正文及参考文献

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参考文献范文及格式要求.doc

参考文献范文及格式要求.doc

参考文献范文及格式要求引用一定数量的,既表明学科的继承性和作者对他人劳动成果的尊重,也为编辑部、审稿专家和读者提供了鉴别价值水平的重要信息。

以下是小编为大家整理的,希望能帮到你哦,更多内容请浏览()。

篇一:标准范文1、专著,书籍序号主要责任者. 书名. 其他责任者(如编者,译者,供选择). 版本(第1版不写). 出版地: 出版者, 出版年. 页码bird r b, stewart w e, lightfoot e n. transport phenomena. new york: john wiley sons inc, 1960. 752、期刊序号析出责任者. 析出题名. 刊名, 出版年, 卷号(期号): 起止页码huang ping, li shengcai, collins j f. vehicle-related hydrocarbon sourcecompositions from ambient data:the grace/safer method[j]. journal ofsafety and environment, XX, 4(2): 90-963、会议集(或汇编)序号析出责任者. 析出题名. 见(英文用in): 文集编者(英文姓名后加ed或eds). 文集名. (供选择项:会议名,会址,开会年.)出版地: 出版者, 出版年. 起止页码ma tingxi, lu xueshu. computer aided analysis of the penetration ofmounted tillage implement. in: huang ping, wang yajun, li shengcai, qianxinming eds. progress in safety science and technology, vol ⅲ. beijing:science press, XX. 157-1604、学位序号责任者. 题名: [硕士或博士]. 学位授予地: 学位授予单位, 年份yang lin . the application of orthogonal collocation to laminar flowheat and mass transfer in monolith converters: [phd thesis].beijing:篇二:排列格式1、期刊:[序号] 作者.文章题目.期刊名称(外文期刊可缩写),年份,卷号(期数):页号。

论文(正文及参考文献)示例

论文(正文及参考文献)示例

在市场竞争日趋激烈的当今社会,企业要生存、发展,已离不开内部控制。

我国企业的内部控制起步较晚,经过十几年的发展,虽有一定的成绩,但与发达国家相比,仍Array有明显的差距。

目前,……一、公司概况二、公司内部控制现状“内部控制”一词首次提出是在上个世纪30年代,经过注入了许多新的内容。

按照COSO 报告的定义,“内部控制是…………”。

在现代企业中,其主要作用如下:企业是由各个部门或者各个职能单位和业务部门组成的整体,为保证各单位的活动服务于企业整体目标,就需要进行全面的协调,以便于各个组成部分能够相互配合。

1.(1①内部制约2.…… ……(三)反映和监督作用内部控制发挥作用的很多方面是依靠会计信息的反映和监督来完成的。

预算完成的好坏,各项控制指标的执行情况等都必须通过及时、可靠的会计信息予以反映,可以说对经营过程的正确反映,以及对控制目标的完成状况和各部分行为是否偏离内部控制的要求等的事后检查和监督也是内部控制的一个重要作用。

通过反映和监督,能及时调整不利的行为,有利于企业高层领导做出正确的决策并采取有效的措施,保证内部控制目标的实现。

三、公司内部控制制度缺陷2002年正式成立。

公司现-乌鲁木齐的货运专线,员工近百人。

公司设有为了满足业务经营的需要,企业不断的扩大规模,与此同时,京铁环海物流的内部控制存(一)内部控制意识淡薄控制环境不完善COSO报告认为,控制环境是指对建立、加强或削弱特定政策、程序及其效率产生影响的各种因素,具体包括企业的董事会、企业管理人员的品行操守、价值观、素质与能力、管理人员的管理哲学与经营观念,企业文化,企业各项规章制度、信息沟通体系等。

………四、对建立和完善企业内部控制的意见内部控制应与企业的经营管理相结合,完善的内部控制可以提高企业经营活动的效率和效果。

保证会计信息的真实和完整并遵循国家的法概念的影响,其外延非常广泛,内涵也相当复杂,不过其核心仍是企业社会责任[1]。

论文正文和文后参考文献的标注怎么写_论文格式_

论文正文和文后参考文献的标注怎么写_论文格式_

论文正文和文后参考文献的标注怎么写1、参考文献标注位置一般而言,从内容安排上看,一篇学术论文通常包括题名、作者及单位、摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献等部分,按规范要求,正文中可标注参考文献,注码直接标引在所引内容后。

下面以具体实例进行分析:(1)正文指明原始文献作者姓名时,序号标注于作者姓名之后的右上角。

示例如下:例1 Ghosh和Mitra[2,3]认为,极端黑洞的熵依赖于……(2)正文未指明作者姓名或非原始文献作者时,序号标注于相关引用部分的右上角,标注应尽可能靠近有关引文。

这种标注可以标注在句中,也可以标注在句末;可以标注单篇文献;也可以标注多篇文献。

如一篇文献在论文中多处引用时,以第一次出现的序号为准;在同一处同时引用多篇文献时,文献序号应放在一个方括号内,其序号按增序排列。

文献序号不连续时,用逗号分隔;连续时,文献序号不必一一列出,只标注起止序号,用连接线“—”连接。

示例如下:例2 要达到1:5万制图、高程中误差6 m (1σ)要求[2]并不容易,即使是技术很发达的国家也经历了相当艰难的研发过程[3—5]。

(3)正文直接述及序号,即文献作为句子的组成部分时,文献序号不用角码标注,与正文并排。

引用多篇文献的标注方法同上。

正确示例如下:例3 文献[8]专门讨论了广义岭估计的精度随条件数变化的情况。

例4 文献[1,13]分别利用In SAR技术获取了玉树地震的同震地表形变场。

例5 相应控制方程参看文献[2—3]。

例6 价格不对称及不同供应链间的相互竞争被文献[2,4,8]提出。

对于以上三种格式,有些期刊的标注方法比较混乱,例如:例7 脑内多巴胺释放的增加是衡量尼古丁又到奖赏效应非常重要的指标[20,21]。

例8 A型流感病毒NSI蛋白在抗INF介导的宿主抗病毒免疫反应中是一个独立因子。

例9 基于粒子滤波的单通道盲分离算法[1]~[4]与基于PSP的盲分离算法[5]性能都接近最优。

例10 Such as active platform[1,2],“dina” [3,4],continentalmargin activity[5—7]。

标准的参考文献与正文的关系

标准的参考文献与正文的关系

标准的参考文献与正文的关系
标准的参考文献与正文的关系是十分密切的。

参考文献是指在文中引用的其他作者的文章、书籍等,而正文则是指文章的主体内容。

在撰写正文的过程中,参考文献的引用是必不可少的一环。

通过引用其他作者的观点和研究成果,可以让自己的观点更有说服力和可信度。

因此,在撰写正文时,需要注意的是参考文献的选择和引用要符合学术规范。

一方面,应该选择权威性强、研究成果可信度高的参考文献,以保证自己的文章具有学术价值和可靠性;另一方面,引用参考文献时需要注明作者、书名、出版社、出版年等信息,以符合学术规范和避免抄袭行为的发生。

总之,标准的参考文献与正文的关系是相辅相成、互为依托的。

只有在合理利用参考文献的基础上,才能撰写出优质、有学术价值的文章。

- 1 -。

常见参考文献格式

常见参考文献格式

论文参考文献格式要求参考文献有两部分组成:一部分是在文章标注:1正文中的文献引用标志另一部分在文章后面付出参考文献的所有信息:2 正文后的文献列列表的编排顺序:1)先排中文,后排英文;2)排序:由名字的首字母来排序,从A到Z的顺序来排,不需要加序号,不需要添加[J] [D]等符号。

参考文献:这四个字宋体四号;参考文献列表,五号。

要悬挂缩进2个字符。

1 正文中的文献引用标志正文中的文献引用标志是著者(外国人只写姓,中国人的中文需写全姓名)和出版年,可以作为句子的一个成分,也可放在引用句尾的括号中,可以根据行文的需要灵活选用一种方式。

在著者-出版年制中,文献引用的标志就是“著者”和“出版年”,主要有两种形式:(1)正文中的文献引用标志可以作为句子的一个成分,如:Dell(1986)基于语误分析的结果提出了音韵编码模型,……。

汉语词汇研究有庄捷和周晓林(2001)的研究。

(2)也可放在引用句尾的括号中,如:在语言学上,音节是语音结构的基本单位,也是人们自然感到的最小语音片段。

按照汉语的传统分析方法,汉语音节可以分析成声母、韵母和声调(胡裕树,1995;黄伯荣,廖序东,2001)。

音韵编码模型假设音韵表征包含多个层次(Dell,1986)。

可以根据行文的需要灵活选用其中一种。

1)只有一个著者的文献引用示例:张三(2008)研究了人格与心理的关系。

人格和心理健康有密切关系(张三,2008)如果同一篇文献连续引用,则第一次引用需给出出版年,第二次及以后的引用无需写出版年。

如张三(2008)研究了人格与心理的关系……。

张三还发现……2)多个著者的文献引用如果有两个著者,正文引用时两个著者的姓(名)都要给出。

如果引用标志是句子的一个成分,两个著者之间用“和”;如果是放在引用处的括号中,英文的两个著者之间则用“&”,中文不加“&”,用逗号隔开。

示例:张三和李四(2008)发现了……,这个结果在Wang和Sun(2009)的研究中得到重复。

6.正文及参考文献

6.正文及参考文献

前言由于改革开放三十年,我国国际地位近几年迅速提升,从而使我国对外汉语得到了长足的发展,而偏误分析以其在该学科中举足轻重的地位,成为今年备受关注的课题。

由于社会需求,导致偏误分析发展速度极其迅猛,它的各项成果更是在各个领域中继续蓬勃发展,而语法和语用方法也同时得到了长足的进步。

因此本文将要就此类问题进行相关的论述。

一、汉语作为第二语言习得的语法偏误类型语法偏误主要有4种类型:遗漏、误加、误代、错序[1]。

(一)遗漏偏误遗漏偏误就是指在词语或句子中因为丢失了一个或几个成分,由此而引起的偏误[1]。

遗漏偏误中容易出现的问题有:1.一些在意思的表达上比较“虚”的成分就很容易被我们遗漏。

这个问题在复句结构中尤为明显,我们常见的遗漏偏误有:(1)即使……,[也]……([ ]中为被遗漏的成分。

)(2) 除此之外,[都]……上面这些起关联作用的连词、副词很容易被遗漏,就是因为它们在表意上不够实在。

相比其他的关联词语,特别是放于句首的那些,地位比较突出,我们想要说表示这种意思的话时,首先就会想到这些词语,因此它们不容易被遗漏。

比起外国学生的母语,通常都不会使用这些词语。

在英语的复合句中,关联词只能出现一个,却不能两者同时出现,这两个都是比较典型的偏误。

而像“however”,“beside”等和与之相对的汉语含义“无论……,都……”,“除了……以外,都……”我们在使用时就不会存在与“都”“也”等相对应的成分。

因此就对外国学生使用这些结构时产生了干扰,从而形成了遗漏偏误[2]。

2.在同类词语中有的有特殊用法,这就容易出现遗漏偏误。

如一类表示时间段的名词“年、月、日”,我们知道它们具有量词性,因此可以直接在前面加数词:“一年、一日”;但是“月”是这一类词是比较特殊的名词,因为在与数词连用时,要加上量词“个”,并且我们不能将这个量词省略。

但是一些学习者并不知道它所具有的这个特殊的性质,因而常会说出“我来到中国五[ ]月”这种因遗漏偏误而导致语法、意思错误的句子。

论文格式(摘要、正文、结束语、参考文献)

论文格式(摘要、正文、结束语、参考文献)

摘要(此为范例)多式联运作为近几年来兴起的一种崭新的运输方式无论在货物运输时间还是运输成本上都拥有了很大的改善。

然而在我国,多式联运依然存在诸多问题和不便之处。

如何协调好多式联运中的各个运输环节以及影响多式联运的各个方面因素,便成了一个极具价值的研究课题。

多式联运的优越性有目共睹,我国经济的发展,运输也的发展与多式联运的现代化程度密切相关。

本文将对目前我国多式联运存在的不足以及尚需改进的地方进行深入研究,并相应提出合理有效的解决方案和建议。

并对多式联运的将来发展提出更深一步的思考。

关键词:多式联运,运输效率,枢纽接点,运费率(从自己论文中找)(正文)(范例)(首行空两格)一、………………(介绍背景,引出问题)(一)、。

1、。

2、。

3、。

(二)、。

二、。

(找出问题,分析原因)(一)、。

(二)、。

(三)、。

三、。

(提出问题解决方法和措施)(一)、。

(二)、。

(三)、。

(四)、。

(五)、。

四、。

(通过对该篇论文的撰写得出的结论)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………结束语(首行空2格)。

参考文献(范例)(注意顺序:先写作者,再写书名、日期)(1)杨志刚:国际集装箱多式联运实物、法规与案例,2006年7月(2)国家统计局:中国统计年鉴2006(中国统计出版社),2006(3)黄权初:多式联运前景广阔(中国航务周刊),2005年4月(4)王志高:铁路在集装箱运输市场上占有率低的原因及措施(集装箱化),2004年7月(5)李京文:中国交通运输概览(经济科学出版社),2003年10月(6)罗洪波, 李清:海铁联运,降低集装箱成本的关键(中外物流),2007年7月18日(7)韦公远:发展多式联运,提高运输效率(交通与运输),2003年1月(8)屈平,胡思继:综合运输体系回顾及促进措施(交通与运输),2004年6月(9)Y.M.Bontekoning,C.Machairs and J.J Trip.Is a new applied transportation research field emerging.Transportation Research Part A,2004.3.8(10)倪鹏飞:中国城市竞争力报告(社会科学出版社),2002-2006。

参考文献格式 正文

参考文献格式 正文

参考文献格式正文首先,在正文中,当引用到某个文献时,需要提供作者的名字、出版物的标题、出版日期以及引用的具体内容。

例如:“根据Smith(2015)的研究,这个观点已经得到了证实。

”在这个句子中,Smith(2015)是参考文献的标识符,指代着参考文献中提到的特定文献。

在正文的结尾处,应该列出所有引用的参考文献。

以下是一个典型的参考文献格式:1、书籍作者. 标题. 出版社,出版年份. 例:Smith, J. 2015. Thesis and Dissertations: A Guide to Success. ABC Publishers, 2015.2、期刊文章作者. 标题. 期刊名称,卷号(期号),出版年份. 例:Johnson, L., & Behar, R. (2016). Leadership in Crisis: A Case Study. Journal of Management, 50(3), 377-392.3、报纸文章作者. 标题. 报纸名称,出版日期. 例:New York Times. (2020, March 1). The Impact of COVID-19 on Education. The New York Times, 2020.4、网络文章作者. 标题. [在线]. 日期. 例:Smith, J. (2021). The Benefits of Meditation: A Study Guide. [online]. Available at: 链接, 2021.在撰写参考文献时,需要注意以下几点:1、按照所使用的引用格式进行排版,例如APA、MLA或Chicago等。

2、所有引用必须可追溯,即可以从所引用的文献中找到对应的原文。

3、如果引用的信息来自互联网,需要确认该信息的来源是否可靠,并注明网址和访问日期。

4、如果引用的信息来自电子邮件或其他私人通信,需要征得作者的同意并注明作者的邮箱地址或通信日期。

最新 正文参考文献引用格式-精品

最新 正文参考文献引用格式-精品

一说起论文,好多毕业生就头大,到底该怎么写呢?下面,小编就为您提供正文引用格式。

希望对您有帮助。

我国发布 GB/T 7714-2005 《文后参考文献著录规则》,规定采用“顺序编码制”和“著者出版年制”两种为我国著录文后参考文献的国家标准。

按规定,在科技论文中,凡是引用前人(包括作者自己过去)已发表的文献中的观点、数据和材料等,都要对它们在文中出现的地方予以标明,并在文末列出参考文献表。

1 在正文中引用参考文献一项科学研究取得的新成果通常是在前人成果的基础上的新进展,它体现着科学科技的继承和发展。

如,基于已有的理论、方法、思想、实验手段等,使本研究获得了新进展,有了新发现;或是将一个学科中的方法移植到另一学科中并取得成功;或是对已有方法做了改进。

当在论文中叙述研究目的、设计思想、建立的模型、与已有结果进行比较的时候,就要涉及到已有的成果。

如果在涉及到前人成果的地方再把已有成果的具体内容抄到论文当中,不但占去论文的篇幅,冲淡论文的主题,而且抄写这些已发表过的、读者可以查找到的内容是毫无意义的。

所以,在论文涉及到已有成果的地方,不去重抄已有的成果,而是指出登载这个成果文献(出处),这种做法叫做引用参考文献。

引用了参考文献,就要在涉及前人成果的地方做一个标记,见到这个标记,读者就知道在这里引用了参考文献;按照这个标记在参考文献表中就能找到刊登这个成果的详细内容的文章。

在正文中引用参考文献的地方加一个标记,称为参考文献的标注。

标注的方法称为标注法。

2 参考文献著录的目的和作用对于一篇完整的学术论文,参考文献的著录是不可缺少的。

归纳起来,参考文献著录的目的与作用主要体现在以下5个方面。

1) 著录参考文献可以反映论文作者的科学态度和论文具有真实、广泛的科学依据,也反映出该论文的起点和深度。

科学技术以及科学技术研究工作都有继承性,现时的研究都是在过去研究的基础上进行的,今人的研究成果或研究工作一般都是前人研究成果或研究工作的继续和发展;因此,在论文中涉及研究的背景、理由、目的等的阐述,必然要对过去的工作进行评价,著录参考文献即能表明言之有据,并明白交待出该论文的起点和深度。

毕业论文正文、结论、参考文献标准格式(经管、文科学生用

毕业论文正文、结论、参考文献标准格式(经管、文科学生用

(可作为正文第1章标题,用小3号黑体,加粗,0.5行,段后0.5行)×××××××××(小4号宋体,1.25--1.5倍行距)×××××××××××××××××××××………1.1 ××××××(作为正文2级标题,用4号黑体,加粗)×××××××××(小4号宋体)××××××…………1.1.1 ××××(作为正文3级标题,用小4号黑体,不加粗)×××××××××(小4号宋体)×××××××××××××××××××××××××××………2 ×××××××(作为正文第2章标题,用小3号黑体,加粗,并留出上下间距为:段前0.5行,段后0.5行)×××××××××(小4号宋体)×××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××………注:1.正文中表格与插图的字体一律用5号宋体;2.正文各页的格式请以此页为标准复制,页眉中的页码用阿拉伯数字表示(本文档的页码已设置成自动格式);3.为保证打印效果,学生在打印前,请将全文字体的颜色统一设置成黑色。

正文引用参考文献格式

正文引用参考文献格式

正文引用参考文献格式在正文中引用参考文献时,可以根据不同的引用风格和学术规范选择适当的格式。

以下是一些常见的引用格式示例:
1. APA格式:在正文中引用时,使用作者姓氏和出版年份的方式。

例如:
-单一作者:(作者姓氏, 出版年份)
-两位作者:(作者姓氏1& 作者姓氏2, 出版年份)
-多位作者:(作者姓氏1 et al., 出版年份)
2. MLA格式:在正文中引用时,使用作者姓氏和页码的方式。

例如:
- (作者姓氏页码)
3. Chicago格式:在正文中引用时,使用脚注或尾注格式,具体格式可以根据脚注或尾注样式自行选择。

无论使用哪种引用格式,都需要确保引用的准确性,包括作者姓名、出版年份、页码等信息。

同时,在文末的参考文献列表中提供完整的引用信息,包括作者、文章或书名、出版日期、页码等。

请注意,以上只是一些常见的引用格式示例,具体的引用格式要根据你所在的学术领域和期刊要求进行准确的引用。

建议在写作过程中,参考相关学术机构、期刊或出版社的引用指南来确认正确的引用格式。

学术论文引言正文致谢参考文献附录和注释格式规范标准

学术论文引言正文致谢参考文献附录和注释格式规范标准

学术论⽂引⾔正⽂致谢参考⽂献附录和注释格式规范标准学术论⽂引⾔、正⽂、致谢、参考⽂献、附录的写作规范1 引⾔1.1 定义国家标准GB7713-87规定:“引⾔(或绪论)简要说明研究⼯作的⽬的、范围、相关领域的前⼈⼯作和知识空⽩、理论基础和分析、研究设想、研究⽅法和实验设计、预期结果和意义等。

引⾔应⾔简意赅,不要与摘要雷同,不要成为摘要的注释。

⼀般教科书中已有的知识,在引⾔中不必赘述。

⽐较短的论⽂可以只⽤⼩段⽂字起着引⾔的效⽤。

学位论⽂为了需要反映作者已掌握了坚实的基础理论和系统的专门知识,具有开阔的科学视野,对研究⽅案作了充分论证,因此有关历史回顾和前⼈⼯作的综合评述,以及理论分析等,可以单独成章,⽤⾜够的⽂字叙述”。

引⾔的⽬的是给出作者进⾏本项⼯作的原因,企图达到的⽬的。

因此应给出必要的背景材料,让对这⼀领域并不特别熟悉的读者能够了解进⾏这⽅⾯研究的意义,前⼈已达到的⽔平,已解决和尚待解决的问题,最后应⽤⼀两句话说明本⽂的⽬的和主要创新之处。

引⾔最基本⼀点是介绍主要研究成果。

有的作者常常不在引⾔中指明他们的重要发现,或从摘要中删除那些重要的研究成果,⽽到论⽂的后部分才指明。

对科技论⽂⽽⾔,是⼀种写作错误,可能使读者在了解到那些重要的研究成果之前已停⽌了阅读。

引⾔应避免过分强调⼀个⼗分重要⽽涉及⾯⼴的领域,⽽⾃⼰仅完成了其中有限的⼀⼩部分⼯作。

1.2 构成与写作要求引⾔的构成及写作要求见表1。

2 正⽂正⽂部分是科技论⽂的核⼼,是体现研究⼯作成果和学术⽔平的主要部分。

国家标准GB7713-87对科技论⽂正⽂部分的编写格式没有明确要求和规定。

科技论⽂的结构形式取决于科研成果的内容。

不同的科研成果,需要⽤不同结构形式的科技论⽂来反映。

因为不同学科领域的科研成果,在研究⽅法、实验观察过程、逻辑推理、结果表现形式等⽅⾯不同。

⼀般来说,科技论⽂的内容包括:引⾔、原理、实验和观察⽅法、仪器设备、材料原料、调研对象、实验和观察的数据资料结果、观点和结论等。

论文摘要正文及参考文献模板(2010版)

论文摘要正文及参考文献模板(2010版)

摘要选举人团制度是美国总统选举政治的独特产物,它对美国的总统选举结果有直接的影响力,保障了美国政府的平稳交接。

然而,它也存在许多缺陷和弊端, 尤其是“少数票总统”的屡次出现使选举人团制度的民主性和民意性遭到质疑,成为美国“最具争议”的政治制度之一。

本文从“少数票总统”这一选举现象出发,通过对其现象和成因的具体分析,揭示选举人团制度的弊端,进而分析它能够在重重压力下延用至今的原因;从而探索在选举人团制度中体现的现代民主的理念,及其在选举制度中的应用。

最后,通过对几种可能的选举制度改革方案进行可行性分析而得出结论:尽管存在着不民主的缺陷,选举人团制度仍是与美国政治制度的各项设计相适应的,是符合宪政制衡和联邦制等民主理念的。

也正因为如此,选举人团制度能够延续200多年而未遭重大变革,并将在相当长的时间内继续在美国选举政治中扮演举足轻重的角色。

[关键词] 选举人团制度少数票总统民主理念AbstractElectoral College is the unique production of American presidential election institution. It has deeply influenced US presidential election for over two hundred years, and ensured the smooth transition of US regime. On the other hand, it has many limitations. It has created many so called “minority ticket presidents” and it is the most cont roversial politics institution in U S.This article aims to unfold the limitation of Electoral College though analyzing the “minority ticket presidents” phenomenon, and then find out the reason behind it. By doing this, we can explore the true essence of modern democracy which well reflected in Electoral College. In the end, though feasibility analysis of the possible reform proposals, we can safely come to the conclusion: Electoral College, which roots in the “solar system of American politics”, is up to the democracy ideology of federalism and isocracy. Therefore, the Electoral College can be free of any great reforms over the history and will continuously play a significant role in American election politics.[Key words] Electoral College,minority ticket presidents,democracy必要的缺憾——从“少数票总统”现象看美国选举人团制度选举是现代民主的重要机制,虽然它并不是民主的全部内容,却始终是当代代议制民主制度中最基本、关键的制度形式。

参考文献以及文内标注的正规写法

参考文献以及文内标注的正规写法

参考文献以及文内标注的正规写法4.1 文献题录项目1) 主要责任者。

是指对文献的知识内容负主要责任的个人或团体,包括专著作者、论文集主编,学位申请人、专利申请人、报告撰写人、期刊文章作者、析出文章作者等。

多个责任者之间以“,”分隔,责任者超过3人时,只著录前3个责任者,其后加“等”字(英文用 et al )。

注意在本项数据中不得出现缩写点“.”。

主要责任者只列姓名,其后不加“著”、“编”、“合编”等责任说明文字。

外文主要责任者用原著,姓名前后应遵重各国的习惯。

作者不明时,此顶可省略。

2) 文献名及版本(初版省略)。

文献名包括书名、论文题名、专利题名、析出题名等。

文献名不加书名号“《》”。

3) 文献类型及载体类型标识。

根据GB 3469—83规定,以英文大写字母方式标识以下各种参考文献类型:专著[M],论文集[C],报纸文章[N],期刊文章[J],学位论文[D],报告[R],标准[S],专利[P]对于专著、论文集中的析出文献,其文献类型标识建议采用单字母“A”;对于其它未说明的文章类型,建议采用单字母“Z”。

对于数据库(database)、计算机程序(computer program)及电子公告(electronic bulletin board)等电子文献类型的参考文献,建议下列字母作为标识:数据库[DB],计算机程序[CP],电子公告[EB]。

电子文献的载体类型及其标识。

对于非纸张型载体的电子文献,当被引用为参考文献时需在参考文献类型标识中同时标明其载体类型。

建议采用以下标识:磁带(magnetic)[MT], 磁盘(disk)[DK], 光盘[CD], 联机网络(online)[OL]。

电子文献类型与载体类型标识基本格式为[文献类型标识/载体类型标识]例如:[DB/OL]——联机网上数据(database online);[DB/MT]——磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape);[M/CD]——光盘图书(monograph on CD ROM);[CP/DK]——磁盘软件(computer program on disk);[J/OL]——网上期刊(serial online);[EB/OL]——网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online);以纸张为载体的文献在引做参考文献时不必注明其载体类型。

论文参考文献格式(GB7714-2005)

论文参考文献格式(GB7714-2005)

论文参考文献格式(GB7714-2005)我国发布GB/T 7714-2005 《文后参考文献著录规则》,规定采用“顺序编码制”和“著者出版年制”两种为我国著录文后参考文献的国家标准。

按规定,在科技论文中,凡是引用前人(包括作者自己过去)已发表的文献中的观点、数据和材料等,都要对它们在文中出现的地方予以标明,并在文末列出参考文献表。

1 在正文中引用参考文献一项科学研究取得的新成果通常是在前人成果的基础上的新进展,它体现着科学科技的继承和发展。

如,基于已有的理论、方法、思想、实验手段等,使本研究获得了新进展,有了新发现;或是将一个学科中的方法移植到另一学科中并取得成功;或是对已有方法做了改进。

当在论文中叙述研究目的、设计思想、建立的模型、与已有结果进行比较的时候,就要涉及到已有的成果。

如果在涉及到前人成果的地方再把已有成果的具体内容抄到论文当中,不但占去论文的篇幅,冲淡论文的主题,而且抄写这些已发表过的、读者可以查找到的内容是毫无意义的。

所以,在论文涉及到已有成果的地方,不去重抄已有的成果,而是指出登载这个成果文献(出处),这种做法叫做引用参考文献。

引用了参考文献,就要在涉及前人成果的地方做一个标记,见到这个标记,读者就知道在这里引用了参考文献;按照这个标记在参考文献表中就能找到刊登这个成果的详细内容的文章。

在正文中引用参考文献的地方加一个标记,称为参考文献的标注。

标注的方法称为标注法。

2 参考文献著录的目的和作用对于一篇完整的学术论文,参考文献的著录是不可缺少的。

归纳起来,参考文献著录的目的与作用主要体现在以下5个方面。

1) 著录参考文献可以反映论文作者的科学态度和论文具有真实、广泛的科学依据,也反映出该论文的起点和深度。

科学技术以及科学技术研究工作都有继承性,现时的研究都是在过去研究的基础上进行的,今人的研究成果或研究工作一般都是前人研究成果或研究工作的继续和发展;因此,在论文中涉及研究的背景、理由、目的等的阐述,必然要对过去的工作进行评价,著录参考文献即能表明言之有据,并明白交待出该论文的起点和深度。

正文中参考文献的标注要正确

正文中参考文献的标注要正确
示例1: 年, 卷(期): 页 2008, 10(2): 15-20 示例2: 年, 卷: 页 2008, 35: 123-129 示例3: 年(期) : 页 2007(1): 90-94
3) 无出版者时可著录为:[出版者不详]或[s.n.](s.n.是拉丁文sine nomine 的缩写)。 示例1:昆明: [出版者不详], 2005 示例2:New York:[s.n.], 2001 注意:不要出现“[S.l.]:[s.n.]”这样毫无意义的著录形式。 4) 未正式出版的学位论文出版项可按“保存地:保存单位,保存年”的顺序著录。保存单位一般著录至系(学院)、所,即实际保存论文的单位。 示例1:北京: 中国科学院物理研究所, 2004 示例2:Berkeley: Univ. of California. Depart. of Phys., 2005
8) 西文刊名参照 ISO 4:1984《文献工作——期 刊刊名缩写的国际规则》[16]的规定缩写。 a)刊名缩写词后的“.”是否保留? “.”可以全部省略, 缩写词之间留1个空格;也可 以全部保留“.”, 并在其后留1个空格。 示例: Canadian Pharmacy Journal(加拿大药学杂志) 正确:Can Pharm J Can. Pharm. J. 新标准中的所有示例都采用了全部省略“.”的著 录方式。
i) “参考文献”排在何处,是否要编章节序号新 标准均未作规定,其示例为左顶格的“参考文献:”,当然也可为居中的“参考文献”;考虑到文后参考文献是论著的重要组成部分, 也可对“参考文献”编章节序号,国内外都有这样的期刊。 4.7 正确著录期刊的年、卷、期、页
示例4: 年(合期号) : 页 2008(1/2) : 40-43 2007(10/11/12):65-70 示例5: 年,卷(增刊号): 页 2007,19(增刊2):20-23 在同一期刊连载的文献,其后续部分不必另行 著录,只须在期刊文献的出处项中直接注明后续 部分的年、卷、期、页。

参考文献在正文中的标注方法

参考文献在正文中的标注方法

参考文献在正文中的标注方法顺序编码制:(1) 按正文中引用的文献出现的先后顺序用阿拉伯数字连续编码,并将序号置于方括号中,方括号一般标注在所引用处的上角标位置。

(2) 同一处引用多篇文献时,将各篇文献的序号在方括号中全部列出,各序号间用“,”。

(3)如遇连续序号,可标注起讫号“-” 。

示例:张扬[1] 指出...... 李大飞[2-3] 认为......形成了多种数学模型[7,9,11-13]......错误1:张扬[1] 指出...... 李大飞[2,3] 认为......形成了多种数学模型[7,9,11-13]......错误2:张扬[1] 指出...... 李大飞[2],[3] 认为......形成了多种数学模型[7],[9],[11-13]......错误3:张扬1指出...... 李大飞(2-3) 认为......形成了多种学模型(7,9,11-13)......(4)多次引用同一著者的同一文献,只须编1个首次引用时的序号;每次的引文页码不相同时, 将页码置于“”外(当“”在行文中时, 则页码置于“”的上角标处), 文献表中不再重复著录。

示例1:张柏根等[4]15-17......张柏根等[4]55认为...... 根据文献[4]101-105......错误:张柏根等[4]P15-17......张柏根等[4]P55认...... 根据文献[4]P101-105......示例2: ......已有不少论述[1,3] [2]156-160 ......文献[2]199-201和[5-6]都指出......作者-出版年制:(略)几种主要文献的著录格式:本文主要介绍专著、专著中的析出文献、连续出版物中的析出文献、专利文献、电子文献的著录格式。

鉴于连续出版物作为整体在论著中很少作为文后参考文献引用,本文不作介绍。

(1)专著指以单行本或多卷册形式在限定期限内出版的非连续出版物,包括图书、古籍、学位论文、技术报告、会议文集、汇编、多卷书、丛书等。

论文正文及参考文献

论文正文及参考文献

IntroductionThere are thousands of languages in the world. English is one of the world‟s most widely used languages. It is spoken by nearly three hundred million people: in the United States, Britain, Canada, some Caribbean countries, and South Africa. As a second language, English is often necessary for business, education, information and other activities in a great many countries such as India, Pakistan and so on. It is also one of the working languages in the United Nations and is more used than the others. English has become the language of international trade and transport .It has been said that 60 percent of the world‟s radio broadcasts and 70 percent of the world‟s mail are in English. At international sports meets, at meetings of scientists from different countries and at talks of writers and artists from the corners of the earth, English is mostly used.In recent years, more and more people have realized the importance of foreign languages study, especially English, which is one of the most common languages that are speaking in the world. According to the research, there is nearly one person in every ten people can speak English. We need to learn English because as our country's economy's development, there are more and more opportunities for us to visit other countries. And along with the development of the global integrating, mastering English has already become one of the qualities to be a successful people. So, all the people raised a study English upsurge. And children‟s English education in our country is being more appreciable. In order to comply with this requirement, many of the kindergartens now offer English programmers. But from the teaching way in our country, the children‟s Engl ish education has many problems. For the unbalanced econo mic development in urban and rural areas in china, the children‟s English education has the huge difference between urban and rural areas in china. In the English skills using, the children has the huge difference who from the rural areas .This article will first analyses the difference from the different points. And Then finding the reason forming the difference. And giving some advice to deduce the difference and promote the balanced development in children‟s English education in urban and rural areas in China.1.A brief account of English education for preschool childrenEarly childhood education is a branch of educational theory which relates to the teaching of young children up until the age of about eight, with a particular focus on education, notable in the period before the start of compulsory education.( FootnoteAnning,2004).1.1The development of the preschool children’ English educationEnglish is a widely used language around the world. So many of the people all over the world want to gain it,also the Chinese people. In China ,the development of the children‟s English education has through the long time. (辛凌,1995).It can be roughly divided into the following four periods:The first time is “Cultural slavery period”, from the opium war to the e arly 1920 s. when the children‟s English education has the primary developm ent in Qing Dynasty .And it is mainly concentrated in the coastal port cities. Form the reports in November 1921, there are about 139 kindergartens in China , and about 4244 children learning English (付克,1986).The second time is “the mixed period” ,when china just started the “Self-Strengthening Movement”(洋务运动),from 1922 to 1949. After the May 4th Movement , the new education of China was mainly affected by the western countries ,especially the United States. But in the Mingguo period of China (from 1912 -1949 ), the government was not available for the development of the children‟s English educa tion. So official kindergarten didn‟t have a better development, but Kindergarten runing by the local people and foreigners do kindergarten has obvious development than the earlier period.The third period is from 1949 to 1979, c alled the “English boom period “which is before the reform and opening. In this particularly important period, al kinds of situation both at home and abroad are complex for china government .One the one hand ,the imperialism counties cut off all commercial or financial relations to China .And other hand ,China's politics, economy, education and so on followed Soviet model as its own model in that case ,the various schools put Russ ion as their second language. The English education faced a wealth of restrictions for the political element. The children‟s English education as the unimportant compulsory education didn‟t get the well dev elopment.The forth period is form 70s or 80s of the 20th century since the reform and China's national comprehensive strength is enhancing greatly and China is asserting increasing influence over international affairs .and English has already become one of the qualities to be a successful people .So, the children‟s English education underwent great development.1.2 The importance of the preschool children’s English educationAs an international language, English lies in special important position in the world .If you can‟t use English, you will face big barriers to keep space with the development of the world . At the same time the study also showed that learning a foreign language will promote the development of intelligence. A psychologist from the Yale University suggested that the children who gain the two languages education are more flexibility and have advantage of solving the problems than those who can only gain single language education through his analysis. The language stimulation are the important elements to promote the development of brain cell. The period of childhood is the criticalperiod of children's language development ,language educat ion in this period plays an important impact on the development of human life. In this period , giving children the stimulation of the two languages, the coordination between the two hemispheres can promote children's brain, and strengthen the relationship between nerve cells. Therefore, early childhood English education is beneficial to children.1.3 The peculiarity of the preschool children’s English educationWhen we talk about the preschool children‟s English education firstly, we must have the acknowledge of the preschool children. Many experts think there is a critical period hypothesis in second language oreigne originates in biology, this view is first proposed by neurobiologist Penfield (1975, cited in James, 1997) and Robert (1959), in their view, during the development of a particular life stage, one can learn a language easily and quickly in natural environment, no external intervention and no professor.(Fromkin and Rodman, 1983, cited Liu Zhenqian, 2003). In 60s, this view was accepted by Lenneberg and used in second language oreigne research, then he puts forth an influential critical period hypothesis. The theory which is in child development, there is a period during which language can be acquired more easily than at any other time is accepted by many scientists. According to the biologist Lenneberg (1967), the critical period lasts until puberty (around age 12 or 13 years), and is due to oreigne development. (Eills, 1994) ,Lenneberg suggested that language learning may be more difficult after puberty, because the brain lacks the ability foradaptation. This, he believed, was because the language functions of the brain have already been established in a particular part of the brain, which is because lateralization has already occurred by this time. This leads to a large number of domestic and foreign researchers from different disciplines, different perspectives in all aspects of the use of various methods and experimental critical period hypothesis for in-depth study of this issue, the focus of the study will focus on the existence of second language learning problems and the critical period, that whether second language learning with the starting age is directly related to the final results of study.And many experts think, early childhood, especially before the age of 6, is the optimal period to obtain foreign language. In this period,the young English learners have their own Psycho Characteristics.The young English learners are those aged form 3 to6 years old in China kindgareden. We know there is a critical period to learn a foreign language, from3 to 6. And our children who gain the English education are just in this golden period. (Maria Montessori, 2002) It is the time that children are constructing their language structure.At this time, children are learning language by imitation. They imitate the people who are speaking around them. The most important thing is that they are not only imitating the words, but also imitating the way others are speaking. That is how children learn the language structure of their mother tongue.In this golden period, the children can build not only one language structure and they can build another language structure, so, it is easy for them to obtain English at the same time .The young learners have aged from 3 to 6 years. At this age stag e, the young learners are very active and curious; they are easy to be attracted by the colorful things and the things they do not know well. And they will imitate the way other people do with those tings. They can easy follow the teachers‟ words and imitate it, use it. They can easily remember the things others told. They have the best memory and imitation. But they are also very easy to be disturbed: “the 4 to 9 years old children‟s concentration can only last for 8 to 12 minutes.” (Maria Montessori, 2002.) In this case , the teachers must have some specially was to make them interesting in their English class.2.The present situation on English education for preschoolchildren in urban and rural areas in China2. 1 Urban areasIn some big and medium–sized cities of China, almost all of the kinds gardens are bilingual education .The children have a specialized foreign teacher to teach them English. The schools often hold many English activities. Also there are many English training classes in urban cities, which can teach much English culture to children. So the children of the urban schools have a better opportunity to obtain English knowledge. And have more chance to use English in a good English atmosphere.2. 2 Rural areasIn rural areas of China, there is litter bilingual education kind gardens , English is just treated a minor subjects for children. The children don‟t have the specialized teachers to teach them. Therefore the children can‟t have a good foundation of English .The pronunciation of their English almost is nonstandard. They don‟t have the better chance to obtain English .So they have the big gap comparing to the urban children who like them learn English in the same age.3.The comparison of urban and rural children’s English skillsThrough the above present situations in urban and rural areas , we can know there is a wide gap in English using between the urban and rural children English learners .The next I will talk about this in three points from the three basic English skills ,that are listening , speaking ,and reading.3.1 Listening skillsIn 1991 the United States Department of Labor Secretary's Commission on Achieving Necessary Skills (SCANS) identified five competencies and three foundation skills that are essential for those entering the workforce. Listening skills were among the foundation skills SCANS identified. Listening skills allow people, regardless of how they take in that information, to make sense of and understand what others are saying. To put it in the simplest terms possible, they allow you to understand what someone is "talking about"From that, we can know the importance of the listening skill, if you don‟t have agood listening skills ,how can you understand what others‟ saying .There is an obvious gap between the children form urban areas and rural areas in listening skills. The urban children can follow my class and understand my words because of their better listening. Except for the difference that the children from the rural can‟t get my words, for, when I say “I have 14apples. The urban children can understand that it is 14 not 40. But the children from the rural always mix it .They can‟t distinguish the phonetic alphabet .Also, when a say a long sentence, there is also gap in understanding between them.As a word, the urban children have a better listening skill than those from the rural areas‟3.2Spoken skillsSpoken skill is that the art of the communications ,and one of the 4 productive skill, that must mastered in learning foreign language .Good spoken skill is the act of generating words that can be understood by listeners .A good speaker is clear and informative.When we learn a language, the most basic function of it is how to use it .When you use the new language, you must have the right spoken , especially ,in the binging of the learning . In China, the dumb English has become a language barrier in their scholastic careers.In the kind garden of the urban areas,the teacher is very concerned about the children's oral English ability. In class, the teacher usually give the children a topic, for “what is your dream?”, in this way ,the children have the chance to talk the English with their classmates in a happy atmosphere . And they like to express their thoughts in English.But in the rural areas, the phenomenon is not optimistic. The children won‟t open their mouths in the class .And the teachers usually just read the words and sentences again and again .It can‟t attracted the attention of the children .And after class ,the children don‟t have the chance to say English . Because he is afraid of the laugh from his classmates, and the teachers don‟t have the specialized training of spoken English. So many students can‟t have the right pronunciation. In this case, how can the children from the rural areas learn English better than those from the urban areas.3.3 Reading skillsReading comprehension is defined as the level of understanding of a text/message. This understanding comes from the interaction between the words that are written and how they trigger knowledge outside the text/message. Comprehension is a "creative,Multifaceted process dependent upon four language skills ; phonology ,syntax, semantics, and pragmatics Proficient reading depends on the ability to recognize words quickly and effortlessly. It is also determined by an individual's cognitive development, which is "the construction of thought processes". Some people learn through education or instruction and others through direct experiences.Good reading is a more important life skill than ever before and the printed word continues to be the cornerstone of both higher education and better positions in the job market.For students, almost all studying involves reading. For adults, reading is day to day, either a stumbling blocker a smooth path to pleasure and opportunity. This is why good reading habits are not only an important study skill for the student, but also an important life skill for anyone.Good reading skills can make benefits for the children all his life , l was once a English teacher both at a kind garden ( called Jangling Center Kind garden ) countryside and kind garden (Huaqiao Center Kind garden) in city . When I taught them reading, I gave them an English book Snow White, the student form the countryside can‟t understand it ,they can only read some easy words .But , the children from city can read it to me . I was so amazing .After the class , the students tells me the reason that there are many English stories books in the kind garden ,they can borrow the books and let their parents teach them , as time passes, they form a good reading habit ,and obtain the good reading skills than those from the countryside.So , there is wide gap in English skills between the between the urban and rural children English learners . The next l will analysis the reasons for it.4. The reasons for the gap between the children’s English skillsAs the same age, and the children have the same starting line. But there is the obvious difference. What makes the different in their English education? I will analysis it in the following passages from the different points.4.1 The learning environmentsThough the same language , it is fundamentally different when it is taught as a native language between as a foreign language .In a native language environment, people always response to acquire language through constant stimulation, but Learning English is not, no matter how we to create context, also have certain distance and the actual. So the environment is the crucially important for English education .By my own teaching inexperience in the urban and rural kinder gaden. There is obvious difference in those different areas .The next, l will talk about these from the two points. .4.1.1 Hardware facilitiesThe hardware facilities are what we can see and touch in the classroom, like the furnishings in the classroom and the teaching materials. But because of the different development in economy between the urban and rural areas, the kinder gardens have the differences in the hardware facilities. According to the characteristics of children and want to directly activate the young learners‟ interests of learning, the kinder garden of the cities pay more attention to the furnishing in the classroom, paint the wall with some bright colors and some cartoon pictures. Moreover, the furnishing in the classroom must be finely designed. All the furnishing in the classroom needs striking words to show the children what a certain piece of furniture is. These words can be painted in colors so that the young learners can pay attention to them. By this kind of way, teachers can teach the students how to read these words on the furnishings. Once the students have learned these words, they will not only remember the pronunciations and spellings but also get a deep impression of the objects in their mind. Every time they see the object, the right word will occur to their mind and every time they see or hear the word, there will be an object in their mind. That means they can understand these words with no translation in their mind and the children are trained to think in English. This kind of environment is very helpful for their future English study. But in the countryside, the kinder garden usually is a rent room. The teachers don‟t focus on it too much. The classroom for them is just meaning a place for children to stay in. Besides, the hardware facilities for class are different .In the cities, the teachers often use the TVs. DVD, computers ,and projects to have class . It can attract the attentions of the children .They will to have the class. But you can hardly find these in the classof the countryside kinder gardens.4.1.2SoftwareA good condition of English learning should be the language used in the teaching process. The English program designers need to provide a …complete-English‟environment for the English teaching: all the tapes and children‟s songs should be English. In this way, we can have the young learners to learn in a …complete-English‟environment. That will be helpful for the young learners to imitate the language they are exposed.But, in fact it is difficult to make it true for the various reasons. But in whole, the cities kinder gardens do better than those from the countryside.4.2 The parents’ factorsThe family is the second school .The children may learn more in the family, for the children‟s English education, the urban parents may be more motivated. They know the importance of the English education for the children‟s future. And they prefer to spend time and money on the children‟s English education .For the urban families, they more follow suit. For the other children learn English, they send children to learn English as well, and less of them care about whether the children do well or not. Even some parents send the children to kinder gardens for they don‟t have time to care for the children.4.3 The teachers’ factorsThe other important reason having influence in children‟s English education is the teacher s‟ teaching methods. The young learners have aged from 4 to 9 years. At this age stag e, the young learners are very active and curious; they are easy to be attracted by the colorful things and the things they do not know well. In this case, the teaching method is the particularly important .There usually are five main steps in urban teachers‟ lesson: warm-up & review, sing together, new friends, let me try and package.The teachers always give the young learners some time for free activity before everyone arrives. In the free activity, they can do anything they like. They can talk with their friends or play some games with other students.When the teachers walk into the classroom, the students maybe are still playingtheir games and speaking in Chinese, so he has to catch their attention. The teachers usually spend several minutes exchanging greetings with every student. And call every child‟s English name. And take out the cards writing in English words. Let the child to find the words. The purpose of this step is to catch every student‟s attention, and arouse his or her interest in English learning. In addition, reviewing what has been learnt serves as a transitional phrase to new points.After several minutes‟ break, the teachers will play the word passing game .In this process, the teacher can bring in the new learning matters through games and songs. That will be easier for these young learners to accept the new lessons, and they are kept in a happy atmosphere. After this, the children will have some minutes break to have a rest .At the fourth stage, the class will be in dived some groups, and then is time for the role-play game, for example, the teacher will give a story ,and let child chose a role and say the actor‟s lines in English .And in the last part , the teacher will give a song to review what the children have learned in today .In the Package process, we cheer on what students have achieved and the most important is that we will let the students finish their learning in a happy mood.Rather than, the “spoon-feeding” is the main character in the rural teachers room from the end to end. The children are so tired and out of interest in the class .How can they learn well. And teachers in rural areas usually don‟t have a good knowledge in English. They don‟t have the new education ideas, lacking of innovation consciousness, and the innovation ability is not strong.There are quite a few English teachers having not get rid of the exam-oriented education model, education thoughts and ideas can't keep up with the pace of the quality-oriented education. Education methods and backward teaching means, knowledge is not wide Some teachers still use the traditional pattern of rote, not take the student as the main body, teacher as the leading method Bound by this student's innovation ability and the ability of independent exploration, it is bad for students' future developmentThey don‟t know how to teach .what they do is read the words and sentences again and again .5 Strategies for the balanced developmentBalanced development of the English education is important for the development of the children. Observed from reality between urban and rural education gap existingin many ways, in order to realize the education fair, avoiding make rural and underdeveloped areas children lose on the starting line, we should actively looking for solutions5.1 The way to resolve the Learning Environment problemThe kinder gardens can exchange and cooperate with each other, sharing high quality teaching resources between urban and rural areas.At the same time the government can increase the spending on rural kindergartens. Do more propaganda, let the more loving people pay attention to children's English education in the countryside. And the schools can donate some learning equipment for rural kindergartens.5.2 The way to change the parents’ expectationFrom the point that the family environment can affect children‟s development, that the English abilities and the English atmosphere and conditions of the family members is crucial to the children‟s English learning. On the one hand, the kindergarten should fully arouse the enthusiasm of parents, let parents to participate in the activities of the kindergarten English education and play the English games together with the children. On the other hand, the kindergarten should help parents create family English environment, make full use of all aspects of daily life, let the children will learn English and experience in daily life at home together, guiding English activities with the parents and children.Only in this way can the parents do know the importance of English for their children future development.5.3 The way to promote the teachers’ teaching methodsIn promoting the teachers‟ teaching methods dispatch more urban teachers to the countryside to have the demonstrations class. The teachers can exchange the teaching experience with each others .And the teachers can more use the new way to teach English, for, using the TVS, computes and so on .By singing the English rather than reading the words. Usually we should encourage the children to speak English in class, even though he makes a mistake.Only after we solve theses problems can we promote the balanced developmentof the English education.ConclusionThe field of preschool education is constantly developing. We must pay attention to children's English education together. For education is the founding of a country, we promote the fair education, and want to give every child the same education condition and the chance to accept education. But owing to various difficulties and in the society there are many phenomenon of unfair education. If we want to make our children have the equal starting line. We should try to strive for it. For the fair education need a lot of time.Bibliography[1]边静.TPR教学法在儿童英语学习中的运用[M].宿州学院学报,2007.8.[2]狄飞.幼儿英语浸入式教学的研究与试验[D].甘肃:西北师范大学,2001.[3] 付克.中国外语教育史[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1986.[4] 胡德辉等.心理学教学参考资料[M].北京:人民教育出版社,1985:81;82.\[5]哈默,田贵森.怎样教英语[M].北京:北京外语教学研究出版社,2002.[6] 李桂双,幼儿园英语教育现状分析和实践探索.西北师范大学教育学院硕士学术论文[D].2005,5.[7] 李贵希,我国幼儿园英语三种教学模式的比较研究.陕西师范大学硕士学术论文[D].2007.6.[8]孟云.幼儿园双语教育研究—基于昆明市幼儿园英语教育调查[D].云南:云南师范大学,2006.[9]皮连生.智育心理学[J].人民教育出版社,1996[10] 尚晓鹏.浅谈幼儿英语教学[J].科教文汇,2006.[11] 王晓帆.幼儿英语教学存在的问题及其对策.东北师范大学硕士学位论文[D].2007,[12] 辛凌.现代英语教学的历史发展[J].华中师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),1995(2).[13] 肖平.儿童双语现象形成的关键年龄与教育[J].心理发展与教育,1993,(04):36.[14] 袁春艳,当代国际外国语教学法发展研究.南京师范大学博士学术论文[D].2006.5.[15]颜晓芳.学前儿童英语启蒙教育的误区[J].广西教育学院学报,2004,4.[16] 周凯.南昌市幼儿园英语教育现状调查与实践探索.江西师范大学硕士学位论文[D].2006,11.[17]仲伟秀.幼儿英语教育存在的问题及解决策略[J].呼伦贝尔学院学报,2006,8.[18] 绉敏.幼儿园英语教育热的冷思考[J].中华女子学院学报,1998,(04):86.[19]Ellis R. Study of Second Language Acquisition[M].Oxford: Oxford University Press,1994.[20] Jack Richard.Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics[M]. Longman : Longman press,1985.[21] John Lybolt. Catherine Gottfried Promotingpre –school Language[M].London:INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF EDUCATION,2003[22]Krashen S. Child-adult Difference in Second Language Acquisition[M].RowleyMass:NewburyHouse ,1982[23] Maria Montessori, 2002. How to Guide Your Child to Read and Learn [M]. Lanzhou :LanZhou University Press。

正文如何引用参考文献

正文如何引用参考文献

正文如何引用参考文献标题:正文如何引用参考文献简介:引用参考文献是学术写作中重要的一部分,它让读者能够查证和了解你的文章研究基础。

正确定引用参考文献不仅可以增加文章的可信度和权威性,还能向读者展示你所依据的研究和知识来源。

本文将详细介绍如何正确地引用参考文献,包括常用的引用风格和注意事项。

目录:1. 引言2. 引用风格2.1. MLA风格2.2. APA风格2.3. Chicago风格2.4. Harvard风格3. 引用格式示例4. 引用注意事项4.1. 准确度和完整性4.2. 引用标注4.3. 文献类型4.4. 网络资源4.5. 多位作者5. 总结与回顾6. 个人观点和理解7. 参考文献1. 引言在学术写作中,引用参考文献是表示作者在撰写论文过程中参考了其他文献的一种方式。

这不仅能够给读者提供更多信息,还能向读者展示作者的学术诚信和研究基础。

引用参考文献需要遵循特定的引用风格,而选择合适的引用风格取决于你所写的文章领域和目标期刊的要求。

2. 引用风格目前学术界使用最广泛的引用风格包括MLA(现代语言协会)、APA (美国心理协会)、Chicago(芝加哥大学出版社)和Harvard风格。

每种引用风格都有特定的格式要求,在正文中标注引用和列出参考文献的方式不同。

2.1. MLA风格MLA风格主要应用于人文学科,其特点是在正文中用作者的姓氏和页码标注引用,参考文献列表按字母顺序排列。

2.2. APA风格APA风格广泛用于社会科学和自然科学领域,它在正文中用作者的姓氏、年份和页码标注引用,参考文献列表按作者姓氏首字母顺序排列。

2.3. Chicago风格Chicago风格在人文学科和社会科学中被广泛使用,其特点是在正文中用脚注或尾注标注引用,参考文献列表按作者姓氏字母顺序排列。

2.4. Harvard风格Harvard风格是一种常见的引用风格,它在正文中用作者的姓氏和年份标注引用,参考文献列表按作者姓氏首字母顺序排列。

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第一章汽车用交流发电机的分类1.1按励磁方式分按励磁方式分为永磁发电机和直流励磁发电机。

永磁发电机由于采用永久磁铁提供磁场能量,因此结构较为简单,但受永久磁铁磁场能量的限制,功率一般较小,现在汽车上很少使用。

1.2按搭铁方式分按搭铁方式分为正极搭铁和负极搭铁。

正极搭铁的发电机对无线电的干扰较小,但由于存在对汽车金属构架腐蚀问题,现在已不再使用。

负极搭铁虽然对无线电干扰较大,但由于不存在对汽车金属构件的腐蚀,而其随着电子技术的发展,干扰问题已很容易克服,所以现在的发电机全部是负极搭铁方式。

1.3按调节器的工作原理分按调节器工作原理分为电磁式调节器发电机和电子式调节器发电机,由于电子技术的发展,电磁式调节器的发电机已被淘汰。

1.4按电压调节器所在发电机的位置分按电压调节器所在位置分为外置式调节器和内置式调节器的交流发电机。

现在的汽车发电机全部是按这种方式进行分类的。

调节器外置式调节器发电机,具有造价低,调节器更换方便的特点。

调节器内置式调节器发电机虽然结构较为负载,但是具有统一性好、线路连接简单的特点。

第二章汽车交流发电机的参数2.1额定电压交流发电机的电压受电压调节器控制,一般比较稳定,只是在发动机启动阶段略有变化,正常情况下,发动机达到怠速转速时,发电机的输出电压应能达到一个稳定值,这个电压值称为发电机的额定电压(12V系统的发电机额定电压为14V,24V系统的发电机额定电压为28V)。

2.2空载转速交流发电机不带负载,能够达到额定电压时的初始转速值定为空载转速,空载转速在发电机出厂时通过试验确定,列入产品说明书。

空载转速是汽车设计时选择发动机和发电机速比的主要依据,也是发电机使用过程中性能是否下降的评价指标之一。

2.3额定电流和额定转速交流发电机受结构、转速等条件的限制,对外输出电流的能力是有限的,为了评价发电机的对外输出电流能力,把发电机输出最大电流的2/3定为发电机的额定电流,达到额定电流时的转速定为额定转速。

发电机出厂时,通过试验确定额定转速和额定电流,并列入产品说明书,发电机的额定转速和额定电流是评价发电机性能的重要指标。

第三章汽车发电机的工作原理由于现在的汽车发电机都是以电压调节器的安装位置分类,所以本文就以这种分类方式对发电机的工作原理及空载特性进行分析。

外置式调节器交流发电机的电压调节器位于发电机的外部,安装于车子上;而内置式调节器交流发电机的电压调节器安装在发电机的内部。

相对于外置式调节器的交流发电机而言,内置式调节器的交流发电机具有输出的电压较稳定,由内外因素引起的浪涌电流很小以及采用集成电路使其体积更小等优点。

所以外置式调节器的交流电机一般应用于柴油发动机和小排量用电质量要求不高的汽油发动机;而内置式调节器的交流发电机一般用于用电要求质量较高的汽油发动机如电脑控制的电喷发动机。

交流发电机以及所用电压调节器的结构基本上决定了交流发电机的空载性能,而交流发电机的空载性能是评价一台发电机的低速发电能力好坏的关键指标,该指标的好坏对整车的低速用电乃至于整车能否正常工作起非常重要的作用。

所以探讨交流发电机的空载性能改善的方法很有必要。

3.1外置式调节器交流发电机3.1.1外置式调节器交流发电机线路原理外置式调节器交流发电机线路原理图见图3-1。

图3-1 外置式调节器交流发电机的工作原理如图3-1一所示,一般外置式调节器的电压调节器有5根接线,IG端为发电机提供初始激励电流及参考电压用,L端为充电指示灯用,E端为发电机的负极,P端为电压调节器的控制参考电压,F端为发电机的励磁线圈控制极,B+端(如果调节器要求有)为发电机输出参考电压。

3.1.2外置式调节器交流发电机工作原理当点火开关K1接通,但发动机未起动即发电机没有转动,B+端没有电压输出时,P的电压为零,此时电压调节器的内部受P端控制的电路使得L端与负极E接通,充电指示灯两端电压为蓄电池电压约12V,指示灯亮,表示发电机没有电流输出,发电机不发电;当发电机转动发电时,中性P点有约为7V的电压输出,此电压使得L端与E端断开处于高电位悬空,充电指示灯的两端电压变为0V,指示灯熄灭,表示发电机发电,当发电机转速升高,输出电压升高大于额定电压(一般为14V)时,调节器内部电路使得F端断开,发电机停止发电,输出电压下降,当电压低于额定电压时,F端又继续重新接通电源,如此反复,使得发电机的输出电压平均值保持稳定14V。

由于这种发电机有8只硅整流二极管,其中6只组成三相全波桥式整流电路,还有2只是中性点二极管,1只正极管接在中性点和正极之间,1只负极管接在中性点和负极之间。

对中性点电压进行全波整流。

试验表明:加装中性点二极管的交流发电机在结构不变的情况下可以提高发电机的功率10%~15%。

中性点二极管提高发电机功率的原理:交流发电机中性点电压为三次谐波,随着发电机转速的提高,中性点三次谐波电压也升高。

当中性点电压瞬时值高于三相绕组的最高值时,中性点正极管导通对外输出电流;当中性点电压瞬时值低于三相绕组的最低值时,中性点负极管导通对外输出电流;由于中性点参与了对外输出,所以能提高输出功率。

3.2内置式调节器交流发电机3.2.1内置式调节器交流发电机线路原理如图3-2和图3-3所示,内置式调节器的交流发电机的调节器置于发电机的内部,常用的调节器形式有两种(一种需与发动机电控单元连接的较为复杂的调节器在此不再论述):一种为图二所示,为5根线连接的调节器,IG端为发电机提供初始激励电流,L端为充电指示灯用,E端为发电机的励磁线圈的负极,D+端为电压调节器的控制参考电压及发电机自励的电源,F端为发电机的励磁线圈的正极。

另一种为图三所示,为3根线连接的调节器,L端为充电指示灯用,E端为发电机的励磁线圈的负极,F端为发电机的励磁线圈的正极。

图3-2 内置式调节器五线交流发电机电气原理图图3-3内置式调节器三线交流发电机电气原理图3.2.2内置式调节器交流发电机工作原理如图3-2和3-3所示,当点火开关接通,但发动机未起动即发电机没有转动,D+端没有电压输出即电压为零时,此时电压调节器的内部受D+端控制的电路使得L端与负极E相通,充电指示灯两端电压为蓄电池电压约12V,指示灯发亮,表示发电机没有电流输出,发电机不发电;当发电机转动发电时,D+点有与发电机输出电压相同的14V电压输出,此电压使得L端处于高电位悬空,充电指示灯的两端电压变为0V,指示灯熄灭,表示发电机发电,当发电机转速升高时,点D+的电压升高大于额定电压(一般为14V)时,调节器内部电路使得F端断开,输出电压下降,当电压低于额定电压时,F端又继续重新接通电源,如此反复,使得发电机的输出电压平均值保持在额定电压(14V)范围内。

如图三的工作原理与图二的相似:当点火开关接通,但发电机没有转动不发电时,蓄电池电源通过充电指示灯及电压调节器的内部电路为励磁线圈提供初始激励电流,并与负极相通形成回路,使得充电指示灯发亮,表明发电机不发电;当发电机转动开始发电时,D+端电压与B+端电压相同,即充电指示灯两端电压为零,充电指示灯灭,表明发电机发电;当发电机转速升高,输出电压升高于额定电压(14V)时,调节器将励磁线圈的电流断开,输出电压开始下降,当下降低于额定电压时,调节器使励磁线圈重新接通,输出电压又开始回升,如此反复,使输出电压平均值保持在额定电压范围之内。

另外,对于内置式调节器的交流发电机,现在有一种较为复杂的多用于高级轿车的多功能内置式调节器交流发电机。

其控制是由发动机的电脑控制,其控制要结合发动机的工况一起考虑,较为繁琐,在此不再一一讲述。

图3-2中发电机共有11只整流二极管,所以俗称11管交流发电机,其中6只大功功率二极管,供给车辆负载,三只小功率供给励磁线圈,两只中性点二极管作用于前述外置式调节器发电机作用相同。

图3-3中发电机共有9只整流二极管,所以俗称9管交流发电机, 9管交流发电机的整流器是由6只大功率整流二极管和3只小功率励磁二极管组成的交流发电机。

其中6只大功率整流二极管组成三相全波桥式整流电路,对外负载供电,3只小功率管二极管与三只大功率负极管也组成三相全波桥式整流电路专门为发电机磁场供电。

所以称3只小功率管为励磁二极管。

第四章影响交流发电机空载性能的主要因素一般用初次充电转速和零电流转速来评价发电机的空载性能,试验时,蓄电池充満电,试验电压为蓄电池电压(一般电压低于14V)。

初次充电转速是指发电机的转速从零开始加速至发电机刚开始发电时的转速,检测过程非常直观。

零电流转速指发电机正常发电后,逐步降低转速使电流减少,至电流正好为零时的转速,一般只在实验室中做发电机的认可试验时采用。

同一台发电机,零电流转速的绝对值小于初次充电转速。

所以为了检测方便及传统上都将初次充电转速定义为空载性能。

交流发电机在实际整车的使用过程中,它的空载性能即此时的低速发电性能的影响,有发电机内部的和外部的因素。

4.1负载对空载性能的影响交流发电机的负载,除了整车的用电设备外,还有蓄电池的电压太低以及线路上的电阻太大等原因,引起交流发电机所带的负载太大,由发电机的输出电动势公式:E=CeФn(1)以及发电机输出电流公式:I=E/(Ra+RL)(2)式中,Ce——发电机的结构参数,Ф——发电机的磁场强度,n——发电机的转速,Ra——线圈绕组总的电阻,RL——发电机所带负载对于一台已设计完成的发电机来说,发电机的结构参数Ce、发电机的磁场强度Ф(只要励磁电流不变)以及线圈绕组总的电阻Ra是不变的。

由此可知,当负载增加而需保证输出电流不变或增加时,需提高输出电动势E即提高发电机的转速,才能保证输出电流的增加。

图四为额定电压为14V,额定电流为70A的交流发电机的电流输出特性图。

由图可知,一般发电机外部只有充满电的蓄电池作为负载时,其反映空载性能的初次充电转速此时可约定为初次输出电流转速,大约在a点为1000—1300RPM(以额定容量为1000W左右的发电机)之间;如果发电机此时外部所带的负载增加至20~30A的电流,则发电机需提高转速为原来的大约2倍即b点才发电,如果发动机的传动皮带轮转速N1与发电机的皮带轮转速N2之比一般为2,那么如果以一般所配装的发动机的正常怠速800RPM来计算,此时发电机的转速为1600RPM,发电机是不发电的,蓄电池就会亏电。

所以发电机的外部所带负载的大小直接影响到发电机的初次发电情况,对发动机怠速时的用电至关重要。

4.2充电指示灯功率对空载性能的影响充电指示灯的功率大小直接影响到发电机空载性能的初次充电转速,即发电机的初次输出电流转速,由于图3-2和3-3的发电机的未发电时的初始磁场强度Ф的建立电流需经过充电指示灯的限流才得到,如果充电指示灯的功率为3W,则对于功率约为14V、1000W的交流发电机而言,其初始充电转速为1000—1300RPM之间。

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