ASTM D3359-(附著力测试标准)-中文版

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涂层附着力测试标准

涂层附着力测试标准涂层附着力是指涂层与基材之间的结合力，是评价涂层质量的重要指标之一。

涂层附着力测试是通过一系列标准化的测试方法来评定涂层与基材之间的结合情况，以确保涂层在使用过程中不会出现脱落、剥落等问题，保证涂层的使用寿命和性能稳定性。

本文将介绍涂层附着力测试的标准及相关内容。

一、测试标准。

1. ASTM D3359-17标准试验方法。

ASTM D3359-17标准试验方法是一种常用的涂层附着力测试方法，适用于评定涂层在金属基材上的附着力。

该方法通过使用划格试验、划十字试验、粘贴试验等方式来评定涂层的附着力等级，具有操作简便、结果可靠的特点。

2. ISO 2409:2013标准试验方法。

ISO 2409:2013标准试验方法是国际上通用的涂层附着力测试方法，适用于评定涂层在非金属基材上的附着力。

该方法通过使用划格试验、划十字试验等方式来评定涂层的附着力等级，具有全球通用性和标准化的特点。

3. GB/T 9286-1998标准试验方法。

GB/T 9286-1998标准试验方法是中国国家标准化组织发布的涂层附着力测试方法，适用于评定涂层在各类基材上的附着力。

该方法通过使用划格试验、划十字试验等方式来评定涂层的附着力等级，具有国内通用性和标准化的特点。

二、测试步骤。

1. 准备测试样品，按照标准要求，选择代表性的涂层样品，并确保样品表面清洁、干燥、无油污等杂质。

2. 进行划格试验，使用划格刀在涂层表面划定一定间距的格子，然后用胶带将划痕处的涂层剥离，评定剥离的程度。

3. 进行划十字试验，使用划十字刀在涂层表面划定一定间距的十字形，然后用胶带将划痕处的涂层剥离，评定剥离的程度。

4. 进行粘贴试验，使用胶带粘贴在涂层表面，然后迅速撕离胶带，评定涂层的附着力等级。

5. 记录测试结果，根据测试方法，记录测试样品的附着力等级，并进行数据分析和统计。

三、测试结果评定。

根据不同的测试方法和标准要求，对测试结果进行评定和等级划分，一般包括附着力等级、剥离面积、剥离形态等指标。

ASTM D3359译文

Designation: D 3359 – 02名称： D 3359-02Standard Test Methods forMeasuring Adhesion by Tape Test1用胶带测量附着力的检测标准This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3359; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.这个标准是D 3359确定了以后发行的。

数字代表名称最初通过的时间，或者修订情况，和最新版本。

括号内的数字代表最新重新审批时间。

上标代表最新版本的变化或重新审批。

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.该标准已经被国防机构部门批准使用。

标准3359-中文译稿

GM 全球工程标准材料表面处理标准（涂装） GMW3359非电镀保护性富锌涂装类1应用范围本规范包括的内容是非电镀防腐蚀富锌膜的基本规范要求。

不包括保护镀膜的蜡和润滑油等。

1.1 材料描述.锌膜层和保护锌膜的涂层均可以是有机的或无机的。

按GMW3059的规定在镀膜过程和最终产物中不的含有六价铬，并按GMW3034进行检测。

在预处理酸洗时不得有氢气产生。

在镀锌过程中为保证有高的渗透性，允许有氢气产生。

1.4 典型应用本镀层适用于带有内外螺纹的零件（公称直径≥M6），有较高防腐蚀要求或无氢脆性要求的无螺纹的铁质零件。

以下情况不在所述范围：1 螺栓或螺母公称直径<6mm的2 内部带有传动结构的零件3 防镁化的表面4 所有规格的垫圈5 有电导率要求的零件1.5 备注。

本镀层应用于螺纹面或螺纹连接的承压面时会影响零件的拉扭性能。

在任何紧固零件上应用本镀层均需预先考虑其对拉扭性能的影响。

2.涉及的标准2.1 国际标准.DIN946 ISO 11014-1ISO 1463 ISO 9227SAE/USCAR-5 SAE/USCAR-112.2 GM.GM7114M GM9071PGM9501P GM9509PGM9540P GME00255GMW3034 GMW30599981228 998409499856703 要求3.1.3.1 外观。

镀层要求外观均匀一致，不得有影响外观和功能的碎削，破裂，砂眼，小孔，凹坑，起泡，裸露和过镀层。

镀层不得粘有油等黏性物。

常规操作时在设备，手或手套上不得有颗粒和残渣残留。

镀层必须完全固化且与基底接触紧密。

无特别说明镀层颜色为银色。

3.1.3.2.厚度对于带有螺纹的零件，镀层不得影响零件的安装及常规操作，同时镀层厚度还要满足防腐蚀的要求。

3.1.3.2.1 最大镀层厚度应根据镀件的螺纹尺寸公差带来限定（公差带为H/h）.镀过的零件必须以合适的全螺纹测量量规（通止规）测量。

D3359

Designation：D 3359-08名称：D3359-08Standard test methods formeasure adhesion by tape test用胶带测量附着力的检测标准。

This standard is_____________of Defense.这个标准是D3359确定了以后发行的，数字达标名称最初通过的时间，或者修订情况和最新版本。

括号内的数字代表最新重新审批时间，上标代表最新版本的变化或重新审批。

该标准已经被国防机构部门批准使用。

SCOPE 范围1.1 these test methods cover procedures for assessing the adhesionof coating films to metallic substrates by applying and removing pressure-sensitive tape over cuts made in the film这个实验方法覆盖了对金属涂层片附着力的评估，附着性通过涂层切口处施加和去除透明压敏胶带来评估。

Note1_This test mathod has been reported being used to measure adhesion oforganic coating on soft substrates(for example:wood and plastic).Issues withplastic substrates are noted in Appendix X1.A similar test method ISO 2409,permits tests on soft substrates (for example.wood and plaster).precisionand bias data on the later is lacking.Test methods D3359 was developed withmetal as the substrate and, in the absense of supporting precision and biasdata,is so limited.这个实验方法已经被报道常用于检测底片上镀的有机外层（比如木材和塑料）塑料方面的问题已经在附录X1上标注了。

ASTM D3359 Adhesion tape test

Designation:D3359–02Standard Test Methods forMeasuring Adhesion by Tape Test1This standard is issued under theﬁxed designation D3359;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1.Scope1.1These test methods cover procedures for assessing the adhesion of coatingﬁlms to metallic substrates by applying and removing pressure-sensitive tape over cuts made in theﬁlm.1.2Test Method A is primarily intended for use at job sites while Test Method B is more suitable for use in the laboratory. Also,Test Method B is not considered suitable forﬁlms thicker than5mils(125µm).N OTE1—Subject to agreement between the purchaser and the seller, Test Method B can be used for thickerﬁlms if wider spaced cuts are employed.1.3These test methods are used to establish whether the adhesion of a coating to a substrate is at a generally adequate level.They do not distinguish between higher levels of adhesion for which more sophisticated methods of measure-ment are required.N OTE2—It should be recognized that differences in adherability of the coating surface can affect the results obtained with coatings having the same inherent adhesion.1.4In multicoat systems adhesion failure may occur be-tween coats so that the adhesion of the coating system to the substrate is not determined.1.5The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.6This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1ASTM Standards:D609Practice for Preparation of Cold-Rolled Steel Panels for Testing Paint,Varnish,Conversion Coatings,andRelated Coating Products2D823Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness of Paint,Varnish,and Related Products on Test Panels2 D1000Test Method For Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive-Coated Tapes Used for Electrical and Electronic Applica-tions3D1730Practices for Preparation of Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Surfaces for Painting4D2092Guide for Preparation of Zinc-Coated(Galvanized) Steel Surfaces for Painting5D2370Test Method for Tensile Properties of Organic Coatings2D3330Test Method for Peel Adhesion of Pressure-Sensitive Tape6D3924Speciﬁcation for Standard Environment for Condi-tioning and Testing Paint,Varnish,Lacquer,and Related Materials2D4060Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by the Taber Abraser23.Summary of Test Methods3.1Test Method A—An X-cut is made through theﬁlm to the substrate,pressure-sensitive tape is applied over the cut and then removed,and adhesion is assessed qualitatively on the0 to5scale.3.2Test Method B—A lattice pattern with either six or eleven cuts in each direction is made in theﬁlm to the substrate,pressure-sensitive tape is applied over the lattice and then removed,and adhesion is evaluated by comparison with descriptions and illustrations.4.Signiﬁcance and Use4.1If a coating is to fulﬁll its function of protecting or decorating a substrate,it must adhere to it for the expected service life.Because the substrate and its surface preparation (or lack of it)have a drastic effect on the adhesion of coatings, a method to evaluate adhesion of a coating to different substrates or surface treatments,or of different coatings to the1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01onPaint and Related Coatings,Materials,and Applications and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D01.23on Physical Properties of Applied Paint Films.Current edition approved Aug.10,2002.Published October2002.Originally published as D3359–st previous edition D3359–97.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol06.01. 3Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol10.01. 4Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol02.05. 5Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol06.02. 6Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol15.09.Copyright©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959,United States.same substrate and treatment,is of considerable usefulness in the industry.4.2The limitations of all adhesion methods and the speciﬁc limitation of this test method to lower levels of adhesion(see 1.3)should be recognized before using it.The intra-and inter-laboratory precision of this test method is similar to other widely-accepted tests for coated substrates(for example,Test Method D2370and Test Method D4060),but this is partly the result of it being insensitive to all but large differences in adhesion.The limited scale of0to5was selected deliberately to avoid a false impression of being sensitive.TEST METHOD A—X-CUT TAPE TEST5.Apparatus and Materials5.1Cutting Tool—Sharp razor blade,scalpel,knife or other cutting devices.It is of particular importance that the cutting edges be in good condition.5.2Cutting Guide—Steel or other hard metal straightedge to ensure straight cuts.5.3Tape—25-mm(1.0-in.)wide semitransparent pressure-sensitive tape7with an adhesion strength agreed upon by the supplier and the user is needed.Because of the variability in adhesion strength from batch-to-batch and with time,it is essential that tape from the same batch be used when tests are to be run in different laboratories.If this is not possible the test method should be used only for ranking a series of test coatings.5.4Rubber Eraser,on the end of a pencil.5.5Illumination—A light source is helpful in determining whether the cuts have been made through theﬁlm to the substrate.6.Test Specimens6.1When this test method is used in theﬁeld,the specimen is the coated structure or article on which the adhesion is to be evaluated.6.2For laboratory use apply the materials to be tested to panels of the composition and surface conditions on which it is desired to determine the adhesion.N OTE3—Applicable test panel description and surface preparation methods are given in Practice D609and Practices D1730and D2092. N OTE4—Coatings should be applied in accordance with Practice D823,or as agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller.N OTE5—If desired or speciﬁed,the coated test panels may be subjected to a preliminary exposure such as water immersion,salt spray,or high humidity before conducting the tape test.The conditions and time of exposure will be governed by ultimate coating use or shall be agreed upon between the purchaser and seller.7.Procedure7.1Select an area free of blemishes and minor surface imperfections.For tests in theﬁeld,ensure that the surface is clean and dry.Extremes in temperature or relative humidity may affect the adhesion of the tape or the coating.7.1.1For specimens which have been immersed:After immersion,clean and wipe the surface with an appropriate solvent which will not harm the integrity of the coating.Then dry or prepare the surface,or both,as agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller.7.2Make two cuts in theﬁlm each about40mm(1.5in.) long that intersect near their middle with a smaller angle of between30and45°.When making the incisions,use the straightedge and cut through the coating to the substrate in one steady motion.7.3Inspect the incisions for reﬂection of light from the metal substrate to establish that the coatingﬁlm has been penetrated.If the substrate has not been reached make another X in a different location.Do not attempt to deepen a previous cut as this may affect adhesion along the incision.7.4Remove two complete laps of the pressure-sensitive tape from the roll and discard.Remove an additional length at a steady(that is,not jerked)rate and cut a piece about75mm (3in.)long.7.5Place the center of the tape at the intersection of the cuts with the tape running in the same direction as the smaller angles.Smooth the tape into place byﬁnger in the area of the incisions and then rubﬁrmly with the eraser on the end of a pencil.The color under the transparent tape is a useful indication of when good contact has been made.7.6Within90630s of application,remove the tape by seizing the free end and pulling it off rapidly(not jerked)back upon itself at as close to an angle of180°as possible.7.7Inspect the X-cut area for removal of coating from the substrate or previous coating and rate the adhesion in accor-dance with the following scale:5A No peeling or removal,4A Trace peeling or removal along incisions or at their intersection,3A Jagged removal along incisions up to1.6mm(1⁄16in.)on either side,2A Jagged removal along most of incisions up to3.2mm(1⁄8in.)on either side,1A Removal from most of the area of the X under the tape,and0A Removal beyond the area of the X.7.8Repeat the test in two other locations on each test panel. For large structures make sufficient tests to ensure that the adhesion evaluation is representative of the whole surface. 7.9After making several cuts examine the cutting edge and, if necessary,remove anyﬂat spots or wire-edge by abrading lightly on aﬁne oil stone before using again.Discard cutting tools that develop nicks or other defects that tear theﬁlm. 8.Report8.1Report the number of tests,their mean and range,and for coating systems,where the failure occurred that is,between ﬁrst coat and substrate,betweenﬁrst and second coat,etc. 8.2Forﬁeld tests report the structure or article tested,the location and the environmental conditions at the time of testing.8.3For test panels report the substrate employed,the type of coating,the method of cure,and the environmental conditions at the time of testing.8.4If the adhesion strength of the tape has been determined in accordance with Test Methods D1000or D3330,report the7Permacel99,manufactured by Permacel,New Brunswick,NJ08903,and available from various Permacel tape distributors,is reported to be suitable for this purpose.The manufacturer of this tape and the manufacturer of the tape used in the interlaboratory study(see RR:D01-1008),have advised this subcommittee that the properties of these tapes were ers of it should,therefore,check whether current material gives comparable results to previous suppliedmaterial.results with the adhesion rating(s).If the adhesion strength of the tape has not been determined,report the speciﬁc tape used and its manufacturer.8.5If the test is performed after immersion,report immer-sion conditions and method of sample preparation.9.Precision and Bias89.1In an interlaboratory study of this test method in which operators in six laboratories made one adhesion measurement on three panels each of three coatings covering a wide range of adhesion,the within-laboratories standard deviation was found to be0.33and the between-laboratories0.44.Based on these standard deviations,the following criteria should be used for judging the acceptability of results at the95%conﬁdence level:9.1.1Repeatability—Provided adhesion is uniform over a large surface,results obtained by the same operator should be considered suspect if they differ by more than1rating unit for two measurements.9.1.2Reproducibility—Two results,each the mean of trip-licates,obtained by different operators should be considered suspect if they differ by more than1.5rating units.9.2Bias cannot be established for these test methods.TEST METHOD B—CROSS-CUT TAPE TEST 10.Apparatus and Materials10.1Cutting Tool9—Sharp razor blade,scalpel,knife or other cutting device having a cutting edge angle between15 and30°that will make either a single cut or several cuts at once.It is of particular importance that the cutting edge or edges be in good condition.10.2Cutting Guide—If cuts are made manually(as opposed to a mechanical apparatus)a steel or other hard metal straight-edge or template to ensure straight cuts.10.3Rule—Tempered steel rule graduated in0.5mm for measuring individual cuts.10.4Tape,as described in5.3.10.5Rubber Eraser,on the end of a pencil.10.6Illumination,as described in5.5.10.7Magnifying Glass—An illuminated magniﬁer to be used while making individual cuts and examining the test area.11.Test Specimens11.1Test specimens shall be as described in Section6.It should be noted,however,that multitip cutters10provide good results only on test areas sufficiently plane that all cutting edges contact the substrate to the same degree.Check forﬂatness with a straight edge such as that of the tempered steel rule (10.3).12.Procedure12.1Where required or when agreed upon,subject the specimens to a preliminary test before conducting the tape test (see Note3).After drying or testing the coating,conduct the tape test at room temperature as deﬁned in Speciﬁcation D3924,unless D3924standard temperature is required or agreed.12.1.1For specimens which have been immersed:After immersion,clean and wipe the surface with an appropriate solvent which will not harm the integrity of the coating.Then dry or prepare the surface,or both,as agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller.12.2Select an area free of blemishes and minor surface imperfections,place on aﬁrm base,and under the illuminated magniﬁer,make parallel cuts as follows:12.2.1For coatings having a dryﬁlm thickness up to and including2.0mils(50µm)space the cuts1mm apart and make eleven cuts unless otherwise agreed upon.12.2.2For coatings having a dryﬁlm thickness between2.0 mils(50µm)and5mils(125µm),space the cuts2mm apart and make six cuts.Forﬁlms thicker than5mils use Test Method A.1112.2.3Make all cuts about20mm(3⁄4in.)long.Cut through theﬁlm to the substrate in one steady motion using just sufficient pressure on the cutting tool to have the cutting edge reach the substrate.When making successive single cuts with the aid of a guide,place the guide on the uncut area.12.3After making the required cuts brush theﬁlm lightly with a soft brush or tissue to remove any detachedﬂakes or ribbons of coatings.12.4Examine the cutting edge and,if necessary,remove anyﬂat spots or wire-edge by abrading lightly on aﬁne oil stone.Make the additional number of cuts at90°to and centered on the original cuts.12.5Brush the area as before and inspect the incisions for reﬂection of light from the substrate.If the metal has not been reached make another grid in a different location.12.6Remove two complete laps of tape and discard.Re-move an additional length at a steady(that is,not jerked)rate and cut a piece about75mm(3in.)long.12.7Place the center of the tape over the grid and in the area of the grid smooth into place by aﬁnger.To ensure good contact with theﬁlm rub the tapeﬁrmly with the eraser on the end of a pencil.The color under the tape is a useful indication of when good contact has been made.12.8Within90630s of application,remove the tape by seizing the free end and rapidly(not jerked)back upon itself at as close to an angle of180°as possible.12.9Inspect the grid area for removal of coating from the substrate or from a previous coating using the illuminated magniﬁer.Rate the adhesion in accordance with the following scale illustrated in Fig.1:8Supporting data are available from ASTM International Headquarters.Request RR:D01–1008.9Multiblade cutters are available from a few sources that specialize in testing equipment for the paint industry.One supplier that has assisted in the reﬁnement of these methods is given in footnote10.10The sole source of supply of the multitip cutter for coated pipe surfaces known to the committee at this time is Paul N.Gardner Co.,316NE First St.,PompanoBeach,FL33060.If you are aware of alternative suppliers,please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.11Test Method B has been used successfully by some people on coatings greater than5mils(0.13mm)by spacing the cuts5mm apart.However,the precision values given in14.1do not apply as they are based on coatings less than5mm(0.13 mm)inthickness.5B The edges of the cuts are completely smooth;none of the squares of the lattice is detached.4B Smallﬂakes of the coating are detached at intersections;less than5% of the area is affected.3B Smallﬂakes of the coating are detached along edges and at intersec-tions of cuts.The area affected is5to15%of the lattice.2B The coating hasﬂaked along the edges and on parts of the squares.The area affected is15to35%of the lattice.1B The coating hasﬂaked along the edges of cuts in large ribbons and whole squares have detached.The area affected is35to65%of thelattice.0B Flaking and detachment worse than Grade1.12.10Repeat the test in two other locations on each test panel.13.Report13.1Report the number of tests,their mean and range,and for coating systems,where the failure occurred,that is, betweenﬁrst coat and substrate,betweenﬁrst and second coat, etc.13.2Report the substrate employed,the type of coating and the method of cure.13.3If the adhesion strength has been determined in accor-dance with Test Methods D1000or D3330,report the results with the adhesion rating(s).If the adhesion strength of the tape has not been determined,report the speciﬁc tape used and its manufacturer.13.4If the test is performed after immersion,report immer-sion conditions and method of sample preparation.14.Precision and Bias814.1On the basis of two interlaboratory tests of this test method in one of which operators in six laboratories made one adhesion measurement on three panels each of three coatings covering a wide range of adhesion and in the other operators in six laboratories made three measurements on two panels each of four different coatings applied over two other coatings,thepooled standard deviations for within-and between-laboratories were found to be0.37and0.7.Based on these standard deviations,the following criteria should be used for judging the acceptability of results at the95%conﬁdence level:14.1.1Repeatability—Provided adhesion is uniform over a large surface,results obtained by the same operator should be considered suspect if they differ by more than one rating unit for two measurements.14.1.2Reproducibility—Two results,each the mean of du-plicates or triplicates,obtained by different operators should be considered suspect if they differ by more than two rating units.14.2Bias cannot be established for these test methods.15.Keywords15.1adhesion;crosscut adhesion test method;tape;tape adhesion test method;X-cut adhesion testmethodFIG.1Classiﬁcation of Adhesion TestResultsAPPENDIX (Nonmandatory Information) MENTARYX1.1IntroductionX1.1.1Given the complexities of the adhesion process,can adhesion be measured?As Mittal(1)12has pointed out,the answer is both yes and no.It is reasonable to state that at the present time no test exists that can precisely assess the actual physical strength of an adhesive bond.But it can also be said that it is possible to obtain an indication of relative adhesion performance.X1.1.2Practical adhesion test methods are generally of two types:“implied”and“direct.”“Implied”tests include inden-tation or scribe techniques,rub testing,and wear testing. Criticism of these tests arises when they are used to quantify the strength of adhesive bonding.But this,in fact,is not their purpose.An“implied”test should be used to assess coating performance under actual service conditions.“Direct”mea-surements,on the other hand,are intended expressly to measure adhesion.Meaningful tests of this type are highly sought after,primarily because the results are expressed by a single discrete quantity,the force required to rupture the coating/substrate bond under prescribed conditions.Direct tests include the Hesiometer and the Adherometer(2).Com-mon methods which approach the direct tests are peel,lap-shear,and tensile tests.X1.2Test MethodsX1.2.1In practice,numerous types of tests have been used to attempt to evaluate adhesion by inducing bond rupture by different modes.Criteria deemed essential for a test to warrant large-scale acceptance are:use of a straightforward and unam-biguous procedure;relevance to its intended application;re-peatability and reproducibility;and quantiﬁability,including a meaningful rating scale for assessing performance.X1.2.2Test methods used for coatings on metals are:peel adhesion or“tape testing;”Gardner impactﬂexibility testing; and adhesive joint testing including shear(lap joint)and direct tensile(butt joint)testing.These tests do not strictly meet all the criteria listed,but an appealing aspect of these tests is that in most cases the equipment/instrumentation is readily avail-able or can be obtained at reasonable cost.X1.2.3A wide diversity of tests methods have been devel-oped over the years that measure aspects of adhesion(1-5). There generally is difficulty,however,in relating these tests to basic adhesion phenomena.X1.3The Tape TestX1.3.1By far the most prevalent test for evaluating coating “adhesion”is the tape-and-peel test,which has been used since the1930’s.In its simplest version a piece of adhesive tape is pressed against the paintﬁlm and the resistance to and degree ofﬁlm removal observed when the tape is pulled off.Since an intactﬁlm with appreciable adhesion is frequently not removed at all,the severity of the test is usually enhanced by cutting into theﬁlm aﬁgure X or a cross hatched pattern,before applying and removing the tape.Adhesion is then rated by comparing ﬁlm removed against an established rating scale.If an intact ﬁlm is peeled cleanly by the tape,or if it debonds just by cutting into it without applying tape,then the adhesion is rated simply as poor or very poor,a more precise evaluation of such ﬁlms not being within the capability of this test.X1.3.2The current widely-used version wasﬁrst published in1974;two test methods are covered in this standard.Both test methods are used to establish whether the adhesion of a coating to a substrate is at an adequate level;however they do not distinguish between higher levels of adhesion for which more sophisticated methods of measurement are required. Major limitations of the tape test are its low sensitivity, applicability only to coatings of relatively low bond strengths, and non-determination of adhesion to the substrate where failure occurs within a single coat,as when testing primers alone,or within or between coats in multicoat systems.For multicoat systems where adhesion failure may occur between or within coats,the adhesion of the coating system to the substrate is not determined.X1.3.3Repeatability within one rating unit is generally observed for coatings on metals for both methods,with reproducibility of one to two units.The tape test enjoys widespread popularity and is viewed as“simple”as well as low in cost.Applied to metals,it is economical to perform,lends itself to job site application,and most importantly,after decades of use,people feel comfortable with it.X1.3.4When aﬂexible adhesive tape is applied to a coated rigid substrate surface and then removed,the removal process has been described in terms of the“peel phenomenon,”as illustrated in Fig.X1.1.X1.3.5Peeling begins at the“toothed”leading edge(at the right)and proceeds along the coating adhesive/interface or the coating/substrate interface,depending on the relative bond strengths.It is assumed that coating removal occurs when the tensile force generated along the latter interface,which is a function of the rheological properties of the backing and adhesive layer materials,is greater than the bond strength at the coating-substrate interface(or cohesive strength of the coat-ing).In actuality,however,this force is distributed over a discrete distance(O-A)in Fig.X1.1,which relates directly to the properties described,not concentrated at a point(O)in Fig. X1.1as in the theoretical case—though the tensile force is greatest at the origin for both.A signiﬁcant compressive force arises from the response of the tape backing material to being stretched.Thus both tensile and compressive forces are in-volved in adhesion tape testing.X1.3.6Close scrutiny of the tape test with respect to the12The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this testmethod.nature of the tape employed and certain aspects of the procedure itself reveal several factors,each or any combination of which can dramatically affect the results of the test as discussed (6).X1.4Peel Adhesion Testing on Plastic SubstratesX1.4.1Tape tests have been criticized when used for substrates other than metal,such as plastics.The central issues are that the test on plastics lacks reproducibility and does not relate to the intended application.Both concerns are well founded:poor precision is a direct result of several factors intrinsic to the materials employed and the procedure itself.More importantly,in this instance the test is being applied beyond its intended scope.These test methods were designed for relatively ductile coatings applied to metal substrates,not for coatings (often brittle)applied to plastic parts (7).The unique functional requirements of coatings on plastic sub-strates cause the usual tape tests to be unsatisfactory for measuring adhesion performance in practice.X1.5The Tape ControversyX1.5.1With the withdrawal from commerce of the tape speciﬁed originally,3M No.710,current test methods no longer identify a speciﬁc tape.Differences in tapes used can lead to different results as small changes in backing stiffness and adhesive rheology cause large changes in the tension area.Some commercial tapes are manufactured to meet minimum standards.A given lot may surpass these standards and thus be suitable for general market distribution;however,such a lot may be a source of serious and unexpected error in assessing adhesion.One commercially available tape test kit had in-cluded a tape with adhesion strength variations of up to 50%claimed by the manufacturer.Also,because tapes change on storage,bond strengths of the tape may change over time (7,8).X1.5.2While there are tapes available that appear to deliver consistent performance,a given tape does not adhere equally well to all coatings.For example,when the peel removal force of the tape (from the coating)used earlier by Task Group D01.23.10to establish precision of the method,by 3M No.710was examined with seven different electromagneticinterference/radio frequency interference (EMI/RFI)coatings,it was found that,while peel was indeed consistent for a given coating,the value varied by 25%between the highest and lowest ratings among coatings.Several factors that contribute to these differences include coating composition and topology:as a result,no single tape is likely to be suitable for testing all coatings.Further,the tape test does not give an absolute value for the force required for bond rupture,but serves only as an indicator that some minimum value for bond strength was met or exceeded (7,8).X1.6Procedural ProblemsX1.6.1The tape test is operator intensive.By design it was made as simple as possible to perform,and requires a mini-mum of specialized equipment and materials that must meet certain speciﬁcations.The accuracy and precision depend largely upon the skill of the operator and the operator’s ability to perform the test in a consistent manner.Key steps that directly reﬂect the importance of operator skill include the angle and rate of tape removal and the visual assessment of the tested sample.It is not unexpected that different operators might obtain different results (7,8).X1.6.2Peel Angle and Rate :The standard requires that the free end of the tape be removed rapidly at as close to a 180°angle as possible.If the peel angle and rate vary,the force required to remove the tape can change dramatically.Nearly linear increases were observed in peel force approaching 100%as peel angle was changed from 135to 180,and similar large differences can be expected in peel force as peel rate varies.These effects are related as they reﬂect certain rheological properties of the backing and adhesive that are molecular in origin.Variation in pull rate and peel angle can effect large differences in test values and must be minimized to assure reproducibility (9).X1.6.3Visual Assessment :The ﬁnal step in the test is visual assessment of the coating removed from the specimen,which is subjective in nature,so that the coatings can vary among individuals evaluating the same specimen (9).X1.6.3.1Performance in the tape test is based on the amount of coating removed compared to a descriptive scale.The exposure of the substrate can be due to factors other than coating adhesion,including that arising from the requirement that the coating be cut (hence the synonym“cross-hatch adhesion test”).Justiﬁcation for the cutting step is reasonable as cutting provides a free edge from which peeling can begin without having to overcome the cohesive strength of the coating layer.X1.6.3.2Cutting might be suitable for coatings applied to metal substrates,but for coatings applied to plastics or wood,the process can lead to a misleading indication of poor adhesion due to the unique interfacial zone.For coatings on soft substrates,issues include how deep should this cut penetrate,and is it possible to cut only to the interface?X1.6.3.3In general,if adhesion test panels are examined microscopically,it is often clearly evident that the coating removal results from substrate failure at or below the interface,and not from the adhesive failure between the coating and the substrate.Cohesive failure within the coating ﬁlm isalsoFIG.X1.1Peel Proﬁle(6)。

ASTMD3359-09标准试验方法胶带法测量附着力

Designation: D 3359 – 02名称： D 3359-02Standard Test Methods forMeasuring Adhesion by Tape Test1ASTM D3359-09 标准试验方法胶带法测量附着力This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3359; the number immediatelyfollowing the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.这个标准是D 3359确定了以后发行的。

数字代表名称最初通过的时间，或者修订情况，和最新版本。

括号的数字代表最新重新审批时间。

上标代表最新版本的变化或重新审批。

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.该标准已经被国防机构部门批准使用。

1. Scope 围1.1 These test methods cover procedures for assessing the adhesion of coating films to metallic substrates by applying and removing pressure-sensitive tape over cuts made in the film.本标准提出的试验方法是规定通过在漆膜切割区施加和撕离压敏胶带的方式，对漆膜与金属底材之间的附着力进行评定的程序1.2 Test Method A is primarily intended for use at job sites while Test Method B is more suitable for use in the laboratory. Also, Test Method B is not considered suitable forfilms thicker than 5 mils (125µm).试验方法A主要是供工作场所用，而试验方法B更适合实验室使用。

ASTMD 3359-2002

Designation:D 3359–02Standard Test Methods forMeasuring Adhesion by Tape Test 1This standard is issued under the ﬁxed designation D 3359;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon (e )indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1.Scope1.1These test methods cover procedures for assessing the adhesion of coating ﬁlms to metallic substrates by applying and removing pressure-sensitive tape over cuts made in the ﬁlm.1.2Test Method A is primarily intended for use at job sites while Test Method B is more suitable for use in the laboratory.Also,Test Method B is not considered suitable for ﬁlms thicker than 5mils (125µm).N OTE 1—Subject to agreement between the purchaser and the seller,Test Method B can be used for thicker ﬁlms if wider spaced cuts are employed.1.3These test methods are used to establish whether the adhesion of a coating to a substrate is at a generally adequate level.They do not distinguish between higher levels of adhesion for which more sophisticated methods of measure-ment are required.N OTE 2—It should be recognized that differences in adherability of the coating surface can affect the results obtained with coatings having the same inherent adhesion.1.4In multicoat systems adhesion failure may occur be-tween coats so that the adhesion of the coating system to the substrate is not determined.1.5The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.6This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents 2.1ASTM Standards:D 609Practice for Preparation of Cold-Rolled Steel Panels for Testing Paint,Varnish,Conversion Coatings,andRelated Coating Products 2D 823Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness of Paint,Varnish,and Related Products on Test Panels 2D 1000Test Method For Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive-Coated Tapes Used for Electrical and Electronic Applica-tions 3D 1730Practices for Preparation of Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Surfaces for Painting 4D 2092Guide for Preparation of Zinc-Coated (Galvanized)Steel Surfaces for Painting 5D 2370Test Method for Tensile Properties of Organic Coatings 2D 3330Test Method for Peel Adhesion of Pressure-Sensitive Tape 6D 3924Speciﬁcation for Standard Environment for Condi-tioning and Testing Paint,Varnish,Lacquer,and Related Materials 2D 4060Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by the Taber Abraser 23.Summary of Test Methods3.1Test Method A —An X-cut is made through the ﬁlm to the substrate,pressure-sensitive tape is applied over the cut and then removed,and adhesion is assessed qualitatively on the 0to 5scale.3.2Test Method B —A lattice pattern with either six or eleven cuts in each direction is made in the ﬁlm to the substrate,pressure-sensitive tape is applied over the lattice and then removed,and adhesion is evaluated by comparison with descriptions and illustrations.4.Signiﬁcance and Use4.1If a coating is to fulﬁll its function of protecting or decorating a substrate,it must adhere to it for the expected service life.Because the substrate and its surface preparation (or lack of it)have a drastic effect on the adhesion of coatings,a method to evaluate adhesion of a coating to different substrates or surface treatments,or of different coatings to the1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01on Paint and Related Coatings,Materials,and Applications and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D01.23on Physical Properties of Applied Paint Films.Current edition approved Aug.10,2002.Published October 2002.Originally published as D 3359–st previous edition D 3359–97.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards ,V ol 06.01.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards ,V ol 10.01.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards ,V ol 02.05.5Annual Book of ASTM Standards ,V ol 06.02.6Annual Book of ASTM Standards ,V ol 15.09.1Copyright ©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959,United States.L i c e n s e d b y W E X t o N A T I O N A L T A I P E I U N I V E R S I T Y O F T E C H N O L O G Y . D o w n l o a d e d : 10/18/200710:48:08A M s i n g l e -u s e r l i c e n s e o n l y , c o p y i n g a n d n e t w o r k i n g p r osame substrate and treatment,is of considerable usefulness in the industry.4.2The limitations of all adhesion methods and the speciﬁc limitation of this test method to lower levels of adhesion (see 1.3)should be recognized before using it.The intra-and inter-laboratory precision of this test method is similar to other widely-accepted tests for coated substrates (for example,Test Method D 2370and Test Method D 4060),but this is partly the result of it being insensitive to all but large differences in adhesion.The limited scale of 0to 5was selected deliberately to avoid a false impression of being sensitive.TEST METHOD A—X-CUT TAPE TEST5.Apparatus and Materials5.1Cutting Tool —Sharp razor blade,scalpel,knife or other cutting devices.It is of particular importance that the cutting edges be in good condition.5.2Cutting Guide —Steel or other hard metal straightedge to ensure straight cuts.5.3Tape —25-mm (1.0-in.)wide semitransparent pressure-sensitive tape 7with an adhesion strength agreed upon by the supplier and the user is needed.Because of the variability in adhesion strength from batch-to-batch and with time,it is essential that tape from the same batch be used when tests are to be run in different laboratories.If this is not possible the test method should be used only for ranking a series of test coatings.5.4Rubber Eraser ,on the end of a pencil.5.5Illumination —A light source is helpful in determining whether the cuts have been made through the ﬁlm to the substrate.6.Test Specimens6.1When this test method is used in the ﬁeld,the specimen is the coated structure or article on which the adhesion is to be evaluated.6.2For laboratory use apply the materials to be tested to panels of the composition and surface conditions on which it is desired to determine the adhesion.N OTE 3—Applicable test panel description and surface preparation methods are given in Practice D 609and Practices D 1730and D 2092.N OTE 4—Coatings should be applied in accordance with Practice D 823,or as agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller.N OTE 5—If desired or speciﬁed,the coated test panels may be subjected to a preliminary exposure such as water immersion,salt spray,or high humidity before conducting the tape test.The conditions and time of exposure will be governed by ultimate coating use or shall be agreed upon between the purchaser and seller.7.Procedure7.1Select an area free of blemishes and minor surface imperfections.For tests in the ﬁeld,ensure that the surface isclean and dry.Extremes in temperature or relative humidity may affect the adhesion of the tape or the coating.7.1.1For specimens which have been immersed:After immersion,clean and wipe the surface with an appropriate solvent which will not harm the integrity of the coating.Then dry or prepare the surface,or both,as agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller.7.2Make two cuts in the ﬁlm each about 40mm (1.5in.)long that intersect near their middle with a smaller angle of between 30and 45°.When making the incisions,use the straightedge and cut through the coating to the substrate in one steady motion.7.3Inspect the incisions for reﬂection of light from the metal substrate to establish that the coating ﬁlm has been penetrated.If the substrate has not been reached make another X in a different location.Do not attempt to deepen a previous cut as this may affect adhesion along the incision.7.4Remove two complete laps of the pressure-sensitive tape from the roll and discard.Remove an additional length at a steady (that is,not jerked)rate and cut a piece about 75mm (3in.)long.7.5Place the center of the tape at the intersection of the cuts with the tape running in the same direction as the smaller angles.Smooth the tape into place by ﬁnger in the area of the incisions and then rub ﬁrmly with the eraser on the end of a pencil.The color under the transparent tape is a useful indication of when good contact has been made.7.6Within 90630s of application,remove the tape by seizing the free end and pulling it off rapidly (not jerked)back upon itself at as close to an angle of 180°as possible.7.7Inspect the X-cut area for removal of coating from the substrate or previous coating and rate the adhesion in accor-dance with the following scale:5A No peeling or removal,4A Trace peeling or removal along incisions or at their intersection,3A Jagged removal along incisions up to 1.6mm (1⁄16in.)on either side,2A Jagged removal along most of incisions up to 3.2mm (1⁄8in.)on either side,1A Removal from most of the area of the X under the tape,and 0ARemoval beyond the area of the X.7.8Repeat the test in two other locations on each test panel.For large structures make sufficient tests to ensure that the adhesion evaluation is representative of the whole surface.7.9After making several cuts examine the cutting edge and,if necessary,remove any ﬂat spots or wire-edge by abrading lightly on a ﬁne oil stone before using again.Discard cutting tools that develop nicks or other defects that tear the ﬁlm.8.Report8.1Report the number of tests,their mean and range,and for coating systems,where the failure occurred that is,between ﬁrst coat and substrate,between ﬁrst and second coat,etc.8.2For ﬁeld tests report the structure or article tested,the location and the environmental conditions at the time of testing.8.3For test panels report the substrate employed,the type of coating,the method of cure,and the environmental conditions at the time of testing.8.4If the adhesion strength of the tape has been determined in accordance with Test Methods D 1000or D 3330,report the7Permacel 99,manufactured by Permacel,New Brunswick,NJ 08903,and available from various Permacel tape distributors,is reported to be suitable for this purpose.The manufacturer of this tape and the manufacturer of the tape used in the interlaboratory study (see RR:D01-1008),have advised this subcommittee that the properties of these tapes were ers of it should,therefore,check whether current material gives comparable results to previous suppliedmaterial.results with the adhesion rating(s).If the adhesion strength of the tape has not been determined,report the speciﬁc tape used and its manufacturer.8.5If the test is performed after immersion,report immer-sion conditions and method of sample preparation.9.Precision and Bias89.1In an interlaboratory study of this test method in which operators in six laboratories made one adhesion measurement on three panels each of three coatings covering a wide range of adhesion,the within-laboratories standard deviation was found to be0.33and the between-laboratories0.44.Based on these standard deviations,the following criteria should be used for judging the acceptability of results at the95%conﬁdence level:9.1.1Repeatability—Provided adhesion is uniform over a large surface,results obtained by the same operator should be considered suspect if they differ by more than1rating unit for two measurements.9.1.2Reproducibility—Two results,each the mean of trip-licates,obtained by different operators should be considered suspect if they differ by more than1.5rating units.9.2Bias cannot be established for these test methods.TEST METHOD B—CROSS-CUT TAPE TEST 10.Apparatus and Materials10.1Cutting Tool9—Sharp razor blade,scalpel,knife or other cutting device having a cutting edge angle between15 and30°that will make either a single cut or several cuts at once.It is of particular importance that the cutting edge or edges be in good condition.10.2Cutting Guide—If cuts are made manually(as opposed to a mechanical apparatus)a steel or other hard metal straight-edge or template to ensure straight cuts.10.3Rule—Tempered steel rule graduated in0.5mm for measuring individual cuts.10.4Tape,as described in5.3.10.5Rubber Eraser,on the end of a pencil.10.6Illumination,as described in5.5.10.7Magnifying Glass—An illuminated magniﬁer to be used while making individual cuts and examining the test area.11.Test Specimens11.1Test specimens shall be as described in Section6.It should be noted,however,that multitip cutters10provide good results only on test areas sufficiently plane that all cutting edges contact the substrate to the same degree.Check forﬂatness with a straight edge such as that of the tempered steel rule (10.3).12.Procedure12.1Where required or when agreed upon,subject the specimens to a preliminary test before conducting the tape test (see Note3).After drying or testing the coating,conduct the tape test at room temperature as deﬁned in Speciﬁcation D3924,unless D3924standard temperature is required or agreed.12.1.1For specimens which have been immersed:After immersion,clean and wipe the surface with an appropriate solvent which will not harm the integrity of the coating.Then dry or prepare the surface,or both,as agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller.12.2Select an area free of blemishes and minor surface imperfections,place on aﬁrm base,and under the illuminated magniﬁer,make parallel cuts as follows:12.2.1For coatings having a dryﬁlm thickness up to and including2.0mils(50µm)space the cuts1mm apart and make eleven cuts unless otherwise agreed upon.12.2.2For coatings having a dryﬁlm thickness between2.0 mils(50µm)and5mils(125µm),space the cuts2mm apart and make six cuts.Forﬁlms thicker than5mils use Test Method A.1112.2.3Make all cuts about20mm(3⁄4in.)long.Cut through theﬁlm to the substrate in one steady motion using just sufficient pressure on the cutting tool to have the cutting edge reach the substrate.When making successive single cuts with the aid of a guide,place the guide on the uncut area.12.3After making the required cuts brush theﬁlm lightly with a soft brush or tissue to remove any detachedﬂakes or ribbons of coatings.12.4Examine the cutting edge and,if necessary,remove anyﬂat spots or wire-edge by abrading lightly on aﬁne oil stone.Make the additional number of cuts at90°to and centered on the original cuts.12.5Brush the area as before and inspect the incisions for reﬂection of light from the substrate.If the metal has not been reached make another grid in a different location.12.6Remove two complete laps of tape and discard.Re-move an additional length at a steady(that is,not jerked)rate and cut a piece about75mm(3in.)long.12.7Place the center of the tape over the grid and in the area of the grid smooth into place by aﬁnger.To ensure good contact with theﬁlm rub the tapeﬁrmly with the eraser on the end of a pencil.The color under the tape is a useful indication of when good contact has been made.12.8Within90630s of application,remove the tape by seizing the free end and rapidly(not jerked)back upon itself at as close to an angle of180°as possible.12.9Inspect the grid area for removal of coating from the substrate or from a previous coating using the illuminated magniﬁer.Rate the adhesion in accordance with the following scale illustrated in Fig.1:8Supporting data are available from ASTM International Headquarters.Request RR:D01–1008.9Multiblade cutters are available from a few sources that specialize in testing equipment for the paint industry.One supplier that has assisted in the reﬁnement of these methods is given in footnote10.10The sole source of supply of the multitip cutter for coated pipe surfaces known to the committee at this time is Paul N.Gardner Co.,316NE First St.,PompanoBeach,FL33060.If you are aware of alternative suppliers,please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.11Test Method B has been used successfully by some people on coatings greater than5mils(0.13mm)by spacing the cuts5mm apart.However,the precision values given in14.1do not apply as they are based on coatings less than5mm(0.13 mm)inthickness.5B The edges of the cuts are completely smooth;none of the squares of the lattice is detached.4B Smallﬂakes of the coating are detached at intersections;less than5% of the area is affected.3B Smallﬂakes of the coating are detached along edges and at intersec-tions of cuts.The area affected is5to15%of the lattice.2B The coating hasﬂaked along the edges and on parts of the squares.The area affected is15to35%of the lattice.1B The coating hasﬂaked along the edges of cuts in large ribbons and whole squares have detached.The area affected is35to65%of thelattice.0B Flaking and detachment worse than Grade1.12.10Repeat the test in two other locations on each test panel.13.Report13.1Report the number of tests,their mean and range,and for coating systems,where the failure occurred,that is, betweenﬁrst coat and substrate,betweenﬁrst and second coat, etc.13.2Report the substrate employed,the type of coating and the method of cure.13.3If the adhesion strength has been determined in accor-dance with Test Methods D1000or D3330,report the results with the adhesion rating(s).If the adhesion strength of the tape has not been determined,report the speciﬁc tape used and its manufacturer.13.4If the test is performed after immersion,report immer-sion conditions and method of sample preparation.14.Precision and Bias814.1On the basis of two interlaboratory tests of this test method in one of which operators in six laboratories made one adhesion measurement on three panels each of three coatings covering a wide range of adhesion and in the other operators in six laboratories made three measurements on two panels each of four different coatings applied over two other coatings,thepooled standard deviations for within-and between-laboratories were found to be0.37and0.7.Based on these standard deviations,the following criteria should be used for judging the acceptability of results at the95%conﬁdence level:14.1.1Repeatability—Provided adhesion is uniform over a large surface,results obtained by the same operator should be considered suspect if they differ by more than one rating unit for two measurements.14.1.2Reproducibility—Two results,each the mean of du-plicates or triplicates,obtained by different operators should be considered suspect if they differ by more than two rating units.14.2Bias cannot be established for these test methods.15.Keywords15.1adhesion;crosscut adhesion test method;tape;tape adhesion test method;X-cut adhesion testmethodFIG.1Classiﬁcation of Adhesion TestResultsAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)MENTARYX1.1IntroductionX1.1.1Given the complexities of the adhesion process,can adhesion be measured?As Mittal (1)12has pointed out,the answer is both yes and no.It is reasonable to state that at the present time no test exists that can precisely assess the actual physical strength of an adhesive bond.But it can also be said that it is possible to obtain an indication of relative adhesion performance.X1.1.2Practical adhesion test methods are generally of two types:“implied”and “direct.”“Implied”tests include inden-tation or scribe techniques,rub testing,and wear testing.Criticism of these tests arises when they are used to quantify the strength of adhesive bonding.But this,in fact,is not their purpose.An “implied”test should be used to assess coating performance under actual service conditions.“Direct”mea-surements,on the other hand,are intended expressly to measure adhesion.Meaningful tests of this type are highly sought after,primarily because the results are expressed by a single discrete quantity,the force required to rupture the coating/substrate bond under prescribed conditions.Direct tests include the Hesiometer and the Adherometer (2).Com-mon methods which approach the direct tests are peel,lap-shear,and tensile tests.X1.2Test MethodsX1.2.1In practice,numerous types of tests have been used to attempt to evaluate adhesion by inducing bond rupture by different modes.Criteria deemed essential for a test to warrant large-scale acceptance are:use of a straightforward and unam-biguous procedure;relevance to its intended application;re-peatability and reproducibility;and quantiﬁability,including a meaningful rating scale for assessing performance.X1.2.2Test methods used for coatings on metals are:peel adhesion or “tape testing;”Gardner impact ﬂexibility testing;and adhesive joint testing including shear (lap joint)and direct tensile (butt joint)testing.These tests do not strictly meet all the criteria listed,but an appealing aspect of these tests is that in most cases the equipment/instrumentation is readily avail-able or can be obtained at reasonable cost.X1.2.3A wide diversity of tests methods have been devel-oped over the years that measure aspects of adhesion (1-5).There generally is difficulty,however,in relating these tests to basic adhesion phenomena.X1.3The Tape TestX1.3.1By far the most prevalent test for evaluating coating “adhesion”is the tape-and-peel test,which has been used since the 1930’s.In its simplest version a piece of adhesive tape is pressed against the paint ﬁlm and the resistance to and degreeof ﬁlm removal observed when the tape is pulled off.Since an intact ﬁlm with appreciable adhesion is frequently not removed at all,the severity of the test is usually enhanced by cutting into the ﬁlm a ﬁgure X or a cross hatched pattern,before applying and removing the tape.Adhesion is then rated by comparing ﬁlm removed against an established rating scale.If an intact ﬁlm is peeled cleanly by the tape,or if it debonds just by cutting into it without applying tape,then the adhesion is rated simply as poor or very poor,a more precise evaluation of such ﬁlms not being within the capability of this test.X1.3.2The current widely-used version was ﬁrst published in 1974;two test methods are covered in this standard.Both test methods are used to establish whether the adhesion of a coating to a substrate is at an adequate level;however they do not distinguish between higher levels of adhesion for which more sophisticated methods of measurement are required.Major limitations of the tape test are its low sensitivity,applicability only to coatings of relatively low bond strengths,and non-determination of adhesion to the substrate where failure occurs within a single coat,as when testing primers alone,or within or between coats in multicoat systems.For multicoat systems where adhesion failure may occur between or within coats,the adhesion of the coating system to the substrate is not determined.X1.3.3Repeatability within one rating unit is generally observed for coatings on metals for both methods,with reproducibility of one to two units.The tape test enjoys widespread popularity and is viewed as “simple”as well as low in cost.Applied to metals,it is economical to perform,lends itself to job site application,and most importantly,after decades of use,people feel comfortable with it.X1.3.4When a ﬂexible adhesive tape is applied to a coated rigid substrate surface and then removed,the removal process has been described in terms of the “peel phenomenon,”as illustrated in Fig.X1.1.X1.3.5Peeling begins at the “toothed”leading edge (at the right)and proceeds along the coating adhesive/interface or the coating/substrate interface,depending on the relative bond strengths.It is assumed that coating removal occurs when the tensile force generated along the latter interface,which is a function of the rheological properties of the backing and adhesive layer materials,is greater than the bond strength at the coating-substrate interface (or cohesive strength of the coat-ing).In actuality,however,this force is distributed over a discrete distance (O-A)in Fig.X1.1,which relates directly to the properties described,not concentrated at a point (O)in Fig.X1.1as in the theoretical case—though the tensile force is greatest at the origin for both.A signiﬁcant compressive force arises from the response of the tape backing material to being stretched.Thus both tensile and compressive forces are in-volved in adhesion tape testing.X1.3.6Close scrutiny of the tape test with respect to the12The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this testmethod.nature of the tape employed and certain aspects of the procedure itself reveal several factors,each or any combination of which can dramatically affect the results of the test as discussed (6).X1.4Peel Adhesion Testing on Plastic SubstratesX1.4.1Tape tests have been criticized when used for substrates other than metal,such as plastics.The central issues are that the test on plastics lacks reproducibility and does not relate to the intended application.Both concerns are well founded:poor precision is a direct result of several factors intrinsic to the materials employed and the procedure itself.More importantly,in this instance the test is being applied beyond its intended scope.These test methods were designed for relatively ductile coatings applied to metal substrates,not for coatings (often brittle)applied to plastic parts (7).The unique functional requirements of coatings on plastic sub-strates cause the usual tape tests to be unsatisfactory for measuring adhesion performance in practice.X1.5The Tape ControversyX1.5.1With the withdrawal from commerce of the tape speciﬁed originally,3M No.710,current test methods no longer identify a speciﬁc tape.Differences in tapes used can lead to different results as small changes in backing stiffness and adhesive rheology cause large changes in the tension area.Some commercial tapes are manufactured to meet minimum standards.A given lot may surpass these standards and thus be suitable for general market distribution;however,such a lot may be a source of serious and unexpected error in assessing adhesion.One commercially available tape test kit had in-cluded a tape with adhesion strength variations of up to 50%claimed by the manufacturer.Also,because tapes change on storage,bond strengths of the tape may change over time (7,8).X1.5.2While there are tapes available that appear to deliver consistent performance,a given tape does not adhere equally well to all coatings.For example,when the peel removal force of the tape (from the coating)used earlier by Task Group D01.23.10to establish precision of the method,by 3M No.710was examined with seven different electromagneticinterference/radio frequency interference (EMI/RFI)coatings,it was found that,while peel was indeed consistent for a given coating,the value varied by 25%between the highest and lowest ratings among coatings.Several factors that contribute to these differences include coating composition and topology:as a result,no single tape is likely to be suitable for testing all coatings.Further,the tape test does not give an absolute value for the force required for bond rupture,but serves only as an indicator that some minimum value for bond strength was met or exceeded (7,8).X1.6Procedural ProblemsX1.6.1The tape test is operator intensive.By design it was made as simple as possible to perform,and requires a mini-mum of specialized equipment and materials that must meet certain speciﬁcations.The accuracy and precision depend largely upon the skill of the operator and the operator’s ability to perform the test in a consistent manner.Key steps that directly reﬂect the importance of operator skill include the angle and rate of tape removal and the visual assessment of the tested sample.It is not unexpected that different operators might obtain different results (7,8).X1.6.2Peel Angle and Rate :The standard requires that the free end of the tape be removed rapidly at as close to a 180°angle as possible.If the peel angle and rate vary,the force required to remove the tape can change dramatically.Nearly linear increases were observed in peel force approaching 100%as peel angle was changed from 135to 180,and similar large differences can be expected in peel force as peel rate varies.These effects are related as they reﬂect certain rheological properties of the backing and adhesive that are molecular in origin.Variation in pull rate and peel angle can effect large differences in test values and must be minimized to assure reproducibility (9).X1.6.3Visual Assessment :The ﬁnal step in the test is visual assessment of the coating removed from the specimen,which is subjective in nature,so that the coatings can vary among individuals evaluating the same specimen (9).X1.6.3.1Performance in the tape test is based on the amount of coating removed compared to a descriptive scale.The exposure of the substrate can be due to factors other than coating adhesion,including that arising from the requirement that the coating be cut (hence the synonym“cross-hatch adhesion test”).Justiﬁcation for the cutting step is reasonable as cutting provides a free edge from which peeling can begin without having to overcome the cohesive strength of the coating layer.X1.6.3.2Cutting might be suitable for coatings applied to metal substrates,but for coatings applied to plastics or wood,the process can lead to a misleading indication of poor adhesion due to the unique interfacial zone.For coatings on soft substrates,issues include how deep should this cut penetrate,and is it possible to cut only to the interface?X1.6.3.3In general,if adhesion test panels are examined microscopically,it is often clearly evident that the coating removal results from substrate failure at or below the interface,and not from the adhesive failure between the coating and the substrate.Cohesive failure within the coating ﬁlm isalsoFIG.X1.1Peel Proﬁle(6)。

astm d3359-2017标准

astm d3359-2017标准ASTM D3359-2017是美国材料和试验协会（American Society for Testing and Materials）发布的一项标准，该标准规定了涂层粘附性评估的方法。

涂层粘附性是指涂层与基材之间的粘附强度，即涂层能否牢固地附着在基材上。

ASTM D3359-2017提供了一种应用剥离试验（cross-cut test）来评估涂层粘附性的办法。

剥离试验是通过在涂层表面切割出一定的格状划痕，然后使用胶带或粘合剂将划痕处的涂层剥离，从而评估粘附强度的方法。

ASTMD3359-2017标准规定了剥离试验时划痕的形状、间距和深度等参数。

根据标准，试验者需要使用一把切割刀或剪刀，将一组划痕划在涂层上，通常是正方形或方形格状划痕。

然后，试验者使用一块胶带或者专用的粘合剂来粘贴在划痕处，然后迅速撕离。

通过评估胶带或粘合剂中残留的涂层面积，来判断涂层的粘附性。

这种评估方法广泛应用于涂层行业中，特别是在提供抗腐蚀、装饰和保护功能的涂层中。

通过剥离试验的结果，可以评估涂层的质量和附着性能，判断涂层是否满足特定的要求。

在实际应用中，ASTMD3359-2017标准通常作为一种质量控制方法使用，用于监测和检验涂层的粘附性能。

ASTM D3359-2017标准不仅仅规定了剥离试验的方法，还提供了评估结果的分级标准。

根据标准，评估结果分为0至5级，其中0级表示完全剥离，5级表示没有观察到剥离。

这些级别用于描述粘附强度的程度，从而进一步指导涂层的应用和使用。

值得注意的是，ASTM D3359-2017标准不适用于所有类型的涂层，例如弹性涂层和薄膜涂层等，这些涂层需要使用其他方法来评估粘附性能。

此外，标准也给出了剥离试验的限制和注意事项，例如划痕的间距和深度应根据涂层和基材的特性进行调整，以确保评估结果的准确性。

总之，ASTM D3359-2017标准是一项用于评估涂层粘附性的标准，通过剥离试验的方法来评估涂层与基材之间的粘附强度。

适用astm-d-3359标准的胶带

适用astm d 3359标准的胶带
ASTM D3359是一项由美国材料与试验协会（ASTM）发布的标准，该标准规定了使用剥离胶带进行涂层附着力测试的程序。

ASTM D3359主要用于评估涂层在不同条件下的附着力，以确定其在实际使用中的性能。

在ASTM D3359中，使用的剥离胶带通常是压敏胶带（pressure-sensitive tape）。

这种胶带应该符合ASTM D3359标准中规定的特定要求，以确保测试的准确性和可重复性。

标准中对胶带的要求包括规定其粘性、宽度、厚度等方面的性能。

一般来说，标准中提到的剥离胶带可能包括一些特定的品牌和型号，例如3M Scotch 610、Permacel P-99等。

然而，具体使用哪种胶带可能会取决于涂层材料的性质和测试的具体要求。

在进行测试之前，请确保使用符合ASTM D3359标准要求的剥离胶带，并按照标准中规定的程序和条件进行测试，以确保结果的准确性和可比性。

在进行测试之前，最好查阅最新版本的ASTM D3359标准，以获取详细的规范和更新的信息。

1。

适用astm d 3359标准的胶带

题目：适用ASTM D 3359标准的胶带摘要：本文将介绍ASTM D 3359标准胶带的相关内容，包括其定义、应用范围、测试方法以及标准遵循的重要性。

一、胶带的定义ASTM D 3359标准中定义的胶带是一种用于评估表面覆盖层附着强度的工具。

它通常由胶黏带材料制成，具有一定的粘着力和拉伸强度，能够与材料表面紧密结合，并能在特定条件下进行控制的撕裂。

二、胶带的应用范围ASTM D 3359标准的胶带广泛应用于建筑材料、航空航天、汽车制造、电子设备、金属材料、涂料和涂装等领域。

它可以用于对不同基材表面的附着强度进行评估，从而帮助生产厂家和使用单位选择合适的涂料和涂装工艺，并确保其质量符合标准要求。

三、胶带的测试方法ASTM D 3359标准要求在测试前选择合适的胶带规格和型号，将其贴附于被测表面，然后迅速撕裂胶带，通过观察被测涂层的附着情况，评估其附着强度。

测试方法一般包括剥离试验、划伤试验和交叉切割试验。

四、标准遵循的重要性ASTM D 3359标准的胶带是一种模拟自然环境下表面涂层附着强度的工具，其测试结果可以客观地反映出涂层在使用过程中的耐磨、耐腐蚀和耐候性能，对于材料和涂装工艺的改进和优化提供了有效的依据。

标准遵循的重要性还体现在其对产品质量的保证和质量管理体系的建立上。

五、结语ASTM D 3359标准的胶带是一种重要的表面涂层附着强度测试工具，它的应用范围广泛，测试方法科学可靠，对材料和涂装工艺的优化具有重要意义。

生产厂家和使用单位在选择胶带和进行测试时，应严格遵循相关标准要求，确保测试结果的准确性和可靠性，为产品的质量提升和技术的进步提供有效保障。

六、胶带的选择及使用注意事项在进行ASTM D 3359标准的胶带测试时，选择合适的胶带规格和型号至关重要。

胶带的粘着力和拉伸强度直接影响测试结果的准确性，因此需要根据被测表面的材料和特性来选择相应的胶带。

通常情况下，胶带应具有符合测试要求的粘着力和拉伸强度，并且能够在测试过程中保持稳定的性能。

ASTM D3359-~1 百格测试

附着力测试标准测试方法此标准是在固定指示D3359下建立的;紧跟指示的数据表示最初釆纳的年份,或在修改的情况下,则表示最后修改的年份,圆括号里的数据表示最后再批准年份.上标字母(є)表示最后修订版或再批准后的编辑更换.国防部代理已核准使用此标准.1.范围1.1此测试方法包括应用与移除膜层上的切屑产生的压力来评估粘漆性的程序.1.2测试方法A主要适用于在作业点使用,而测试方法B则更适合在实验室内使用.测试方法B不适用于膜厚超过5mils(125µm)的涂层.注意1----买卖双方须遵守协议,如果切口之间距离很宽,那么测试方法B就可用于厚一点的膜层.1.3此测试方法是建立粘漆性是否能达一般水平.为要求的更高级的测量方法,在高水平粘漆之间不做区分.注意2-----应确认粘漆性的差异与相同牢固的粘漆性可能会影响所获得的结果,表面涂装附着力的不同会影响到测试的结果,它来自于相同内在粘漆着力的表面涂装.1.4不能测定发生在多层系统粘漆失败的粘漆性.1.5把英寸-磅单位里的数值看成标准.圆括号里的数值仅供参考.1.6此标准没有提供任何安全措施,如果有,那么配合使用.使用者在使用前须建立适当的安全与健康措施.2.3参考文件2.1ASTM标准:D 609惯例是关于为冷卷钢铁面板的涂料,光泽面,反涂层,及相关涂层产品测试.D 823惯例是关于测试面板的涂料厚度,光泽面,及相关产品的一致性的生产膜厚.D1000测试方法是关于测试用于电子与电子应用的粘漆性.D1730是关于铝与铝合金表面喷漆的准备的惯例.D2092是关于喷漆于烤漆层(电镀)钢铁表面的指导方针.D2197是关于通过刮掉粘胶的无机涂层的粘性的测试方法.D2370是无机涂层的拉力特性的测试方法.D3330是关于180º角的感压带的削落粘性的测试方法.D3924是关于条件状况与测试涂料,光泽面,漆器,与相关材料的标准环境的说明书.D4060是关于用Taber研磨器来测试无机涂层的耐磨力的测试方法.3.测试方法概况3.1测试方法A---在底层胶膜层上划一个X形切口,用强粘力胶纸紧贴然后揭起,附着力的评定有0—5(6个等级).2.2测试方法B---在涂装表面沿每一个方向划6---7条方格,并用强粘力胶纸贴紧方格表面然后把胶纸揭起,附着力的评定须参照以下描述及图示.3.4.重要性与使用4.1如果烤漆起到保护与美化底层的作用的话,那么它必须有所期望的伺服使用期限.因为底层与它的表面处理(或没有)在烤漆层粘性上有一个激烈的反应,对于不同的底层或表面处理的烤漆层粘性的评估方法,或对于相同底层与处理不同的烤漆层的评估方法,在工业领域里可用.4.2在使用前应确定低水平粘性的所有粘胶方法的局限性与此测试方法的具体局限性(见1.3),此测试方法的内部与外部实验室精确度相似于烤漆底层的其它广泛可接受测试(例如,测试方法D2370与测试方法D4060),但是,这就造成的结果是:涂装方面很相近,但附着力却有很大的区别,所以我们仅用了3---5个有限的附着力等级以避免在判断上造成更多的分歧.测试方法A-------X-CUT 胶纸测试5.仪器与材料5.1切割模具-----锋利的剃刀刃,解剖刀,水果刀或其它的切割器具.且刀刃是否锋利尤其重要.5.2切割指导-----用尺于钢铁与硬金属上画直线以确保垂直切割.5.3胶纸------供货商与用户需要而达成协议的带有强粘性的一英寸(25-mm)宽的半透明胶纸.因为这种强粘着力卷与卷不同时间段也有差异.当在不同的实验室里进行测试时,用于批量的胶纸要相同,这点非常重要.如果此测试方法权用于少放一系列的测试烤漆层,那么是不可能的.5.4橡皮擦位于铅笔的末端.5.5照明度-----足够的光源有助于判断划割是否已深入底层.6.测试样本6.1当用至此测试方法时,样本须是可估计附着力的已喷漆结构或部件.6.2.为试验之用,把这种期望得到表面条件和各成分的附着力的面板用于测试当中.注意3----在惯例D609与惯例D1730与D2092里有所给出的可应用的测试面板规格与表面预备方法.注意4----涂层的应用应符合惯例D823,或根据买卖双方达成的协议来决定.注意5----若有要求或有规定,在执行胶纸测试之前,已涂装的测试面板也应进行例如:沉浸入水,盐雾喷溅,或高温度放置等一系初步的处理,进行初步处理的时间和各种条件应根据最终使用者或根据买卖双方的协议进行调整.7.步骤7.1选取一块没有瑕疵的部位来测试它的不完整性.要求所测试部位干净且干燥.特别是温度或相关湿度可能会影响胶纸的附着力或烤漆层.7.2在膜层上划两个大约1.5英寸(40mm)长且在30到45º之间的小角交叉的划割线.切割时,用尺画直线且切除烤漆层,在一稳定动作情况下露出底层.7.3利用自金属底层的光的反射现象来检查切口,如果没有透过底层,那么在另外一个不同的位置再划一个切口.不要加深以前的切口,这样可能影响切口的附着力.7.4 把强粘着力胶纸两头重迭的部分找到并把多余的一小部分丢掉,均匀用力(不是猛拉)把另外长端拉出且切出约3in/75mm的一片.7.5把胶纸的中端位置在切口交叉处并在最小(较小)的角度以相同的方向(把胶纸压平)用手指把切口位置的胶纸压平,然后用橡皮擦压牢,当贴粘很好时,从透明胶纸下的颜色则可以看得出来.7.6在应用的90±30s时间里,抓住胶纸未粘住的末端来移除胶纸,并以一个接近180°角来快速拉起(不要猛拉).7.7检查X切割区域涂装脱落状况,根据以下等级来判定涂装测试的附着力:5A 表面涂装无脱落.4A 切口或交叉处有少量脱落3A 切口任一边有达1.6mm参差不齐之脱落2A 切口任一边有达超过3.2mm参差不齐之脱落1A 胶纸下面可见X大部分区域有涂装脱落0A 涂装脱落现象超过了X区域之外7.8在每个测试面板上另外选取两个不同的位置重复测试.大结构的部件也要测试以确保附着力评估对整个表面具有代表性.7.9做几次测试后应检查刀具的刃口,如有必要,在再次使用之前把刀具在砂纸上轻轻地打磨,丢掉那些刃口被磨掉的刀具或会给被覆造成额外损伤的有其它缺陷的刀具.8.汇报8.1汇报应写明测试的次数,及每次的具体现象及描述,若是多层涂装还应写明脱落(或未通过测试)的发生时机,是在第一层烤漆与底层之间,还是在第一层或第二层涂层之间,等.8.2汇报测试时的结构或测试部件,位置与环境状况.8.3为测试面板汇报测试时所测试底层,烤漆类型,凝固方法,及环境状况.8.4如果所测定的胶纸附着力强度符合测试方法D 1000或D3330,那么汇报附着力比率结果.如果没有测定胶纸的粘性强度,那么汇报使用的具体胶纸与它的制造商.9.精确度与偏差9.1用三个面板上三种不同的膜层在一个interlaboratory里用此测试方法,在六个实验室里的操作员在三个面板上三种不同的膜层涂上大范围的粘胶然后做一附着力测量,在实验室内的标准偏差为0.33,而在实验室之间的标准偏差为0.44.基于这些偏差,以下标准使用于以一个95%可信度水平来判断结果的可接受性: 9.1.1重复性-----在大面积的表面附着力应一致,在两次测量时通过相同的操作员来获得的结果不同,且超过1个比率单位的话,那么就值得怀疑.9.1.2再生性-----两种测试结果,每种结果都有三次相同的测试,如果它来自于不同的操作者,所造成的偏差超过1.5个单位的话,那么我们就可以认为这两种测试结果也是不可信的.方法B------十字切割胶纸测试10.仪器与材料10.1切割工具-----剃刀,手术刀(解剖刀),小刀或其它在15°--30°之间有一切割边角度且能立即切割一个切口或多个切口的切割器具,特别重要的是必须有好的刃口(刃角).10. 2 划割指导----手工切割钢铁或直线切割其它硬金属或某金属都要确保直线切割.10.3惯例----调整钢尺刻度在0.5mm用于测量单个的切口.10.4胶纸,见5.3中描述.10.5橡皮擦位于铅笔末端.10.6照明度,见5.5中描述.10.7放大镜-----放大镜可用于当切单个的切口和检查测试区域时.11.测试样本11.1测试样本应如Section 6中所述,然而还须注意,百格刀的使用效果虽好,但仅用在测试十分平整的区域上,且这样区域的平整性应使百格刀的所有刃口在划割底层时能保持相同的划割程度,检查平面直角刃口诸如10.3所述用钢尺(调节的).12.步骤12.1在进行胶纸测试之前,何地要求或何时同意样本属于一个预补测试(见注释3).除非同意要求D3924标准中所述温度,在干燥或检查涂层后,应在如D3924所述(定义的)室温中执行胶纸测试.FIG..1Classification of Adhesion Test Results12.2选择一个无脏污,理想的主要表面作为测试面,放置于一稳定底座上,在放大镜下,按以下描述的方法划割平行的切口.12.2.1除非另行规定,那么对于膜层的厚度达到2.0mils且包括2.0mils(50μm)的应划割11条,且每条相隔距离为1mm.12.2.2对于已干燥的涂装膜厚在50—125μm,划割6条且每条相隔距离2mm,对于大于5mils的膜厚测试用方法A.12.2.3所有划割条应约长3/4in(20mm),划割时用力适度,手法稳定并使切口深及底层,当你在使用直尺或其它辅助工具划单个一条方格时,应把直尺或其它辅助工具放在没有划割的地方.12.3划完方格后应用柔软的刷子或棉纸轻轻刷掉方格表面的杂质.12.4检查刀具的刃口,如有必要,对刀口已卷或已平的地方在好的砂纸上轻轻打磨.以90°角在原切口的中心切割额外的切口.12.5刷所划割区域之前应首先利用自底层的光的反射作用来检查切口,如果切口未深及铁底,那么就选择在另外一不同的地方重新再划百格.12.6剪一段长3in(75mm)的胶纸(与所划百格处大小相仿),并移除/丢弃两端多余的部份.12.7放这段胶纸于中间位置贴紧百格并用手把它压平,为确保胶纸与百格接角紧密还须用橡皮来回磨擦表面压牢,如果胶纸粘贴很好时,胶纸下的颜色则可以判断出来.12.8约过90±30s的时间,然后抓起胶纸未粘住的一端,尽量保持180°夹角迅速拉起(不可猛拉).12.9用放大镜来检查百格区域是否掉漆脱落,根据下面图示1描述来判断附着力的等级.5B:切口完全平滑,百格无任何脱落现象.4B:切口交叉处涂装(层)有少许脱落,少许5%区域受到影响.3B:切口边缘和交叉处涂装(层)有少许脱落,5%--15%之间的百格区域受到影响.2B:百格的部分和切口边缘涂层有薄片剥落,15%--35%的百格区域受到影响.1B:切口处边缘有带状涂层剥落,且有整个栅格脱落现象,35%—60%的百格区域受到影响.0B:脱落现象比Grade1更差.13汇报13.1汇报应含有测试的次数,它们的意思和范围,对于多层涂装,还应汇报是在哪一层涂层发生了脱落,是第一层涂层与底层之间,还是第一层涂层与第二层涂层之间.13.2汇报应用的底层,涂装类型及加工处理的方法.13.3若胶纸粘着力已根据D1000或D3330中所规定的使用,就可直接汇报附着力等级结果.若使用胶纸的粘着力没有决定,还应汇报它的规格及生产厂商.14.精确性和偏差性8操作员在其中的六个实验室里对涂有三层涂层的三个面板所进行的附着力的测试,与其它操作员在六个实验室里的对涂有四种不同的两个面板所进行的附着力的测试的基础上,它们所共有的标准偏差在实验室之内是0.37、之间是0.7.基于这些标准偏差,以下标准可使用为以95%的可信度水平来判断结果的可接受性.14.1.1重复性-----如果整个大的表面附着力是统一的,同一个操作者在两次测试中之间的偏差超过了1个等级,那么这个测试结果就是不可信的.14.1.2再生性-----两个测试结果,每一种测试结果都有两个或三个同样的测试数据,如果它来自于不同的操作者所造成的偏差大于两个等级的话,那么这两种结果都是不可信的.14.2这些测试方法不能有偏差.15.关键词15.1附着力,胶纸,横切附着力,测试方法,胶纸附着力测试方法,X形切口附着力测试方法.附录(参考信息)X1 注释X1.1绪论X1.1.1附着力测试步骤的已有的复杂性,附着力能测试出来吗?附件参考Mittal(1)12已有指出来,答案是和否并存.合理的讲,目前还没有任何现存的测试能精确地鉴定一种粘着结合物的实际物理粘着力,但是我们却可以说我们能够获得粘着性能的一种相关迹象去诠释它.X1.1.2实际的附着力测试方法,一般有两种类型:暗指的和直接的.”暗指的”测试包括鉴别或描述技术,磨擦测试,磨损测试.当把他们用于量化粘着结合物的附着力的时候,就出现了对这些测试方法的批判.但是实际上这不是他们的目的.在实际工作环境下,一种”暗指的”测试方法用于鉴定涂装性能.这种类型富有意义的测试有很高的探索价值.首先,因为这种测试结果是用一个单个的不连续量来表示,其次割裂涂层/底层的力度是在规定的条件下.直接测试包括Hesiometer与涂粘计(2).一般直接测试方法是剥落,lapshear(重剪切),与拉力测试.X1.2测试方法X1.2.1在实践中,测试的数据类型已用于试图评估通过不同模型来减少结合物的破裂.为一测试认为标准的重要性是保证大规模的可接受性是:用易懂的,明确的步骤:适当预期的应用,重复性和再生性,和可量化,包括鉴定性能有意义的等级范围.X1.2.2用于金属涂装的测试方法有:剥落附着力或胶纸测试;加德纳冲击弹性测试;与包括剪切的附着力混合测试和直接抗拉力测试.虽然这些测试不能确实地满足所列出的标准,但他们吸引人的地方是在使用设置/仪器方面很容易被接受,并(或)能够获得在合理的成本上.X1.2.3在附着力测试方面,随着时间的推移,这些测试方法的广泛差异性及多样性已得到发展(1-5),然而,普遍的问题和困难是相关这些测试以粘着现象为判定基础.(一般来说,在相关这些测试的基础的粘着现象方面存在困难).X1.3胶纸测试X1.3.1到目前为止鉴定涂装附着力最普遍的方法是胶纸和脱落测试,其从20世纪30年代开始就已经使用.在它最简单的版本中,用一片粘着胶纸贴紧涂层观察胶纸何时脱落以判定它的粘着力和粘着程度.直到可评估附着力的完整涂层不再频繁脱落,在使用和移走胶纸之前,这种测试的严格性通常被划割涂层的x形切口或交叉切口模式所加强.然后,附着力就是脱落的皮膜与已规定的等级范围做比较而被评估出来的.若一个完整的涂层被胶纸粘着脱得很干净,或者如果是无使用胶纸仅仅是划破涂层的情况下就脱落.我们就可以很单纯地判断这种附着很糟糕或非常糟糕,如此涂层更精确的评估不在这种测试的能力之内.X1.3.2目前普遍使用的版本第一次出版是1974年,在这个标准中涵盖了两种测试方法,这两测试方法过去都用于确定一种底材涂层的附着力是否在一个足够的级别上;然而,他们不去辨别对于被要求更加精密的测试方法的附着力的较高等级.胶纸测试的主要局限性是它的低敏感性,仅适用于低粘着力的相关涂装,以及当我们单独地测试原始涂装时或在多层涂装中各涂层之间或涂法之内,这种底材的涂装附着力是不能确定的.X1.3.3这两种方法的铁材涂装的再现性(重复性)通过观察,一般结果是在1个等级单位以内,再生性一般在1-2个等级之间.胶纸测试广泛普及且观察简单成本低廉!通过数十年的运用之后,人们感觉很舒适,把此种方法应用于铁,很经济的完成了它在的工作场所的应用且最具重要性.X1.3.4当把一种弹性附着力胶纸应用于一种钢性底材表面的涂装时,尔后移除,这个移除的步骤已经被描述在”脱落现象”术语中,见图x1-1.X1.3.5以锯齿状的主要边开始脱落,沿着涂层粘性/分界面或涂层/衬底分界面继续脱落,且取决于相关结合力度.假设当拉力沿着后分界面产生的时候,出现涂层移除,此后分界面是衬背的流变学特性的一种功能与粘性涂层物料,是比涂层衬底分界面(或涂层的粘着强度)上结合强度还要大.实际上此拉力应用于连续距离(O-A)见Fig.X1.1,直接相关于所述的特性,而不是根据在理论案例里,在Fig.X1.1里以一点(O)来集中--------尽管原来的两者的拉力最大.一重要压缩力出现是从胶纸衬背物料的响应到伸展,因此,拉力与压缩力都包括附着力测试.X1.3.6关于所使用的胶纸的自然性与程序本身的一定的方面所显露出来的因素,停止胶纸测试的详细审查,每个或任何结合体都会据(6)里所述戏剧性地影响测试结果(6).X1.4在塑料底材上做附着力测试(粘着脱落测试)X1.4.1胶纸测试除了用于金属底材以外,就不适用于其它的衬底,如塑料衬底就不行.这个中心问题是塑料底材测试缺乏再生性并且没有联系到应有的应用.两者的关系有以下发现:糟糕的精确性是这种应用材料的几个内在的特征的一个直接结果和它本身的步骤.较重要的是在这些情况下,这种测试超过了他的应用范围,这些测试方法是为了应用于铁底材相关柔软的涂装而设计的.不是为应用于塑料件的涂装(通常较脆)(7).在实践中,塑料底材涂装的独特功能要求导致在做附着力测试中,一般/通常的胶纸测试不能达到满意的效果.X1.5胶纸的选用FIG.X1.1 Peel Profile(6)X1.5.1就取消已定规格(原先)胶纸的商业价值.3M No. 710,目前的测试方法不再描述一种明确的/特定的胶纸.使用胶纸的不同也能导致测试结果的不同.其表现在把持硬度方面小的改变及粘着流变能力引起在张力区域较大的变化.一些商业性的胶纸被制造用于满足最小标准.特定的全部也许胜过这些标准且因而适合于一般巿场分布;然而像这样的全部也许是严重性的源头且在评估附着力上有不希望的错误.一种商业化有用的胶纸测试成套工具包括了被制造商要求达到50%的粘着力变化的胶纸.也因为胶纸在储存中的变化,超出时间的粘着力发生变化(7.8). X1.5.2当这些胶纸可用到时,就出现了释放一致的性能,一种特定的胶纸不能平等的对所有涂装都有很好的粘力.例如:当这种胶纸(来自于这种涂装)的脱落力被作业君组Do1.23.10初期运用于确定这种方法的精确性.其被运用到的3M.No.710型胶纸,将被使用七种不同的EMI/RFI来做检查.我们发现当脱落是对于一种特定的涂装确信是一致的.这种评估在涂层之中最高和最低等级之间会有25%的变化.几个因素其贡献于他们的不同之处包括涂装成分和布局,结果是,胶纸有可能适合于所有的涂装测试.另外,胶纸测试不能为结合的切割要求的粘着力提供一个绝对的等级.但是,供应仅作为一个指示器,其能满足或超过附着力最小的等级(7.8).X1.6步骤问题X1.6.1胶纸测试是操作者的加强器.通过设计,尽量简单地去执行,且要求一个最低的专业设备和材料,其必须满足一定的规格.准确性和精确性主要依赖于在一致的方法上的操作的技术,操作者执行测试的能力.关键的步骤是其直接影响操作者的技术的重要性,包括角度、胶纸脱落的等级、测试样本的目视判定,希望不同的操作者获得不同的结果(7.8).X1.6.2脱落角度和等级标准要求胶纸未粘住的末端尽可能保持180∘角迅速移除/揭起.如果脱落角度和等级不同,根据所要求的力来移除胶纸会有戏剧性地变化.几乎线性的增长在脱落力中被发现接近100%,当脱落的角度从135∘变化到180∘时,且当脱落等级不同时,同样大的不同也能在脱落力中被发现.这些作用是有关系的,当他们反衬背和起源于分子组成的附着力(粘着力)的一定流变学特性时.在拉力等级和脱落角度方面的变化能影响,导致在测试等级上有很大的不同,且必须最小化以保证再生性(9).X1.6.3目视判定测试的最后步骤是目视判断样本的涂层脱落状况,但其却有自然判断的主观性.以致于一种涂装在相同的样本,单个的判定之中会有不同(9).X1.6.3.1在胶纸测试中,性能是以涂装脱落量与已给的等级描述相比较为基础的.底材的暴露是由于除了涂装粘着力,还包括涂层划割需求的出现等特性(因此同义字是“画交叉阴影线附着力测试”).根据切割提供从没有开始脱落到克服涂层的粘性强度一自由边.X1.6.3.2此切割可能更适合于金属衬底上的涂层,要不是涂层应用于塑料或木,由于唯一的分界区域制程可能导致不良粘性的误解指示.对于软衬底上的涂层,包括此切口渗入有多深,切割是否仅仅为分界面.X1.6.3.3一般,如果精微地检验粘性测试面板,那么就可以清晰地证明涂层的脱落是由在分界面或以下的不良衬底产生的,而不是由涂层与衬底之间的不良粘性产生的.在膜层里面的不良粘性同样要经常观察.然而,所用胶纸测试,在衬底或涂层内的不良很少,因为胶纸的粘性不会超过一般衬底的粘性强度与无机涂层.尽管有些易碎涂层可能仍然存在粘性不良,此测试方法还是不告知不良位置(7.8).X1.6.4在领域里使用此测试方法由于温度与湿度变化及胶纸,涂层,衬底的影响,在测试结果里可能导致发生变化.X1.7结论X1.7.1如果这些测试是范围部分之内使用,且小心地使用,洞察可能获适当的,相关的粘性水平,那么所有的问题都不会发生.。

ASTM D3359中文翻译

ASTM D3359中文翻译ASTM D3359是美国材料和试验协会（American Society for Testing and Materials，ASTM）制定的针对表面涂层附着力测试的标准，通常被称为“十字格划痕试验”（Cross-Cut Test）。

该标准中文名称为“用刮擦法检测表面涂层的附着力”，是表面涂层质量检测中广泛使用的一项标准。

ASTM D3359的主要目的在于确定表面涂层的附着力以及涂层与基材间的结合力。

在使用之前，需要阅读和了解该标准的所有内容，同时还需要检查所使用的测试设备并进行验证，确保测试结果的准确性。

ASTM D3359的测试步骤比较简单，只需要一片切割器和一把心形刮痕刀即可，具体步骤如下：1.将切割器垂直于被测涂层平面上，切割出一个10x10mm或20x20mm的方格；2.以心形刮痕刀沿着每个方格切割6-8刀，每刀间距离1mm；3.通常情况下，被测涂层的附着力被定义为涂层边缘和基材之间的最大距离，使用显微镜观察并测量距离，按照标准中的规定，可以通过缩放系数计算出实际的附着力值。

ASTM D3359对测试结果的分类也非常详细，涂层与基材之间的附着力可以分为以下六个等级：0级：没有失去附着力；1级：仅有极小的失附面积；2级：失离面积明显，但未超过10%；3级：失离面积为10%至50%;4级：失离面积超过50%但未完全失去附着力；5级：完全失去附着力。

ASTM D3359也对测试条件和使用要求进行了详细描述，如测试样品的处理、储存、检查、测试设备的选用和使用方法等等。

总的来说，ASTM D3359是一个相对简单、易操作的标准，因其准确度和可靠性，被广泛地应用于表面涂层的附着力检测，特别是在制造和质量控制领域。

ASTM D3359-09 标准试验方法胶带法测量附着力之欧阳计创编

Designation: D 3359 – 02名称： D 3359-02Standard Test Methods forMeasuring Adhesion by Tape Test1ASTM D3359-09 标准试验方法胶带法测量附着力This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3359; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.这个标准是D 3359确定了以后发行的。

数字代表名称最初通过的时间，或者修订情况，和最新版本。

括号内的数字代表最新重新审批时间。

上标代表最新版本的变化或重新审批。

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.该标准已经被国防机构部门批准使用。

1. Scope 范围1.1 These test methods cover procedures for assessing theadhesion of coating films to metallic substrates by applying andremoving pressure-sensitive tape over cuts made in the film.本标准提出的试验方法是规定通过在漆膜切割区施加和撕离压敏胶带的方式，对漆膜与金属底材之间的附着力进行评定的程序1.2 Test Method A is primarily intended for use at job siteswhile Test Method B is more suitable for use in the laboratory.Also, Test Method B is not considered suitable for films thickerthan 5 mils (125µm).试验方法A主要是供工作场所用，而试验方法B更适合实验室使用。

附着力测试标准

附着力测试标准附着力测试是指对某种涂层、涂料或粘合剂在不同基材上的附着力进行测试的一种方法。

附着力的好坏直接影响着涂层、涂料或粘合剂的使用寿命和性能。

因此，建立科学的附着力测试标准对于保证产品质量和使用安全至关重要。

一、测试方法。

1. 划格法。

划格法是一种常用的附着力测试方法，通过在被测试涂层表面划格，然后用胶带将划格处的涂层撕离，从而判断涂层与基材的附着力。

划格法简单易行，成本低廉，被广泛应用于各种涂层和基材的附着力测试中。

2. 针尖法。

针尖法是利用金属针尖对被测试涂层进行刺穿，然后用胶带将刺穿处的涂层撕离，从而判断涂层与基材的附着力。

针尖法适用于各种涂层和基材的附着力测试，尤其适用于硬质涂层和基材的测试。

3. 剥离法。

剥离法是通过在被测试涂层表面涂覆一层胶粘剂，然后用力将胶粘剂撕离，从而判断涂层与基材的附着力。

剥离法适用于各种涂层和基材的附着力测试，尤其适用于柔软涂层和基材的测试。

二、测试标准。

1. ASTM D3359。

ASTM D3359是美国材料与试验协会制定的一项用于评定涂层附着力的标准。

该标准包括划格法、针尖法和剥离法三种测试方法，适用于各种涂层和基材的附着力测试。

2. ISO 2409。

ISO 2409是国际标准化组织制定的一项用于评定涂层附着力的标准。

该标准包括划格法和剥离法两种测试方法，适用于各种涂层和基材的附着力测试。

3. GB/T 9286。

GB/T 9286是中国国家标准化管理委员会制定的一项用于评定涂层附着力的标准。

该标准包括划格法和剥离法两种测试方法，适用于各种涂层和基材的附着力测试。

三、测试结果。

附着力测试的结果一般以级别或等级来表示，级别越高表示附着力越好。

根据不同的测试标准，测试结果可分为不同的级别，如0级、1级、2级等。

根据具体产品的要求，可选择不同的测试标准和级别来评定附着力。

四、结论。

附着力测试是保证涂层、涂料或粘合剂质量的重要手段，建立科学的附着力测试标准对于产品质量和使用安全至关重要。

标准3359-中文译稿

GM 全球工程标准材料表面处理标准（涂装） GMW3359非电镀保护性富锌涂装类1应用范围本规范包括的内容是非电镀防腐蚀富锌膜的基本规范要求。

不包括保护镀膜的蜡和润滑油等。

1.1 材料描述.锌膜层和保护锌膜的涂层均可以是有机的或无机的。

按GMW3059的规定在镀膜过程和最终产物中不的含有六价铬，并按GMW3034进行检测。

在预处理酸洗时不得有氢气产生。

在镀锌过程中为保证有高的渗透性，允许有氢气产生。

1.4 典型应用本镀层适用于带有内外螺纹的零件（公称直径≥M6），有较高防腐蚀要求或无氢脆性要求的无螺纹的铁质零件。

以下情况不在所述范围：1 螺栓或螺母公称直径<6mm的2 内部带有传动结构的零件3 防镁化的表面4 所有规格的垫圈5 有电导率要求的零件1.5 备注。

本镀层应用于螺纹面或螺纹连接的承压面时会影响零件的拉扭性能。

在任何紧固零件上应用本镀层均需预先考虑其对拉扭性能的影响。

镀层要求外观均匀一致，不得有影响外观和功能的碎削，破裂，砂眼，小孔，凹坑，起泡，裸露和过镀层。

镀层不得粘有油等黏性物。

常规操作时在设备，手或手套上不得有颗粒和残渣残留。

镀层必须完全固化且与基底接触紧密。

无特别说明镀层颜色为银色。

3.1.3.2.厚度对于带有螺纹的零件，镀层不得影响零件的安装及常规操作，同时镀层厚度还要满足防腐蚀的要求。

3.1.3.2.1 最大镀层厚度应根据镀件的螺纹尺寸公差带来限定（公差带为H/h）.镀过的零件必须以合适的全螺纹测量量规（通止规）测量。

ASTM D 3359-2

Designation:D3359–02Standard Test Methods forMeasuring Adhesion by Tape Test1This standard is issued under theﬁxed designation D3359;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1.Scope1.1These test methods cover procedures for assessing the adhesion of coatingﬁlms to metallic substrates by applying and removing pressure-sensitive tape over cuts made in theﬁlm.1.2Test Method A is primarily intended for use at job sites while Test Method B is more suitable for use in the laboratory. Also,Test Method B is not considered suitable forﬁlms thicker than5mils(125µm).N OTE1—Subject to agreement between the purchaser and the seller, Test Method B can be used for thickerﬁlms if wider spaced cuts are employed.1.3These test methods are used to establish whether the adhesion of a coating to a substrate is at a generally adequate level.They do not distinguish between higher levels of adhesion for which more sophisticated methods of measure-ment are required.N OTE2—It should be recognized that differences in adherability of the coating surface can affect the results obtained with coatings having the same inherent adhesion.1.4In multicoat systems adhesion failure may occur be-tween coats so that the adhesion of the coating system to the substrate is not determined.1.5The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.6This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1ASTM Standards:D609Practice for Preparation of Cold-Rolled Steel Panels for Testing Paint,Varnish,Conversion Coatings,andRelated Coating Products2D823Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness of Paint,Varnish,and Related Products on Test Panels2 D1000Test Method For Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive-Coated Tapes Used for Electrical and Electronic Applica-tions3D1730Practices for Preparation of Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Surfaces for Painting4D2092Guide for Preparation of Zinc-Coated(Galvanized) Steel Surfaces for Painting5D2370Test Method for Tensile Properties of Organic Coatings2D3330Test Method for Peel Adhesion of Pressure-Sensitive Tape6D3924Speciﬁcation for Standard Environment for Condi-tioning and Testing Paint,Varnish,Lacquer,and Related Materials2D4060Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by the Taber Abraser23.Summary of Test Methods3.1Test Method A—An X-cut is made through theﬁlm to the substrate,pressure-sensitive tape is applied over the cut and then removed,and adhesion is assessed qualitatively on the0 to5scale.3.2Test Method B—A lattice pattern with either six or eleven cuts in each direction is made in theﬁlm to the substrate,pressure-sensitive tape is applied over the lattice and then removed,and adhesion is evaluated by comparison with descriptions and illustrations.4.Signiﬁcance and Use4.1If a coating is to fulﬁll its function of protecting or decorating a substrate,it must adhere to it for the expected service life.Because the substrate and its surface preparation (or lack of it)have a drastic effect on the adhesion of coatings, a method to evaluate adhesion of a coating to different substrates or surface treatments,or of different coatings to the1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01onPaint and Related Coatings,Materials,and Applications and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D01.23on Physical Properties of Applied Paint Films.Current edition approved Aug.10,2002.Published October2002.Originally published as D3359–st previous edition D3359–97.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol06.01.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol10.01.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol02.05.5Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol06.02.6Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol15.09. 1Copyright©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959,United States.same substrate and treatment,is of considerable usefulness in the industry.4.2The limitations of all adhesion methods and the speciﬁc limitation of this test method to lower levels of adhesion (see 1.3)should be recognized before using it.The intra-and inter-laboratory precision of this test method is similar to other widely-accepted tests for coated substrates (for example,Test Method D 2370and Test Method D 4060),but this is partly the result of it being insensitive to all but large differences in adhesion.The limited scale of 0to 5was selected deliberately to avoid a false impression of being sensitive.TEST METHOD A—X-CUT TAPE TEST5.Apparatus and Materials5.1Cutting Tool —Sharp razor blade,scalpel,knife or other cutting devices.It is of particular importance that the cutting edges be in good condition.5.2Cutting Guide —Steel or other hard metal straightedge to ensure straight cuts.5.3Tape —25-mm (1.0-in.)wide semitransparent pressure-sensitive tape 7with an adhesion strength agreed upon by the supplier and the user is needed.Because of the variability in adhesion strength from batch-to-batch and with time,it is essential that tape from the same batch be used when tests are to be run in different laboratories.If this is not possible the test method should be used only for ranking a series of test coatings.5.4Rubber Eraser ,on the end of a pencil.5.5Illumination —A light source is helpful in determining whether the cuts have been made through the ﬁlm to the substrate.6.Test Specimens6.1When this test method is used in the ﬁeld,the specimen is the coated structure or article on which the adhesion is to be evaluated.6.2For laboratory use apply the materials to be tested to panels of the composition and surface conditions on which it is desired to determine the adhesion.N OTE 3—Applicable test panel description and surface preparation methods are given in Practice D 609and Practices D 1730and D 2092.N OTE 4—Coatings should be applied in accordance with Practice D 823,or as agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller.N OTE 5—If desired or speciﬁed,the coated test panels may be subjected to a preliminary exposure such as water immersion,salt spray,or high humidity before conducting the tape test.The conditions and time of exposure will be governed by ultimate coating use or shall be agreed upon between the purchaser and seller.7.Procedure7.1Select an area free of blemishes and minor surface imperfections.For tests in the ﬁeld,ensure that the surface isclean and dry.Extremes in temperature or relative humidity may affect the adhesion of the tape or the coating.7.1.1For specimens which have been immersed:After immersion,clean and wipe the surface with an appropriate solvent which will not harm the integrity of the coating.Then dry or prepare the surface,or both,as agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller.7.2Make two cuts in the ﬁlm each about 40mm (1.5in.)long that intersect near their middle with a smaller angle of between 30and 45°.When making the incisions,use the straightedge and cut through the coating to the substrate in one steady motion.7.3Inspect the incisions for reﬂection of light from the metal substrate to establish that the coating ﬁlm has been penetrated.If the substrate has not been reached make another X in a different location.Do not attempt to deepen a previous cut as this may affect adhesion along the incision.7.4Remove two complete laps of the pressure-sensitive tape from the roll and discard.Remove an additional length at a steady (that is,not jerked)rate and cut a piece about 75mm (3in.)long.7.5Place the center of the tape at the intersection of the cuts with the tape running in the same direction as the smaller angles.Smooth the tape into place by ﬁnger in the area of the incisions and then rub ﬁrmly with the eraser on the end of a pencil.The color under the transparent tape is a useful indication of when good contact has been made.7.6Within 90630s of application,remove the tape by seizing the free end and pulling it off rapidly (not jerked)back upon itself at as close to an angle of 180°as possible.7.7Inspect the X-cut area for removal of coating from the substrate or previous coating and rate the adhesion in accor-dance with the following scale:5A No peeling or removal,4A Trace peeling or removal along incisions or at their intersection,3A Jagged removal along incisions up to 1.6mm (1⁄16in.)on either side,2A Jagged removal along most of incisions up to 3.2mm (1⁄8in.)on either side,1A Removal from most of the area of the X under the tape,and 0ARemoval beyond the area of the X.7.8Repeat the test in two other locations on each test panel.For large structures make sufficient tests to ensure that the adhesion evaluation is representative of the whole surface.7.9After making several cuts examine the cutting edge and,if necessary,remove any ﬂat spots or wire-edge by abrading lightly on a ﬁne oil stone before using again.Discard cutting tools that develop nicks or other defects that tear the ﬁlm.8.Report8.1Report the number of tests,their mean and range,and for coating systems,where the failure occurred that is,between ﬁrst coat and substrate,between ﬁrst and second coat,etc.8.2For ﬁeld tests report the structure or article tested,the location and the environmental conditions at the time of testing.8.3For test panels report the substrate employed,the type of coating,the method of cure,and the environmental conditions at the time of testing.8.4If the adhesion strength of the tape has been determined in accordance with Test Methods D 1000or D 3330,report the7Permacel 99,manufactured by Permacel,New Brunswick,NJ 08903,and available from various Permacel tape distributors,is reported to be suitable for this purpose.The manufacturer of this tape and the manufacturer of the tape used in the interlaboratory study (see RR:D01-1008),have advised this subcommittee that the properties of these tapes were ers of it should,therefore,check whether current material gives comparable results to previous suppliedmaterial.results with the adhesion rating(s).If the adhesion strength of the tape has not been determined,report the speciﬁc tape used and its manufacturer.8.5If the test is performed after immersion,report immer-sion conditions and method of sample preparation.9.Precision and Bias89.1In an interlaboratory study of this test method in which operators in six laboratories made one adhesion measurement on three panels each of three coatings covering a wide range of adhesion,the within-laboratories standard deviation was found to be0.33and the between-laboratories0.44.Based on these standard deviations,the following criteria should be used for judging the acceptability of results at the95%conﬁdence level:9.1.1Repeatability—Provided adhesion is uniform over a large surface,results obtained by the same operator should be considered suspect if they differ by more than1rating unit for two measurements.9.1.2Reproducibility—Two results,each the mean of trip-licates,obtained by different operators should be considered suspect if they differ by more than1.5rating units.9.2Bias cannot be established for these test methods.TEST METHOD B—CROSS-CUT TAPE TEST 10.Apparatus and Materials10.1Cutting Tool9—Sharp razor blade,scalpel,knife or other cutting device having a cutting edge angle between15 and30°that will make either a single cut or several cuts at once.It is of particular importance that the cutting edge or edges be in good condition.10.2Cutting Guide—If cuts are made manually(as opposed to a mechanical apparatus)a steel or other hard metal straight-edge or template to ensure straight cuts.10.3Rule—Tempered steel rule graduated in0.5mm for measuring individual cuts.10.4Tape,as described in5.3.10.5Rubber Eraser,on the end of a pencil.10.6Illumination,as described in5.5.10.7Magnifying Glass—An illuminated magniﬁer to be used while making individual cuts and examining the test area.11.Test Specimens11.1Test specimens shall be as described in Section6.It should be noted,however,that multitip cutters10provide good results only on test areas sufficiently plane that all cutting edges contact the substrate to the same degree.Check forﬂatness with a straight edge such as that of the tempered steel rule (10.3).12.Procedure12.1Where required or when agreed upon,subject the specimens to a preliminary test before conducting the tape test (see Note3).After drying or testing the coating,conduct the tape test at room temperature as deﬁned in Speciﬁcation D3924,unless D3924standard temperature is required or agreed.12.1.1For specimens which have been immersed:After immersion,clean and wipe the surface with an appropriate solvent which will not harm the integrity of the coating.Then dry or prepare the surface,or both,as agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller.12.2Select an area free of blemishes and minor surface imperfections,place on aﬁrm base,and under the illuminated magniﬁer,make parallel cuts as follows:12.2.1For coatings having a dryﬁlm thickness up to and including2.0mils(50µm)space the cuts1mm apart and make eleven cuts unless otherwise agreed upon.12.2.2For coatings having a dryﬁlm thickness between2.0 mils(50µm)and5mils(125µm),space the cuts2mm apart and make six cuts.Forﬁlms thicker than5mils use Test Method A.1112.2.3Make all cuts about20mm(3⁄4in.)long.Cut through theﬁlm to the substrate in one steady motion using just sufficient pressure on the cutting tool to have the cutting edge reach the substrate.When making successive single cuts with the aid of a guide,place the guide on the uncut area.12.3After making the required cuts brush theﬁlm lightly with a soft brush or tissue to remove any detachedﬂakes or ribbons of coatings.12.4Examine the cutting edge and,if necessary,remove anyﬂat spots or wire-edge by abrading lightly on aﬁne oil stone.Make the additional number of cuts at90°to and centered on the original cuts.12.5Brush the area as before and inspect the incisions for reﬂection of light from the substrate.If the metal has not been reached make another grid in a different location.12.6Remove two complete laps of tape and discard.Re-move an additional length at a steady(that is,not jerked)rate and cut a piece about75mm(3in.)long.12.7Place the center of the tape over the grid and in the area of the grid smooth into place by aﬁnger.To ensure good contact with theﬁlm rub the tapeﬁrmly with the eraser on the end of a pencil.The color under the tape is a useful indication of when good contact has been made.12.8Within90630s of application,remove the tape by seizing the free end and rapidly(not jerked)back upon itself at as close to an angle of180°as possible.12.9Inspect the grid area for removal of coating from the substrate or from a previous coating using the illuminated magniﬁer.Rate the adhesion in accordance with the following scale illustrated in Fig.1:8Supporting data are available from ASTM International Headquarters.Request RR:D01–1008.9Multiblade cutters are available from a few sources that specialize in testing equipment for the paint industry.One supplier that has assisted in the reﬁnement of these methods is given in footnote10.10The sole source of supply of the multitip cutter for coated pipe surfaces known to the committee at this time is Paul N.Gardner Co.,316NE First St.,PompanoBeach,FL33060.If you are aware of alternative suppliers,please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.11Test Method B has been used successfully by some people on coatings greater than5mils(0.13mm)by spacing the cuts5mm apart.However,the precision values given in14.1do not apply as they are based on coatings less than5mm(0.13 mm)inthickness.5B The edges of the cuts are completely smooth;none of the squares of the lattice is detached.4B Smallﬂakes of the coating are detached at intersections;less than5% of the area is affected.3B Smallﬂakes of the coating are detached along edges and at intersec-tions of cuts.The area affected is5to15%of the lattice.2B The coating hasﬂaked along the edges and on parts of the squares.The area affected is15to35%of the lattice.1B The coating hasﬂaked along the edges of cuts in large ribbons and whole squares have detached.The area affected is35to65%of thelattice.0B Flaking and detachment worse than Grade1.12.10Repeat the test in two other locations on each test panel.13.Report13.1Report the number of tests,their mean and range,and for coating systems,where the failure occurred,that is, betweenﬁrst coat and substrate,betweenﬁrst and second coat, etc.13.2Report the substrate employed,the type of coating and the method of cure.13.3If the adhesion strength has been determined in accor-dance with Test Methods D1000or D3330,report the results with the adhesion rating(s).If the adhesion strength of the tape has not been determined,report the speciﬁc tape used and its manufacturer.13.4If the test is performed after immersion,report immer-sion conditions and method of sample preparation.14.Precision and Bias814.1On the basis of two interlaboratory tests of this test method in one of which operators in six laboratories made one adhesion measurement on three panels each of three coatings covering a wide range of adhesion and in the other operators in six laboratories made three measurements on two panels each of four different coatings applied over two other coatings,thepooled standard deviations for within-and between-laboratories were found to be0.37and0.7.Based on these standard deviations,the following criteria should be used for judging the acceptability of results at the95%conﬁdence level:14.1.1Repeatability—Provided adhesion is uniform over a large surface,results obtained by the same operator should be considered suspect if they differ by more than one rating unit for two measurements.14.1.2Reproducibility—Two results,each the mean of du-plicates or triplicates,obtained by different operators should be considered suspect if they differ by more than two rating units.14.2Bias cannot be established for these test methods.15.Keywords15.1adhesion;crosscut adhesion test method;tape;tape adhesion test method;X-cut adhesion testmethodFIG.1Classiﬁcation of Adhesion TestResultsAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)MENTARYX1.1IntroductionX1.1.1Given the complexities of the adhesion process,can adhesion be measured?As Mittal (1)12has pointed out,the answer is both yes and no.It is reasonable to state that at the present time no test exists that can precisely assess the actual physical strength of an adhesive bond.But it can also be said that it is possible to obtain an indication of relative adhesion performance.X1.1.2Practical adhesion test methods are generally of two types:“implied”and “direct.”“Implied”tests include inden-tation or scribe techniques,rub testing,and wear testing.Criticism of these tests arises when they are used to quantify the strength of adhesive bonding.But this,in fact,is not their purpose.An “implied”test should be used to assess coating performance under actual service conditions.“Direct”mea-surements,on the other hand,are intended expressly to measure adhesion.Meaningful tests of this type are highly sought after,primarily because the results are expressed by a single discrete quantity,the force required to rupture the coating/substrate bond under prescribed conditions.Direct tests include the Hesiometer and the Adherometer (2).Com-mon methods which approach the direct tests are peel,lap-shear,and tensile tests.X1.2Test MethodsX1.2.1In practice,numerous types of tests have been used to attempt to evaluate adhesion by inducing bond rupture by different modes.Criteria deemed essential for a test to warrant large-scale acceptance are:use of a straightforward and unam-biguous procedure;relevance to its intended application;re-peatability and reproducibility;and quantiﬁability,including a meaningful rating scale for assessing performance.X1.2.2Test methods used for coatings on metals are:peel adhesion or “tape testing;”Gardner impact ﬂexibility testing;and adhesive joint testing including shear (lap joint)and direct tensile (butt joint)testing.These tests do not strictly meet all the criteria listed,but an appealing aspect of these tests is that in most cases the equipment/instrumentation is readily avail-able or can be obtained at reasonable cost.X1.2.3A wide diversity of tests methods have been devel-oped over the years that measure aspects of adhesion (1-5).There generally is difficulty,however,in relating these tests to basic adhesion phenomena.X1.3The Tape TestX1.3.1By far the most prevalent test for evaluating coating “adhesion”is the tape-and-peel test,which has been used since the 1930’s.In its simplest version a piece of adhesive tape is pressed against the paint ﬁlm and the resistance to and degreeof ﬁlm removal observed when the tape is pulled off.Since an intact ﬁlm with appreciable adhesion is frequently not removed at all,the severity of the test is usually enhanced by cutting into the ﬁlm a ﬁgure X or a cross hatched pattern,before applying and removing the tape.Adhesion is then rated by comparing ﬁlm removed against an established rating scale.If an intact ﬁlm is peeled cleanly by the tape,or if it debonds just by cutting into it without applying tape,then the adhesion is rated simply as poor or very poor,a more precise evaluation of such ﬁlms not being within the capability of this test.X1.3.2The current widely-used version was ﬁrst published in 1974;two test methods are covered in this standard.Both test methods are used to establish whether the adhesion of a coating to a substrate is at an adequate level;however they do not distinguish between higher levels of adhesion for which more sophisticated methods of measurement are required.Major limitations of the tape test are its low sensitivity,applicability only to coatings of relatively low bond strengths,and non-determination of adhesion to the substrate where failure occurs within a single coat,as when testing primers alone,or within or between coats in multicoat systems.For multicoat systems where adhesion failure may occur between or within coats,the adhesion of the coating system to the substrate is not determined.X1.3.3Repeatability within one rating unit is generally observed for coatings on metals for both methods,with reproducibility of one to two units.The tape test enjoys widespread popularity and is viewed as “simple”as well as low in cost.Applied to metals,it is economical to perform,lends itself to job site application,and most importantly,after decades of use,people feel comfortable with it.X1.3.4When a ﬂexible adhesive tape is applied to a coated rigid substrate surface and then removed,the removal process has been described in terms of the “peel phenomenon,”as illustrated in Fig.X1.1.X1.3.5Peeling begins at the “toothed”leading edge (at the right)and proceeds along the coating adhesive/interface or the coating/substrate interface,depending on the relative bond strengths.It is assumed that coating removal occurs when the tensile force generated along the latter interface,which is a function of the rheological properties of the backing and adhesive layer materials,is greater than the bond strength at the coating-substrate interface (or cohesive strength of the coat-ing).In actuality,however,this force is distributed over a discrete distance (O-A)in Fig.X1.1,which relates directly to the properties described,not concentrated at a point (O)in Fig.X1.1as in the theoretical case—though the tensile force is greatest at the origin for both.A signiﬁcant compressive force arises from the response of the tape backing material to being stretched.Thus both tensile and compressive forces are in-volved in adhesion tape testing.X1.3.6Close scrutiny of the tape test with respect to the12The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this testmethod.nature of the tape employed and certain aspects of the procedure itself reveal several factors,each or any combination of which can dramatically affect the results of the test as discussed (6).X1.4Peel Adhesion Testing on Plastic SubstratesX1.4.1Tape tests have been criticized when used for substrates other than metal,such as plastics.The central issues are that the test on plastics lacks reproducibility and does not relate to the intended application.Both concerns are well founded:poor precision is a direct result of several factors intrinsic to the materials employed and the procedure itself.More importantly,in this instance the test is being applied beyond its intended scope.These test methods were designed for relatively ductile coatings applied to metal substrates,not for coatings (often brittle)applied to plastic parts (7).The unique functional requirements of coatings on plastic sub-strates cause the usual tape tests to be unsatisfactory for measuring adhesion performance in practice.X1.5The Tape ControversyX1.5.1With the withdrawal from commerce of the tape speciﬁed originally,3M No.710,current test methods no longer identify a speciﬁc tape.Differences in tapes used can lead to different results as small changes in backing stiffness and adhesive rheology cause large changes in the tension area.Some commercial tapes are manufactured to meet minimum standards.A given lot may surpass these standards and thus be suitable for general market distribution;however,such a lot may be a source of serious and unexpected error in assessing adhesion.One commercially available tape test kit had in-cluded a tape with adhesion strength variations of up to 50%claimed by the manufacturer.Also,because tapes change on storage,bond strengths of the tape may change over time (7,8).X1.5.2While there are tapes available that appear to deliver consistent performance,a given tape does not adhere equally well to all coatings.For example,when the peel removal force of the tape (from the coating)used earlier by Task Group D01.23.10to establish precision of the method,by 3M No.710was examined with seven different electromagneticinterference/radio frequency interference (EMI/RFI)coatings,it was found that,while peel was indeed consistent for a given coating,the value varied by 25%between the highest and lowest ratings among coatings.Several factors that contribute to these differences include coating composition and topology:as a result,no single tape is likely to be suitable for testing all coatings.Further,the tape test does not give an absolute value for the force required for bond rupture,but serves only as an indicator that some minimum value for bond strength was met or exceeded (7,8).X1.6Procedural ProblemsX1.6.1The tape test is operator intensive.By design it was made as simple as possible to perform,and requires a mini-mum of specialized equipment and materials that must meet certain speciﬁcations.The accuracy and precision depend largely upon the skill of the operator and the operator’s ability to perform the test in a consistent manner.Key steps that directly reﬂect the importance of operator skill include the angle and rate of tape removal and the visual assessment of the tested sample.It is not unexpected that different operators might obtain different results (7,8).X1.6.2Peel Angle and Rate :The standard requires that the free end of the tape be removed rapidly at as close to a 180°angle as possible.If the peel angle and rate vary,the force required to remove the tape can change dramatically.Nearly linear increases were observed in peel force approaching 100%as peel angle was changed from 135to 180,and similar large differences can be expected in peel force as peel rate varies.These effects are related as they reﬂect certain rheological properties of the backing and adhesive that are molecular in origin.Variation in pull rate and peel angle can effect large differences in test values and must be minimized to assure reproducibility (9).X1.6.3Visual Assessment :The ﬁnal step in the test is visual assessment of the coating removed from the specimen,which is subjective in nature,so that the coatings can vary among individuals evaluating the same specimen (9).X1.6.3.1Performance in the tape test is based on the amount of coating removed compared to a descriptive scale.The exposure of the substrate can be due to factors other than coating adhesion,including that arising from the requirement that the coating be cut (hence the synonym“cross-hatch adhesion test”).Justiﬁcation for the cutting step is reasonable as cutting provides a free edge from which peeling can begin without having to overcome the cohesive strength of the coating layer.X1.6.3.2Cutting might be suitable for coatings applied to metal substrates,but for coatings applied to plastics or wood,the process can lead to a misleading indication of poor adhesion due to the unique interfacial zone.For coatings on soft substrates,issues include how deep should this cut penetrate,and is it possible to cut only to the interface?X1.6.3.3In general,if adhesion test panels are examined microscopically,it is often clearly evident that the coating removal results from substrate failure at or below the interface,and not from the adhesive failure between the coating and the substrate.Cohesive failure within the coating ﬁlm isalsoFIG.X1.1Peel Proﬁle(6)。

ASTM D3359-09 标准试验方法胶带法测量附着力之欧阳物创编

Designation: D 3359 – 02名称： D 3359-02Standard Test Methods forMeasuring Adhesion by Tape Test1ASTM D3359-09 标准试验方法胶带法测量附着力This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3359; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.这个标准是D 3359确定了以后发行的。

数字代表名称最初通过的时间，或者修订情况，和最新版本。

括号内的数字代表最新重新审批时间。

上标代表最新版本的变化或重新审批。

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Departmentof Defense.该标准已经被国防机构部门批准使用。

ASTM D3359-09 标准试验方法胶带法测量附着力之欧阳音创编

Designation: D 3359 – 02名称： D 3359-02Standard Test Methods forMeasuring Adhesion by Tape Test1ASTM D3359-09 标准试验方法胶带法测量附着力This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3359; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since thelast revision or reapproval.这个标准是D 3359确定了以后发行的。

数字代表名称最初通过的时间，或者修订情况，和最新版本。

括号内的数字代表最新重新审批时间。

上标代表最新版本的变化或重新审批。

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.该标准已经被国防机构部门批准使用。

1. Scope 范围1.1 These test methods cover procedures for assessing theadhesion of coating films to metallic substrates by applying andremoving pressure-sensitive tape over cuts made in the film.本标准提出的试验方法是规定通过在漆膜切割区施加和撕离压敏胶带的方式，对漆膜与金属底材之间的附着力进行评定的程序1.2 Test Method A is primarily intended for use at job siteswhile Test Method B is more suitable for use in the laboratory.Also, Test Method B is not considered suitablefor films thickerthan 5 mils (125µm).试验方法A主要是供工作场所用，而试验方法B更适合实验室使用。

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ASTM D3359附著力測試標准測試方法此標准是在固定指示D3359下建立的;緊跟指示的數據表示最初釆納的年份,或在修改的情況下,則表示最后修改的年份,圓括號里的數據表示最后再批准年份.上標字母(є)表示最后修訂版或再批准后的編輯更換.國防部代理已核准使用此標准.1.範圍1.1此測試方法包括應用與移除膜層上的切屑產生的壓力來評估粘漆性的程序.1.2測試方法A主要適用于在作業點使用,而測試方法B則更適合在實驗室內使用.測試方法B不適用于膜厚超過5mils(125µm)的塗層.注意1----買賣雙方須遵守協議,如果切口之間距離很寬,那么測試方法B就可用于厚一點的膜層.1.3此測試方法是建立粘漆性是否能達一般水平.為要求的更高級的測量方法,在高水平粘漆之間不做區分.注意2-----應確認粘漆性的差異與相同牢固的粘漆性可能會影響所獲得的結果,表面塗裝附著力的不同會影響到測試的結果,它來自于相同內在粘漆著力的表面塗裝.1.4不能測定發生在多層系統粘漆失敗的粘漆性.1.5把英寸-磅單位里的數值看成標准.圓括號里的數值僅供參考.1.6此標准沒有提供任何安全措施,如果有,那么配合使用.使用者在使用前須建立適當的安全與健康措施.2.3參考文件2.1ASTM標准:D 609慣例是關于為冷卷鋼鐵面板的塗料,光澤面,反塗層,及相關塗層產品測試.D 823慣例是關于測試面板的塗料厚度,光澤面,及相關產品的一致性的生產膜厚.D1000測試方法是關于測試用于電子與電子應用的粘漆性.D1730是關于鋁與鋁合金表面噴漆的准備的慣例.D2092是關于噴漆于烤漆層(電鍍)鋼鐵表面的指導方針.D2197是關于通過刮掉粘膠的無機塗層的粘性的測試方法.D2370是無機塗層的拉力特性的測試方法.D3330是關于180º角的感壓帶的削落粘性的測試方法.D3924是關于條件狀況與測試塗料,光澤面,漆器,與相關材料的標准環境的說明書.D4060是關于用Taber研磨器來測試無機塗層的耐磨力的測試方法.3.測試方法概況3.1測試方法A---在底層膠膜層上划一個X形切口,用強粘力膠紙緊貼然后揭起,附著力的評定有0—5(6個等級).2.2測試方法B---在塗裝表面沿每一個方向划6---7條方格,并用強粘力膠紙貼緊方格表面然后把膠紙揭起,附著力的評定須參照以下描述及圖示.3.4.重要性與使用4.1如果烤漆起到保護與美化底層的作用的話,那么它必須有所期望的伺服使用期限.因為底層與它的表面處理(或沒有)在烤漆層粘性上有一個激烈的反應,對于不同的底層或表面處理的烤漆層粘性的評估方法,或對于相同底層與處理不同的烤漆層的評估方法,在工業領域里可用.4.2在使用前應確定低水平粘性的所有粘膠方法的局限性與此測試方法的具體局限性(見1.3),此測試方法的內部與外部實驗室精確度相似于烤漆底層的其它廣泛可接受測試(例如,測試方法D2370與測試方法D4060),但是,這就造成的結果是:塗裝方面很相近,但附著力卻有很大的區別,所以我們僅用了3---5個有限的附著力等級以避免在判斷上造成更多的分歧.測試方法A-------X-CUT 膠紙測試5.儀器與材料5.1切割模具-----鋒利的剃刀刃,解剖刀,水果刀或其它的切割器具.且刀刃是否鋒利尤其重要.5.2切割指導-----用尺于鋼鐵與硬金屬上畫直線以確保垂直切割.5.3膠紙------供應商與用戶需要而達成協議的帶有強粘性的一英寸(25-mm)寬的半透明膠紙.因為這種強粘著力卷與卷不同時間段也有差異.當在不同的實驗室里進行測試時,用于批量的膠紙要相同,這點非常重要.如果此測試方法權用于少放一系列的測試烤漆層,那么是不可能的. 5.4橡皮擦位于鉛筆的末端.5.5照明度-----足夠的光源有助于判斷划割是否已深入底層.6.測試樣本6.1當用至此測試方法時,樣本須是可估計附著力的已噴漆結構或部件.6.2.為試驗之用,把這種期望得到表面條件和各成分的附著力的面板用于測試當中.注意3----在慣例D609與慣例D1730與D2092里有所給出的可應用的測試面板規格與表面預備方法.注意4----塗層的應用應符合慣例D823,或根據買賣雙方達成的協議來決定.注意5----若有要求或有規定,在執行膠紙測試之前,已塗裝的測試面板也應進行例如:沉浸入水,鹽霧噴濺,或高溫度放置等一系初步的處理,進行初步處理的時間和各種條件應根據最終使用者或根據買賣雙方的協議進行調整.7.步驟7.1選取一塊沒有瑕疵的部位來測試它的不完整性.要求所測試部位干淨且干燥.特別是溫度或相關濕度可能會影響膠紙的附著力或烤漆層.7.2在膜層上划兩個大約1.5英寸(40mm)長且在30到45º之間的小角交叉的划割線.切割時,用尺畫直線且切除烤漆層,在一穩定動作情況下露出底層.7.3利用自金屬底層的光的反射現象來檢查切口,如果沒有透過底層,那么在另外一個不同的位置再划一個切口.不要加深以前的切口,這樣可能影響切口的附著力.7.4 把強粘著力膠紙兩頭重疊的部分找到并把多余的一小部分丟掉,均勻用力(不是猛拉)把另外長端拉出且切出約3in/75mm的一片.7.5把膠紙的中端位置在切口交叉處并在最小(較小)的角度以相同的方向(把膠紙壓平)用手指把切口位置的膠紙壓平,然后用橡皮擦壓牢,當貼粘很好時,從透明膠紙下的顏色則可以看得出來.7.6在應用的90±30s時間里,抓住膠紙未粘住的末端來移除膠紙,并以一個接近180°角來快速拉起(不要猛拉).7.7檢查X切割區域塗裝脫落狀況,根據以下等級來判定塗裝測試的附著力:5A 表面塗裝無脫落.4A 切口或交叉處有少量脫落3A 切口任一邊有達1.6mm參差不齊之脫落2A 切口任一邊有達超過3.2mm參差不齊之脫落1A 膠紙下面可見X大部分區域有塗裝脫落0A 塗裝脫落現象超過了X區域之外7.8在每個測試面板上另外選取兩個不同的位置重復測試.大結構的部件也要測試以確保附著力評估對整個表面具有代表性.7.9做几次測試后應檢查刀具的刃口,如有必要,在再次使用之前把刀具在砂紙上輕輕地打磨,丟掉那些刃口被磨掉的刀具或會給被覆造成額外損傷的有其它缺陷的刀具.8.匯報8.1匯報應寫明測試的次數,及每次的具體現象及描述,若是多層塗裝還應寫明脫落(或未通過測試)的發生時機,是在第一層烤漆與底層之間,還是在第一層或第二層塗層之間,等.8.2匯報測試時的結構或測試部件,位置與環境狀況.8.3為測試面板匯報測試時所測試底層,烤漆類型,凝固方法,及環境狀況.8.4如果所測定的膠紙附著力強度符合測試方法D 1000或D3330,那么匯報附著力比率結果.如果沒有測定膠紙的粘性強度,那么匯報使用的具體膠紙與它的制造商.9.精確度與偏差9.1用三個面板上三種不同的膜層在一個interlaboratory里用此測試方法,在六個實驗室里的操作員在三個面板上三種不同的膜層塗上大範圍的粘膠然后做一附著力測量,在實驗室內的標准偏差為0.33,而在實驗室之間的標准偏差為0.44.基于這些偏差,以下標准使用于以一個95%可信度水平來判斷結果的可接受性:9.1.1重復性-----在大面積的表面附著力應一致,在兩次測量時通過相同的操作員來獲得的結果不同,且超過1個比率單位的話,那么就值得懷疑.9.1.2再生性-----兩種測試結果,每種結果都有三次相同的測試,如果它來自于不同的操作者,所造成的偏差超過1.5個單位的話,那么我們就可以認為這兩種測試結果也是不可信的.方法B------十字切割膠紙測試10.儀器與材料10.1切割工具-----剃刀,手術刀(解剖刀),小刀或其它在15°--30°之間有一切割邊角度且能立即切割一個切口或多個切口的切割器具,特別重要的是必須有好的刃口(刃角).10. 2 划割指導----手工切割鋼鐵或直線切割其它硬金屬或某金屬都要確保直線切割.10.3慣例----調整鋼尺刻度在0.5mm用于測量單個的切口.10.4膠紙,見5.3中描述.10.5橡皮擦位于鉛筆末端.10.6照明度,見5.5中描述.10.7放大鏡-----放大鏡可用于當切單個的切口和檢查測試區域時.11.測試樣本11.1測試樣本應如Section 6中所述,然而還須注意,百格刀的使用效果雖好,但僅用在測試十分平整的區域上,且這樣區域的平整性應使百格刀的所有刃口在划割底層時能保持相同的划割程度,檢查平面直角刃口諸如10.3所述用鋼尺(調節的).12.步驟12.1在進行膠紙測試之前,何地要求或何時同意樣本屬于一個預補測試(見注釋3).除非同意要求D3924標准中所述溫度,在干燥或檢查塗層后,應在如D3924所述(定義的)室溫中執行膠紙測試.CLASSIFICATION OF ADHESION TEST RESULTSCLASSIFICATION PERCENTAREAREMOVEDSURFACE OF CROSS-CUT FROM WHICHFLAKING HAS OCCURRED FOR SIX PARALLEL CUTSAND ADHESION RANGE BY PERCENT5B0% None4B Less than5%3B 5-15%2B 15-35% 1B 35-65%0BGreater than65%FIG..1Classification of Adhesion Test Results12.2選擇一個無臟污,理想的主要表面作為測試面,放置于一穩定底座上,在放大鏡下,按以下描述的方法划割平行的切口.12.2.1除非另行規定,那么對于膜層的厚度達到2.0mils且包括2.0mils(50μm)的應划割11條,且每條相隔距離為1mm.12.2.2對于已干燥的塗裝膜厚在50—125μm,划割6條且每條相隔距離2mm,對于大于5mils 的膜厚測試用方法A.12.2.3所有划割條應約長3/4in(20mm),划割時用力適度,手法穩定并使切口深及底層,當你在使用直尺或其它輔助工具划單個一條方格時,應把直尺或其它輔助工具放在沒有划割的地方.12.3划完方格后應用柔軟的刷子或棉紙輕輕刷掉方格表面的雜質.12.4檢查刀具的刃口,如有必要,對刀口已卷或已平的地方在好的砂紙上輕輕打磨.以90°角在原切口的中心切割額外的切口.12.5刷所划割區域之前應首先利用自底層的光的反射作用來檢查切口,如果切口未深及鐵底,那么就選擇在另外一不同的地方重新再划百格.12.6剪一段長3in(75mm)的膠紙(與所划百格處大小相仿),并移除/丟棄兩端多余的部份.12.7放這段膠紙于中間位置貼緊百格并用手把它壓平,為確保膠紙與百格接角緊密還須用橡皮來回磨擦表面壓牢,如果膠紙粘貼很好時,膠紙下的顏色則可以判斷出來.12.8約過90±30s的時間,然后抓起膠紙未粘住的一端,盡量保持180°夾角迅速拉起(不可猛拉).12.9用放大鏡來檢查百格區域是否掉漆脫落,根據下面圖示1描述來判斷附著力的等級.5B:切口完全平滑,百格無任何脫落現象.4B:切口交叉處塗裝(層)有少許脫落,少許5%區域受到影響.3B:切口邊緣和交叉處塗裝(層)有少許脫落,5%--15%之間的百格區域受到影響.2B:百格的部分和切口邊緣塗層有薄片剝落,15%--35%的百格區域受到影響.1B:切口處邊緣有帶狀塗層剝落,且有整個柵格脫落現象,35%—60%的百格區域受到影響.0B:脫落現象比Grade1更差.13匯報13.1匯報應含有測試的次數,它們的意思和範圍,對于多層塗裝,還應匯報是在哪一層塗層發生了脫落,是第一層塗層與底層之間,還是第一層塗層與第二層塗層之間.13.2匯報應用的底層,塗裝類型及加工處理的方法.13.3若膠紙粘著力已根據D1000或D3330中所規定的使用,就可直接匯報附著力等級結果.若使用膠紙的粘著力沒有決定,還應匯報它的規格及生產廠商.14.精確性和偏差性8操作員在其中的六個實驗室里對塗有三層塗層的三個面板所進行的附著力的測試,與其它操作員在六個實驗室里的對塗有四種不同的兩個面板所進行的附著力的測試的基礎上,它們所共有的標准偏差在實驗室之內是0.37、之間是0.7.基于這些標准偏差,以下標准可使用為以95%的可信度水平來判斷結果的可接受性.14.1.1重復性-----如果整個大的表面附著力是統一的,同一個操作者在兩次測試中之間的偏差超過了1個等級,那么這個測試結果就是不可信的.14.1.2再生性-----兩個測試結果,每一種測試結果都有兩個或三個同樣的測試數據,如果它來自于不同的操作者所造成的偏差大于兩個等級的話,那么這兩種結果都是不可信的.14.2這些測試方法不能有偏差.15.關鍵字15.1附著力,膠紙,橫切附著力,測試方法,膠紙附著力測試方法,X形切口附著力測試方法.附錄(參考信息)X1 注釋X1.1緒論X1.1.1附著力測試步驟的已有的復雜性,附著力能測試出來嗎?附件參考Mittal(1)12已有指出來,答案是和否并存.合理的講,目前還沒有任何現存的測試能精確地鑒定一種粘著結合物的實際物理粘著力,但是我們卻可以說我們能夠獲得粘著性能的一種相關跡象去詮釋它.X1.1.2實際的附著力測試方法,一般有兩種類型:暗指的和直接的.”暗指的”測試包括鑒別或描述技術,磨擦測試,磨損測試.當把他們用于量化粘著結合物的附著力的時候,就出現了對這些測試方法的批判.但是實際上這不是他們的目的.在實際工作環境下,一種”暗指的”測試方法用于鑒定塗裝性能.這種類型富有意義的測試有很高的探索價值.首先,因為這種測試結果是用一個單個的不連續量來表示,其次割裂塗層/底層的力度是在規定的條件下.直接測試包括Hesiometer與塗粘計(2).一般直接測試方法是剝落,lapshear(重剪切),與拉力測試.X1.2測試方法X1.2.1在實踐中,測試的數據類型已用于試圖評估通過不同模型來減少結合物的破裂.為一測試認為標准的重要性是保証大規模的可接受性是:用易懂的,明確的步驟:適當預期的應用,重復性和再生性,和可量化,包括鑒定性能有意義的等級範圍.X1.2.2用于金屬塗裝的測試方法有:剝落附著力或膠紙測試;加德納衝擊彈性測試;與包括剪切的附著力混合測試和直接抗拉力測試.雖然這些測試不能確實地滿足所列出的標准,但他們吸引人的地方是在使用設置/儀器方面很容易被接受,并(或)能夠獲得在合理的成本上.X1.2.3在附著力測試方面,隨著時間的推移,這些測試方法的廣泛差異性及多樣性已得到發展(1-5),然而,普遍的問題和困難是相關這些測試以粘著現象為判定基礎.(一般來說,在相關這些測試的基礎的粘著現象方面存在困難).X1.3膠紙測試X1.3.1到目前為止鑒定塗裝附著力最普遍的方法是膠紙和脫落測試,其從20世紀30年代開始就已經使用.在它最簡單的版本中,用一片粘著膠紙貼緊塗層觀察膠紙何時脫落以判定它的粘著力和粘著程度.直到可評估附著力的完整塗層不再頻繁脫落,在使用和移走膠紙之前,這種測試的嚴格性通常被划割塗層的x形切口或交叉切口模式所加強.然后,附著力就是脫落的皮膜與已規定的等級範圍做比較而被評估出來的.若一個完整的塗層被膠紙粘著脫得很干淨,或者如果是無使用膠紙僅僅是划破塗層的情況下就脫落.我們就可以很單純地判斷這種附著很糟糕或非常糟糕,如此塗層更精確的評估不在這種測試的能力之內.X1.3.2目前普遍使用的版本第一次出版是1974年,在這個標准中涵蓋了兩種測試方法,這兩測試方法過去都用于確定一種底材塗層的附著力是否在一個足夠的級別上;然而,他們不去辨別對于被要求更加精密的測試方法的附著力的較高等級.膠紙測試的主要局限性是它的低敏感性,僅適用于低粘著力的相關塗裝,以及當我們單獨地測試原始塗裝時或在多層塗裝中各塗層之間或塗法之內,這種底材的塗裝附著力是不能確定的.X1.3.3這兩種方法的鐵材塗裝的再現性(重復性)通過觀察,一般結果是在1個等級單位以內,再生性一般在1-2個等級之間.膠紙測試廣泛普及且觀察簡單成本低廉!通過數十年的運用之后,人們感覺很舒適,把此種方法應用于鐵,很經濟的完成了它在的工作場所的應用且最具重要性.X1.3.4當把一種彈性附著力膠紙應用于一種鋼性底材表面的塗裝時,爾后移除,這個移除的步驟已經被描述在”脫落現象”術語中,見圖x1-1.X1.3.5以鋸齒狀的主要邊開始脫落,沿著塗層粘性/分界面或塗層/襯底分界面繼續脫落,且取決于相關結合力度.假設當拉力沿著后分界面產生的時候,出現塗層移除,此后分界面是襯背的流變學特性的一種功能與粘性塗層物料,是比塗層襯底分界面(或塗層的粘著強度)上結合強度還要大.實際上此拉力應用于連續距離(O-A)見Fig.X1.1,直接相關于所述的特性,而不是根據在理論案例里,在Fig.X1.1里以一點(O)來集中--------盡管原來的兩者的拉力最大.一重要壓縮力出現是從膠紙襯背物料的回應到伸展,因此,拉力與壓縮力都包括附著力測試.X1.3.6關于所使用的膠紙的自然性與程序本身的一定的方面所顯露出來的因素,停止膠紙測試的詳細審查,每個或任何結合體都會據(6)里所述戲劇性地影響測試結果(6).X1.4在塑膠底材上做附著力測試(粘著脫落測試)X1.4.1膠紙測試除了用于金屬底材以外,就不適用于其它的襯底,如塑膠襯底就不行.這個中心問題是塑膠底材測試缺乏再生性并且沒有聯系到應有的應用.兩者的關系有以下發現:糟糕的精確性是這種應用材料的几個內在的特征的一個直接結果和它本身的步驟.較重要的是在這些情況下,這種測試超過了他的應用範圍,這些測試方法是為了應用于鐵底材相關柔軟的塗裝而設計的.不是為應用于塑膠件的塗裝(通常較脆)(7).在實踐中,塑膠底材塗裝的獨特功能要求導致在做附著力測試中,一般/通常的膠紙測試不能達到滿意的效果.X1.5膠紙的選用FIG.X1.1 Peel Profile(6)X1.5.1就取消已定規格(原先)膠紙的商業價值.3M No. 710,目前的測試方法不再描述一種明確的/特定的膠紙.使用膠紙的不同也能導致測試結果的不同.其表現在把持硬度方面小的改變及粘著流變能力引起在張力區域較大的變化.一些商業性的膠紙被制造用于滿足最小標准.特定的全部也許勝過這些標准且因而適合于一般巿場分布;然而像這樣的全部也許是嚴重性的源頭且在評估附著力上有不希望的錯誤.一種商業化有用的膠紙測試成套工具包括了被制造商要求達到50%的粘著力變化的膠紙.也因為膠紙在儲存中的變化,超出時間的粘著力發生變化(7.8).X1.5.2當這些膠紙可用到時,就出現了釋放一致的性能,一種特定的膠紙不能平等的對所有塗裝都有很好的粘力.例如:當這種膠紙(來自于這種塗裝)的脫落力被作業君組Do1.23.10初期運用于確定這種方法的精確性.其被運用到的3M.No.710型膠紙,將被使用七種不同的EMI/RFI來做檢查.我們發現當脫落是對于一種特定的塗裝確信是一致的.這種評估在塗層之中最高和最低等級之間會有25%的變化.几個因素其貢獻于他們的不同之處包括塗裝成分和布局,結果是,膠紙有可能適合于所有的塗裝測試.另外,膠紙測試不能為結合的切割要求的粘著力提供一個絕對的等級.但是,供應僅作為一個指示器,其能滿足或超過附著力最小的等級(7.8).X1.6步驟問題X1.6.1膠紙測試是操作者的加強器.通過設計,盡量簡單地去執行,且要求一個最低的專業設備和材料,其必須滿足一定的規格.准確性和精確性主要依賴于在一致的方法上的操作的技術,操作者執行測試的能力.關鍵的步驟是其直接影響操作者的技術的重要性,包括角度、膠紙脫落的等級、測試樣本的目視判定,希望不同的操作者獲得不同的結果(7.8).X1.6.2脫落角度和等級標准要求膠紙未粘住的末端盡可能保持180∘角迅速移除/揭起.如果脫落角度和等級不同,根據所要求的力來移除膠紙會有戲劇性地變化.几乎線性的增長在脫落力中被發現接近100%,當脫落的角度從135∘變化到180∘時,且當脫落等級不同時,同樣大的不同也能在脫落力中被發現.這些作用是有關系的,當他們反襯背和起源于分子組成的附著力(粘著力)的一定流變學特性時.在拉力等級和脫落角度方面的變化能影響,導致在測試等級上有很大的不同,且必須最小化以保証再生性(9).X1.6.3目視判定測試的最后步驟是目視判斷樣本的塗層脫落狀況,但其卻有自然判斷的主觀性.以致于一種塗裝在相同的樣本,單個的判定之中會有不同(9).X1.6.3.1在膠紙測試中,性能是以塗裝脫落量與已給的等級描述相比較為基礎的.底材的暴露是由于除了塗裝粘著力,還包括塗層划割需求的出現等特性(因此同義字是“畫交叉陰影線附著力測試”).根據切割提供從沒有開始脫落到克服塗層的粘性強度一自由邊.X1.6.3.2此切割可能更適合于金屬襯底上的塗層,要不是塗層應用于塑膠或木,由于唯一的分界區域制程可能導致不良粘性的誤解指示.對于軟襯底上的塗層,包括此切口滲入有多深,切割是否僅僅為分界面.X1.6.3.3一般,如果精微地檢驗粘性測試面板,那么就可以清晰地証明塗層的脫落是由在分界面或以下的不良襯底產生的,而不是由塗層與襯底之間的不良粘性產生的.在膜層里面的不良粘性同樣要經常觀察.然而,所用膠紙測試,在襯底或塗層內的不良很少,因為膠紙的粘性不會超過一般襯底的粘性強度與無機塗層.盡管有些易碎塗層可能仍然存在粘性不良,此測試方法還是不告知不良位置(7.8).X1.6.4在領域里使用此測試方法由于溫度與濕度變化及膠紙,塗層,襯底的影響,在測試結果里可能導致發生變化.X1.7結論X1.7.1如果這些測試是範圍部分之內使用,且小心地使用,洞察可能獲適當的,相關的粘性水平,那么所有的問題都不會發生.。

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