《美国文学作家作品及时代背景文学术语一览表
(完整word版)美国文学史术语翻译 作家作品(word文档良心出品)
A religious doctrine that advocates hard work, self-discipline, thrift, and sobriety, regards labour as one’s divine task, without the enjoyment of the fruit of the labour. The purpose is to purify the corrupted church as had been established by Jesus Chris himself.John cotton and William rogerRomanticismIs intellectual movement originating in Germany at the end of 18th century that gained strength in Western Europe after the Industrial Revolution, in the reaction to the social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment, its scientific rationalization of nature. The romantic values revolved around the full spectrum of the human emotional side embracing its instincts and rejecting the conventions of the Age of Reason.Romanticism的特点：frequently shared certain general characteristics, moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that he natural world was a source of corruption.Transcendentalismas a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom.2) they spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society. 3）they believe in the transcendence of "over soul", an all-pervading power for goodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part.Emerson 第一个提出idealism代表人物：Emerson，believed that man was a part of absolute good。
美国文学中的主要作家及其代表作品
美国文学中的主要作家及其代表作品美国文学是世界文学的重要组成部分，拥有众多杰出的作家和作品。
本文将介绍一些主要的美国作家以及他们的代表作品，以展示美国文学的丰富与多样性。
一、马克·吐温（Mark Twain）马克·吐温是美国文学史上最著名的作家之一，他以幽默和讽刺的风格闻名于世。
他的代表作品《汤姆·索亚历险记》和《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》被视为美国文学的经典之作，揭示了美国南方社会的黑暗和种族歧视现象。
二、欧内斯特·海明威（Ernest Hemingway）海明威是20世纪美国文学的巨匠，他以简洁明快的写作风格和对战争、人性的深刻洞察而闻名。
他的代表作品《老人与海》讲述了一个老渔夫与大海的搏斗，通过对人性、毅力和命运的思考，展现了人类的勇气和坚韧。
三、威廉·福克纳（William Faulkner）福克纳是美国南方文学的代表人物，他的作品充满了对美国南方历史和文化的深度思考。
他的代表作品《喧哗与骚动》和《押沙龙，押沙龙！》以其复杂的叙事结构和深刻的人物描写而著称，探讨了种族、阶级和家庭关系等重要议题。
四、弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德（F. Scott Fitzgerald）菲茨杰拉德是美国爵士时代文学的代表人物，他的作品描绘了上层社会的繁华与堕落。
他的代表作品《了不起的盖茨比》通过对财富、爱情和美国梦的探索，揭示了人类对幸福的追求与现实的冲突。
五、托尼·莫里森（Toni Morrison）莫里森是美国当代文学的重要代表，她以其对种族、性别和历史的关注而获得了广泛的赞誉。
她的代表作品《亲爱的》和《宠儿》通过对非洲裔美国人的生活经历和心理状态的刻画，探讨了种族歧视和自我认同等重要议题。
六、约翰·斯坦贝克（John Steinbeck）斯坦贝克是美国现实主义文学的代表人物，他的作品关注农民和工人阶级的生活困境。
英美文学选读复习资料
英美文学选读复习资料英美文学选读复习资料一、英国文学1、文艺复兴时期：莎士比亚的戏剧《哈姆雷特》、《李尔王》、《麦克白》等，以及弥尔顿的《失乐园》。
2、17世纪：约翰·多恩的玄学派诗歌，以及约翰·班扬的《天路历程》。
3、18世纪：启蒙时期，亨利·菲尔丁和理查逊的小说，以及亚历山大·蒲柏的讽刺诗歌。
4、19世纪：浪漫主义时期，包括拜伦、雪莱、济慈等人的诗歌，以及简·奥斯汀、爱米莉·勃朗特等的小说。
5、维多利亚时期：查尔斯·狄更斯、乔治·艾略特、托马斯·哈代等作家的小说，以及马修·阿诺德、约翰·罗斯金等人的诗歌。
二、美国文学1、浪漫主义时期：包括华盛顿·欧文的《睡谷传说》、爱伦·坡的短篇小说、以及纳撒尼尔·霍桑的《红字》。
2、现实主义时期：包括马克·吐温的《汤姆·索亚历险记》、亨利·詹姆斯的小说、以及艾米莉·狄金森的诗歌。
3、20世纪：包括F.斯科特·菲茨杰拉德的《了不起的盖茨比》、欧内斯特·海明威的《老人与海》、杰克·凯鲁亚克的《在路上》等文学作品。
三、文学术语和概念1、象征主义：通过象征性的符号或形象来表达某种思想或情感。
2、叙事视角：从特定的角度来描述故事，常见的有第一人称、第二人称、第三人称等。
3、意象主义：通过形象和比喻来表达情感和思想。
4、文艺复兴：欧洲历史上的一次文化运动，强调人文主义和古希腊罗马文化。
5、玄学派：17世纪英国的一种文学流派，强调诗歌中的哲学思考和神秘主义。
6、悲剧：一种戏剧类型，通常表现英雄人物的悲惨命运。
7、喜剧：一种戏剧类型，通常表现幽默、讽刺等轻松愉快的主题。
8、自然主义：一种文学流派，强调对自然和社会现实的客观描写。
9、超验主义：一种哲学思想，强调个人经验和直觉，反对传统权威。
美国文学史作家及作品
14、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗1807-1882
The Song of Hiawatha海华沙之歌----美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗;Voices of the Night夜吟;Ballads and Other Poems民谣及其他诗; A Psalm of Life人生礼物
The Side of Paradise人间天堂;The Beautiful and the Damned美丽的和倒霉;
The Great Gatsby了不起的盖茨比;Tender in the Night夜色温柔;The Last Tycoon最后的巨头
27、Ernest Hemingway欧内斯特·海明威1899-1961（“迷惘的一代”的代表人物）
The Sun Also Rises太阳照样升起;Farewell to Arms永别了，武器;For Whom the Bell Tolls丧钟为谁而鸣The Old Man and The Sea老人与海
13、Edgar Allan Poe埃德加·爱伦·坡1809-1849（以诗为诗；永为世人共赏的伟大抒情诗人-----叶芝）
Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque怪诞奇异故事集;Tales故事集;The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌;Annabel Lee安娜贝尔·李-----歌特风格；首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头
6、James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀1789-1851
The Spy间谍;The Pilot领航者;;Leatherstocking Tales皮袜子故事集:The Pioneer拓荒者；The Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人;The Prairie大草原;The Pathfinder探路者;The Deerslayer杀鹿者
1. 全套美国文学精心整理的各个时期作家作品简介A General Introduction to American Literature
Oversea American poets
Ezra Pound, Cantos T. S. Eliot, The Waste Land
New England poets
Robert Frost, “The Road Not Taken”, “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening” Edwin Arlington Robinson, “Miniver Cheevy” “Richard Cory”
Literature of Modernism— Drama
History
Though started very late, American drama developed fast in this period
Theme
With social problems as main subject targeted to criticize and expose the dark sides of the society
American Romanticism
Time
The first half of the 19th century
Dominant Thoughts
Domestic Factors Foreign influences
Literary Forms
Essays, poems, short stories and novels
American Enlightenment
Literary Forms
Political pamphlets and state papers
Major Writers:
Benjamin Franklin, The Autobiography Thomas Jefferson Thomas Paine Philip Freneau, “The Wild Honey Suckle”
美国文学术语解释
美国文学术语解释美国文学术语解释American puritanism(美国清教主义)Colonial American(殖民时期的美国)Great Aweaking(宗教大觉醒运动)American Romanticism(美国浪漫主义)Gothic tradition(哥特传统) Historical novel(历史小说)Civil War（美国内战）Transcendentalism(超验主义) Individualism(个人主义) Unitarianism(上帝一位论) Allegory(寓言) American Renaissance(美国文艺复兴)Original Sin(原罪)American Enlightenment(美国启蒙运动)Free verse(自由诗) Alliteration(头韵) Assonance(类韵) Consonance(和音)Lyric(抒情诗)Sonnet(十四行诗)Point of view(视角)Realism(现实主义)Local Colorism(地方特色主义) Irony(反讽)Naturalism(自然主义)Social Darwinism(社会达尔文主义)Dadaism(达尔文主义) Expressionism(表现主义) Harlem Renaissance(哈姆雷特文艺复兴)Imagism(意象主义)Jazz Age(爵士乐时代) Surrealism(超现实主义)V orticism(漩涡派)Dramatic Monologue(戏剧性独白)Lost Generation(迷惘的一代) Metaphysical poets(玄学派诗人)Narrator(叙述者)Stream of Consciousness(意识流) The Beat Generation(垮掉的一代) The 1930s(美国30年代)New Criticism(新批评主义) Theatre of the Absurd(荒诞剧) Postmodernism(后现代主义) Metafiction(元小说) Confessional poetry(自白派诗歌) The New York School(纽约派诗人)The absurd(荒谬派)Parody(戏讽)Magic realism(魔幻现实主义) The National Association for the Advancement of ColoredPeople(NAACP)(美国有色人种协进会)The Native American Renaissance(土著美国人文艺复兴)。
美国文学文学术语
Imagism (1908-1917)1. Time: 1908-19171) first began in 1908-1909 T.E. Hulme founded a Poet's Club discussed the techniques of writing poetry.2) 1912-1914 Ezra Pound headed the movement. He and Flint laid down three Imagist principles3)1914-1917: Amy Lowell pushed the movement into the period of "Amygism"2.three Imagist Principles1). economy of expression(exclusion of redundant words)2). metrical freedom（free verse form and the rhythm of metrical phrase(讲究自由诗歌形式,使用音乐性短语的节奏而不按节拍器的节奏3). produce a dominant and clear visual image or a series of related images (no symbolic meaning of images, avoidance of romantic or mystical themes)3. Representatives :Ezra Pound, Amy Lowell, Hilda Doolittle, Carlos WilliamsThe Lost Generation1. Time: a term coined by Gertrude Stein after the WWI (1920s)2. Ideas: a group of American intellects, artists and writers fled to France to reject the values of American materialism. They were disillusioned and frustrated with the war and were spiritually bitter and lead aimless life.3. Representatives: Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzegerade, Ezra Pound, Gertrude Stein etc.Tough Guys1) Men who show grace under pressure, who face up to life's tragedies such as danger, violence and even death with desperate courage and maintain dignity, honor and grace.2) Life can defeat and destroy you, but if you keep calm and stand on your set of principles, you may win on your own terms. 人可以被毁灭但是精神不能被打败Iceberg Theory1) In his non-fiction work Death in the Afternoon, Hemingway said "the dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only 1/8 of it being above water ,7/8 is under the water. " “冰山运动之雄伟壮观，是因为他只有八分之一在水面上。
美国文学常识
美国文学一、北美殖民主义时期文学时间：16世纪末到17世纪中特点：The first writings are narratives and journals of early settlers主要作家1.John SmithA True Relation of Virginia : the first book in American literatureA Map of Virginia with a description of the country二、独立革命时期文学时间：17世纪中到18世纪末特点it is featured by two revolutions. One was American revolution and the other is enlightenment, which led to the American independence and an intellectual development whose rationalistic spirit inspired Americans and brought them into a new horizon主要作家1.Benjamin Franklin ( a member of the committee to draft the Declaration ofIndependence)AutobiographyPoor Richard’s Almanac 穷理查德书2.Thomas PaineCommon SenseThe American CrisisRights of manThe Age of Reason3.Philip Freneau (poet of American Revolution)The British Prison ShipThe Rising Glory of AmericaThe Indian Burying GroundThe wild Honey Suckle 野金银花一、浪漫主义时期时间：18世纪末到19世纪中期特点：American Romanticism advocates individualism and encourage people to fight for individual right and human happiness with brevity. It attached importance to individual dignity and value and believed that human nature is benign.主要作家：1.Washington IrvingA history of New YorkThe Sketch Book 见闻札记Rip Van Winkle 瑞普梵温克尔The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 睡谷传说Tales of a traveler2.James Fenimore CooperLeather Stocking Tales 皮袜子故事集The last of the Mochicans 最后的末希干人3.William Cullen Bryant (romantic poet)poemsThe fountainThe white-footed deerA forest hymnThe flood of years4.Edgar Allen PoeTales of the Grotesque and Arabesque 怪诞奇异故事集The Fall of the House Usher 呃舍屋的倒塌The Raven 乌鸦To Helen 致海伦The City in the Sea 海城5.Ralph Waldo EmersonNatureSelf-RelianceThe TranscendentalistThe American ScholarDivinity School Address 神学院的演说6.Henry David ThoreauWalden 瓦尔登湖Resistance to Civil Government 抵制公民政府Civil Disobedience 论市民的不服从7.Nathaniel HawthorneScarlet letterMosses from an old manse 古屋青苔8.Herman MevilleMoby Dick 大白鲸Typee 泰比9.Walt Whitman (诗人)Leaves of GrassSong of myself 自我之歌10.Emily Dickinson （诗人）The Poems of Emily DickinsonThis is my letter to the worldI heard a fly buzz when I died四：现实主义时期时间：19世纪中期到20世纪末特点：The rise and development of American literary realism was the product of the changes in American politics and economic development著名作家：1.Harriet Beecher StoweUncle Tom’s Cabin2.Mark TwainThe adventure of Tom SawyerThe adventure of Huckleberry FinnThe Innocents abroad 傻瓜出国记The Prince and Pauper 王子和贫民The Gilded Age 镀金时代3.O HenryThe Cop and the Anthem4.Henry JamesDaisy MillerThe portrait of a lady 贵夫人的画像The Ambassadors 大使们The wings of a dove 鸽翼5.Jack LondonThe son and the wolfThe call from the wildThe sea-wolfWhite fang 白獠牙The people of the Abyss 深渊中的人们Martin Eden 马丁易登6．Theodore DreiserSister CarrieJennie Gerhardt 珍妮姑娘Trilogy of DesireAn American TragedyThe FinancierThe Genius五：美国当代文学时间：一战后特点：writers of this time freed themselves from traditional concepts of culture and morality and created the literary art of modernism. The writers of lost generation were frustrated by the war and literature accordingly was featured by disillusionment of ideas and civilization.主要作家诗歌1.Ezra pound (imagism poet)In a station of Metro 地铁站里The Cantos 诗章Homage to Sextus PropertiusPersonage 人物The Pisan Cantos 比萨诗章2.Robert Frost (新英格来背景的诗人)A Boy’s WishNorth of BostonA Witness tree 一棵作证的树Mountain Interval 山间A Further Range 又一片牧场3.Wallace Stevens （诗人）Harmonium (风琴)The man with blue GuitarThe Auroras of Autumn （秋天的晨曦）Collected Poems 诗集4.Thomas Stearns Eliot (诗人，剧作家，1948年诺贝尔文学奖)Ash Wednesday 圣灰星期三Murder in the Cathedral 大教堂的谋杀The Waste land 荒原The Hollow Man 空心人The Sacred Wood 圣林小说1.Sinclair Lewis （第一位获得诺贝尔文学奖的美国作家）Our Mr. Wrenn 我们的雷恩先生The Job 求职The Main Street 大街Babbit 吧比特2.Eugene O Neill(唯一一位获得诺贝尔文学奖的剧作家)The Iceman Cometh 送冰的人来了The long day’s journey into night 长夜漫漫路迢迢The Hairy Ape 毛猿Emperor Jones 琼斯皇帝The Great God Brown 大神布朗Desire under the Elm 榆树下的欲望All the God’s Children Got Wings 上帝的儿女都有翅膀3. F. Scott Fitzgerald （爵士乐时代的优秀编年体作家）The Side of Paradise 人间天堂The Beautiful and the Damned 漂亮冤家Tender is the night 月色温柔The Great Gatsby 了不起的盖兹比The last Tycoon 最后的巨头4.Ernest Hemingway （获诺贝尔文学奖，迷茫一代的代言人）The sun also risesA farewell to armsFor whom the bell tollsThe old man and the seaDeath in the Afternoon (午后之死)Green hill of Africa （非洲的青山）5.John Steinbeck （1962获得诺贝尔文学奖）The Grapes of WrathThe PearlOf Mice and MenIn Dubious BattleTortilla Flat (煎饼坪)6.William Faulkner （南方文艺复兴最杰出代表，1949年诺贝尔文学奖）The sound and fury 喧哗与骚动As I lay dying 在我弥留之际Light in August 八月之光Absalom, Absalom 押沙龙，押沙龙。
美国文学作家以及作品总汇
美国文学部分(American Literature)一．独立革命前后的文学（The Literature Around the Revolution of Independence）1．本章考核知识点和考核要求：1)．殖民地时期的文学的特点2)．主要的作家、其概况及其代表作品2．独立革命前后时期的主要作家本杰明·富兰克林Benjamin Franklin本杰明·富兰克林，散文家、科学家、社会活动家，曾参与起草―独立宣言。
《穷查理历书》Poor Richard’s Almanack《致富之道》The Way to Wealth《自传》The Autobiography托马斯·潘恩Thomas Paine托马斯·潘恩，散文家、政治家、报刊撰稿人。
《税务员问题》The Case of the Officers of Excise《常识》Common Sense《美国危机》American Crisis《人的权利》Rights of Man《专制体制的崩溃》Downfall of Despotism《理性时代》The Age of Reason菲利普·弗伦诺Philip Freneau菲利普·弗伦诺，著名的―革命诗人‖。
《蒸蒸日上的美洲》―The Rising Glory of America‖《英国囚船》―The British Prison Ship‖《纪念美国勇士》同类诗中最佳―To the Memory of the Brave Americans‖《野生的金银花》―The Wild Honeysuckle‖《印第安人殡葬地》―The Indian Burying Ground‖1二．美国浪漫主义文学（American Romanticism）1．本章考核知识点和考核要求：1)．美国浪漫主义文学产生的社会历史及文化背景2)．主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画和语言风格3)．清教主义、超验主义、象征主义、自由诗等名词的解释2.美国浪漫主义时期的主要作家华盛顿·欧文Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文，美国著名小说家，被称为―美国文学之父‖.《瑞普·凡·温可尔》Rip Van Winkle《纽约外史》A History of New York《见闻札记》The Sketch Book《睡谷的传说》The Legend of Sleepy Hollow詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀开创了以《皮裹腿故事集》为代表的边疆传奇小说，其中最为重要的一部是《最后的莫西干人》。
美国文学选读作家对应作品流派
•Anne Bradstreet ————American Puritanism•Edward Taylor————American Puritanism•Philip Freneau————American Puritanism•Benjamin Franklin——Poor Richard’s Almanac; The Autobiography——American Puritanism, The Enlightenment and Revolution Period•Jonathan Edwards ————The Enlightenment and Revolution Period•Thomas Paine——Common Sense——The Enlightenment and Revolution Period•Thomas Jefferson——Declaration of Independence——The Enlightenment and Revolution Period •Washington Irving——The Sketch Book：The Legend of Sleepy Hollow；Rip Van Winkle——American Romanticism•James Fenimore Cooper——The Leather-Stocking Tales——American Romanticism•William Cullen Bryant——To a Waterfowl；The Yellow Violet——American Romanticism•Ralph Waldo Emerson——Nature；Self-Reliance——New England Transcendentalism；American Romanticism•Henry David Thoreau——Walden；On the Duty of Civil Disobedience——New England Transcendentalism；American Romanticism●Henry Wadsworth Longfellow——The Song of Hiawatha——American Romanticism●Walt Whitman——Leaves of Grass——American Romanticism●Nathaniel Hawthorne——The Scarlet Letter；The House of the Seven Gables; Young Goodman Brown——American Romanticism•Herman Melville——Moby Dick——American Romanticism•Edgar Allan Poe——The Raven；Ligeia；The Fall of the House of Usher；The Poetic Principal——American Romanticism•Emily Dickinson————American Romanticism●William Dean Howells——The Rise of Silas Lapman ；Criticism and Fiction——The Age of Realism ●Mark Twain——The Gilded Age；The Adventures of Tom Sawyer；The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn——humor and local colorism；The Age of Realism●Henry James——The Portrait of a Lady；Daisy Miller——Psychological Realism ；The Age ofRealism●Stephen Crane——A Girl of the Streets；The Red Badge of Courage——The Age of Realism；AmericanNaturalism●Theodore Dreiser——Sister Carrie；An American Tragedy——social Darwinism；The Age ofRealism；American Naturalism●Upton Sinclair——The Jungle●Ernest Hemingway——The Sun Also Rises；A Farewell to Arms；For Whom the Bell Tolls; The OldMan and the Sea——The Lost Generation，Modernism and Post-Modernism●F. Scott Fitzgerald——The Great Gatsby——The Lost Generation，Modernism and Post-Modernism ●John Dos Passos——Three Soldiers——The Lost Generation，Modernism and Post-Modernism●William Faulkner ——The Sound and the Fury ——南方文艺复兴时期；Modernism andPost-Modernism●Ezra Pound ——The Cantos；Hugh Selwyn Mauberley ——imagism；Modernism and Post-Modernism●Langston Hughes——The Weary Blues——Harlem Renaissance；Modernism and Post-Modernism⏹Frederick Douglass——My Bondage and My Freedom——Black American Literature⏹Richard Wright——Native Son——Black American Literature⏹Ralph Ellison:——Invisible Man——Black American Literature⏹James Baldwin:——Go Tell It on the Mountain——Black American Literature ⏹Alex Haley:——Roots——Black American Literature⏹Toni Morrison:——The Bluest Eye——Black American Literature●Jack Kerouac——On the Road——The Beat Generation,当代文学●Allen Ginsberg——Howl——The Beat Generation●William S. Burroughs——Naked Lunch——The Beat Generation●Joseph Heller——Catch-22——Black Humor●J.D. Salinger——Catcher in the Rye。
美国文学资料
• 为美国文学的发展奠定了基础
• 多元、包容的写作手法
• 汤亭亭
美国科幻文学：对未来世界的想象与探索
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科幻文学的特点
• 对未来世界的想象与探索
• 对科学技术与社会关系的探讨
• 富有创意与想象力的写作手法
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科幻文学的代表作家
• 雷·布雷伯里
• 菲利普·K·迪克
• 奥森·斯科特·卡德
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科幻文学的影响
• 丰富了美国文学的题材与风格
• 为美国文学的发展奠定了基础
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美国文学的主要流派
美国浪漫主义文学：个性与情感的表达
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浪漫主义文学的特点
• 强调个性、情感与自由
• 对自然与超自然世界的向往
• 对民主与自由的追求
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浪漫主义文学的代表作品
• 华兹华斯的《瓦尔登湖》
• 爱默生的《自然》
• 梭罗的《论公民的不服从》
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浪漫主义文学的影响
• 丰富了美国文学的题材与风格
美国文学：历史、流派与经典作品赏析
DOCS SMART CREATE
CREATE TOGETHER
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美国文学的发展历程
早期美国文学：从殖民时期到独立战争
殖民时期的文学特点
• 以宗教为主题，强调道德教化
• 文学作品多以英国文学为蓝本
• 开始出现具有美国特色的文学作品
美国独立战争时期的文学贡献
• 亨利·詹姆斯的《一位女士的画像》
• 杰克·伦敦的《荒野的呼唤》
• 西奥多·德莱塞的《美国的悲剧》
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美国文学的经典作品分析
美国文学知识
美国文学知识一．殖民地时期（The Literature of Colonial American）北美的第一本书：《海湾圣诗》（The Bay Psalmbook）约翰·史密斯（John Smith）：被誉为美国文学的第一位作家。
代表作《关于弗吉尼亚的真实叙述》（A True Relation of Virginia）是美国文学第一书。
纳撒尼尔·沃德（Nathaniel Ward）：被誉为“北美讽刺文学第一笔”。
代表作《北美的阿格瓦姆鞋匠》（The Simple Cobbler of Aggawam in America）。
威廉·布拉福德（William Bradford）：被誉为“美国历史之父”。
代表作《普利茅斯种植园史》（History of Plymouth Plantation）。
安妮·布拉德斯特里特（Anne Bradstreet）：殖民地时期的第一位诗人。
代表作《最近在北美出现的第十位缪斯》（The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America）。
迈克尔·威格尔斯沃斯（Michael Wigglesworth）：诗人。
代表作《判决日》（The Day Of Doom）。
爱德华·泰勒（Edward Taylor）：诗人。
代表作《上帝对其选民有影响的决定》（Gods Determinations Touching His Elect）。
乔纳森·爱德华兹（Jonathan Edwards）：“大觉醒”（The Great Awakening）运动中的主要思想家。
代表作《愤怒是上帝手中之罪人》。
二．独立战争到南北战争（American Literature between the War of Independence and the Civil War）本杰明·富兰克林（Benjamin Franklin）：美国启蒙运动的开创者、科学家、实业家、政治家和革命家，参与撰写了《独立宣言》（Declaration of Independence）。
美国各文学时期重要作家及其主要作品
美国各文学时期重要作家及其主要作品美国文学的发展历史虽然只有200多年，但是它在这段时间里所取得的成就却是十分辉煌的。
美国文学业已形成的民族性、时代性和社会性，使它成为世界文学的重要组成部分。
美国文学的发展和美国历史的发展几乎是平行的。
美国殖民主义时期三个代表诗人1.安妮·布雷兹特里特Anne Bradstreet （1612-1672）美国第一位作品得以发表的女诗人。
她出生于英格兰，1630年时随父亲和丈夫来到北美马萨诸塞湾殖民地。
诗的风格与同时代的英国诗人John Donne、Edward Taylor有相似之处。
她最著名的诗集是《第十位缪斯》(The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America,1650)，这也是她生前出版的唯一诗集。
一般认为，她最优秀的诗作，主要收录于她去世后由罗杰斯选编的《布雷兹特里特诗集》(Several Poems 1678)。
《写在我家失火之际》On the Burning of Our House）反映出殖民时期生活的侧面，《灵与肉》（The Flesh and the Spirit）向读者展示了作为一名虔诚的清教徒，在面临新大陆恶劣的生存环境时，诗人内心深处肉体与灵魂、世俗与信仰之间的斗争。
2.爱德华·泰勒(Edward Taylor，1644?-1729年)美国清教派牧师和诗人。
他被公认为美国19世纪前最重要的诗人。
在他有生之年仅发表过两首诗歌，直到1937年人们研究他的手稿时才认识到他那虔诚的诗歌的优美绝伦。
像约翰·多恩和乔治·赫伯特以及其他英国玄学派诗人一样，泰勒擅长运用精心选择的暗喻和丰富而唯美的比喻，也采用日常生活中的寻常措辞和比喻。
《爱德华·泰勒诗集》(1939年)收录了他的杰作，包括写于约1685年的《上帝对其选民有影响的决定》，和写于1682-1726年的《内省录》（Preparatory Meditation）中的部分。
美国文学术语解释
美国文学术语解释American puritanism(美国清教主义)Colonial American(殖民时期的美国)Great Aweaking(宗教大觉醒运动)American Romanticism(美国浪漫主义)Gothic tradition(哥特传统) Historical novel(历史小说)Civil War（美国内战）Transcendentalism(超验主义) Individualism(个人主义) Unitarianism(上帝一位论) Allegory(寓言)American Renaissance(美国文艺复兴)Original Sin(原罪)American Enlightenment(美国启蒙运动)Free verse(自由诗) Alliteration(头韵) Assonance(类韵) Consonance(和音)Lyric(抒情诗)Sonnet(十四行诗)Point of view(视角)Realism(现实主义)Local Colorism(地方特色主义) Irony(反讽)Naturalism(自然主义)Social Darwinism(社会达尔文主义)Dadaism(达尔文主义) Expressionism(表现主义) Harlem Renaissance(哈姆雷特文艺复兴)Imagism(意象主义)Jazz Age(爵士乐时代) Surrealism(超现实主义)V orticism(漩涡派)Dramatic Monologue(戏剧性独白)Lost Generation(迷惘的一代) Metaphysical poets(玄学派诗人) Narrator(叙述者)Stream of Consciousness(意识流) The Beat Generation(垮掉的一代) The 1930s(美国30年代)New Criticism(新批评主义) Theatre of the Absurd(荒诞剧) Postmodernism(后现代主义) Metafiction(元小说) Confessional poetry(自白派诗歌) The New York School(纽约派诗人)The absurd(荒谬派)Parody(戏讽)Magic realism(魔幻现实主义) The National Association for the Advancement of ColoredPeople(NAACP)(美国有色人种协进会)The Native American Renaissance(土著美国人文艺复兴)。
美国文学史中的各时期作家及代表作品
美国文学史中的各时期作家及代表作品早期的美国文学是从欧洲文学的样式和风格中衍生出来的。
例如，维兰德和查尔斯·布罗克登·布朗的小说创作就是对英格兰哥特小说的模仿。
就连华盛顿·欧文的杰作《李伯大梦》和《沉睡谷传奇》也是十足的欧洲风格，只是故事发生的场景改为美国而已。
美国文学的诞生美国第一位在小说和诗歌创作领域取得显著成就的作家是艾德加·爱伦·坡（1809－1849），他于1835年开始短篇小说的创作，其作品包括《红死病》、《陷坑与钟摆》、《颓败之屋》和《莫尔格街凶杀案》。
他的创作触及了前人很少涉及的心理学领域，并且将神秘、幻想等元素融入小说创作之中。
1837年，年轻的作家纳撒尼尔·霍桑（1804－1864）将他的一些短篇小说集结成册出版，名为《重讲一遍的故事》。
这是一部包含了丰富的象征主义及神秘主义元素的作品。
后来，霍桑又开始写作长篇的传奇小说、类寓言小说，他的本土小说《新英格兰》以人类的内疚、荣耀和情感上的压抑为主题。
霍桑的代表作是《红字》，讲述一个因通奸行为而被驱逐出社区的女人的故事。
霍桑的小说创作对他的朋友，作家赫尔曼·梅尔维尔（1819年－1891年）产生了深远的影响。
赫尔曼·梅尔维尔以自己早期的水手经历为蓝本创作了许多富有异国情调的小说。
在霍桑的影响下，麦尔维尔的小说中也融入了很多哲学上的思索。
在其代表作《白鲸》中，作家通过对一场惊心动魄的捕鲸历程的描述，表达了对人类痴迷状态、人性中罪恶成分以及人类如何战胜这些天性的思索。
在他的另一部短篇杰作《比利·巴德》中，梅尔维尔则戏剧性的描写了战争时期一艘船上人们责任和同情心的主题。
梅尔维尔的那些涵义深远的杰作销量少得可怜，而梅尔维尔本人在有生之年也没有获得应有的声誉。
直到20世纪初期他的作品才重新被人发掘并被给予公正的评价。
1836年，曾经做过联邦政府部长的拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生（1803年－1882年）出版了一部散文作品《自然》，主张人类可以通过学习和研究自然世界来代替笃信宗教或试图达到某种玄妙的精神境界。
美国文学相关文学术语
美国文学相关文学术语Literary Terms about American Literature1)American Puritanism (清教主义) :Puritanism is the practices and beliefs ofpuritans. The American puritans, like their English brothers, are idealists. They accept the doctrine and practice of predestination, original sin, and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. But due to the grim struggle for living in the new continent, they become more and more practical. American Puritanism is so much a part of the national atmosphere rather than a set of tenets.2)American Romanticism（浪漫主义）: (1) American Romanticism is one of themost important periods in the history of American literature. (2) It was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism. For romantics, the feelings, intuitions and emotions were more important than reason and common sense. They emphasized individualism, placing the individual against the group,. They affirmed the inner life of the self, and cherished strong interest in the past, the wild, the remote, the mysterious and the strange. They stressed the element “Americanness”in their works. (3) It started with the publication of Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book and ended with Walt Whitman’s Leaves of Grass.(4) Being a period of the flowering of American literature, it is also called “the American Renaissance.” (5) American Romanticists include such literary figures as Washington Irving, Ralph Waldo Emerson, William Cullen Bryant, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Poe and some others.3)Transcendentalism（超验主义）:It refers to the religious and philosophicaldoctrines of Ralph Waldo Emerson and others in New England in the middle 1800’s, which emphasized the importance of individual inspirations and intuition, the Over-soul, and Nature. Other concepts that accompanied transcendentalism include the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, self-reliant. New England transcendentalism is the product of a combination of native American Puritanism and European Romanticism.4)Free V erse （自由体）:It means the rhymed or unrhymed poetry composedwithout paying attention to conventional rules of meter. Free verse was originated by a group of French poets of the late 19th century. Their purpose was to free themselves from the restrictions of formal metrical patterns and to recreate instead the free rhythms of natural speech. Walt Whitman’s Leaves of Grass is perhaps, the most notable example.5)American Naturalism （自然主义）: The American naturalists accepted the morenegative interpretation of Darwin’s evolutionary theory sand used it to account for the behavior of those characters in literary works who were regarded as more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes, their habits conditioned by social and economic forces. American naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a gloomy philosophical approachto reality, or to human existence. Dreiser is a leading figure of this school.6)American Realism（现实主义）: The American Civil War brought the RomanticPeriod to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. American Realism expresses the concern for common place and the low; and it offers an objective rather an idealistic view of human nature and human experience. Realistic literature finds the drama and the tension beneath the ordinary surface of life. A realistic writer is more objective than subjective, more descriptive than symbolic. Realists look for truth in everyday truths.7)Local Colorists (乡土作家):Generally speaking, the writings of local coloristsare concerned with the life of a small, well-defined region or province. The characteristic setting is the isolated small town. Local colorists were consciously nostalgic historians of a vanishing way of life, recorders of the present that faded before their eyes. Y et for all their sentimentality, they dedicated themselves to minutely accurate descriptions of the life of their regions. They worked from personal experience to record the facts of a local environment and suggested that the native life was shaped by the curious conditions of the local. Major colorists include Hamlin Garland, Mark Twain, Kate Chopin, etc```8)Modernism （现代主义）: It was an international movement in literature and arts,especially in literary criticism, which begin in the late 19th century and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base. The modernist writers concentrate more on the private and the subjective than on the public and objective, mainly concerned with the inner being of the individual. Therefore they pay more attention to the psychic time than the chronological one. The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man and himself. In the United States, modernism refers to the 20th century American literature, which can also be called the second American Renaissance.9)The Lost Generation （迷失的一代）: It is a term first used by Gertrude Stein todescribe the post-WWI generation of American writers: man and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war. Full of idealism, these individuals sought the meaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date. The three best-known representatives of the Lost Generation are F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, and John Dos Passos.10)The Beat Generation （垮掉的一代）: The members of the beat generation werenew bohemian libertines, who engaged in a spontaneous, sometimes messy, creativity. The beat writers produced a body of written work controversial both for its advocacy of none-conformity and for its non-conforming style. The major beat writings are Jack Kerouac’s On the Road and Allen Ginsberg’s Howl. Howl became the manifesto of the Beat Generation.11)American Dream （美国梦）: It refers to the dream of material success, in whichone , regardless of social status, acquires wealth and gains success by workinghard and good luck. In literature, the theme of American dream recurs. In The Great Gatsby, Gatsby comes from the west to the east with the dream of material success. By bootlegging and other illegal means he fulfilled his dream but ended up being killed. The novel tells the shattering of American Dream rather than its success.12)Black Humor （黑色幽默）: It is also known as black comedy. It is a kind ofwriting that places grotesque elements side by side with humorous ones in an attempt to shock the reader, forcing him or her to laugh at the horrifying reality ofa distorted world. It is humor out of despair and laughter out of tears. Black humorconveys anguish and fury at conditions in which institutionalized absurdity gets the upper hand. It intends to satirize hypocrisy, materialism, racial prejudice, and above all, the dehumanization of the individual by a modern society. Black humor prevails in Modern American Literature. Joseph Heller’s novel Catch-22 is considered a superb example of the use of black humor.13)Hemingway Code Hero （海明威式英雄）: Hemingway Hero, also called codehero, is one who, wounded but strong, more sensitive, enjoys the pleasure of life ( sex, alcohol, sport ) in face of ruin and death, and maintains, through some notion of a code, an ideal of himself. Barnes in The Sun Also Rises, Henry in A Farewell to Arms and Santiago in The Old Man and the Sea are typical of Hemingway hero.14)Imagism （意象派）:It came into being in Britain and U.S. around 1910 as areaction to the traditional English poetry to express the sense of fragmentation and dislocation. The imagists with Ezra Pound leading the way, hold that the most effective means to express these momentary impressions is through the use of one dominant image. Imagism is characterized by the following three poetic principles: 1, direct treatment of subject matter; 2, economy of the expression; 3, as regards rhythm, to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of metronome. Ezra Pound’s In a Station of the Metro is a well-known imagist poem.15)Expressionism （表现主义）: It refers to a movement in Germany early in the20th century, in which a number of painters sought to avoid the representation of external reality and, instead, to project a highly personal or subjective vision of the world. Expressionism is a reaction against realism or naturalism, aiming at presenting a post-war world violently distorted. Works noted for expressionism include: Eugene O’Neill’s The Emperor Jone s, T. S. Eliot’s The West Land, etc``` 16)Impressionism （印象主义）: It is a style of painting that gives the impressionmade by the subject on the artist without much attention to details. Writers accepted the same conviction that the personal attitudes and moods of the writer were legitimate elements in depicting character or setting or action. Briefly, it is a style of literature characterized by the creation of general impressions and moods rather than realistic moods.。
期末复习-美国文学简史汇总
Washington Irving Edgar Allan Poe Nathaniel Howthorne
6. The 1920s
T.S. Eliot William Faulkner Ernest Hemingway
William Whitman
(Lost Generation)
* Transcendentalism
A
13
Puritanism: Puritan values /Creeds
hard work
thrift
piety
sobriety
Puritans are more
practical, tougher, and
to be ever ready for
any misfortune and
tragic failure.
A
7
The early settlers
❖ Christopher Columbus discovered the American continent in 1492.
❖ Captain John Smith reached Jamestown, Virginia in 1607.
❖ Puritans came to the New England area, by Mayflower in 1620.
4) Limited atonement: Only the “elect” can be saved.
美国文学史上重要作家及作品汇总
12、Herman Melville赫尔曼·梅尔维尔1819-1891
Moby Dick/The White Whale莫比·迪克/白鲸；Typee泰比;Omoo奥穆;Mardi玛地;Redburn雷得本;White Jacket白外衣;Pierre皮尔埃;Piazza广场故事;Billy Budd比利·巴德
8、Ralf Waldo Emerson拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生1803-1882
Essays散文集:Nature论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;The American Scholar论美国学者;Divinity;The Oversoul论超灵;Self-reliance论自立;The Transcendentalist超验主义者;Representative Men代表人物;English Traits英国人的特征;School Address神学院演说
美国文学
1、Benjamin Franklin本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790
A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Money;Poor Richard’s Almanack穷查理历书；The Way to Wealth致富之道；TheAutobiography自传
3、Philip Freneau菲利普·弗伦诺1752-1832
美国文学主要作家
时代背景： 南北战争（1861-65年）的影响 重建时期 (Reconstruction) 西进运动 (West Movement) 工业化进程加快和垄断资本主义形成
爱米莉· 迪金森(Emily Dickinson,1830-1886)
一位独特的女诗人，孤独的一生，奇特的风格， 1775首诗。
四、两次大战之间（美国文学 的第二次繁荣）
时代背景： 垄断资本主义和现代资本主义文明的冲击 第一次世界大战的影响 1920年代美国经济的繁荣 1930年代的大萧条 现代主义思潮 马克思主义和“红色的三十年代” 弗洛伊德心理学
威拉· 卡瑟 (Willa Cather, 1873-1947)
美国文学简介
程锡麟
四川大学
2007年
开场白： 电影中的美国文学作品
爱丽丝· 沃克的《紫色》
谭恩美的《喜福会》
海明威的《乞力马扎罗山雪》
菲茨杰拉德的《了不起的盖茨 比》
霍桑的《红字》
一、早期美国文学
（1620-1820年）
时代背景： 早期定居：1607年第一个殖民地詹姆斯 敦（Jamestown）建立 1620年“五月花号”（”May Flower”） 清教主义（新英格兰地区） 1775-1781年，独立战争 1776年《独立宣言》，美利坚合众国建 立
詹姆斯· 费尼莫· 库柏
拉尔夫· 沃尔多·爱默生（R
《论自然》（Nature, 1836）
亨利· 大卫· 梭罗（Henry David Thoreau, 1803-1862）
《沃尔登湖》（Walden, 1854）
美国文学中所有作品!个人整理!强烈推荐!
一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America1．船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”2．威廉·布拉德福德William Bradford《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰·温思罗普John Winthrop《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”4．罗杰·威廉姆斯Roger Williams《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America”或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》Or “ A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”5．安妮·布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America”二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution1。
本杰明·富兰克林Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)※《自传》“ The Autobiography ”《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac”2。
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Part 6. American Naturalism(文学术语: Naturalism P107)
Stephen Crane斯蒂芬·克莱恩1871-1900
Maggie: A Girl of the Streets街头女郎梅姬（美国文学史上首次站在同情立场上描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运）；The Red Badge of Courage红色英勇勋章；The Open Boat小划子;The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky新娘来到黄天镇
Henry James享利·詹姆斯1843-1916
小说：Daisy Miller苔瑟·米乐；The Portrait of a Lady贵妇人画像；The Bostonians波士顿人；The Real Thing and Other Tales真货色及其他故事；The Wings of the Dove鸽翼；The Ambassadors大使；The Golden Bowl金碗
Emily Dickinson埃米莉·迪金森1830-1886
The Poems of Emily Dichenson埃米莉·迪金森诗集-----“Tell all the truth and tell it slant”迂回曲折的，玄学的
Edgar Allan Poe埃德加·爱伦·坡1809-1849（以诗为诗；永为世人共赏的伟大抒情诗人-----叶芝）
Part 4. The age of Realism(文学术语: Realism P106)
William Dean Howells威廉·狄恩·豪威尔斯1837-1920
The Rise of Silas Lapham赛拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹;A Modern Instance现代婚姻; A Hazard of Now Fortunes时来运转;A Traveller from Altruia从利他国来的旅客;Through the Eye of the Needle透过针眼----乌托邦小说;Criticism and Fiction;Novel-Writing and Novel-Reading小说创作与小说阅读
Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque怪诞奇异故事集;Tales故事集;The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌;Ligeia莱琪儿;Annabel Lee安娜贝尔·李-----歌特风格；首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头
American Renaissance P55; American Enlightenment P56;
Free Verse P56; Soonet P57)
Ralf Waldo Emerson拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生1803-1882
Essays散文集:Nature论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;The American Scholar论美国学者;Divinity;The Oversoul论超灵;Self-reliance论自立;The Transcendentalist超验主义者;Representative Men代表人物;English Traits英国人的特征;School Address神学院演说
Herman Melville赫尔曼·梅尔维尔1819-1891
Moby Dick/The White Whale莫比·迪克/白鲸；Typee泰比;Omoo奥穆;Mardi玛地;Redburn雷得本;White Jacket白外衣;Pierre皮尔埃;Piazza广场故事;Billy Budd比利·巴德
Walt Whitman沃尔特·惠特曼1819-1892
Leaves of Grass草叶集:Song of the Broad-Axe阔斧之歌;I hear America Singing我听见美洲在歌唱;When Lilacs Lost in the Dooryard Bloom’d小院丁香花开时;Democratic Vistas民主的前景;The Tramp and Strike Question流浪汉和罢工问题;Song of Myself自我之歌
Tamerlane and Other Poems帖木儿和其他诗;Al Araaf,Tamerlane and Minor Poems艾尔·阿拉夫，帖木儿和其他诗;The Raven and Other Poems乌鸦及其他诗:The Raven乌鸦;The City in the Sea海城;Israfel伊斯拉菲尔;To Hellen致海伦
美国文学
Part 1. Colonial America(时代背景:1776-1783 the Independent War)
(文学术语:American Dream P7)
Thomas Paine托马斯·潘恩1737-1809
The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代
Philip Freneau菲利普·弗伦诺1752-1832
The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地
Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑1804-1864
Twice-told Tales尽人皆知的故事;Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔:Young Goodman Brown年轻的古德曼·布朗;The Scarlet Letter红字;The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子--------心理若们罗曼史;The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇;The Marble Faun玉石雕像
评论集：French Poets and Novelists法国诗人和小说家;Hawthorne霍桑;Partial Portraits不完全的画像;Notes and Reviews札记与评论;Art of Fiction and Other Essays小说艺术
Part 5. Local Colorism(文学术语: Local Colorism P107)
Harriet Beecher Stowe哈丽特·比彻·斯托1811-1896
Uncle Tom’s Cabin汤姆叔叔的小屋;A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp德雷德阴暗大沼地的故事片;The Minister’s Wooing牧师的求婚;The Pearl of Orr’s Island奥尔岛的珍珠;Oldtown Folks老城的人们
Mark Twain马克·吐温（Samuel Longhorne Clemens）---美国文学的一大里程碑
The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County加拉维拉县有名的跳蛙;The Innocent’s Abroad傻瓜出国记;The Gilded Age镀金时代;The Adventures of Tom Sawyer汤姆·索耶历险记;The Prince and the Pauper王子与贫儿;The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克贝利·费恩历险记;A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court亚瑟王宫中的美国佬;The Tragedy of Pudd’nhead Wilson傻瓜威尔逊;Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc冉·达克;The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg败坏哈德莱堡的人
Jonathan Edwards
The Freedom of the Will The Great Doctrine of Original Sin defended The Nature of True Virtue
Benjamin Franklin本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790
A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Money;Poor Richard’s Almanack穷查理历书；The Way to Wealth致富之道；The Autobiography自传
Part 2. American Romanticism(文学术语:American RomanticismP36; Civil War P37)
Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文1783-1859
A History of New York纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travellers旅客谈；The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉
Part 3.New England Transcendentalism(时代背景:1846-1848 the Mexican-American War; the westward expansion)
(文学术语: Transcendentalism P54; Individualism P54; Allegory P55;