最新新视野大学英语第二册课堂笔记讲课稿
新视野大学英语第二册教学课件
03
Word usage
It teaches students how to use new words and phrases correctly
in context, through examples and practice exercises.
Grammar explanation
Grammar rules
reading comprehension
Text comprehension
Inference and critical thinking
This part guides students to read the text carefully and understand its main idea, structure, and organization.
Listening comprehension
This part provides audio materials related to the text, and students are required to listen and understand the content, including key information and main ideas.
提高写作水平
详细描述
通过写作练习，提高学生的写作水平 ，让他们能够写出结构清晰、语言流 畅的文章。
Writing Practice
总结词
培养写作思维
VS
详细描述
引导学生培养写作思维，让他们能够独立 思考、分析问题并提出自己的见解。
Writing Practice
总结词
促进知识运用
详细描述
写作练习可以促进学生对所学知识的运用，让他们能够将所学知识运用到实际写作中。
新视野大学英语第二册课堂笔记5
Unit 5Section A Weeping for My Smoking DaughterⅠ. AbstractA mother is deeply hurt because her daughter is smoking the same kind of cigarettes that killed her grandfather. Tobacco advertising and film actors had attracted the grandfather to smoking but he never looked well like them. His health was poor when his daughter was only sixteen; his breathing was difficult; he rested often when climbing stairs; he often coughed for an hour. Now his daughter is deeply hurt again; she was so careful raising her own daughter. For what purpose? To see all her care thrown away when her sixteen-year-old daughter slowly kills herself? The mother feels smoking is self-in-jury. It also injures others who watch a loved one die. The mother watched her father’s slow death; That one victory for the rich tabacco companies is enough.Ⅱ. Culture NotesCigarettes Industry in America(美国的香烟业)1860 Manufactured cigarettes first appear in the United States. A popular early brand, Bull Durham, commanded 90% of the market.1864 First American cigarette factory opens and produces almost 20 million cigarettes annually.Ⅲ. New Words1.weep: v. ⑴cry 哭泣,流(泪)(2)(of a wound) produce liquid (伤口)渗出液体weep over/foreg: When he heard the news, he broke down and wept.他听到这个消息是控制不住感情,哭了起来.eg: The wound is weeping.伤口在出血weepy: adj. 要哭的，泪汪汪的;(故事、电影等)使人伤心的辨析：weep意为哭泣，强调无声的饮泣,多用于书面语。
新视野英语第二版第二册课后翻译讲课稿
新视野英语第二版第二册课后翻译1. 房子着火了，里面的人面临着死亡的危险。
(in dan ger of)The house was on firea nd the people in side were in dan ger of los ing their lives.2. 他买不起这么好的房子。
(afford to do)He cannot afford tobuy such a nice house.3. 这个主意听起来也许有些怪，不过还真有点道理。
(make sen se)Although this idea mayso und stra nge, it does make sen se.4. 约翰看起来是个好人。
即便如此，我还是不信任他。
(even so)John seems (to be) anice person. Even so, I don ' t trust him.5. Eve n though thefirst McDon ald ' s restaura nt sold only hamburgers andFrench fries, it stillbecame a cultural symbol.虽说第一家麦当劳餐馆只售汉堡包和薯条，它还是成为了一种文化象征。
6. These people area ngry that the build ing is now in dan ger of being destroyed, along with theirmemories.这些人想到餐馆连同他们的美好回忆一起将被摧毁，感到很气愤。
7. They are using theearthquake as an excuse.他们在利用那次地震作借口。
8. Some think thatMcDonald ' s real reason for wanting to close down therestaura nt has nothing todo with mon ey.有人认为麦当劳想关闭这家餐馆的真正原因与金钱无关。
新视野大学英语第二册教学课件
The dark room had a threatening appearance; furthermore, I knew a family of mice had nested there.
1.The voice on the phone sounded familiar to me.
2. Are you familiar with this type of machine?
We all appreciat.
nguage acquisition
2.The acquisition of basic skills
3. The National Gallery’s latest acquisition is a painting by Goya.
1.Whatever happens we should have a positive attitude to life.
The conditions are now favorable for economic recovery.
1. There is no appreciable distinction between the twins.
2. Pipelines are coated to isolate the steel from surrounding
moisture.
3. People with contagious diseases should be isolated.
4. Because of its geographical isolation,the area developed its own unique culture.
2. Tony has the distinction of being the tallest boy in the class.
新视野大学英语第二册教学课件3精品文档
2. He has seen the ups and downs in the history of the relations between the two countries.
3. Their marriage has gone through its ups and downs.
1.Religious /racial tolerance 宗教（种族 上的） 宽容
1.a budding love affair 2. a budding crisis 3. The maple trees /willows are
budding early this year.
Poppy flower
Analysis of each part:
Part I (Paras.1-4)
2. We are left with few illusions about our ally.（盟友）
3. The mirrors all round the walls give an illusion of greater space.
sunflower
I was under the illusion that he was honest until he was caught stealing some money.
carnatio
1. He asked $1500 for his old car, but I
thought it was only worth $1000. We finally reached a compromise and I paid $1250.
2. Both sides are determined to get what they want, and there seems to be no possibility of compromise.
《新视野英语教程读写教程2》说课稿中文
《新视野英语教程读写教程2》说课稿尊敬的各位评委老师：我是XXXX大学XX，今天说课的内容《新视野英语教程读写教程2》第一单元。
一、教材分析《新视野英语教程读写教程》(第二版)是一套专供全国高职高专院校使用的英语教材，更新了教学理念和内容，注重培养学生表达能力，强调交际实用性。
遵循“实用为主，够用为度”的原则。
因此，教师在设计教学活动时，应充分发挥我们的创造性，调动学生的学习积极性，从而发展学生运用英语的能力。
本课是《新视野英语教程读写教程》第二册第一单元的section A部分。
第一单元的主题是Symbols of Cultures文化的象征。
围绕这一主题，这一单元分为section A ,section B 和section C三部分，每一部分各有侧重点。
section A部分选取的是美国文化联系最为密切的麦当劳文化。
通过对本课的学习，使学生了解第一个麦当劳餐厅的历史与现状。
二、学情分析Analysis of Students经过上一个学期的学习之后，学生的英语水平有所提高，能够用英语对所学的课文进行复述，就熟悉话题能进行简单的交流，但在准确性和流利性上还有待提高；在听力理解方面能够听懂简单的对话和陈述，但还不能做到精确的复述；能够进行简单的英汉互译，但翻译不了稍有难度的句子；能够读准单词的发音，但还有相当数量的问题需要纠正。
三、教学目标根据《高职高专教育英语课程教学基本要求》提出的教学目的，鉴于对本课的理解，我制定了如下的教学目标：（一）知识目标：熟练掌握文中重点生词、词组、句型及语法，理解课文，扩大词汇量，巩固语言知识。
（二）能力目标：培养学生的英语听、说、读等综合能力，以便他们可以将英语运用到实际交谈中。
四、重点难点重点是掌握和应用本课的单词和短语的主要用法。
难点是掌握表达个人意见的语句和表达方法。
运用本课词汇和短语对于熟悉的话题陈述自己的观点。
五、教学方法情景交际法：语言只有在一定的情景中才能使其表达具有的真实意义。
Unit 2 sectionB 新视野大学英语讲课讲稿
Reading for major details
In addition, we can identify the minor or less important details of a paragraph; the minor details usually answer some of the questions concerning the major detail.
Reading for major details
Skills of reading for major details Learn to read for the main idea. If we are active readers and keen enough to identify the main idea of a paragraph, the major detail to support that main idea will stand out. Understand that facts, evidence and details in a paragraph are not equally important. Only look for those that further support and closely relate to the main idea.
Section B
What college brings us?
Reading skills
Presentation of the skill Reading skill practice
Reading for major details
When we are reading a paragraph, we should first try to identify the main idea of the paragraph and then try to separate the major detail from the secondary or less important details. There are two ways to help us locate the major details:
新视野大学英语读写教程第二册-(讲稿) 完整版
Unit 1 Time-Conscious AmericanDetailed Reading of Main ReadingI. Teaching Objectives and DemandsIn this period, students will1. learn about cultural differences;2. study Passage A and understand the main idea of the text;3. understand the structure of the text and the devices for developing it;4. grasp some keys words, phrases and useful sentence patterns.II. Important Points and Difficult pointsWords and expressions:Budget; acute; replace; elbow; leisure; assess; probe; significance; competent; account for; due to; pour into....Sentence patterns:Americans believe no one stands still; We are slaves to nothing but the clock; much less do they take them out for dinner, or around on the golf course....III. Time Allotment (2 periods)Lead-in Review the main idea of the main reading, and ask students to answer some questions.(20 minutes)Q1: How time is treated in China? What is the difference with that in the USA?Q2: What is culture shock?Q3. How do Americans view time?Activity 1 Analyzing the passage from the words level, sentence level and discourse level. (50 minutes ) Activity 2 Teacher encourages students to express their after-reading feelings of this passage in speech or in writing. (20 minutes)IV. Teaching MethodsAnalysis and explanation. Group talk and interactionV. Teaching Procedures(2 periods)Lead-in Review the main idea of the main reading, and ask students to answer some questions.Q1: How time is treated in China? What is the difference with that in the USA?In China, people tend to spare some time to be stay together with their families or enjoy a peaceful time or relax themselves. But in USA, Time is treated as if it were something almost real.People budget it, waste it, steal it, kill it, cut it, account for it; they also charge for it. They do this because time is a precious resource. Everyone is in a rush—often under pressure City people always appear to be hurrying to get where they are going, restlessly seeking attention in a store, or elbowing others as they try to complete their shopping.Q2: What is culture shock?Culture shock is the personal disorientation a person may feel when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life due to immigration or a visit to a new country, a move between social environments, or simply travel to another type of life.The most common problems include: information overload, language barrier,generation gap, technology gap, skill interdependence,formulation dependency, homesickness (cultural), infinite regress (homesickness), boredom (job dependency), response ability (cultural skill set). There is no true way to entirely prevent culture shock, as individuals in any society are personally affected by cultural contrasts differently.Q3. How do Americans view time?Time is treated by Americans as if it were something almost real. People budget it, waste it, steal it, kill it, cut it, account for it; they also charge for it. They do this because time is a precious resource.Everyone is in a rush—often under pressure City people always appear to be hurrying to get where they are going, restlessly seeking attention in a store, or elbowing others as they try to complete their shopping.Activity 1 Analyzing the passage from the words level, sentense level and discourse level.Background informationCultural differences: Students and teachers need to be aware that the ethnocentric attitudes ofwriters are precisely the way cultural conflict is encouraged. Why is understanding a culturealways the others’ responsibility? Is it not possible that each culture could be made awa re ofdifferent conventions? Both sides must work at rising above cultural differences and be willing tocompromise… and, in both cases, most likely neither side has access to the cultural conventionsof the other so blaming is not the answer.Language Points:Paragraph 1：1. Americans believe no one stands still. (Para. 1)Meaning: Americans believe no one keeps motionless; everyone moves.Here "stand" means "keep or stay in a particular position or state". In this sense, "stand" is followed by adjectives. More examples:The room stands idle. 这房间闲置着。
新视野大学英语第二册课堂笔记3
新视野大学英语第二册课堂笔记3Unit ThreeSection A Marriage Across the NationsⅠ.AbstractChoosing a life-long partner can be one of the most challenging communication tasks for many people. Staying with that partner during sickness and health, in hard times and in good times, takes much skill and patience beyond the initial love that brings two people tighter. The passage tells us that Gails and Mark who face the added problems that two different races bring to a marriage. Their racial and cultural differences enhanced their relationship and taught us a great deal about tolerance, compromise, and being open with each other. Gail was confused the reasons why the Blacks were so involved with the racial issue. Finally Gail understood that the racial issue problem was not avoidable.Ⅱ.Culture Notes1.International Marriage: Every marriage requires commitment, dedication andwork. An international or intercultural marriage requires even more attentionbecause of the many obstacles that a couple faces. The obstacles come fromfamily, friends, personal values, expectations, and bureaucratic procedures. The key to a successful inter cultural marriage is to develop understanding andpatience.2.Racism: The belief that race accounts for differences in human character or ability and that a particular race is superiorto others.Ⅲ.New Words/doc/a01663960.html,promise:n. 妥协, 折衷vt.vi. (1)和解，对...妥协，折衷处理(2)危及，连累e.g. We can not c o m p r o m i s e on such terms.我们不能根据这样的条件和解。
新视野大学英语读写教程第二册笔记unit1-6
新视野大学英语读写教程第二册笔记U n i t1-6-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1读写BK2 Unit 01-AKey Wordsbudget acute abrupt assess elapse account for to race through1. If we intend to become efficient learners, we are supposed to learn first to budget our time scientifically.2. Some animals have very acute sense of sight or sound, while others may have sharp sense of smell and touch.3. The abrupt and cryptic nature of the ending has puzzled and annoyed many readers.4. It is still too early to assess the effects of the newly-issued law on traffic safety.5. Time elapses so quickly that when you begin to realize you should cherish it, you are no longer young.6. Jenny had to account to her husband for every penny she spent.7. As the time is running out, these students have to race through the rest of the questions on the test paper. Match Gamestand still 停止不前have an acute sense of 深深感到restlessly 焦躁不安地seek attention in a store 指望店员的服务push past you 推桑着你走过去small exchanges 随意的闲聊ritual interaction 礼节性交往develop a sense of trust 增进信任make social appointments 安排社交约会save the feet 免去走路之劳pour sth. Into 投入Words1. fall behind sb./sth.(L1)：落在……后面① become bit by bit further behindTo fall behind others. 落后于别人 /To fall behind sb. in study. 在学习方面落后Eg:Like boating up the river, if you’re not moving ahead, you’re falling behind.逆水行舟，不进则退。
新视野大学英语第二册课堂笔记2
新视野大学英语第二册课堂笔记2-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1Unit 2 Section A Environmental Protection Throughout the WorldⅠ.A b s t r a c tEnvironmental awareness takes second place to economic development in most nations of the world. As damage to our environment increases, however, some nations are developing programs to protect their natural resources. The passage describes some of these national programs Canada has closed the area to cod fishing and set strict limits on catches of other species.Brazil promises it will protect the region’s native people.Eastern European countries and other nations, including the United States, have set up special funds for environmental clean-ups and improving the region's power plants.The government of Indonesia has succeeded in increasing use of birth control from 10 percent of the population 20 years ago to 49 percent today.Ⅱ.C u l t u r e N o t e s1. Islam is a religion and social way of life based on the teachings of Muhammad as preserved in the Koran(《可兰经》) and the Sunna (伊斯兰教规)。
新视野大学英语第二册教学课件
4.The Norton consortium has been granted permission to build a shopping mall. 5. Your request for housing benefit has been granted.
1.a birth / marriage certificate 2. a teacher’s certificate
The professor wanted to see item 15, the Egyptian pot.
1. The earthquake was the most important item of news this week. 地震是本周最重要的 一条新闻。 一条新闻。 2. There was an interesting item in the newspaper today.
1. I specified blue for the bedroom walls, but the decorators have painted them white. 2. Did you specify where the new office furniture was to be put? 3. The rules clearly specify that competitors are not allowed to accept payment.
新视野大学英语第二册教学课件
New Horizon College English Book 2
Unit 4 Section A
Studying Abroad
1.
I saw Simon shortly before his departure for Russia.
新视野大学英语第三版第二册第二课教案96109培训讲学
Unit 2 Section A Swimming through fear教学重点：1. to learn to get the key idea and detailed information2. to understand the text with the questions given3. to translate some long and difficult sentences and learn some ways to expressone’s feeling (horror, relief, relaxation)4. to understand the problem-solution pattern教学难点：1 to separate the Chinese sentences and set the new sentence structure in English2.to grasp and translate some expressions and long sentences3.to learn the meaning of some detailed description4.to ask for and give directions5.教学过程：Task 1Lead-in (Ss work in groups to discuss the following questions)1. Did you experience some moments when you feared?12. How did you overcome the fear?3. Listening: pre-reading activities4. What can we infer from the title?Tips:1. A piece of narration (an event or a story)2.He or she was afraid of swimming.3.He or she succeeded in doing sth (according to “through”)Learn to swim?Task 2Text study1.Ss read the passage and discuss the following questions in groupsA. Why was Jason scared of water?B.Could the would-be rescuers succeed in saving the drowning boy? Why or why not?C. Why did Jason decide to intervene to save the boy in spite of his fear ofwater?D. Why did Jason become hesitant when he raced down the beach, out onto the jetty?E. How did Jason feel when he jumped into the water?F. How did the boy respond when Jason grabbed him?G. Was Jason's swimming back to safety smooth? Why?2H. Why did Jason feel the water had never looked so beautiful when he reached the jetty?nguage focusSs read the passage and try to find out all new words and phrases of this unit.1)take \ hold sb. captive2)turn sb./ sth . down3)embark on/ upon sth.4)Share in sth.5)lead by example6)be stricken by/ with7)live onTask 3A paragraph of problem-solution patternWriting tips:I. IntroductionEstablishes the plot ( setting, characters, and time period )II. BodyFirst major eventSecond part of the story3Third part …Climax, the high point in the narrativeResolution in which the conflict / tension is resolved.III. ConclusionWhat is "the moral of the story?"Assignment：Write a paragraph of no less than 200 words on the following topic: slow downTask 4Listening partA. Discuss the following questions.1.talk about your own traveling experiences2.Make a plan for a dream journey3.what do you like about traveling?4.what don’t you like about traveling?B. listening to the following parts: sharing,opening up,viewing, speaking for communication part, further practice for listening4。
最新新视野大学英语第三版第二册课文语法讲解_Unit7
新视野大学英语第三版第二册课文语法讲解_U n i t7------------------------------------------作者xxxx------------------------------------------日期xxxx新视野三版读写 B2 U7 Text AWoman at the management level1 When Monica applied for a job as an administrative assistant in 1971, she was asked whether she would rather work for a male or a female attorney. "I immediately said a man," she says. "I felt that a male-boss/female-employee relationship was more natural, needing no personal accommodation whatsoever." But 20 years later, when she was asked the same question, she said, "I was pleasantly surprised that female bosses are much more accessible to their employees; they're much more sensitive and intimate with their employees."2 Female bosses today are stil finding they face subtle resistance. There isstil a segment of the population, both men and, surprisingly, women who report low tolerance for female bosses. The growing presence of female bosses has also provoked two major questions that revolve around styles: Do men and women manage differently, and, if so, is that a good thing?3 Monica is disposed to think so, on both counts. Now a 40-year-old mother of four, she is president of a public sector labor union with 45,000members. "Relations with my employees are probably different from those of male managers preceding me," she says. "I know what it's like to have to cal and say my kid got the mumps so I won't be coming in. I have a more flexible style — not soft, just more understanding." The man who is Monica's assistant agrees, "She tends to delegate more and is always looking for a consensus. People are happy and flourish because they have an input into decisions and they are not mere bystanders; their energies are harnessed. On the other hand, consensus takes longer."4 So, are the differences symbolic or real? Plausible studies suggest that men are typical y hierarchical, goal-oriented and feel entitled. Women, by contrast, manage diplomatical y, and share power. That point of view is oftenchal enged and argued. Some proclaim that men and women of similar backgrounds, experience and aspirations basical y manage in the sameway. This view is echoed by younger women, especial y those who have encountered little gender discrimination. That was certainly the lesson for Nicole. When her father died of a heart attack, she was an employee ata petroleum products export company. She quit and took over her family's 160-acre fruit farm in St.David's County. On her first day in the field, a workercal ed her "darling". "He was trying to test me. I was shaking with anger," says Nicole, now 34. "I stood erect and s aid, ‘You wouldn't have cal ed my father darling and you're not going to take that liberty with me. If you do, I'l fire you.'"5 When women work for women, a different dynamic often takes over. Susan,a cashier in a Toronto auction house, says that she has explored friendshipswith some of her female bosses and feels she can rely on them more. While women may feel more at ease with a female boss, men often have tomake concessions to the new working styles. Brian, a marine biologist, says, "It took me a couple of years before I felt comfortable enough to relax around a female manager. In fact, my relations with her were much more businesslike."6 To some extent, the male-female differences come down to conflicting styles. One female vice-president discussed the time she burst into tearsduring a meeting. "Men think that tears are a nuclear weapon in a conventional war. They take exception to a woman crying, inferring that she's feeling unhappy or violated." The men failed to understand that what prompted her tears was not hurt but genuine rage. "When we cry, it's because we have althis valid rage that has no appropriate release," she says."Women cry; menget relief by going on with the offense or by veiling their feelings toappear composed."7 Deborah, president of a firm with its headquarters in Toronto, says that even ********if m en do understand, they sometimes react differently tothe identical information and to her cooperative management style.8 Deborah says that her authority is sometimes undermined by perceptions about her gender. "It stems from the whole social context of traditional roles for men and women," she says. "Mom would tel you to do things, but perhaps you wouldn't take as much notice as when Dad told you to do things. Men alsohave a stronger urge to control," she says.9 For female bosses, the great expectation of some female employees is one more obstacle. Junior women assume a female boss wil promote them more quickly than a man would. But, they also expect female bosses to be moreself-sufficient. "They ask, ‘Why can't you scan your own stuff?' or ‘Why can't you do your own filing?'" says one senior female executive.10 On the other hand, there is no dispute that a few decades ago they would*********rarely have had a female boss in the workplace.Nina, amanagement consultant says she's vaguely optimistic. "I'm looking forward to新视野大学英语第三版第二册课文语法讲解_Unit7the day, before I die, when we recognize that the best management styles wil新视野大学英语第三版第二册课文语法讲解_Unit7be composed of the best that both genders bring to the table ..." Wel , shepauses, maybe not before she dies, perhaps in her daughter's lifetime.Language Points:1 When Monica applied for a job as an administrative assistant in 1971, she was asked whether she would rather work for a male or a female attorney. (Para. 1) Meaning: Monica was asked if she would like to work for a male or a female lawyer whenshe applied for a managing job at a law firm in 1971.Sentence structure note:“would rather”句型1 would rather 的意思是“宁愿；宁可；更；最好；还是…为好”，后接动词原形，表示优先选择的一种方式。
新视野大学英语第二册教学课件
UHale Waihona Puke it 81Vocabulary
学习和掌握 Unit 8 的重要词汇。
2
Reading Comprehension
通过阅读理解来提高 Unit 8 的语言理解能力。
新视野大学英语第二册教 学课件
欢迎来到新视野大学英语第二册教学课件！本课件将带你探索英语学习的新 世界，让我们开始吧！
Unit 1
1
Vocabulary
学习和掌握 Unit 1 的重要词汇。
2
Reading Comprehension
通过阅读理解来提高 Unit 1 的语言理解能力。
Unit 2
Vocabulary
学习和掌握 Unit 2 的重要词汇。
Reading Comprehension
通过阅读理解来提高 Unit 2 的语言理解能力。
Unit 3
Vocabulary
学习和掌握 Unit 3 的重要词汇。
Reading Comprehension
通过阅读理解来提高 Unit 3 的语言理解能力。
Unit 4
1 Vocabulary
学习和掌握 Unit 4 的重要词汇。
2 Reading Comprehension
通过阅读理解来提高 Unit 4 的语言理解能力。
Unit 5
1
Vocabulary
学习和掌握 Unit 5 的重要词汇。
2
Reading Comprehension
通过阅读理解来提高 Unit 5 的语言理解能力。
Unit 6
Vocabulary
学习和掌握 Unit 6 的重要词汇。
Reading Comprehension
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Unit 1Section A Time-Conscious AmericansⅠ. AbstractThis passage shows the way of Americans regarding time。
Americans are famous for their time-consciousness. His/her belief is that no one stands still. No moving ahead means falling behind. This results in a country that people of it devote themselves into researching, experimenting and exploring. Time is the most important thing for Americans lives.On one hand, Americans try their best to save up time by different ways. They are in hurry to get their destination, push the others in order to finish their shopping quickly. Racing through daytime meals is part of the pace of life in America. People make full use of modern ways to communicate with each other efficiently.On the other hand, people miss the relaxed way of living. They like the opening exchanges of a business call. They miss the ritual interaction that is suitable for a welcoming cup of tea or coffee. The people coming from different cultures have different ideas from those of American.Ⅱ. Culture Notes1. The Definition of CultureCulture is a very broad term used to describe the arts, the beliefs, the values, the traditions, the customs, and the institutions that are considered to be characteristic of a community, a people, a region, or a nation. Culture also includes the languages and dialects that people use to express their feelings and to communicate with each other. It is often difficult to dissociate language and culture since, in most cases, language is the main medium through which culture is transmitted. Most people feel that it is impossible to really know a culture without speaking the language. In some immigrant populations in North America, however, the original language (French, German, Chinese, Polish, etc.) has been lost but customs and traditions are still maintained2.Time Orientation CulturePast-orientated cultures believe strongly in the significance of prior events. History, established religions, and tradition are extremely important to these cultures, so there is a strong belief that the past should be the guide for making decisions and determining truth. We see this orientation in China, which because of its long and splendid history continues to respect the past.Present-orientated cultures hold that the moment has the most significance. For them, the future is vague, ambiguous, and unknown and what is real exists I the here and now.Future-orientated cultures, such as the one found in the United States, emphasize the future and expect it to be grander and nicer than the present.Ⅲ. New Words1.budget:v. plan the spending of (time, money, etc.), or provide (time, money) in the planvt.编入预算; 设计使用vi.安排开支n.预算 a.便宜的，廉价的She budgeted for buying a new car. 她为了买新汽车而计划节省开支。
It is important to balance this year's budget.[词组]balance one’s budget 平衡预算within / below budget 在预算之内budget for doing sth. 为做……做预算2.acute: adj. fine, sharp, severe, very great(1)敏锐的；灵敏的;(2) 剧烈的；厉害的;(3) 严重的;(4) 急性的（疾病）He still has very acute hearing, though he is 80 years old.She is suffering acute pain.[辨析]acute ；keen；sharp意思都含“锐利的”(包括它的引伸义)意思。
用于物时,(1)sharp 指“尖或刃”, 如:a sharp point 锐利的尖。
(2)keen 一般指“刃”, 如:a keen edge锋刃。
(3)acute 只用于学术语中, 如:an acute angle锐角。
用于人时, (1)sharp 表示“有洞察力的, 精明的, 机警的”, 着重“狡猾”“不易受骗”, 如:You won't catch him. He's very sharp.你骗不了他, 他精明极了。
(2)keen 表示人的“锐敏”、“聪明”、“善于思索”, 如:He's a keen mind.他头脑灵敏。
(3)acute 侧重指“人观察事物的深刻性以及分辨问题的细致性。
”如:He has given an acute analysis of the situation.他对形势做了深刻的分析。
3.replace vt.（常与with, by连用）用…代替[辨析]replace; supersede; supplant 都含“代替”的意思。
(1)replace 指“代替某人”或“取代已经失去的、毁坏的或用坏的东西”, 如: We replace defective tubes.我们更换有毛病的管子。
(2)supersede系正式用语, 指“用更好的、最新的东西替换过时的或无用的东西”, 如:The sailing ships were superseded by the steamships.帆船已被汽船所取代。
(3)supplant 指“以武力、欺骗等手段替代原来的人或其职位”, 如:The prime minister was supplanted by his rival.首相被他的政敌赶下台了。
4. restless adj.得不到休息的, 不平静的, 不安宁的restlessly: ad. impatientlyThe man repeatedly looked at his watch while walking up and down restlessly in the room.5.elbow: vt. To push or jostle (another or others) with the elbow.用肘推挤（另一人或另一些人）n. The joint or bend of the arm between the forearm and the upper arm.肘关节上臂与前臂之间的关节或胳膊弯曲处[词组] out at elbow(s)衣衫褴褛的,破旧的；千疮百孔的elbow one’s way 用肘挤出路来elbow sb. aside (off) 推到一边She elbowed her way through the crowd. 她从人群中挤了过去。
6. abrupt:a.1) (of behavior) rough粗鲁无礼的；唐突的When I asked her about her new job, she was quite abrupt with me.2) sudden and unexpected突然的The meeting came to an abrupt end. 会谈突然结束。