , or Exact Match to determine the parameters of your search.3. Enter your search criteria and click Go .We recommend that you enter an ATOS book level to be sure that the results are appropriate for your child. When entering an ATOS book level, you are also required to enter an interest level. (Click the question mark icon for more information on ATOS book levels and interest levels.) It may be helpful to choose a topic and a subtopic to see a list of book categories if you are uncertain what books may interest your child.4. To narrow the results, select any of the options on the left of the screen under Refine Y our Search . You can continue to refine your search until you get your desired results.5. You can add any of these books to your AR BookBag.CollectionsYou can view three different types of book collections: Awards, State Lists, and Librarians’ Picks. You can add books from any of these lists to your AR BookBag.1. Click the Collections tab on the top of the page.2. Select one of the three collections and continue to click on your choices until you locate the desired book list.AwardsALA Notable/Best Books Caldecott Honor Caldecott MedalC oretta Scott King Award/Honors Newbery Honor Newbery Medal State ListsV iew and compare required/recommended reading from different states.Librarians’ PicksBook lists for all interest levels containing librarians’ recommendations for books published during specific years.If you have questions about AR BookFinder or how to best help support your child’s reading practice, please contact your child’s teacher or librarian.What Is Accelerated Reader (AR)?AR is a computer program that helps teachers manage and monitor children’s independent reading practice. Your child picks a book at his or her own level and reads at his or her own pace. When finished, your child takes a short quiz on the computer. Passing the quiz indicates that your child understood what was read. AR gives both children and teachers feedback based on the quiz results, which the teacher then uses to help your child set goals and direct ongoing reading practice.Children using AR choose their own books to read, rather than having one assigned to them. This makes reading a much more enjoyable experience as they can choose books that are interesting to them. Teachers and librarians help your child choose books at an appropriate reading level that are challenging without being frustrating, ensuring that your child can pass the quiz and experience success.If your child does not do well on the quiz, the teacher may help him or her:• Choose another book that is more appropriate.• Ask more probing questions as your child reads and before he or she takes a quiz.• Pair your child with another student.• Have the book read to your child.In most cases, children really enjoy taking the quizzes. Since they’re reading books at their reading and interest levels, they are likely to be successful. This is satisfying for most children. Best of all, they learn and grow at their own pace.What Is the ATOS Book Level?Book levels are determined using the ATOS readability formula and represent the difficulty of the text. For example, a book level of 4.5 means the text could likely be read independently by a student whose reading skills are at the level of a typical fourth-grader in the fifth month of school. (The content of the book, however, may or may not be appropriate. The interest level will give you a recommendation regarding the appropriateness of the content.)What Is the Interest Level?To help you choose the books most appropriate for your children, Accelerated Reader quizzes are divided into four interest levels: Lower Grades (LG), Middle Grades (MG), Middle Grades Plus (MG+), and Upper Grades (UG). The interest levels are based on the recommendations of the publisher and/or literary book reviews by professional organizations. However, the final decision on whether the content of a book is appropriate for a particular child is left to parents, school librarians, and teachers.R40378.0112Reproducible Form ©2012 Renaissance Learning, Inc.Accelerated Reader, AR, AR BookFinder, AR BookBag, ATOS, Renaissance, Renaissance Learning, and the Renaissance Learning logo are trademarks of Renaissance Learning Inc. and its subsidiaries, registered, common law, or pending registration in the United States and other countries. Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of , Inc. or its affiliates. All other product and company names should be considered trademarks of their respective companies and organizations.。

疏散模拟软件STEPS与Pathfinder对比研究

分析得出Pathfinder模拟结果与真实情况相符程度更高，STEPS更适合模拟常态下人员疏散。

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403 Poyntz Avenue, Suite BManhattan, KS 66502USA+1.785.770.8511User ManualPathfinder 2012DisclaimerThunderhead Engineering makes no warranty, expressed or implied, to users of Pathfinder, and accepts no responsibility for its use. Users of Pathfinder assume sole responsibility under Federal law for determining the appropriateness of its use in any particular application; for any conclusions drawn from the results of its use; and for any actions taken or not taken as a result of analyses performed using these tools.Users are warned that Pathfinder is intended for use only by those competent in the field of egress modeling. Pathfinder is intended only to supplement the informed judgment of the qualified user. The software package is a computer model that may or may not have predictive capability when applied to a specific set of factual circumstances. Lack of accurate predictions by the model could lead to erroneous conclusions. All results should be evaluated by an informed user.AcknowledgementsThis work was originally made possible by a Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) grant by the United States National Science Foundation.We would like to thank Rolf Jensen and Associates for their assistance with testing and other suggestions that helped guide the development of the simulator.We would also like to thank the beta testers whose feedback helped us improve the software and incorporate more useful features.Note on use of “THEY” as singular pronounIn this document we use “THEY” as a singular pronoun. As stated in the Random House Dictionary of 1987:Long before the use of generic HE was condemned as sexist, the pronouns, THEY, andTHEM were used in educated speech and in all but the most formal writing to refer toindefinite pronouns and to singular nouns of general personal reference probablybecause such nouns are often not felt to be exclusively singular. Such use is not a recent development, nor is it a mark of ignorance.See also the online Oxford dictionary at: /words/he-or-she-versus-they.Table of Contents1. Introduction (1)Graphical User Interface (1)Model Representation (3)Simulation Modes (4)Limitations and Known Issues (4)Simulator Name (4)Contact Us (4)2. Pathfinder Basics (5)Navigation View (5)3D and 2D Views (6)Navigating the 3D view (6)Navigating the 2D view (7)Resetting the view (7)Filling the view (7)Drawing in the 3D and 2D views (8)View Options (8)Render Options (8)Occupant Display (9)Coloring Rooms (9)Room Opacity (9)Model Organization with Groups (9)Creating sub-groups (10)Changing groups (10)3. Creating Movement Space (11)Floors (11)Automatically creating floors (11)Manually creating floors (13)Changing the active floor (13)Showing all floors (14)Editing floors (14)Rooms (14)Adding new rooms (14)Adding thin walls to rooms (16)Splitting rooms (16)Separating and merging rooms (17)Obstructions/Holes (18)Arbitrarily-Shaped Obstructions (Desks, Tables, etc.) (18)Walls (19)Doors (20)Thin Doors (20)Thick doors (21)Stairs (22)Stairs between edges (23)Stairs extending from one edge (24)Ramps (25)Creating Elevators (26)Elevator Representation (28)Editing Elevators (28)Nominal Load (30)Connecting/Disconnecting Floors (30)Exits (30)Importing Files (31)Importing images (31)Importing CAD files (32)Importing PyroSim and FDS files (34)Working with Imported Data (34)Working with Images (34)Working with 3D CAD, PyroSim, and FDS files (34)Working with 2D DXFs (35)Filling in missing pieces (37)4. Creating Occupants (38)Profiles (38)Seeds (40)Customizing Occupants (41)Behaviors (41)Creating a new Behavior (41)Adding actions (42)Goto Waypoint action (43)Goto Rooms action (44)Goto Elevators action (44)Wait action (45)Adding Occupants (45)Individual placement (45)Group Placement (46)Placement in rooms (47)Redistributing Profiles and Behaviors (47)5. Editing and Copying Objects (49)Transforming and Copying Objects (49)Moving (49)Rotating (50)Mirroring (52)Manipulating Objects with Handles (53)Selecting and deselecting a handle (53)Editing a handle (54)Room handles (54)Thin door handles (54)Thick door handles (55)Stair and Ramp handles (55)Occupant handles (55)Waypoint handles (56)6. Model Analysis (57)Measuring Distances (57)Checking in-use Objects (59)Warnings and Errors (59)7. Simulating (61)Parameters (61)Starting and Managing a Simulation (63)Simulating via command-line (64)Stopping and Resuming a Simulation (64)Stuck Occupants (65)8. Results (66)Summary Report (66)Door Flow Rates (67)Room History File (67)3D Results (68)Navigating through a model (68)Displaying geometry input (69)Displaying occupants (69)Selecting Occupants (69)Viewing multi-floor problems (69)Animation playback (71)Refreshing Results (71)Viewing occupant paths (72)Controlling drawing detail/speed (72)Creating Movies (72)9. Index (75)FiguresFigure 1: An example of the graphical user interface (1)Figure 2: An example of the 3D Results (2)Figure 3: An example time history graph (3)Figure 4: 3D and 2D views (6)Figure 5: Render options (8)Figure 6: Predefined groups (10)Figure 7: Floor Creation panel (12)Figure 8: Auto floor creation and sorting (12)Figure 9: Adding a new floor (13)Figure 10: Floor property panel (14)Figure 11: Drawing a room with the polygon tool (15)Figure 12: Drawing a room with the rectangle tool (15)Figure 13: Adding a thin wall to a room (16)Figure 14: Dividing a room (16)Figure 15: Special case for drawing a thin wall (17)Figure 16: Merging rooms (17)Figure 17: Separating a room (18)Figure 18: Creating an obstruction (19)Figure 19: Subtracting walls (19)Figure 20: Door tool property panel (20)Figure 21: Adding a thin door to connect two touching rooms (21)Figure 22: Adding a thick door in the empty space between two rooms (22)Figure 23: Stair geometry requirements (23)Figure 24: Property panel for the two-point stair tool (23)Figure 25: Drawing stairs with the two-point stair tool (24)Figure 26: Property panel for the one-point stair tool (24)Figure 27: Drawing stairs using the one-point stair tool (25)Figure 28: Creating an Elevator (27)Figure 29: New Elevator dialog (27)Figure 30: Elevator representation (28)Figure 31: Elevator property panel (28)Figure 32: Elevator Priority dialog (29)Figure 33: Elevator Levels dialog (30)Figure 34: An exit door (31)Figure 35: Importing a background image (32)Figure 36: Dxf unit dialog box (33)Figure 37: Drawing rooms over a background image (34)Figure 38: Property panel for the floor extraction tool (35)Figure 39: A room extracted from a PyroSim file (35)Figure 40: Room extraction results from an imported 2D Floorplan (36)Figure 41: Using the door tool to fill a doorway (37)Figure 42: The Edit Profiles dialog (38)Figure 43: An example of the 3D model dialog. (39)Figure 44: Using a custom occupant profile (41)Figure 45: New Behavior dialog (42)Figure 46: Behavior Property Panel (42)Figure 47: Exit Chooser dialog (42)Figure 48: Behavior actions list (43)Figure 49: Example of action order for a behavior (43)Figure 50: Goto Waypoint creation panel (44)Figure 51: Goto Rooms creation panel (44)Figure 52: Goto Elevators creation panel (44)Figure 53: Wait creation panel (45)Figure 54: Adding occupants individually (45)Figure 55: Add Rectangular Group of Occupants Property Panel (46)Figure 56: Editing the distribution of profiles (46)Figure 57: Distributing occupants in a rectangular region (47)Figure 58: Distributing occupants through entire rooms (47)Figure 59: Edit Group Distributions dialog (48)Figure 60: Property panel for the translate tool (49)Figure 61: Graphically moving an object (50)Figure 62: Creating an array of objects by using the translate tool (50)Figure 63: Property panel for the rotate tool (51)Figure 64: Rotating an object (51)Figure 65: Creating an array of objects using the rotate tool (52)Figure 66: Property panel for the mirror tool (52)Figure 67: Mirroring an object (53)Figure 68: Manipulator handles (53)Figure 69: Handle property panel (54)Figure 70: Door handles (54)Figure 71: Stair/ramp handles (55)Figure 72: Agent handles (55)Figure 73: Waypoint handles (56)Figure 74: Connectivity example (57)Figure 75: Select Connected Components dialog (58)Figure 76: Selecting an entire graph of connected components (59)Figure 77: The Behavior tab of the Simulation Parameters Dialog (61)Figure 78: The Run Simulation dialog showing a partially complete simulation. (64)Figure 79: Listing for an example summary report file. (66)Figure 80: A time history plot for door flow rates (67)Figure 81: 3D Results for the multi-floor-stairwell example problem (68)Figure 82: Floor location dialog for 3D results (70)Figure 83: Multi-floor layout options in 3D results (FDS model courtesy of Andreas Niggemeyer) (71)Figure 84: Movie option dialogs (74)1.Introduction1.Pathfinder is an agent based egress and human movement simulator. It provides a graphical user interface for simulation design and execution as well as 2D and 3D visualization tools for results analysis.Graphical User InterfacePathfinder includes a graphical user interface that is used primarily to create and run simulation models.A screenshot of this user interface is shown in Figure 1. This screenshot displays a model that is being created from an imported floor plan image.Figure 1: An example of the graphical user interfacePathfinder also includes a second program designed specifically for high-performance visualization of 3D time history. The 3D Results program is shown in Figure 2. In this image, occupants are moving on a model that used an imported floor plan image.Figure 2: An example of the 3D ResultsIn addition to 3D visualization, Pathfinder also provides output in the form of 2D time history plots of CSV (comma separated values) out files and a text summary of room clearing times and doorway flow rates. An example time history plot can be seen in Figure 3. This plot shows the number of occupants in various rooms.Figure 3: An example time history graphModel RepresentationThe movement environment is a 3D triangulated mesh designed to match the real dimensions of a building model. This movement mesh can be entered manually or automatically based on imported data (e.g. FDS geometry).Walls and other impassable areas are represented as gaps in the navigation mesh. These objects are not actually passed along to the simulator, but are represented implicitly because occupants cannot move in places where no navigation mesh has been created.Doors are represented as special navigation mesh edges. In all simulations, doors provide a mechanism for joining rooms and tracking occupant flow. Depending on the specific selection of simulation options, doors may also be used to explicitly control occupant flow.Stairways are also represented as special navigation mesh edges and triangles. Occupant movement speed is reduced to a factor of their level travel speed based on the incline of the stairway. Each stairway implicitly defines two doors. These doors function just like any other door in the simulator but are controlled via the stairway editor in the user interface to ensure that no geometric errors result from a mismatch between stairways and the connecting doors.Occupants are modeled as upright cylinders on the movement mesh and travel using an agent-based technique called inverse steering. Each occupant calculates movements independently and can be given a unique set of parameters (maximum speed, exit choice, 3D model, etc).Simulation ModesPathfinder supports two movement simulation modes. In "Steering" mode, doors do not act to limit the flow of occupants; instead, occupants use the steering system to maintain a reasonable separation distance. In SFPE mode, occupants make no attempt to avoid one another and are allowed to interpenetrate, but doors impose a flow limit and velocity is controlled by density.You can freely switch between the two modes within the Pathfinder user interface and compare answers. More information about both modes is provided in the Technical Reference manual.Limitations and Known IssuesPathfinder 2011 does not integrate results from a fire model or provide support for complex behaviors (e.g. family grouping).Dynamic geometry is only partially supported (e.g. elevators are supported, but opening/closing doors, escalators, trains, etc. are not).Elevators are supported in evacuation-only circumstances. They do not model a general-purpose elevator system.Simulator NameThe name Pathfinder has been used previously to describe an egress simulator. The original Pathfinder is a 2D egress simulator created and used internally by Rolf Jensen and Associates. While the original Pathfinder inspired some of the features of the new simulator, the simulator described in this manual does not use any of the code from the original Pathfinder software.Contact UsThunderhead Engineering403 Poyntz Avenue, Suite BManhattan, KS 66502-6081USASales Information: sales@Product Support: support@Phone and Fax: +1.785.770.85112.Pathfinder BasicsPathfinder provides three main views for working on evacuation models: the 2D View, 3D view, and Navigation View. These views represent your current model. If an object is added, removed, or selected in one view, the other views will simultaneously reflect the change. Each view is briefly described below.∙Navigation View:This view lists all objects in the model in a hierarchical format. It can be used to quickly locate and modify objects by name.∙3D View: This view shows a 3D representation of the current model. The model can be explored and modified using various tools.∙2D View: This view is very similar to the 3D View, but it provides an additional snapping grid and an orthographic view of the model.Navigation ViewThe Navigation View helps you quickly find objects and data that are notalways easily accessible from the 3D and 2D views.The Navigation View is arranged in four groups:1.The Imported geometry group stores items that were imported froman image or an FDS, PyroSim, or DXF model. These objects do notaffect the simulation but are carried through to help with resultsanalysis. They can also be used to automatically extract rooms.2.The Profiles group contains the occupant profiles that have beencreated using the Edit Profiles dialog.3.The Behaviors group contains user-defined scripts that telloccupants how to behave.4.The Occupants group contains every occupant in the model. Ifoccupants are added to the model using a tool that adds more thanone occupant at a time, they will be collected in a sub-group.5.The Elevators group contains evacuation elevators in the model.6.The Floors group defines the floors in the model, and each floor contains all geometry necessaryto create a movement mesh, including room, stairway, ramp, door, and exit definitions.The buttons directly above the Navigation View perform the following actions:Auto Expand Selection when an object (or occupant) in the 3D or 2D view is selected, this action will expand the groups of the Navigation View as needed to show the selected object.Collapse All collapses all expanded groups in the Navigation View.Expand All expands all groups in the Navigation View (including sub-groups)The Floor box above the view can be used to manage floors. Any time a room, stair, ramp, or door is created it is added to a floor group matching the current selection in the Floor box. Changing the selection in the Floor box will cause the newly selected floor to be shown and all other floors to be hidden. Also, the Z property for all drawing tools will automatically default to the height of the floor currently selected in the Floor box. The visibility of any object or group of objects can always be manually set using the right-click context menu. This technique is useful if you want to show two floors at the same time (e.g. when creating a stairway).3D and 2D ViewsThe 3D and 2D views as shown in Figure 4 are the main views in which drawing is performed in Pathfinder. Both views contain tools to draw egress geometry and navigate in a model. The main difference between the two views is that the 3D view allows the model to be viewed from any direction, whereas the 2D view only allows viewing from one, orthographic direction. In addition, the 3D view contains no snap grid, whereas the 2D view does. The 3D view is entered by selecting the perspective camera, , and the 2D view is entered by selecting one of the orthographic cameras, , , or .At the top of the view is several buttons that show different camera modes, display options, and navigation modes. The panel under this is known as the property panel and is a selection context-sensitive panel. If a drawing tool is selected, it will show properties that can used to help draw. If no drawing tool is selected, and an object or several objects are selected, this panel will show the properties relevant to the selection. The panel of buttons on the left shows the drawing tools. The small panel at the bottom displays messages relevant to the current tool.Figure 4: 3D and 2D viewsNavigating the 3D viewSeveral tools are provided for navigating through the model in the 3D view, including orbit, roam, pan, and zoom tools.The main navigation tool for the 3D view is the Orbit tool, . By left-clicking and dragging, the model is rotated about its center point. The scroll-wheel can be used to zoom in and out on a specific point. Holding SHIFT on the keyboard and then clicking and dragging will pan the camera, and holding ALT while dragging will zoom in and out.Another navigation tool in the 3D view is the Roam tool, . This tool allows the camera to move in and out of the model at will. Without holding any keyboard keys, dragging the mouse will cause the camera to rotate about the camera’s location. So dragging the mouse up will make the camera look up, and dragging it left and right makes it look left and right. Holding CTRL while dragging will make the camera move forward and backward in the XY plane, and holding ALT while dragging will make the camera move up and down along the Z axis. This tool has a higher learning curve but is the most flexible viewing tool because it allows the camera to be placed anywhere in the model.The other navigation tools include a pan/drag tool, which moves the camera left and right and up and down, a zoom tool, which zooms in and out of the model while click-dragging, and a zoom box tool, which allows a box to be drawn that specifies the zoom extents.Pathfinder can also be navigated while using the Selection/manipulation tool, . To Orbit the camera while in perspective view, use a right-click and drag combination. Similarly, use a middle-click and drag to Pan in perspective view.Navigating the 2D viewNavigation in the 2D view is simpler than in the 3D view. The selection tool not only allows objects to be selected if single-clicked, but it allows the view to be panned by middle or right-clicking and dragging, and the view to be zoomed by using the scroll wheel. The drag and zoom tools are also separated into separate tools for convenience.Resetting the viewAt any time, the camera can be reset by pressing CTRL+R on the keyboard, or selecting Reset All tool, . This will cause the entire model to be visible in the current view. For all navigation tools but the Roam tool, reset will make the camera look down the negative Z axis at the model. For the roam tool, however, reset will make the camera look down the negative Y axis at the model.The camera can also be reset to the current selection at any time by pressing CTRL+E. This will cause the camera to zoom in on the selected objects and the orbit tool to rotate about the center of their bounding sphere.Filling the viewVery similar to resetting the camera, the view can be fit by pressing F on the keyboard or selecting the Fit View tool, . The difference between the Fill View and Reset All tools is that filling the screen does not change the view angle of the camera. Instead the camera will recenter/rezoom to fit the screen.Drawing in the 3D and 2D viewsDrawing can be performed in both the 3D view and the top 2D view. The 3D view allows the user to see the model from any angle, but most tools restrict drawing in the XY plane. The top view completely restricts drawing to the XY plane, but it also displays an optional snap grid. The snap grid size can be set under Edit snap grid spacing in the View menu, and it can be turned off by deselecting Show Snap Grid in the View menu.Drawing is performed in one of the two following modes:∙Normal Mode: Single-click a drawing tool button on the left side of the view. Draw the object using the instructions in the appropriate section of the manual. When the object has beencompleted, the drawn object(s) will be selected and the view will revert to the previousnavigation tool.∙Sticky Mode: Double-click a drawing tool’s button on the left panel before beginning to draw.When the object is completed, the same drawing tool will remain selected and more objects can be drawn with the tool. To escape this mode, press ESC on the keyboard, and the previousnavigation tool will be selected. A green dot on the tool’s icon indicates that the tool iscurrently in sticky mode. Single-clicking the tool’s icon again will turn off sticky mode but keep the tool selected.At any time while drawing, the user can press escape, which causes the current object to be cancelled and the previous navigation tool to be selected.For each tool there are often two ways to create its object. One way is to draw the object graphically using the mouse and keyboard. The other is to interactively create the object by typing information such as coordinates, widths, etc. in the tool’s property panel. The property panel will update the graphical preview immediately to reflect changes in the input. This allows fine-grained control in creating the object. The individual drawing tools are discussed in Creating Movement Space.View OptionsPathfinder provides a variety of view options for displaying both navigation geometry and imported geometry that can also aid with drawing. This includes options for rendering geometry, displaying agents, coloring rooms, and setting the transparency of rooms.Render OptionsIn the toolbar above the properties window in the 2D and 3D views, there are a number of buttons as shown in Figure 5 that control how geometry is rendered.Figure 5: Render optionsFrom left to right, the buttons are Wireframe Rendering, Solid Rendering, Show Textures, Show Object Outlines, Smooth Lighting, Display Navigation Geometry, and Display Imported Geometry.∙Wireframe Rendering: displays imported 3D geometry as wireframe only. This option is mutually exclusive with the solid rendering option. It is useful for drawing doors in the 2D view when 3D geometry has been imported.∙Solid Rendering: displays imported 3D geometry filled in. This is selected by default.∙Show Object Outlines: shows the outlines of 3D imported geometry. This is similar to showing the wireframe and solid versions at the same time.∙Smooth Lighting: uses a more realistic shading model to show all geometry. This may be a little slower to render on older graphics cards.∙Display Navigation Geometry: This toggles the visibility of all the navigation geometry. It does not affect anything else (including imported geometry and occupants).∙Display Imported Geometry: This toggles the visibility of all imported 3D geometry.Occupant DisplayOccupants can be displayed using a number of options. They can be viewed as simple shapes, including disks and cylinders. They can also be displayed as the artist’s mannequin or as their respective human avatars specified in their profiles. These options are available under View menu and Agents submenu.Coloring RoomsRooms can be colored in a variety of ways. All coloring options are available under the View menu and Color Rooms submenu. The default option is to display each room with a unique color. They can also be colored by occupant density, which means that rooms with a greater concentration of agents will be colored redder, and rooms with a lesser concentration will be colored bluer. The last option is to use a mixed mode. In this mode, the rooms are only colored by concentration if they contain agents; otherwise, they are colored with their unique colors.Room OpacitySometimes it is useful to be able to see through rooms and stairways, such as when drawing on top of an imported background image. To change the opacity of a set of components, select them and in the property panel, change the opacity. Opacity settings will carry through to 3D results visualization.Model Organization with GroupsThe main method of organization in Pathfinder is to use groups. In every model there are already some implicit groups that cannot be modified, including Imported Geometry, Profiles, Behaviors, Occupants, Elevators, and Floors as shown in Figure 6. Sub-groups can be created to further organize the model as discussed in the following sections.Figure 6: Predefined groupsCreating sub-groupsSub-groups can be created under Imported Geometry, Occupants, Elevators, and Floors (floors are discussed in the section, Floors). Groups can also be created in other sub-groups. To create a new group, right click the desired parent group in the navigation view and select New Group… or select New Group… from the Model menu. A dialog will display allowing the user to select the parent group (which will automatically be selected if performed from the right-click menu) and a name for the new group. Click “OK” to create the new group.Changing groupsAn object can be moved from one group to another at any time. To change an object’s group, drag the object to the desired group in the Navigation View or right click the object and select Change Group…. This will show a dialog that will allow the user to choose the new group. The options shown for the new group will only be valid groups for which the group can be changed. Select “OK” to change the group.3.Creating Movement SpacePathfinder is built on the idea of creating floor space on which occupants can walk. Every navigation component drawn in Pathfinder is some piece of flooring that can be travelled on, which can range from floors, to doorways, to stairs. Obstructions exist as holes in the floor.The main egress components include rooms, which are empty floor spaces bounded by walls, doors, which connect rooms on the same level, stairs/ramps, which connect rooms on different levels, and elevators, which connect multiple levels. Rooms can have any polygonal shape, and can never overlap on the same level. Doors can be either thick if they are occupying a doorway (the area between two rooms) or thin if they are simply connecting two touching rooms. Stairs/ramps are always rectangular and implicitly contain a thin door on each end to connect the adjacent rooms. Elevators can be any shape and can travel in any direction.To organize egress components, Pathfinder provides the concept of floors, which group together components at different Z locations.FloorsFloors are the primary method of organization in Pathfinder. At their most basic level, they are simply groups in which rooms, doors, stairs, ramps, and exits can be placed, but they also control the drawing plane for most tools and filtering of imported geometry.In every Pathfinder model, at least one floor must exist, and at any given time, there is one active floor. Whenever any navigation object is drawn, it will either be placed in the active floor or a subgroup of the active floor.By default when a new model is started, there is one floor at Z=0, and additional floors are either created automatically depending on where the geometry is drawn or manually created. In addition, new navigation components are automatically sorted into the appropriate floor when drawn.Automatically creating floorsWhen nothing is selected in the model, the Floor Creation panel is shown, as in Figure 7. This panel controls the automatic creation of floors and automatic sorting of new objects into floors.∙Auto sort egress components– If this is checked, navigation components are automatically sorted into the appropriate floor when created or modified; if this is unchecked, new navigation components are placed in the group specified under New Egress Components and remain in this group until manually moved.∙Automatically create floors – If this is checked, floors are automatically created as navigation components are created and modified.∙Floor height – This specifies the height at which new floors are automatically created. If a navigation component is created or moved to a location that is at least this distance from theprevious floor, a new floor will be created at a multiple of this distance from the previous floor.。

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