中国政府白皮书中英文对照
中国白皮书中英双语
中国白皮书中英双语
中国政府发布的白皮书通常是以中英双语形式发布的，目的是
为了让国际社会更好地了解中国的政策、立场和发展。
白皮书中的
中英文对照能够帮助国际读者更准确地理解中国政府的表述和意图。
首先，白皮书的中英双语版可以帮助国际读者更直接地了解中
国政府的政策内容。
无论是政治、经济、文化还是其他领域的白皮书，中英双语版都可以让国际读者更容易地理解中国政府的政策立
场和发展规划。
其次，中英双语的白皮书也有利于促进国际间的交流与合作。
通过中英双语的对照，国际读者可以更快速地了解中国的政策动向，从而更好地与中国进行交流与合作。
此外，中英双语的白皮书还可以提高中国政府的透明度和国际
形象。
通过提供中英对照的白皮书，中国政府向国际社会展示了其
开放、透明的态度，有利于增进国际社会对中国的理解和认知。
总之，中国白皮书中英双语版的发布具有重要的意义，不仅有
利于国际读者更好地了解中国政府的政策和立场，也有利于促进国
际间的交流与合作，提升中国政府的国际形象。
这种双语形式的发布对于加强国际间的理解与沟通具有积极的作用。
新时代中国绿色发展白皮书双语
新时代中国绿色发展白皮书双语New Era of China's Green Development White Paper中国始终坚持绿色发展理念，不断推动生态文明建设，在全球绿色发展中发挥了重要作用。
近日，中国发布了《新时代中国绿色发展白皮书》，本文将对该白皮书进行双语介绍。
The concept of green development has always been pursued by China, and it has been playing an important role in promoting ecological civilization construction and global green development. Recently, China released the "White Paper on NewEra of China's Green Development". This article will provide a bilingual introduction to the white paper.该白皮书共分为六个部分，包括绿色发展的重要意义、中国绿色发展的基本思路、节能减排和生态环境保护的重点领域、全面推进绿色发展的政策和措施、推动构建人与自然和谐共生的关键路径、推动绿色发展的重要实践。
首先，白皮书指出绿色发展对于人类和地球都具有重要意义。
中国大力推动生态文明建设，实现经济发展和环境保护的良性循环，成为全球绿色发展的典范和引领者。
其次，中国绿色发展的基本思路是以人民为中心，以绿色发展为导向，推动绿色经济、绿色产业、绿色生活、绿色技术的全面发展。
再次，白皮书强调中国在节能减排和环境保护领域取得的重要成果。
中国成为全球最大的可再生能源生产和消费国，严格控制污染排放，建设生态文明示范区，推动绿色金融和绿色技术创新。
中国白皮书中英双语
中国白皮书中英双语中国白皮书是中国政府发布的一种官方文件，旨在向国内外介绍中国的政策、发展战略和成就。
这些白皮书通常以中英双语出版，以便更好地传达中国政府的想法和立场。
本文将从多个角度探讨中国白皮书中英双语的意义和影响。
中国白皮书中英双语的出版使得中国政府的政策和立场能够更好地被国际社会理解。
英语作为世界上最为通用的语言之一，使用英语撰写白皮书可以帮助中国政府更好地与国际社会沟通。
通过使用双语，中国政府能够将自己的政策和立场传达给更多的人，扩大影响力。
此外，双语白皮书还可以提供给国际社会一个更全面的了解中国的机会，使他们更好地了解中国政府的决策背景和思考方式。
中国白皮书中英双语的发布也有助于提高国内外读者的理解能力和沟通能力。
对于国内读者来说，通过阅读双语白皮书，他们可以更好地理解国际社会对中国的看法和关注点，从而更好地了解国际形势和国际政治的发展。
而对于国际读者来说，通过阅读双语白皮书，他们不仅可以了解中国政府的政策和立场，还可以学习中文，提高自己的语言能力。
这对于国内外的读者来说，都是一种双赢的局面。
中国白皮书中英双语的出版也有助于增进中国与其他国家的友好关系。
通过使用双语，中国政府能够更好地向其他国家传达自己的政策和立场，增进相互之间的理解和信任。
同时，双语白皮书也为其他国家提供了了解中国的机会，促进了中外之间的交流与合作。
这对于维护国际和平与稳定，推动全球发展具有重要意义。
中国白皮书中英双语的出版还有助于中国的软实力提升。
软实力是指一个国家通过文化、价值观念、政治制度等方面的影响力来吸引其他国家。
通过发布双语白皮书，中国政府能够更好地传播自己的文化和价值观念，提升自己在国际社会的影响力。
另外，双语白皮书也可以展示中国的政治制度和发展成就，向世界展示中国的经济实力和发展潜力。
中国白皮书中英双语的出版对于中国政府和国际社会来说都具有重要的意义和影响。
它能够更好地传达中国政府的政策和立场，提高国内外读者的理解能力和沟通能力，增进中国与其他国家的友好关系，以及提升中国的软实力。
白皮书新时代的中国与世界英语
白皮书新时代的中国与世界英语In the New Era, China and the World: An English White PaperThe rise of China in the new era has profoundimplications for the global landscape. As the world's second-largest economy and a major player on theinternational stage, China's actions and policies have far-reaching consequences for the rest of the world. This white paper aims to provide an overview of China's role and its relationship with the world in the new era.China's Development and ModernizationOver the past four decades, China has undergone a remarkable transformation, transitioning from a largely agrarian economy to a global economic powerhouse. The country's rapid industrialization, urbanization, and technological advancement have lifted hundreds of millionsof people out of poverty, making it a remarkable success story in the annals of economic development.In the new era, China is focused on pursuing high-quality development, emphasizing innovation, sustainability,and social equity. The country's 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) outlines a vision for achieving modernization by 2035, with goals such as promoting green development, fostering a robust domestic market, and enhancing the country's technological capabilities.China's Engagement with the WorldAs China's economic and political influence has grown,its role in global affairs has become increasingly prominent. The country has actively participated in and contributed to various international organizations and frameworks, such as the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, and the G20.China's Belt and Road Initiative, a vast infrastructure development project spanning across Eurasia and Africa, has been a key driver of global connectivity and economic integration. The initiative aims to promote trade, investment, and cultural exchange, thereby fostering mutual understanding and win-win cooperation among participating countries.Furthermore, China has taken a leading role inaddressing global challenges, such as climate change,public health, and sustainable development. The country has made significant strides in renewable energy development, pledging to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060, and has played a crucial role in international efforts to combat the COVID-19 pandemic.China's Relationship with the United States and the West The relationship between China and the United States, the world's two largest economies, has been a complex and evolving one. While there are areas of cooperation, such as climate change and global health, tensions have also arisen over issues like trade, technology, and geopolitical influence.The ongoing strategic competition between China and the United States has raised concerns about the potential for conflict and the need for effective management of the relationship. Both sides have emphasized the importance of maintaining open communication, managing differences, and finding areas of common interest to ensure stability and mutual benefit.Similarly, China's relationship with the broader Western world has been marked by both engagement and occasionalfriction. While China has sought to deepen economic and cultural ties with European and other Western nations, there have also been disagreements over issues such as human rights, market access, and global governance.Navigating the New EraAs the world enters a new era, characterized by rapid technological change, shifting geopolitical dynamics, and complex global challenges, the relationship between China and the world will be critical in shaping the future.China's continued development and modernization, its deepening engagement with the international community, and its ability to navigate the complexities of its relationships with the United States and the West will be crucial in determining the course of global affairs in the coming years.Ultimately, the success of this new era will depend on the ability of all parties to foster mutual understanding, respect, and cooperation, while addressing the pressing issues that confront humanity as a whole.中新时代的中国与世界中国在新时代的崛起对全球格局产生了深远影响。
双语丨《中国应对气候变化的政策与行动》白皮书（一）
双语⼁《中国应对⽓候变化的政策与⾏动》⽩⽪书（⼀）10⽉27⽇，国务院新闻办公室发表《中国应对⽓候变化的政策与⾏动》⽩⽪书，本书英⽂版已由中国外⽂局所属外⽂出版社出版，法⽂版、俄⽂版、西⽂版、阿⽂版、德⽂版、⽇⽂版将陆续出版。
⽩⽪书介绍了中国应对⽓候变化进展，分享了中国应对⽓候变化实践和经验，增进国际社会了解。
⽓候变化是全⼈类的共同挑战。
中国⾼度重视应对⽓候变化。
作为世界上最⼤的发展中国家，中国克服⾃⾝经济、社会等⽅⾯困难，实施⼀系列应对⽓候变化战略、措施和⾏动，参与全球⽓候治理，应对⽓候变化取得了积极成效。
中国应对⽓候变化的政策与⾏动Responding to Climate Change: China’s Policies and Actions⼀、中国应对⽓候变化新理念I. China’s New Responses to Climate Change⼆、实施积极应对⽓候变化国家战略II. Implementing a National Strategy of Actively Responding to Climate Change三、中国应对⽓候变化发⽣历史性变化III. Significant Changes in China’s Response to Climate Change四、共建公平合理、合作共赢的全球⽓候治理体系IV. Building a Fair and Rational Global Climate Governance System for Win-Win Results前⾔Preface⽓候变化是全⼈类的共同挑战。
应对⽓候变化，事关中华民族永续发展，关乎⼈类前途命运。
Climate change is a challenge for all of humanity. The sustainable development of the Chinese nation and the future of the planet depend on tackling it successfully.中国⾼度重视应对⽓候变化。
中国政治词汇中英文对照
For four years in a row（连续四年）a year-on-year increase（比上年增加）reform and opening up policy（改革开放政策）social programs（社会事业）per capita（每人的，人均的）after adjusting for inflation（扣除价格因素）moderately prosperous society（小康社会）macroeconomic regulatory（宏观调控）new socialist countryside（社会主义新农村）pursuant to the law（依法）rural migrant workers in cities（农民工）surplus production capacity（生产力过剩）opened to traffic（通车）energy conservation（节能）state-owned enterprises（国有企业）civil servant（公务员）made breakthroughs（取得突破）compulsory education（义务教育）miscellaneous fees（杂费）boarding schools（寄宿制学校）distance education（远程教育）secondary vocational schools（中等职业学校）incorporated villages（行政村）unincorporated villages（自然村）After years of effort（经过多年努力）basic cost of living allowances（最低生活保障）autonomous regions（自治区）free our minds（解放思想）keep pace with the times（与时俱进）Chinese socialism（中国特色社会主义）social harmony（社会和谐）special administrative regions（特别行政区）prudent fiscal policy.（稳健的财政政策）boosting domestic demand（扩大内需）cutting-edge（前沿）displaced residents（（三峡）移民）non-publicly funded schools（民办学校）school year（学年）communicable diseases（传染病）social safety net（社会保障）discharged military personnel（退伍军人）pyramid schemes（传销）pilot project（试点）Income Tax（所得税）futures market（期货市场）high value-added（高附加值）high-end（高端）cutthroat competition（恶性竞争）combat corruption（反腐）hand over foot（大手大脚）plug up loopholes（堵塞漏洞）People's Armed Police（武警）starting point and objective（出发点和落脚点）socialist market economy（社会主义市场经济）Scientific Outlook on Development（科学发展观）harmonious socialist society（社会主义和谐社会）tailor measures to suit local conditions（因地制宜）South-to-North Water Diversion Project（南水北调）administrative examination and approval（行政审批）follow a realistic and pragmatic approach（实事求是）exercise activities for the general public（全民健身活动）large-scale development of the western region（西部大开发）processing industry for agricultural products（农产品加工业）municipalities directly under the central government（直辖市）primary, secondary and tertiary industry（第一第二第三产业）deliver a good report to the people.（向人民交出满意的答卷）socialist cultural and ethical progress（社会主义精神文明建设）give full play to the initiative of each.（充分发挥各自的积极性）registering the third consecutive annual increase（连续三年增加）physically and mentally challenged persons（残疾人，肢残和智残）resource-conserving and environmentally friendly society.（资源节约型和环境友好型社会）ensure that all of the people share in the fruits of reform and development.（让全体人民共享改革发展的成果）。
新时代中国绿色发展白皮书双语
新时代中国绿色发展白皮书双语中国绿色发展在新时代的白皮书Green Development in China in the New Era1.引言新时代的中国正积极致力于绿色发展，这是为了实现可持续发展、生态文明建设和对全球气候挑战做出贡献。
本白皮书旨在概述中国在绿色发展方面所取得的成就，并展望未来的发展目标和举措。
2.成就中国在绿色发展方面已取得令人瞩目的成就。
在能源领域，中国已成为全球最大的可再生能源投资国和装机容量最多的国家。
2024年，中国新建的可再生能源装机容量超过了化石能源装机容量，成为全球的领导者。
在环境治理方面，中国已实施了大规模的减排措施，大力发展清洁能源，减少了空气污染和碳排放。
3.目标中国在未来将继续致力于绿色发展。
中国政府已确定了一系列发展目标，包括到2030年碳排放达到峰值，并力争早日实现碳中和。
此外，中国还将减少对化石能源的依赖，增加可再生能源的比例，并优化能源结构，以实现可持续发展。
4.举措为了实现绿色发展目标，中国正在采取一系列有力的举措。
中国正在大力推进环保技术创新，加大对可再生能源和清洁能源的研发和应用。
中国还制定了一系列环境保护法规和政策，以确保环境治理的有效实施。
此外，中国还加强了与其他国家和国际组织的合作，共同应对全球气候变化。
5.挑战中国在绿色发展方面仍然面临一些挑战。
首先，中国的产业结构仍然以重工业为主，能源消耗相对较高。
其次，环境治理成本较高，很多企业需要采取环保措施，但可能面临一定的财务压力。
第三，中国的能源消费需求仍然较大，如何平衡能源安全和环境保护仍然是一个难题。
6.未来展望中国将继续坚定不移地推进绿色发展。
中国将加大对绿色产业的支持力度，促进可持续发展和创新。
中国还将大力发展低碳交通、绿色建筑和可再生能源等领域，以实现能源的高效利用和碳排放的减少。
中国还将加强与其他国家和国际组织的合作，共同应对全球气候变化和环境保护挑战。
7.结论中国在新时代致力于绿色发展，通过大力发展可再生能源、优化能源结构和加强环境治理，中国已取得了令人瞩目的成就。
1991-2008中国政府白皮书中英文版
1991-2008中国政府白皮书中英文版网址：/mod3/show_article.asp?id=510760中文版：英文版：•China's National Defense in 2008•China's Policies and Actions for Addressing Climate Change•Protection and Development of TibetanCulture•Status Quo of Drug Supervision in China•China's Efforts and Achievements inPromoting the Rule of Law•China's Energy Conditions and Policies•China's Political Party System•The Quality and Safety of Food in China•China's National Defense in 2006•The Development of China’s Undertakings for the Aged•China's Space Activities in 2006•Environmental Protection in China(1996-2005)•China's Peaceful Development Road•Building of Political Democracy in China•China's Endeavors for Arms Control, Disarmament and Non-Proliferation•Gender Equality and Women's Development in China•New Progress in China's Protection of Intellectual Property Rights•China's Progress in Human Rights in 2004•Regional Autonomy for Ethnic Minorities in China•China's National Defense in 2004•China's Social Security and Its Policy •Regional Ethnic Autonomy in Tibet •China's Employment Situation and Policies•Progress in China's Human Rights Cause in 2003•China's Policy on Mineral Resources•China's Policy on 'Three Direct Links' Across the Taiwan Straits•China's Non-Proliferation Policy and Measures•China's EU Policy Paper•History and Development of Xinjiang•Ecological Improvement and Environmental Protection in Tibet•China’s National Defense in 2002•Human Rights Record of the United States in 2001•Tibet's March Toward Modernization•The Development-oriented Poverty Reduction Program for Rural China•Progress in China's Human Rights Cause in 2000•China's Population and Development in the 21st Century•China's Space Activities•China's National Defense in 2000 •Narcotics Control in China•The Development of Tibetan Culture•Fifty Years of Progress in China's Human Rights•National Minorities Policy and Its Practice in China•China's National Defense•The Development of China's MarinePrograms•New Progress in Human Rights in the Tibet Autonomous Region•On Sino-US Trade Balance•Progress in China's Human Rights Cause in 1996•Environmental Protection in China•Freedom of Religious Belief in China •The Situation of Children in China •The Progress of Human Rights in China •China: Arms Control and Disarmament •Family Planning in China•The Situation of Chinese Women •Intellectual Property Protection in China•The Taiwan Question and Reunification of China•Tibet--Its Ownership And Human Rights Situation•Criminal Reform in China•Human Rights in China。
19考研翻硕双语国务院发布《关于中美经贸摩擦的事实与中方立场》白皮书
国务院发布《关于中美经贸摩擦的事实与中方立场》白皮书原标题：中国发布《关于中美经贸摩擦的事实与中方立场》白皮书新华社北京9月24日电（记者韩洁、刘劼）国务院新闻办公室24日发布《关于中美经贸摩擦的事实与中方立场》白皮书，旨在澄清中美经贸关系事实，阐明中国对中美经贸摩擦的政策立场，推动问题合理解决。
China published a white paper on Monday to clarify the facts about China-US economic and trade relations,demonstrate its stance on trade friction with the United States, and pursue reasonable solutions.白皮书全文约3.6万字，除前言外，共包括六个部分，分别是中美经贸合作互利共赢、中美经贸关系的事实、美国政府的贸易保护主义行为、美国政府的贸易霸凌主义行为、美国政府不当做法对世界经济发展的危害、中国的立场。
Excluding the foreword,the36,000-Chinese-character white paper is comprised of six parts,which are mutually-beneficial and win-win China-US cooperation in the trade and economic field,clarification of the facts about China-US trade and economic relations,the trade protectionist practices of the US administration,the trade bullyism practices of the US administration,damage of the improper practices of the US administration to global economy,and China's position.白皮书说，中国是世界上最大的发展中国家，美国是世界上最大的发达国家。
中英对照《中国应对气候变化的政策与行动(2011)》白皮书
中英对照《中国应对气候变化的政策与行动（2011）》白皮书高斋翻译TransElegant整理的CATTI和MTI备考资料中国政府一贯高度重视气候变化问题，把积极应对气候变化作为关系经济社会发展全局的重大议题，纳入经济社会发展中长期规划。
2006年，中国提出了2010年单位国内生产总值能耗比2005年下降20％左右的约束性指标，2007年在发展中国家中第一个制定并实施了应对气候变化国家方案，2009年确定了到2020年单位国内生产总值温室气体排放比2005年下降40％—45％的行动目标。
TheChinese government constantly sets great store by the issue of climate change and has included addressing climate change into its mid-and long-term planning for economic and social development as a major issue concerning its overall economic and social development. In 2006, China set forth the compulsive goal of reducing its per-unit GDP energy consumption in 2010 by 20 percent from that of 2005. In 2007,China became the first developing country to formulate and implement a nationalprogram to address climate change. In 2009, China put forward the goal of action to reduce the per-unit GDP greenhouse gas emission in 2020 by 40-45 percent as compared to that of 2005.为完成上述目标任务，中国在“十一五”期间(2006—2010年)采取了一系列减缓和适应气候变化的重大政策措施，取得了显著成效。
中国的稀土状况与政策白皮书(中英对照版)
中国的稀土状况与政策前言。
稀土是不可再生的重要自然资源，在经济社会发展中的用途日益广泛。
中国是稀土资源较为丰富的国家之一。
20世纪50年代以来，中国稀土行业取得了很大进步。
经过多年努力，中国成为世界上最大的稀土生产、应用和出口国。
稀土开发在造福人类的同时，与之相伴的资源和环境问题不断凸显。
在稀土开发利用中，资源的合理利用和环境的有效保护是世界面临的共同挑战。
近年来，中国在稀土的开采、生产、出口等环节综合采取措施，加大资源和环境保护的力度，努力促进稀土行业持续健康发展。
随着经济全球化的深入发展，中国在稀土领域的国际交流合作日益增多。
中国一贯尊重规则，信守承诺，为世界提供了大量的稀土产品。
中国将继续按照世界贸易组织规则，加强稀土行业的科学管理，向国际市场供应稀土产品，为世界经济发展和繁荣作出贡献。
一段时期以来，一些国家高度关注中国的稀土状况与政策，有着各种各样的说法。
这里就此做一介绍，以增进国际社会的了解。
一、稀土现状稀土是元素周期表中镧系元素镧（La）、铈（Ce）、镨（Pr）、钕（Nd）、钷（Pm）、钐（Sm）、铕（Eu）、钆（Gd）、铽（Tb）、镝（Dy）、钬（Ho）、铒（Er）、铥（Tm）、镱（Yb）、镥（Lu），加上与其同族的钪（Sc）和钇（Y），共17种元素的总称。
按元素原子量及物理化学性质，分为轻、中、重稀土元素，前5种元素为轻稀土，其余为中重稀土。
稀土因其独特的物理化学性质，广泛应用于新能源、新材料、节能环保、航空航天、电子信息等领域，是现代工业中不可或缺的重要元素。
中国拥有较为丰富的稀土资源，中国的稀土储量约占世界总储量的23％。
中国的稀土资源主要有以下特点：--资源赋存分布“北轻南重”。
轻稀土矿主要分布在内蒙古包头等北方地区和四川凉山，离子型中重稀土矿主要分布在江西赣州、福建龙岩等南方地区。
--资源类型较多。
稀土矿物种类丰富，包括氟碳铈矿、独居石矿、离子型矿、磷钇矿、褐钇铌矿等，稀土元素较全。
中国特色社会主义法治体系白皮书中英文对照版本
The Socialist System of Laws with Chinese CharacteristicsInformation Office of the State CouncilThe People's Republic of ChinaOctober 2011, BeijingContentsForewordI. Establishment of the Socialist System of Laws with Chinese Characteristicsposition of the Socialist System of Laws with Chinese CharacteristicsIII.Features of the Socialist System of Laws with Chinese CharacteristicsIV.Improvement of the Socialist System of Laws with Chinese CharacteristicsConcluding RemarksForewordGoverning the country by law and building a socialist country under the rule of law is a fundamental principle for the Communist Party of China (CPC) to lead the people and effectively govern the country. We need to bring into being a socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics so as to ensure there are laws to abide by for the carrying on of state affairs and social life; this is a precondition and foundation for us to implement the fundamental principle of the rule of law in all respects, and an institutional guarantee for China's development and progress. 依法治国，建设社会主义法治国家，是中国共产党领导人民治理国家的基本方略。
中英对照：中国应对气候变化的政策与行动(2011)》白皮书
China's Policies and Actions for Addressing Climate ChangeInformation Office of the State Council The People's Republic of ChinaNovember 2011, BeijingContentsForewordI. Mitigating Climate ChangeII. Adapting to Climate ChangeIII. Enhancing Basic CapabilityIV. Participation of the Whole SocietyV. Participation in International NegotiationsVI. Strengthening International CooperationVII. Objectives, Policies and Actions during the 12th Five-Year Plan PeriodVIII. China's Basic Position in International Climate Change NegotiationsConcluding RemarksForewordClimate change is a global issue of common concern to the international community. In recent years, worldwide heat waves, droughts, floods and other extreme climate events have occurred frequently, making the impact of climate change increasingly prominent. It has become a main world trend that all countries join hands to respond to climate change and promote green and low-carbon development.China is the world's largest developing country, with a large population, insufficient energy resources, complex climate and fragile eco-environment. It has not yet completed the historical task of industrialization and urbanization and its development is unbalanced. China's per-capita GDP in 2010 was only a little more than RMB29,000. By the UN standard for poverty, China still has a poverty-stricken population of over 100 million, thus it faces an extremely arduous task in developing its economy, eliminating poverty and improving the people's livelihood. In the meantime, China is one of the countries most vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change. Climate change generates many negative effects on China's economic and social development,posing a major challenge to the country's sustainable development.The Chinese government constantly sets great store by the issue of climate change and has included addressing climate change into its mid- and long-term planning for economic and social development as a major issue concerning its overall economic and social development. In 2006, China set forth the compulsive goal of reducing its per-unit GDP energy consumption in 2010 by 20 percent from that of 2005. In 2007, China became the first developing country to formulate and implement a national program to address climate change. In 2009, China put forward the goal of action to reduce the per-unit GDP greenhouse gas emission in 2020 by 40-45 percent as compared to that of 2005.To accomplish the above goals, China adopted a range of major policy measures to mitigate and adapt to climate change during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan (2006-2010) period, and has achieved remarkable results. The Outline of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development released in 2011 established the policy orientation of promoting green and low-carbon development, and expressly set out the objectives and tasks of addressing climate change for the next five years. China has been playing a constructive role in international negotiations on climate change, actively pushing forward the negotiation process, thereby making a significant contribution to addressing global climate change. This white paper is hereby issued to enable the international community to fully understand China's policies and actions for addressing climate change, and the positive results achieved in this regard during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, as well as China's overall arrangements to address climate change and its related negotiating position during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period (2011-2015).I. Mitigating Climate ChangeDuring the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, China accelerated the transformation of its economic development mode, and achieved remarkable results in controlling greenhouse gas emission by promoting industrial restructuring, energy restructuring and energy conservation, improving energy efficiency, and increasing carbon sink.1. Optimizing Industrial StructureReforming and upgrading traditional industries. China has formulated and released plans for restructuring and rejuvenating ten major industries, including automobiles, and iron and steel, revised the Guideline Catalogue for Industrial Restructuring, and issued the Opinions on Curbing Overcapacity and Redundant Construction in Some Industries and Guiding the Sound Development of Industries. China has raised the market entry threshold for high-energy-consuming industries, conducted energy conservation evaluation and examination of fixed asset investment projects, enhanced technology transformation and upgrading in traditional industries, promoted corporate merger and restructuring, adjusted export tax rebate policies, imposed export duties on coal, some nonferrous metals, steel billets and chemical fertilizers, and restrained the export of high-energy-consuming, high-emission and high-resource-consumingproducts. Efforts have been made to accelerate the pace of eliminating backward production capacity. By implementing the policy of "replacing small thermal power generating units with larger ones," China shut down small thermal power generating units with a total generating capacity of 76.82 million kw, and eliminated backward steel production capacity to the tune of 72 million tons; iron production capacity, 120 million tons; cement production capacity, 370 million tons; coke production capacity, 107 million tons; paper production capacity, 11.3 million tons; and glass production capacity, 45 million cases. The proportion of thermal power generating units with a generation capacity above 300,000 kw each in China's thermal power installed capacity increased from 47 percent in 2005 to 71 percent in 2010; the proportion of large iron production blast furnaces with an capacity above 1,000 cu m each increased from 48 percent to 61 percent; and the proportion of the output of large aluminum electrolysis prebaking tanks increased from 80 percent to above 90 percent. The industry concentration in the iron, steel, cement, nonferrous metals, machinery and automobile sectors among other key industries was remarkably improved, while energy consumption in major industries was dramatically reduced. From 2005 to 2010, coal consumption in thermal power supply dropped 10 percent from 370 to 333 g/kwh; comprehensive energy consumption per ton of steel decreased 12.8 percent from 694 to 605 kg of standard coal; that in cement production, down by 24.6 percent; that of ethylene production, down by 11.6 percent; and that of synthetic ammonia production, 14.3 percent.Fostering and strengthening strategic and newly emerging industries. China has issued the Decision on Accelerating the Fostering and Development of Strategic and Newly Emerging Industries, which defines the overall principles, key tasks and policy measures for fostering and developing strategic and newly emerging industries. The Chinese government has selected key fields of these industries, implemented a number of major projects and built a range of related programs. China has accelerated the pace of building a national innovation system, implemented knowledge- and technology-innovation projects, and intensified efforts on tackling key technological problems. The government has initiated a venture capital investment program in newly emerging industries, established 20 venture capital investment funds, and supported the growth of innovative enterprises in energy conservation, environmental protection, new energy development and other sectors in strategic new industries. In 2010, the output value of China's high-tech manufacturing industries reached RMB7.6 trillion, ranking the second in the world, and more than twice the figure for 2005.Accelerating the development of the service industry. China has formulated and implemented the Opinions Concerning Accelerating the Development of the Service Industry, Opinions on the Implementation of Some Policies and Measures for Accelerating the Development of the Service Industry, and other important documents, vigorously promoting the development of production- and life-related service trades. The government has also issued the Guidelines for Accelerating the Development of High-tech Service Industry. From 2005 to 2010, the added value of China's service sector increased 11.9 percent per year on average, with an average annual growth rate of 0.7 of a percentage point higher than that of GDP, and with its proportion in GDP rising from 40.3 percent to 43 percent.2. Energy ConservationEnhancing target responsibility assessment. China has resolved and assigned responsibilities to fulfill set targets in energy conservation, and established a statistical monitoring and evaluation system to regularly evaluate the completion of energy conservation targets and the implementation of energy conservation measures by 31 provincial governments and 1,000 key enterprises. In 2010, China launched special supervision over energy conservation and emission reduction in 18 key regions. Strict target responsibility evaluation and accountability contributed to achieving the national energy conservation targets.Promoting energy conservation in key fields. The Chinese government has carried out ten key energy conservation projects, including upgrading of industrial boilers and kilns, combined heat and power generation, electromechanical system energy conservation and residual heat and pressure utilization, conducted energy conservation in 1,000 enterprises, enhanced energy conservation management of key energy-consuming enterprises, and promoted energy audit and energy efficiency benchmarking activities. It has launched the low-carbon transportation action for automobiles, ships, roads and harbors in 1,000 enterprises, vigorously developed urban public transport. It has also improved the implementation rate of mandatory energy conservation standards of new buildings, quickened the energy conservation transformation of existing buildings, promoted the use of renewable energy resources in buildings, and conducted energy conservation transformation of government office buildings. By the end of 2010, the implementation rate of mandatory energy efficiency standards for new urban buildings reached 99.5 percent in the design stage and 95.4 percent in the construction stage. During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, the accumulated total energy-efficient floor space constructed was 4.857 billion sq m, with energy-saving capacity of 46 million tons of standard coal. The government has taken energy conservation actions in the retail sector by restraining the production, marketing and use of plastic shopping bags, and curbing over-packaging.Promoting energy-saving technology and products. China has released a total of 115 state key energy-efficient technology promotion catalogues in three batches, and specially promoted seven energy-efficient technologies in the iron and steel, building material and chemical industries. The government has launched a project to promote energy-efficient products for the benefit of the people, and promoted high-efficiency illumination products and air-conditioners, energy-efficient motors and other energy-efficient products by way of government subsidies. The central treasury has appropriated subsidies to support the production of and promote the use of some 360 million high-efficiency illumination products, 30 million high-efficiency air conditioners and one million energy-efficient motor vehicles, which have realized an annual energy-saving capacity of 20 billion kwh. China has carried out energy conservation and new-energy vehicle demonstration and promotion, and taken the lead in using mixed-power vehicles, electric vehicles and fuel cell vehicles. The government has established a preferential procurement system for energy-efficient products, released a government procurement list of energy-efficient products, and ordered mandatory procurement of nine kinds of energy-efficient products, including air-conditioners, computers and illumination products. During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, a large variety of high-efficiency energy technologies were widely applied, including low-temperature waste heat power generation, new type cathode aluminum reduction cells, high-voltage frequency conversion,rare earth permanent magnet motors and plasma oil-less ignition. Meanwhile, the market share of high-efficiency illumination products reached 67 percent, and that of high-efficiency air-conditioners, 70 percent.Developing a circular economy. National "city mine" demonstration bases have been built to promote the concentrated, circular and high-added-value utilization of obsolete electromechanical equipment, waste household appliances, plastic and rubber, and other waste resources in key cities, and efforts are being made to promote the comprehensive utilization of major industrial solid waste. During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, China comprehensively utilized about one billion tons of fly ash, 1.1 billion tons of coal slag, and 500 million tons of metallurgical slag. The central government funded the industrialization of remanufacturing projects. By the end of 2010, China had formed a remanufacturing capacity of automobile engines, gearboxes, steering engines and electric generators, totaling 250,000 pieces (sets).Promoting energy conservation market mechanism. The government is proactively pushing forward energy management through contract management, power demand side management, voluntary energy conservation agreements and other market mechanisms. In 2010, China issued the Opinions on Accelerating the Implementation of Contract Energy Management and Promoting the Development of the Energy Conservation Service Industry, increased financial support, adopted policy of taxation support and improved related accounting systems and financial services to strengthen support for the energy conservation service industry. From 2005 to 2010, the number of energy conservation service companies increased from 80 to over 800, the number of employees in this sector increased from 16,000 to 180,000, the industry scale was enlarged from RMB4.7 billion-worth to RMB84 billion-worth, and the annual energy-saving capacity rose from some 600,000 to more than 13 million tons of standard coal.Improving related standards. The government has improved the energy-efficient design standards for residential buildings in three climate zones (freezing cold and cold, hot in summer and cold in winter, and hot in summer and warm in winter); improved energy-efficient design standards for public buildings and the code of acceptance inspection of energy-efficient building construction; issued 27 mandatory national standards for energy consumption quotas of high energy-consuming products and 19 mandatory national energy efficiency standards for major terminal energy-using products; formulated 15 national standards for the discharge of major pollutants; promulgated 71 environmental labeling standards; and released an energy efficiency labeling product catalogue.Incentive policies. China has quickened the reform of the energy pricing mechanism, reformed the taxes and fees of refined petroleum products, adopted a differential electricity pricing policy for high-energy-consuming industries, imposed electricity pricing penalties on products with super-high energy consumption, and promoted the metered charging of heat supply by actual consumption of each household. The government has earmarked special funds for energy conservation and emission reduction. During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, the central treasury invested an accumulative total of RMB225 billion to support energy-efficient technology upgrading and the popularization of energy-efficient products, forming an energy conservation capacity of 340 million tons of standard coal. The government meanwhile has been steadilypushing forward the reform of the resource taxation system, improving the export tax rebate system, adjusting the policy on vehicle purchase, and vehicle and vessel tax, using preferential taxation policies to promote energy and water conservation, the comprehensive utilization of resources, and the import of energy-efficient and low-carbon products.Through the efforts of all sectors, China accomplished its energy conservation goals listed in the Eleventh Five-Year Plan. China's energy consumption per unit of GDP dropped 19.1 percent from that of 2005 accumulatively, or a reduction of 1.46 billion tons of carbon dioxide emissions. During the same period, China's national economy expanded at an average annual rate of 11.2 percent, while its energy consumption grew only 6.6 percent annually on average. The energy consumption elasticity coefficient dropped from 1.04 in the Tenth Five-Year Plan period (2001-2005) to 0.59, which eased the contradiction between energy supply and demand.3. Developing Low-carbon EnergyAccelerating the development of natural gas and other clean resources. The government is vigorously developing natural gas, encouraging the development and utilization of coal-bed methane, shale gas and other unconventional oil and gas resources, and has enacted a number of policies in this regard, such as financial subsidies, preferential taxation, connecting generated power to grid and electricity price subsidies. China has formulated and implemented an overall plan of management and utilization of coal mine methane, and is forcefully pushing forward the clean utilization of coal, guiding and encouraging the utilization of coal mine methane and the development of ground coal-bed methane. Natural gas production increased from 49.3 billion cu m in 2005 to 94.8 billion cu m in 2010, an average annual increase of 14 percent. In that period, China's natural gas consumption accounted for 4.3 percent of its total energy consumption, and the extraction of coal-bed methane reached 30.55 billion cu m, with the amount utilized reaching 11.45 billion cu m, equivalent to a reduction of 170 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions.Proactively developing and utilizing non-fossil energy. China has enhanced the development and utilization of hydropower, nuclear energy and other low-carbon energy sources through policy guidance and fund input. By the end of 2010, China's installed hydropower capacity had reached 213 million kw, doubling the figure for 2005; and installed nuclear power capacity had reached 10.82 million kw, with another 30.97 million kw under construction. China supports the development of wind power, solar power, geothermal, biomass energy and other new types of renewable energy. It has improved the pricing policy for on-grid power generated by wind, and launched the "Golden Sun Demonstration Project" to promote the franchise bidding for large-scale photovoltaic power stations. It has improved the pricing policy for power generated by agricultural and forestry biomass energy, increased financial support for the development of biomass energy and enhanced methane development in rural areas. China's installed wind power capacity grew from 1.26 million kw in 2005 to 31.07 million kw in 2010, and installed photovoltaic power capacity increased from less than 100,000 kw in 2005 to 600,000 kw; the number of solar water heaters in use reached 168 million sq m; and installed biomass energy capacity was about 5 million kw. With an annual utilization of methane of about 14 billion cu m, the total number of methane users in China reached 40 million households; utilized ethanol bio-fuel was 1.8 milliontons; and the contribution made by all types of biomass energy totaled 15 million tons of standard coal.4. Controlling Non-energy-related Greenhouse Gas EmissionThe government has enhanced control over greenhouse gas emission in industrial and agricultural production, waste disposal and other fields. China has applied the raw material substitution technology such as replacing limestone with carbide slag in the cement clinker production process, applied the technique of producing cement with blast furnace slag and fly ash as added mixed materials, applied secondary- and tertiary-stage treatment to address the discharge of nitrous oxide during the nitric acid production process, applied catalytic decomposition and thermal oxidative decomposition to address the discharge of nitrous oxide during the adipic acid production process, and thermal oxidative decomposition to capture and remove HFC-23. China has quickened transformation in the mode of animal husbandry production, and reduced the emission of methane and nitrous oxide in cropland, and poultry and livestock farming. The government has launched the soil organic matter advancement subsidy project, and promoted returning straw to farmland, green manure growing, adding organic fertilizer and other technologies to an accumulated total area of about 30 million mu (a Chinese unit of area equal to 1/15 of a hectare). The government has improved urban waste disposal standards, adopted a household garbage charging system, promoted advanced waste incineration technology, and formulated incentive policies for landfill gas recovery. China also carries out research and demonstration for carbon capture, utilization and sequestration technologies. Statistics showed that by the end of 2010 China's nitrous oxide emission in industrial production generally remained at the level of 2005, and the growth of methane emission was basically brought under control.5. Increasing Carbon SinkIncreasing forest carbon sink. China is continuously carrying out ecological protection projects, such as the key shelterbelt construction project in northwest, northeast and north China and along the Yangtze River, and projects to return farmland to forest, natural forest protection project, the program to control sandstorms in the Beijing and Tianjin area. It has carried out a pilot afforestation project with an aim to expand carbon sinks, enhanced sustainable forest management, and increased the forest stock volume. The central finance has raised the standard for afforestation investment subsidy from RMB100 to 200 per mu, and established the China Green Carbon Fund. Currently, China's man-made forest reserve has reached 62 million ha; its national forest coverage has reached 195 million ha, with the forest coverage rate rising from 18.21 percent in 2005 to 20.36 percent in 2010, with a forest stock volume of 13.721 billion cu m. China's total carbon storage in forest vegetation has reached 7.811 billion tons.Improving farmland and grassland carbon sinks. China is implementing the systems to promote grass-livestock balance, prohibiting or temporarily banning pasturing in certain areas, and regionally rotating pasturing, so as to control the livestock-carrying capacity of pastures and curb pasture degeneration. It is expanding the project of returning grazing land to grassland, strengthening the construction of man-made forage meadows and irrigated pastures, enhancing theprevention and control of grassland natural disasters, and increasing the grassland coverage rate and grassland carbon sinks. By 2010, protective farming technology had been applied to an area of 64.75 million mu; the no-tillage mechanical seeding area had reached 167 million mu; and mechanically-crushed straw had been returned to farmland in a total area of 428 million mu.6. Promoting Low-carbon Development in LocalitiesPromoting low-carbon pilot projects in selected provinces and cities. In 2010, China launched a national "low-carbon province and low-carbon city" experimental project. The first batch of selected localities included five provinces, namely, Guangdong, Hubei, Liaoning, Shaanxi and Yunnan, and eight cities, namely, Tianjin, Chongqing, Hangzhou, Xiamen, Shenzhen, Guiyang, Nanchang and Baoding. Currently, all the pilot provinces and cities have established leading work teams, formulated implementation schemes, and promulgated their respective goals for carbon intensity reduction in the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period -- and 2020. They have also vigorously promoted the transformation of the local economic development mode, took major actions to advance the construction of key low-carbon development projects, and vigorously developed low-carbon industries to promote green and low-carbon development.Actively drawing on low-carbon development experience. To build a "culture-enriched, technology-empowered and environmentally-friendly Beijing," Beijing, the capital city of China, has accelerated the development of the green, low-carbon and circular economy, vigorously developed strategic newly emerging industries and modern service industries, quickened the low-carbon transformation of existing buildings and transport systems, and advocated low-carbon consumption and a low-carbon lifestyle. Shanghai has sped up the pace of optimizing its energy structure, launched low-carbon development pilot projects in Hongqiao CBD and Chongming Island, implemented the concept of low-carbon development in the design, construction and operation of the Shanghai World Expo Park, and carried out "voluntary emission reduction activities to achieve a low-carbon World Expo." Jiangsu Province has selected four cities, ten industrial parks and ten enterprises for pilot experiments in developing a low-carbon economy.II. Adapting to Climate ChangeDuring the 11th Five-Year Plan period, China strengthened scientific research in and impact evaluation of climate change, improved relevant laws and policies, and enhanced the capability of key sectors to adapt to climate change, so as to reduce the negative impact of climate change on economic and social development and people's lives.1. AgricultureChina strives to consolidate farmland and water conservancy infrastructure, raise the overall production capacity of agriculture, encourage large-scale construction of standard farmland with stable yields despite drought or flood, support major irrigation areas to continue building supporting and big irrigation and drainage pump stations, expand the irrigation area, improve the irrigation efficiency and spread water-conservation technology, and carry out agricultural waterpricing reform and pilot water-conservation renovations of farmland ditches, and enhance the nation's capacity to resist disasters. It has built and improved agricultural meteorological monitoring and early-warning systems. China also carries out research into and cultivates stress-resistant varieties of seeds with high yield potential and high quality and resistance to drought, waterlogging, high temperature, diseases and pests, and expands the growing areas of super strains of crops. It has further increased subsidies for superior strains of crops, and accelerated integration of the cultivation, reproduction and spreading of such superior strains. Currently, more than 95 percent of the farmland nationwide is sown with superior strains of major crops, which contributes 40 percent to the grain output increase.2. Water ResourcesChina has formulated National Comprehensive Plan for Water Resources, Seven Major River Basins' Flood Control Plan, National Mountain Torrent Disaster Prevention and Control Plan, National Plan to Guarantee the Safe Supply of Drinking Water to Urban Dwellers, and National Plan for the Eco-protection of Major Rivers and Lakes. It has strengthened river basin management and water resources allocation, and organized and implemented the work of diverting water from the Yellow River to Tianjin and Hebei Province, from the Qiantang River to Lake Taihu at time of urgent need, and ecological water re-charge to the Heihe and Tarim rivers. It has quickened the implementation of the strictest water resources control, and improved the policy system concerning the development, utilization, conservation and protection of water resources. It has started constructing a batch of water-shed flood control projects, while accelerating the pace of some key water conservancy projects and major water resource projects. It has tightened soil erosion control, and has completed the comprehensive improvement of 230,000 sq km of land suffering from water and soil erosion. It has completed the reinforcement of large and medium-sized reservoirs as well as key small ones in danger. More efforts have been made to guarantee the safe supply of drinking water to 210 million rural residents, meeting the relevant target set in the UN Millennium Development Goals six years in advance.3. Marine ResourcesChina has strengthened the construction of a marine meteorological observation network. With such a network in place, the country has been able to observe the key climate factors in its offshore regions and some oceans, and basically built up a typical monitoring system in the eco-sensitive marine areas, thereby effectively enhancing its ability to monitor the sea-air carbon dioxide exchange flux. China has started redefining the national and provincial marine functional zoning, has started marine ecosystem restoration projects in the coastal areas and on key islands, and launched eco-restoration demonstration projects such as cultivating and replanting mangroves, protecting coral reefs by way of relocation, and returning coastal wetlands to beaches. The observation and early warning work related to storm surge, sea wave, tsunami, sea ice and other marine disasters have effectively reduced the casualties and property losses caused by such marine disasters. Observation, investigation and evaluation have been conducted of sea level rise, coastal erosion, seawater intrusion and saline tide, and the datum tide marks of 94 tidal gauging stations have been re-verified. Through comprehensive offshore investigation and evaluation, it has。
中国政府白皮书中英文对照
中国政府白皮书中国一贯以负责任的态度积极推动知识产权保护工作，在坚持遵循知识产权国际保护规则的同时，按照国情确定相应的知识产权保护水平，努力平衡知识产权创造者、应用者与社会公众之间的利益关系，使知识产权的创造与应用形成良性循环。
China has always adopted a responsible attitude to actively promoting IPR protection. While adhering to the international rules on IPR protection, China has decided on a level of IPR protection appropriate for its own national situation, and made great efforts to balance the interests among intellectual property creators, users and the general public, so as to create a benign circle for the creation and use of intellectual property.多年来，在全社会的共同努力下，中国保护知识产权取得重大进展。
Major progress has been made on IPR protection in China over the past years thanks to concerted efforts made by people from all walks of life.——建立健全符合国际通行规则、门类比较齐全的法律法规体系。
上世纪80年代以来，国家颁布实施了《中华人民共和国专利法》、《中华人民共和国商标法》、《中华人民共和国著作权法》和《计算机软件保护条例》、《集成电路布图设计保护条例》、《著作权集体管理条例》、《音像制品管理条例》、《植物新品种保护条例》、《知识产权海关保护条例》、《特殊标志管理条例》、《奥林匹克标志保护条例》等涵盖知识产权保护主要内容的法律法规，并颁布一系列相关的实施细则和司法解释，使中国知识产权保护的法律法规体系不断趋于完善。
白皮书中国的能源状况与政策中英文对照
Chinais now the world's second-largest energy producer and consumer. The sustained growth of energy supply has provided an important support for the country's economic growth and social progress, while the rapid expansion of energy consumption has created a vast scope for the global energy market. As an irreplaceable component of the world energy market,Chinaplays an increasingly important role in maintaining global energy security.
中国是当今世界上最大的发展中国家，发展经济，摆脱贫困，是中国政府和中国人民在相当长一段时期内的主要任务。20世纪70年代末以来，中国作为世界上发展最快的发展中国家，经济社会发展取得了举世瞩目的辉煌成就，成功地开辟了中国特色社会主义道路，为世界的发展和繁荣作出了重大贡献。
Chinais the largest developing country in the world, and developing its economy and eliminating poverty will, for a long time to come, remain the main tasks for the Chinese government and the Chinese people. Since the late 1970s,China, as the fastest growing developing country, has scored brilliant achievements in its economy and society that have attracted worldwide attention, successfully blazed the trail of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and made significant contributions to world development and prosperity.
《中国的北极政策》白皮书(全文)中英对照
中国的北极政策中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室2018年1月目录前言一、北极的形势与变化二、中国与北极的关系三、中国的北极政策目标和基本原则四、中国参与北极事务的主要政策主张结束语前言近年来，全球气候变暖，北极冰雪融化加速。
在经济全球化、区域一体化不断深入发展的背景下，北极在战略、经济、科研、环保、航道、资源等方面的价值不断提升，受到国际社会的普遍关注。
北极问题已超出北极国家间问题和区域问题的范畴，涉及北极域外国家的利益和国际社会的整体利益，攸关人类生存与发展的共同命运，具有全球意义和国际影响。
中国倡导构建人类命运共同体，是北极事务的积极参与者、建设者和贡献者，努力为北极发展贡献中国智慧和中国力量。
为了阐明中国在北极问题上的基本立场，阐释中国参与北极事务的政策目标、基本原则和主要政策主张，指导中国相关部门和机构开展北极活动和北极合作，推动有关各方更好参与北极治理，与国际社会一道共同维护和促进北极的和平、稳定和可持续发展，中国政府发表本白皮书。
一、北极的形势与变化北极具有特殊的地理位置。
地理上的北极通常指北极圈（约北纬66度34分）以北的陆海兼备的区域，总面积约2100万平方公里。
在国际法语境下，北极包括欧洲、亚洲和北美洲的毗邻北冰洋的北方大陆和相关岛屿，以及北冰洋中的国家管辖范围内海域、公海和国际海底区域。
北极事务没有统一适用的单一国际条约，它由《联合国宪章》《联合国海洋法公约》《斯匹次卑尔根群岛条约》等国际条约和一般国际法予以规范。
北极的大陆和岛屿面积约800万平方公里，有关大陆和岛屿的领土主权分别属于加拿大、丹麦、芬兰、冰岛、挪威、俄罗斯、瑞典、美国八个北极国家。
北冰洋海域的面积超过1200万平方公里，相关海洋权益根据国际法由沿岸国和各国分享。
北冰洋沿岸国拥有内水、领海、毗连区、专属经济区和大陆架等管辖海域，北冰洋中还有公海和国际海底区域。
北极域外国家在北极不享有领土主权，但依据《联合国海洋法公约》等国际条约和一般国际法在北冰洋公海等海域享有科研、航行、飞越、捕鱼、铺设海底电缆和管道等权利，在国际海底区域享有资源勘探和开发等权利。
新时代中国绿色发展白皮书双语
新时代中国绿色发展白皮书双语New Era White Paper on China's Green Development中国政府已经将绿色发展作为新时代的重要战略，在推动经济、社会和环境协同发展方面发挥着至关重要的作用。
绿色发展已成为中国经济转型升级和可持续发展的重点，为国家经济、社会和环境的协调发展提供了新的机遇与挑战。
The Chinese government has identified green development as an important strategy for the new era, playing a crucial role in promoting coordinated economic, social and environmental development. Green development has become a key focus of China's economic transformation and sustainable development, providing new opportunities and challenges for the coordinated development of the country's economy, society and environment.中国积极推动生态文明建设，致力于将绿色发展纳入国家发展战略和经济社会发展规划。
中国采取了一系列行之有效的措施，包括加强环境保护、促进绿色经济、推动低碳发展、打造节能减排、加速生态修复、推进循环经济等方面的工作，为实现绿色崛起和可持续发展奠定了坚实的基础。
China has actively promoted ecological civilization construction and committed to integrating green development into national development strategies as well as economic and social development plans. China has taken a series of effective measures, including strengthening environmental protection, promoting green economy, promoting low-carbon development, energy-saving and emission reduction, accelerating ecological restoration, and advancing circular economy, which have laid a solid foundation for realizing green development and sustainable development.未来，中国将进一步深化改革创新，推进高质量绿色发展，实现人民对美好生活的向往和对生态环境的期望。
(中英双语)2011年中国政府白皮书中英对照版----中国的和平
19世纪中叶，西方列强用炮舰打开中国封闭的门户，内忧外患导致中国逐步成为半殖民地半封建社会，国家积贫积弱、战乱不已，民不聊生。
在民族存亡的危急关头，无数仁人志士前仆后继，苦苦追寻变革救亡之路。
In the mid- 19th century, Western powers forced open China ' s door withgun boats. Internal turmoil and foreig n aggressi on gradually turned China into a semi-co lonial and semi-feudal society. The country became poor and weak, and the people suffered from wars and chaos. Fac ing imminent dan ger of n ati onal subjugation, one generation of patriots after another fought hard to find a way to reform and save the n atio n.1911年的辛亥革命，结束了统治中国几千年的君主专制制度，激励中国人民为争取民族独立和国家富强而斗争。
然而，这些探索和斗争都未能改变中国半殖民地半封建的社会性质和中国人民的悲惨命运。
中国共产党肩负民族的期望，带领中国人民进行了艰苦卓绝的奋斗，于1949年建立了中华人民共和国，实现了民族独立、人民解放，开创了中国历史新纪元。
The Revoluti on of 1911 put an end to the system of mon archy which had ruled China for several thousa nd years, and in spired the Chin ese people to struggle for in depe ndence and prosperity. However, such efforts and struggle failed to cha nge the nature of China as a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, or lift the Chinese people out of misery. Living up to the people ' s expectation, the CPC led them incarry ing out arduous struggle, and fin ally foun ded the People ' s Republic of China ir 1949. This marked the realization of China independence and liberation of its people and ushered in a new epoch in China ' s history.新中国成立60多年特别是改革开放30多年来，中国一直致力于探索符合本国国情和时代要求的社会主义现代化道路。
白皮书中国的能源状况与政策中英文对照
——人均能源资源拥有量较低。中国人口众多，人均能源资源拥有量在世界上处于较低水平。煤炭和水力资源人均拥有量相当于世界平均水平的50%，石油、天然气人均资源量仅为世界平均水平的1/15左右。耕地资源不足世界人均水平的30%，制约了生物质能源的开发。
--China's per-capita average of energy resources is very low.Chinahas a large population, resulting in a low per-capita average of energy resources in the world. The per-capita average of both coal and hydropower resources is 50 percent of the world's average, while the per-capita average of both oil and natural gas resources is only about one-fifteenth of the world's average. The per-capita average of arable land is less than 30 percent of the world's average, which has hindered the development of biomass energy.
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中国政府白皮书中国一贯以负责任的态度积极推动知识产权保护工作，在坚持遵循知识产权国际保护规则的同时，按照国情确定相应的知识产权保护水平，努力平衡知识产权创造者、应用者与社会公众之间的利益关系，使知识产权的创造与应用形成良性循环。
China has always adopted a responsible attitude to actively promoting IPR protection. While adhering to the international rules on IPR protection, China has decided on a level of IPR protection appropriate for its own national situation, and made great efforts to balance the interests among intellectual property creators, users and the general public, so as to create a benign circle for the creation and use of intellectual property.多年来，在全社会的共同努力下，中国保护知识产权取得重大进展。
Major progress has been made on IPR protection in China over the past years thanks to concerted efforts made by people from all walks of life.——建立健全符合国际通行规则、门类比较齐全的法律法规体系。
上世纪80年代以来，国家颁布实施了《中华人民共和国专利法》、《中华人民共和国商标法》、《中华人民共和国著作权法》和《计算机软件保护条例》、《集成电路布图设计保护条例》、《著作权集体管理条例》、《音像制品管理条例》、《植物新品种保护条例》、《知识产权海关保护条例》、《特殊标志管理条例》、《奥林匹克标志保护条例》等涵盖知识产权保护主要内容的法律法规，并颁布一系列相关的实施细则和司法解释，使中国知识产权保护的法律法规体系不断趋于完善。
为对知识产权实行切实有效的法律保护，2001年中国加入世界贸易组织前后，对知识产权保护相关法律法规和司法解释进行了全面修改，在立法精神、权利内容、保护标准、法律救济手段等方面更加突出促进科技进步与创新的同时，做到了与世界贸易组织《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》以及其他知识产权保护国际规则相一致。
- A relatively complete system of laws and regulations that covers a wide range of subjects and is in line with generally accepted international rules has been established and keepsimproving. Since the 1980s, the state has promulgated and put into effect a number of laws and regulations covering the major contents in IPR protection. These include the "Patent Law of the People's Republic of China," "Trademark Law of the People's Republic of China," "Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China," "Regulations on the Protection of Computer Software," "Regulations on the Protection of Layout Designs of Integrated Circuits," "Regulations on the Collective Management of Copyright," "Regulations on the Management of Audio-Video Products," "Regulations on the Protection of New Varieties of Plants," "Regulations on the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights by the Customs," "Regulations on the Protection of Special Signs," and "Regulations on the Protection of Olympic Logos." China has also promulgated a series of relevant rules for the implementation of these laws and regulations, and their legal interpretation. As a result, the system of laws and regulations on IPR protection in China has been continuously improved. In 2001, around the time when China was admitted into the WTO, in order to provide effective legal protection to IPR, the country made comprehensive revisions to the laws and regulations regarding IPR protection and their legal interpretation. While more emphasis is given to promoting the progress of science and technology and innovation with regard to legislative intent, content of rights, standards of protection and means of legal remedy, the revisions brought the laws and regulations into conformity with the WTO's "Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights" and other international rules on IPR protection.——建立健全协调、高效的工作体系和执法机制。
在知识产权保护实践中，中国形成了行政保护和司法保护“两条途径、并行运作”的知识产权保护模式。
在中国，有多个部门分别履行保护知识产权的职能，主要包括国家知识产权局、国家工商行政管理总局、新闻出版总署、国家版权局、文化部、农业部、国家林业局、公安部、海关总署、最高人民法院、最高人民检察院等。
多年来，这些部门在各自领域开展了卓有成效的工作。
为进一步加大知识产权保护力度，2004年中国成立了以国务院副总理为组长的国家保护知识产权工作组，负责统筹协调全国知识产权保护工作。
国家保护知识产权工作组办公室设在商务部，承担工作组日常工作。
- A coordinated and efficient work system and a law enforcement mechanism havebeen established and improved.In its practice of IPR protection, a two-way parallel protection mode, namely, administrative and judicial protection, has emerged in China. Several departments in China are assigned with the duty to protect IPR. They include primarily the State Intellectual Property Office, State Administration for Industry and Commerce, Press and Publication General Administration, State Copyright Bureau, Ministry of Culture, Ministry of Agriculture, State Forestry Administration, Ministry of Public Security, General Administration of Customs, Supreme People's Court and Supreme People's Procuratorate. For many years these departments have done effective work in their respective fields. To further strengthen IPR protection, in 2004China established the State IPR Protection Work Team headed by a vice-premier of the State Council, responsible for planning and coordinating the work regarding IPR protection throughout the country. Its office, located in the Ministry of Commerce, handles the routine work of the team.近年来，国家加强了行政执法机关与公安机关、人民检察院保护知识产权的工作联系。