萨尔瓦多国际经济学(第十版)英文课件ch08
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国际经济学英文课件(萨尔瓦多第十版)ch
05
International investment and multinational corporations
International investment environment
Political environment: stability, policies, and regulations that affect foreign investment.
New trade theory departs from the assumption of perfect competition and focuses on the role of increasing returns to scale and monopolistic competition.
Classical trade theory posits that specialization in production based on comparative advantage results in increased production and consumption in all countries.
关税是一种税收，由政府对进口商品征收，以增加进口成本并保护国内产业。
关税定义
关税种类
关税作用
包括基本关税、附加关税、反倾销关税和报复性关税等。
通过提高进口商品价格，降低国内市场的竞争压力，保护国内产业和就业。
03
02
01
出口补贴是指政府给予出口企业的财政补贴，以降低出口成本，增加出口量。
出口补贴定义
Balance of trade
The balance of trade is a crucial component of the international balance of payments. It measures the value of a country's exports minus the value of its imports. A positive balance of trade indicates that a country is exporting more goods and services than it is importing, while a negative balance of trade indicates the opposite.
International investment and multinational corporations
International investment environment
Political environment: stability, policies, and regulations that affect foreign investment.
New trade theory departs from the assumption of perfect competition and focuses on the role of increasing returns to scale and monopolistic competition.
Classical trade theory posits that specialization in production based on comparative advantage results in increased production and consumption in all countries.
关税是一种税收，由政府对进口商品征收，以增加进口成本并保护国内产业。
关税定义
关税种类
关税作用
包括基本关税、附加关税、反倾销关税和报复性关税等。
通过提高进口商品价格，降低国内市场的竞争压力，保护国内产业和就业。
03
02
01
出口补贴是指政府给予出口企业的财政补贴，以降低出口成本，增加出口量。
出口补贴定义
Balance of trade
The balance of trade is a crucial component of the international balance of payments. It measures the value of a country's exports minus the value of its imports. A positive balance of trade indicates that a country is exporting more goods and services than it is importing, while a negative balance of trade indicates the opposite.
国际经济学第10版 第5章要素禀赋PPT课件
有两种定义要素丰裕度的方法。
一种是以实物单位定义（用各国所有可以 利用的资本和劳动的总量衡量）。
另一种是使用相对要素价格定义（用各国 的资本的租用价值和劳动时间价格衡量）。
用第一种方法时，如果国家2可利用的总资 本和总劳动的比率大于国家1的这个比率， 就可以说国家2是资本丰裕的。
要继续生产两种商品。
9
这个假设说明两国都不是“很小”的国家。
⑹两国需求偏好相同。
这表明，如果两国的相对商品价格相同， 那么两国消费X和Y的比例也是相同的。
⑺在两个国家中，两种商品与两种要素市 场都是完全竞争的。
这说明，商品X和Y的生产者、消费者和贸 易者都很小，他们的行为不会影响这些商 品的价格。
如果把资本（K）放在坐标系的纵轴，把劳 动（L）放在横轴，生产沿着一条从原点出 发的射线进行，则该射线的斜率就是生产 该种商品的资本/劳动比率，如图5.1。
在图中，国家1可以用2K和2L生产1Y，如 果规模报酬不变，它可以用4X和4Y生产2Y。
K/Y=2/2=4/4=1，这也是从原点出发的表 示Y的射线的斜率。
而在国际间不能流动说明，如果不存在国 际贸易，要素收入差异将永远存在。
11
⑼没有运输成本，没有关税或影响国际贸 易自由进行的其他壁垒。
如果存在运输成本和关税，当两国的相对 （或绝对）商品价格差异不大于每单位商 品关税和运输成本时，两国的生产分工就 会停止。
⑽两国资源均得到充分利用。 即不存在未被利用的资源和要素。 ⑾两国的贸易是平衡的。 即各国的总进口额等于总出口额。
对于劳动和资本的使用者和提供者也是一 样的。
10
完全竞争还表明，在长期，商品价格将与 生产成本相等，减去所有成本之后，生产 者将不会获得任何超额利润。
一种是以实物单位定义（用各国所有可以 利用的资本和劳动的总量衡量）。
另一种是使用相对要素价格定义（用各国 的资本的租用价值和劳动时间价格衡量）。
用第一种方法时，如果国家2可利用的总资 本和总劳动的比率大于国家1的这个比率， 就可以说国家2是资本丰裕的。
要继续生产两种商品。
9
这个假设说明两国都不是“很小”的国家。
⑹两国需求偏好相同。
这表明，如果两国的相对商品价格相同， 那么两国消费X和Y的比例也是相同的。
⑺在两个国家中，两种商品与两种要素市 场都是完全竞争的。
这说明，商品X和Y的生产者、消费者和贸 易者都很小，他们的行为不会影响这些商 品的价格。
如果把资本（K）放在坐标系的纵轴，把劳 动（L）放在横轴，生产沿着一条从原点出 发的射线进行，则该射线的斜率就是生产 该种商品的资本/劳动比率，如图5.1。
在图中，国家1可以用2K和2L生产1Y，如 果规模报酬不变，它可以用4X和4Y生产2Y。
K/Y=2/2=4/4=1，这也是从原点出发的表 示Y的射线的斜率。
而在国际间不能流动说明，如果不存在国 际贸易，要素收入差异将永远存在。
11
⑼没有运输成本，没有关税或影响国际贸 易自由进行的其他壁垒。
如果存在运输成本和关税，当两国的相对 （或绝对）商品价格差异不大于每单位商 品关税和运输成本时，两国的生产分工就 会停止。
⑽两国资源均得到充分利用。 即不存在未被利用的资源和要素。 ⑾两国的贸易是平衡的。 即各国的总进口额等于总出口额。
对于劳动和资本的使用者和提供者也是一 样的。
10
完全竞争还表明，在长期，商品价格将与 生产成本相等，减去所有成本之后，生产 者将不会获得任何超额利润。
Ch08 Trade Restrictions Tariffs(国际经济学,韩国国立江原大学)
Table 8.3 Economic Effect of U.S. Import Tariffs on Selected Products in 1990
slide 9
8.2 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff – A Small country case
원부자재 세율이 높아짐
8.3 The Theory of Tariff Structure
8.3A. The Rate of Effective Protection
Example: Suppose that $80 of imported wool goes into the
slide 5
8.2 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff – A Small country case
8.2A. Partial Equilibrium Effects of a Tariff
15$증
FIGURE 8-1 Partial Equilibrium Effects of a Tariff.
However, all nations impose some restrictions on the
Table 8.1 Tariffs on Industrial Products in the US, the EU,
Table 8.2 Tariffs on Industrial Products in Brazil, Mexico,
slide 10
8.3 The Theory of Tariff Structure
8.3A. The Rate of Effective Protection 실효보호관세율
国际经济学英文课件(萨尔瓦多第十版)
也就是说，两个国家GDP越大、距离越近， 则预期两国贸易额越大
International Economic Theories and Policies ■ International Trade Theory 国际贸易理论
■ Analyzes the basis of and the gains from international trade.
FIGURE 1-3 Imports and Exports as a Percentage of U.S. GDP, 1965-2001.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
■ 1980 to present
■ Most pervasive and dramatic period of globalization 全球化最广泛和剧烈的阶段
■ Fueled by improvements in telecommunications and transportation 受益于电信和运输极大改善
imports and exports of goods and services to GDP 用一国商品和服务进出口总值比上GDP的比值来 粗略衡量
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
International Trade and the Nation’s Standard of Living
International Economic Theories and Policies ■ International Trade Theory 国际贸易理论
■ Analyzes the basis of and the gains from international trade.
FIGURE 1-3 Imports and Exports as a Percentage of U.S. GDP, 1965-2001.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
■ 1980 to present
■ Most pervasive and dramatic period of globalization 全球化最广泛和剧烈的阶段
■ Fueled by improvements in telecommunications and transportation 受益于电信和运输极大改善
imports and exports of goods and services to GDP 用一国商品和服务进出口总值比上GDP的比值来 粗略衡量
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
International Trade and the Nation’s Standard of Living
(国际经济学英文课件)ch10Trade Policy in Developing Countrie
It promoted inefficiently small industries.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
10-13
Trade Liberalization
• There is some evidence that low and middle income countries which had relatively free trade had higher average economic growth than those that followed import substituting industrialization.
The knowledge created when starting an industry may be not appropriable (may be a public good) because of a lack of property rights.
If establishing a system of property rights is not feasible, then high tariffs would be a second-best policy to encourage growth in new industries.
(国际经济学英文课件 )ch10Trade Policy in Developing
Countries
Slides prepared by Thomas Bishop
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
10-13
Trade Liberalization
• There is some evidence that low and middle income countries which had relatively free trade had higher average economic growth than those that followed import substituting industrialization.
The knowledge created when starting an industry may be not appropriable (may be a public good) because of a lack of property rights.
If establishing a system of property rights is not feasible, then high tariffs would be a second-best policy to encourage growth in new industries.
(国际经济学英文课件 )ch10Trade Policy in Developing
Countries
Slides prepared by Thomas Bishop
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
《国际经济学》(全套)ppt课件
27
二、关税的局部均衡分析
预备知识一：消费者剩余与生产者剩余
消费者剩余是指消费 者购买一定数量的产 品愿意支付的价格与 实际支付的价格之间 的差额；
生产者剩余是指企业 销售一定数量的商品 愿意接受的价格与实 际得到的价格之间的 差额。
国际经济学
P
消费者剩余 F
P1 P2
S
E PE
P2’
D
P1’
、欧盟的水产品中被检出有杂质而受到“暂停进口申
报”。检查结果发现，是渔民在搬运水产品时不小心
夹带了泥沙等杂质。但宁波的水产品出口却因此受累
，1―2月份，全市水产品的出口下跌二成多，其中出
口欧盟市场下跌了97％以上。
国际经济学
14
1998年9月，美国突然要求所有来自中国的木 质包装和木质铺垫材料必须附有中国出入境检验检 疫机关出具的证书，证明木质包装经过热处理、熏 蒸处理或防腐处理，违规货物将整批禁止入境，这 使我国1／3以上的对美出口受到影响。
国际经济学
24
特惠税：
针对某个国家或者地区进口的商品，给予优惠的低关 税或者免税，如洛美协定（Lome Convention )
1975年2月28日,非洲、加勒比海和太平洋地区46 个发展中国家（简称非加太地区国家）和欧洲经济共 同体9国在多哥首都洛美开会，签订贸易和经济协定， 全称为《欧洲经济共同体－非洲、加勒比和太平洋地 区（国家）洛美协定》，简称“洛美协定”或“洛美 公约”。
根据实情，制定进出口商品的生产、销售、采购等政策。
国别或地区政策
根据对外政治经济关系的需要制定的国别或地区政策。
国际经济学
3
国际贸易政策的目的
促进经济发展与稳定
促进生产力发展。鼓励先进知识、技术、管理方法引入 实现经济增长。优化结构，提升竞争力，提高经济福利 达到外部均衡。维持国际收支平衡
二、关税的局部均衡分析
预备知识一：消费者剩余与生产者剩余
消费者剩余是指消费 者购买一定数量的产 品愿意支付的价格与 实际支付的价格之间 的差额；
生产者剩余是指企业 销售一定数量的商品 愿意接受的价格与实 际得到的价格之间的 差额。
国际经济学
P
消费者剩余 F
P1 P2
S
E PE
P2’
D
P1’
、欧盟的水产品中被检出有杂质而受到“暂停进口申
报”。检查结果发现，是渔民在搬运水产品时不小心
夹带了泥沙等杂质。但宁波的水产品出口却因此受累
，1―2月份，全市水产品的出口下跌二成多，其中出
口欧盟市场下跌了97％以上。
国际经济学
14
1998年9月，美国突然要求所有来自中国的木 质包装和木质铺垫材料必须附有中国出入境检验检 疫机关出具的证书，证明木质包装经过热处理、熏 蒸处理或防腐处理，违规货物将整批禁止入境，这 使我国1／3以上的对美出口受到影响。
国际经济学
24
特惠税：
针对某个国家或者地区进口的商品，给予优惠的低关 税或者免税，如洛美协定（Lome Convention )
1975年2月28日,非洲、加勒比海和太平洋地区46 个发展中国家（简称非加太地区国家）和欧洲经济共 同体9国在多哥首都洛美开会，签订贸易和经济协定， 全称为《欧洲经济共同体－非洲、加勒比和太平洋地 区（国家）洛美协定》，简称“洛美协定”或“洛美 公约”。
根据实情，制定进出口商品的生产、销售、采购等政策。
国别或地区政策
根据对外政治经济关系的需要制定的国别或地区政策。
国际经济学
3
国际贸易政策的目的
促进经济发展与稳定
促进生产力发展。鼓励先进知识、技术、管理方法引入 实现经济增长。优化结构，提升竞争力，提高经济福利 达到外部均衡。维持国际收支平衡
国际经济学第十版课后标准答案-（萨尔瓦多、杨冰译）
国际经济学第十版课后标准答案-（萨尔瓦多、杨冰译）国际经济学第十版课后答案-(萨尔瓦多、杨冰译)————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：国际经济学（第十版）多米尼克.萨尔瓦多(著)P16页练习题6.（1）根据消费者需求理论，当其他条件不变时，一种商品价格的提高（如由于税率的上浮所致），会带来需求量的什么变化？答：根据消费者需求理论，当其他条件不变时，一种商品价格的提高，则该商品的需求量将会下降。
（2）根据消费者需求理论，一种进口商品价格的提高（如由于进口关税的上浮所致），会带来需求量的什么变化？答：根据消费者需求理论，一种进口商品价格的提高，则该商品的出口量将会下降。
7．（1）一国政府如何能消除或减少预算赤字？答：一国政府可以通过减少政府支出、增加税收，来消除或者减少预算赤字。
（2）一个国家如何能消除或减少贸易逆差？答：一个国家要消除或减少其贸易逆差的方式有：对进口商品增税、补贴出口，借如更多的国外债券、减少借出外国债券，降低该国的国民收入水平。
8．（1）国际经济关系与地区经济关系有何区别？答：在国际经济关系下，国家通常限制在国际间的自由流动的货物、服务和因素，不同的语言、消费习惯和法律规定同样也阻碍了它们在国际间的流动，此外，国际收支会在各种货币收据和付款中流通。
而在地区经济关系下，就关税和进行相同的货币而言,区际流动的货物、服务和因素没有面临这样的限制因素，它们经常是在同样的语言环境下，在类似的消费习惯和法律规定下进行的，这就与国际经济关系形成了鲜明对比。
（2）它们在哪方面相似？答：国际经济关系和地区经济关系的相似点：两者都跨越了空间距离，事实上，它们都是在远距离贸易下的产物，把经济看待成在一个进行着生产、交换和消费的空间中的单一点，这也是从经济学的复位空间将它们区分。
10．如果说一个国家可以从国际贸易中获益，那么你如何解释为什么许多国家又要对国际贸易施加某些限制？答：国际贸易给本国消费者带来的是更低的价格，这样就会对本国的同种商品的生产商造成不利，挤兑了本国生产商的销售份额。
萨尔瓦多国际经济学英文ch ppt课件
Equal to 1 = change in exchange rate leaves balance of payments unchanged.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
before placing new orders. 5. Production lag to change output mix resulting from
price changes.
Salvatore: 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Domestic Prices and the Terms of Sale
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
FIGURE 16-4 The Identification Problem.
Elasticities in the Real World
Junz and Rhomberg (1973) identified five possible lags in quantity responses to price changes in international trade:
Depreciation of the currency increases prices of both exports and imports in terms of domestic currency.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
before placing new orders. 5. Production lag to change output mix resulting from
price changes.
Salvatore: 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Domestic Prices and the Terms of Sale
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
FIGURE 16-4 The Identification Problem.
Elasticities in the Real World
Junz and Rhomberg (1973) identified five possible lags in quantity responses to price changes in international trade:
Depreciation of the currency increases prices of both exports and imports in terms of domestic currency.
(国际经济学课件)Chapter08The-Instruments--of-Trade-policy
(ⅱ) Measuring the Costs and the Benefits
The analytical framework will be based on either of the following:
Large country case---Two large countries trading with each other Small country case---A small country trading with the rest of the world
某国海关对进口男式开司米羊绒衫(每磅价格在18 美元以上 者)征收混合税，每磅征收0.375 美元的从量税，加征从价 税15.5% 。该批货物总量10 万磅，每磅价格28 美元，试计 算该批货物的从量税、从价税及混合税额(计税货币单位均 为美元)。
从量税额为：100000*0.375=37500美元 从价税额为：2800000*15.5%=434000美元 混合税额为：37500+434000=471500美元
2023/11/16 bicycle.
Compound tariffs A compound duty (tariff) is a combination of an ad valorem and a specific tariff.
Specific tariffs PT= t + PW
Ad valorem tariffs
货品名称 整只冻鸡
啤酒 石油原油 幻灯片用未曝光彩色摄影胶卷 未曝光的窄长彩色胶卷 其他未曝光窄长彩色胶卷 未曝光的中宽彩色胶卷 其他未曝光中宽彩色胶卷
最惠国税率 1.6元/千克
3元/升 0
179元/平方米 16元/平方米 145元/平方米 16元/平方米 145元/平方米
萨尔瓦多的《国际经济学基础》ppt(dominick salvatore)
– A key issue – its not just imports! – Its also not just for consumers! – Services, not just goods!
• Lloyd’s of London
Dale R. DeBoer University of Colorado, Colorado Springs
An Introduction to International Economics
Chapter 1: Introduction
Dominick Salvatore John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dale R. DeBoer University of Colorado, Colorado Springs
1-5
What is International Economics?
• International trade in goods and services
– – – – A key issue – its not just imports! Its also not just for consumers! Services, not just goods! International trade is expanding
1-2
What is International Economics?
• International trade in goods and services
– A key issue – its not just imports!
• Exports of Boeing Aircraft • Exports of Microsoft Software
• Lloyd’s of London
Dale R. DeBoer University of Colorado, Colorado Springs
An Introduction to International Economics
Chapter 1: Introduction
Dominick Salvatore John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dale R. DeBoer University of Colorado, Colorado Springs
1-5
What is International Economics?
• International trade in goods and services
– – – – A key issue – its not just imports! Its also not just for consumers! Services, not just goods! International trade is expanding
1-2
What is International Economics?
• International trade in goods and services
– A key issue – its not just imports!
• Exports of Boeing Aircraft • Exports of Microsoft Software
国际经济学第10版 PPT 第8章：贸易壁垒：关税
45 46 101 162 16 55 70 16
表8.4 欧盟对某些产品征收进口关税的经济效应 （1990年）
产品 税率 （%） 消费者成 本 （百万欧 元） 580 313 2187 314 1626 2101 7096 7103 税收 （百万欧 元） 生产者所 得 （百万欧 元） 139 82 139 5 397 278 2678 1712 净损失 每个工作 （百万欧 岗位的消 元） 费者成本 （千欧元） 79 67 564 66 333 276 668 1079 526 420 366 3483 316 569 180 214
关税的收入效应（政府从关税中获得的收 入）为30单位（MJHN）。 注意，当国家2的价格由于关税原因每增加 1美元时，Dx的弹性越大（越平坦），消费 效应越大。 同样，Sx的弹性越大，生产效应越大。 因此国家2的Dx和Sx弹性越大，关税的贸易 效应越大，而关税的收入效应越小。
B 消费者剩余和生产者剩余的关税效应
8.2 关税的局部均衡分析
关税的局部均衡分析最适合于小国对与本 国的小企业相竞争的进口货物征收关税的 情况。 这种关税既不影响世界价格（因为国家很 小），也不影响经济的其它部分（因为工 业规模很小）。
A 关税的局部均衡效应
图8.1 关税的局部均衡效应
Px(美元) Sx 4
3
E
2
G
J
H T
这就导致了低效率，即关税造成了保护成 本或纯损失。
表8.3 美国对某些产品征收进口关税的经济效应 （1990年）
产品 税率 （%） 消费者 成本 （百万 美元）
139 103 281 266 211 208 376 148
[经济学]国际经济学 萨尔瓦多 英文PPTchapter
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Chapter 9
Nontariff Trade Barriers and the New Protectionism
Introduction
• Tariffs: historically the most important form of trade restriction • other trade barriers: import quotas, voluntary export restraints, and antidumping actions • the importance of nontariff trade barriers was greatly increased
Introduction
• Section 2: examines the effect of an import quota and compares them to those of an import tariff • Section 3: other nontariff trade barriers: voluntary export restraints and other regulations, trade barriers resulting from international cartel, dumping, and export subsidies
Effects of an Import Quota
• the government auctioned off import licenses to the highest bidder in a competitive market • the revenue effect: $30($1 on each of the 30X of the import quota, JHNM) • the import quota of 30X in every respect to =“implicit” 100% import tariff
Nontariff Trade Barriers and the New Protectionism
Introduction
• Tariffs: historically the most important form of trade restriction • other trade barriers: import quotas, voluntary export restraints, and antidumping actions • the importance of nontariff trade barriers was greatly increased
Introduction
• Section 2: examines the effect of an import quota and compares them to those of an import tariff • Section 3: other nontariff trade barriers: voluntary export restraints and other regulations, trade barriers resulting from international cartel, dumping, and export subsidies
Effects of an Import Quota
• the government auctioned off import licenses to the highest bidder in a competitive market • the revenue effect: $30($1 on each of the 30X of the import quota, JHNM) • the import quota of 30X in every respect to =“implicit” 100% import tariff
萨尔瓦多国际经济学(第十版)英文课件ch13
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Balance of Payments Accounting Principles
In balance of payment accounting, each
Balance of Payments Accounting Principles
In balance of payment accounting, each
international transaction is recorded twice – once as a credit, once as a debit.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Balance of Payments Accounting Principles
Debit transactions (-)
Transactions that involve payment to foreign sources. Major types:
Credit (+) Debit (-)
Financial inflow (purchase of U.S. Treasury bills by foreigner) Financial outflow (reduction in foreign bank balances in U.S.)
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
国际经济学(萨尔瓦多)第10版课件
2018/12/15
CUEB-国际经济学 第一章 导论
23
2、斯密的经济思想和《国富论》的中心
资源配置和收入分配 分工和经济增长 自由市场的效率
2018/12/15
CUEB-国际经济学 第一章 导论
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3、经济增长与分工
“劳动生产力上最大的增进、以及运用劳动 时所表现的更大的熟练、技巧和判断力、似 乎都是分工的结果”
2018/12/15
CUEB-国际经济学 第一章 导论
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数学分析：封闭经济条件下
单位产品包含劳动量
X A 6 1 Y 4 2 A国有绝对劣势
B
B国有绝对优势
A国在Y商品上的绝对劣势小，有比较优势 B国在X商品上的绝对优势大，有比较优势
2018/12/15 CUEB-国际经济学 第一章 导论 49
2018/12/15 CUEB-国际经济学 第一章 导论 45
• 国际贸易的基础
生产技术的相对差异 劳动生产率的相对差异
生产成本的相对差异
商品相对价格的差异
国际贸易
2018/12/15
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基本内容
即使一国在两种商品生产上效率均低于另 一国，仍有可能进行互利贸易。
分工的好处：
1、劳动者的技巧因业专而日进 2、可以免除因工作转换而损失的时间 3、有利于机械的发明
2018/12/15
CUEB-国际经济学 第一章 导论
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4、分工的原由
人类特有的倾向 不同交易主体的差异性及差异的内生性
2018/12/15
CUEB-国际经济学 第一章 导论
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国际经济学(第10版)第二章
Trade theory want to solute:
①basis for trade—why do nations export and import certain products? ②terms of trade—at what relative price are products exchanged in world market? ③gains from international trade—what are the gains from trade for the producer and consumer?
12
Looseness in Smith’s theory
How to trade with each other if a nation is more efficient than its trading partner in the production of all goods? Smith can not answer this question, and this is a deadly flaw of his theory. Ricardo answer this question and point that even this both countries also can benefit from trade.
Carbaugh, Chap. 2 3
2.1.1 Mercantilism
Period:1500-1800 Central question: how to promote its own interests Position: favorable trade balance—a surplus of export over import Method: tariffs, quotas, other commercial policies
萨尔瓦多国际经济学(第十版)英文课件ch
Economic structure
Export oriented economy, highly dependent on external markets and raw material supply; The economic structure is single and sensitive to changes in the external economic environment; The relatively low labor cost is conducive to the development of export processing industry.
Development of service industry
Vigorously develop service industries such as tourism and finance, and increase the proportion of service industry in the national economy.
目录
contents
Frontier issues in international economicsCourse Summary and Outlook
CHAPTER
01
Course Introduction
Developing students' understanding and analytical abilities in international economics
要点一
要点二
Detailed description
Based on traditional trade theory, the new international trade theory explores the impact of factors such as technological progress, economies of scale, and imperfect competition on international trade, providing a new perspective for understanding the current world trade pattern.
Export oriented economy, highly dependent on external markets and raw material supply; The economic structure is single and sensitive to changes in the external economic environment; The relatively low labor cost is conducive to the development of export processing industry.
Development of service industry
Vigorously develop service industries such as tourism and finance, and increase the proportion of service industry in the national economy.
目录
contents
Frontier issues in international economicsCourse Summary and Outlook
CHAPTER
01
Course Introduction
Developing students' understanding and analytical abilities in international economics
要点一
要点二
Detailed description
Based on traditional trade theory, the new international trade theory explores the impact of factors such as technological progress, economies of scale, and imperfect competition on international trade, providing a new perspective for understanding the current world trade pattern.
国际经济学英文课件萨尔瓦多第十版ppt
Technical Progress
All technical progress reduces the amount of both labor and capital required to produce any given level of output.
Three different types of Hicksian technical progress:
Growth of Factors of Production
The Rybczynski Theorem
At constant commodity prices, an increase in the ende by a greater proportion the output of the commodity intensive in that factor and will reduce the output of the other commodity.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Technical Progress
All technical progress reduces the amount of both labor and capital required to produce any given level of output.
The production frontier will shift out evenly in all directions at the same rate at which technical progress takes place.
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Trade policies are advocated by special groups that stand to benefit from trade restrictions.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff
Resulting Effects of Tariff
The more elastic the demand curve, the greater the consumption effect.
A combination of an ad valorem and specific tariff.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction Tariffs have been sharply reduced since
Prohibited by the U.S. Constitution, but occasionally practiced in developing countries to generate government revenue.
Introduction Import vs. export tariffs Ad valorem tariff
A fixed percentage on the value of the traded commodity.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction Import vs. export tariffs Ad valorem tariff Specific tariff
World War II. Tariffs average 5 percent or less on industrial
products in developed nations, but are much higher in developing nations.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
In this chapter:
Introduction Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff The Theory of Tariff Structure General Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff in a
Introduction
While it is generally accepted that free trade maximizes world output and benefits all nations, most nations impose some restrictions on the free flow of international trade.
CHAPTER E I G H T
8
International Economics
Tenth Edition
Trade Restrictions: Tariffs
Dominick Salvatore
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff
Resulting Effects of Tariff
Consumption effect
Reduction in domestic consumption
Production effect
Expansion of domestic production
Small Country General Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff in a
Large Country The Optimum Tariff
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Trade effect
Decline in imports
Revenue effect
Revenue collected by the government
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction
Import vs. export tariffs An import tariff is a tax or duty levied on imported commodities.
This is the most common form of tariff.
An export tariff is a tax on exported commodities.
A fixed sum per physical unit of a traded commodity.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction
Import vs. export tariffs Ad valorem tariff Specific tariff A compound tariff
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff
Resulting Effects of Tariff
The more elastic the demand curve, the greater the consumption effect.
A combination of an ad valorem and specific tariff.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction Tariffs have been sharply reduced since
Prohibited by the U.S. Constitution, but occasionally practiced in developing countries to generate government revenue.
Introduction Import vs. export tariffs Ad valorem tariff
A fixed percentage on the value of the traded commodity.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction Import vs. export tariffs Ad valorem tariff Specific tariff
World War II. Tariffs average 5 percent or less on industrial
products in developed nations, but are much higher in developing nations.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
In this chapter:
Introduction Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff The Theory of Tariff Structure General Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff in a
Introduction
While it is generally accepted that free trade maximizes world output and benefits all nations, most nations impose some restrictions on the free flow of international trade.
CHAPTER E I G H T
8
International Economics
Tenth Edition
Trade Restrictions: Tariffs
Dominick Salvatore
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff
Resulting Effects of Tariff
Consumption effect
Reduction in domestic consumption
Production effect
Expansion of domestic production
Small Country General Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff in a
Large Country The Optimum Tariff
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Trade effect
Decline in imports
Revenue effect
Revenue collected by the government
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction
Import vs. export tariffs An import tariff is a tax or duty levied on imported commodities.
This is the most common form of tariff.
An export tariff is a tax on exported commodities.
A fixed sum per physical unit of a traded commodity.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction
Import vs. export tariffs Ad valorem tariff Specific tariff A compound tariff