英语四六级不同类型作文的写作方法

不同类型作文的写作方法

共同原则

中心第一：一篇文章必须是一个整体。所有的事实与观点应当紧紧围绕着文章的中心进行。与主题无关的东西是不能出现的。

注意分段：一篇文章大多由数段组成，每一段都要有它自己的主题。段落应该以一定的逻辑顺序进行安排。段落之间要能自然地承接与过渡。

注意比例：如同在作画中一样，比例在一篇文章中非常重要。重要的观点或事实要多说一点。具体的例子可参见第三讲关于选材的讲解。

一、说明文

在四级考试中，说明文占有最大的比例，常见的题型有：事实性说明（如89.1，93.1，96.6.，00.1，01.1，）原因与结果（如91.6，98.1）、某种事物的意义（如95.6）、两种事物的比较（如91.1）、利弊比较（如93.1）、图表作文（如02.6）等。

针对上述不同的题型，我们写说明文的方法通常有：例证法、过程说明、分类法、比较与对比、因果关系分析、定义。也就是说，用于段落展开的方法都可用于说明文的写作。区别仅仅在于论述的范围和比重而已。

在说明文中最重要的是清晰。为了做到这一点，我们要注意以下方面：

（1）话题不可过宽；

（2）论据要充分；

（3）论据的次序安排至关重要，通常可以根据重要性进行安排，有时也可反过来；

下面我们来看一看最常考的几种类型的说明文的写作方法。

1. 事实性说明

事实性说明文是占比例最多的一类，它通常要求作者用具体的事例来说明某种道理，以增加文章的可信性。

写好这类说明文的要点是选择恰当的事例或事例的合理安排。如：

The Tape Recorder

The tape recorder is one of the most welcome and popular electronic devices ever invented. Nowadays, almost ev ery family has a tape recorder. It can record people’s voices or popular songs or some other things that people would like to listen to more than once. Tape recorders have been warmly welcomed since the day they were invented.

This device is useful in many ways. For example, a reporter can use it in interviews instead of the old, less accurate means of writing them in a notebook. Also, in studying foreign languages, students can use it to improve their listening ability. Moreover, they can record their own voice to improve their pronunciation in the foreign language.

However, it can also become a nuisance. Your hearing can be seriously harmed if you listen to a recorder with the volume too high. And, if you can’t control yourself, you can waste a lot of tim e listening to a recorder. So, if used properly, the recorder will serve you well. If used improperly, it can do harm to you.

2. 原因与结果

原因与结果型的作文说明或解释某种事情的原因或者结果，我们写这类作文的时候，实际上是在进行分析。它们可分为两类，一类是分析原因的作文，这种作文以简单描述结果开头，文章的正文部分追溯其各种原因。结果型的作文则相反，以描述某种原因或某种现象开头，

然后讨论其结果。

有时候，文章中可能原因和结果都要涉及到，比如在分析中国的计划生育政策时，文章可以以为什么要实行计划生育开头，然后再讨论它的结果。

在写原因与结果类的作文时，要注意以下几点：

1）不要使原因过于简单化。比如，考试没有考好往往是多种原因的混合，象对课程不感兴趣、缺课太多、上课不认真、不做作业、学习方法不对、考试时不在状态等等。如果仅将其归因于学习不用功就太简单化了。

2）注意分清直接原因（结果）和间接原因（或结果）以及主要、次要原因（或结果）

既然一个结果可能会有多种原因，一个因也可能造成多个果，就不应当对它们进行平均分配，而要在直接的和重要的点上多花些笔墨，过于次要的不说也罢。只要把道理说清了，字数也肯定就够了，就要及时收笔。

以98年1月份的作文为例：

Harmfulness of Fake Commodities

In recent years, a lot of fake commodities have appeared in the market. These fake commodities have done great harm to the consumers and the society.

Since the policy of reform was implemented, China’s economy has improved. A lot of people getting richer, and their living conditions are getting better. But still some of them are not satisfied. They dream of getting rich overnight and living a heavenly life, which, of course, is impossible to achieve by fair means. So they risk breaking the law to produce the market take commodities. Once these fake commodities enter the market, they will do immeasurable harm to the society. The direct victims are the consumers. As the quality of the fake commodities is always very poor, the consumers may suffer great losses. Certain fake commodities, such as food and medicine, will cause irreparable harm to the health and well-being of the consumers. Fake commodities also cut into the profits of the brand-name-owners. Since the fake ones are cheaper, people tend to be reluctant to buy the genuine ones.

3. 比较类型的说明文

我们将两种事物的比较和利弊比较这两种都归为比较类型。

比较类型的作文通常以两种方式展开：subject-by-subject或point-by-point。在subject-by-subject的模式中，作者先讨论一个事物的各个方面，然后现谈论另一个事物。例如作文的主题是要说X is a better school than Y的话，作文的内容可以这样安排：

I．X

A. Student body

B. Teaching staff

C. Library and other facilities

D. Campus

II. Y

A. Student body

B. Teaching staff

C. Library and other facilities

D. Campus

在point-by-point模式中，就每一点都将双方进行比较或对比，作文的内容是这样安排的：I. Student body

A. X

B. Y