literaturereview(如何写文献综述)
英文文献综述标准范文
以下是英文文献综述的标准范文：Title: Literature Review on [Topic]Introduction:In this literature review, we will explore the existing research and literature on [topic]. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current state of research in this area and to identify gaps and areas for further study. Through this review, we hope to gain a deeper insight into [topic] and contribute to the development of knowledge in this field.Methodology:A systematic search was conducted using a range of databases including [list databases used] to identify relevant studies and literature on [topic]. The search terms used included [list search terms]. The inclusion criteria for studies were [list inclusion criteria]. The exclusion criteria were [list exclusion criteria]. The search was limited to studies published in English between [start date] and [end date].Results:A total of [number] studies were identified through the search. [Briefly summarize the studies, highlighting the main findings and key themes]. The studies were categorized into [list categories]. [Provide a table or figure summarizing the studies].Discussion:The literature review revealed [list key findings and themes]. These findings suggest [list implications and conclusions drawn from the studies]. However, the review also identified gaps in the literature, including [list gaps and areas for further research]. Future studies could [list potential research directions].Conclusion:In conclusion, this literature review provides a comprehensive understanding of the current state of research on [topic]. The review highlights the importance of [topic] and the need for further research in this area. The findings of this review can inform future research and contribute to the development of knowledge in this field.Reference:[Provide a list of references cited in the literature review].。
Literature Review2文献综述
Literature ReviewAs one of the most prominent and prolific contemporary American writers, Stenphen King(1947-) has been claimed the ”king of the horror fiction”. Besides the numerous awards and honorary degree , millions of copies of his book are in print and his works have been translated into thirty three languages which attract lots of readers all around the world. Meanwhile, his works were also made into movies by Hollywood filmmakers. Once The Shawshank Redemption was put on the screen, it caused a great sensation,The Shanwshank Redeption was adapted from a medium-length novel named Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption which was chosen from Different Seasons. There are many reviews and studies on Shawshank Redemption since it came out as a rare classic, and some of them are concentrated on its film version from the view of its gothic conflict, character and theme. In Wang Aijuan’s paper, she thinks through the gothic description, The Shawshank Redemption reflects the persecution of institutionalization on humanity. In the novel, the gothic conflicts between humanity and autocracy, freedom and imprisonment, hope and institutionalization display human’s understanding on fate and life. With the gothic means, the novel arouses humanity from void and paralysis, and endows human beings with the hope to pursue freedom and dream, to fulfill the real redemption in life. Both Pei Sujuan and Jin Shenqi have analyzed the characters of the movie. Pei Sujuan analyzed the hero Andy’s character of confidence, self-improvement and self-restraint, which made him created a legend figure in the impasse. She thinks Andy is an image of hope and he always believes that any substantial prison can only imprison his body but his incorporeal free spirit. Jin Shenqi inquires into the black images of the Redemption Shawshank through the aspect of film. He holds the view that Redding is the subversion of the previous black image yet not far beneath the surface. The society in which the black is the assistant and follower of the white is led by the white, and this plot was all arranged deliberately by the filmmakers. Zhao Yao tried to study the possibility of religion’s solving the issue of individual freedom in an alienated world, And draw some inspiration for similar issues in China. The alienation of reason, as the external representation of the alienation of man’s will, reveals the deficiency of man’s ethnics. While man’s ethnic is not sufficient to ensure man’s freedom in the contemporary social context, theology offers a new meaning to it. The reason system and religion system gain the possibility of dialogue in regard of ethnic man’s will.Besides, some papers are written to analyze the novella from the perspective of archetype criticism, cognitive science and humanistic concern. Sun Xinhong came out with the archetypal analysis of this novel in his paper that it is a fiction set in contemporary society but with biblical motifs running through it. Stephen King uses so many archetypal elements that make the novel so vivid in characterization, profound in meaning, and perspicuous in narration. The archetypal in this fiction express similar meanings to biblical culture. Such repetition of motifs, characters, structures and images tie the discreet events together, and hint they have great symbolic significance. Li Qianqian dissects the novel from the vision of cognitivescience. She explores the dark side of the Judicial institutions and prisons in America from the absurd court adjudication and the massacre of humanity. The astonished ending make a great hit to the America government body. At the same time, Andy has accumulated wealth very neatly and succeed in saving his best friend. This novella embodies the humanistic concern as well. Zhao Xianyan hold the point that it awoke our awareness of the actual conditions of the society, the novella focuses a critical eye on the unjust phenomenon and the inner world of the human beings. Its realistic but subtle content remains of the readers’resonance, its sympathy for the misery and misfortunate of the people and condemnation to the inequity shows the deep humanistic concern.Based on the previous studies, this paper intends to analyze King’s Rita Hayworth Shawshank Redemption from the perspective of existentialism. On the one hand, this paper will explore the inequitable judicial system of America and the dark prison life in America. On the other hand, it will analyze the choice they made in the absurd living environment which caused by the tie of the unreasonable mechanism to find out the modern people’s living condition and concentrate on how to seek to live a meaningful life.Bibliography[1] King，Stephen，Different Seasons [M], New York：New American Library，1983.[2] 戴先艳，史蒂芬•金《肖申克的救赎的救赎》中的人文主义关怀[D]，广西师范大学，2011.[3] 景圣琪，论《肖申克的救赎》中的黑人形象[J]，环球纵横，2008.[4] 李茜茜，从认知学角度剖析《丽塔海华丝及萧山克监狱的救赎》[J]，广角境，2011.[5] 裴素娟，自信自强自制——《肖申克的救赎》中安迪的性格浅析[J]，科技信息，2012.[6] 史蒂芬•金，肖申克的救赎[M]，北京：人民文学出版社，2006.[7] 孙昕翃，《丽塔海华丝和肖申克的救赎》的原型主义分析[D]，河北师范大学，2010.[8] 王爱娟，《肖申克的救赎》中的哥特式冲突[J]，安徽农业大学学报，2007.[9] 赵耀，异化世界下个体自由之路[D]，海南大学，2011.。
literature review范例
literature review范例Literature Review范例随着科技的不断发展，人们对于科学研究的需求也越来越高。
文献综述一直是科研领域中十分重要的一个环节，它可以帮助研究者了解已有的研究成果，同时也可以帮助研究者定位自己的研究方向。
本文将对文献综述的相关内容进行介绍和分析。
一、文献综述的定义文献综述是指研究者通过查阅相关文献，对自己的研究方向和问题进行全面、系统、深入的阐述和分析，从而确定研究的目标、方向、方法和实施步骤的一种方法。
文献综述不仅是科学研究的一个必要环节，而且也是学术论文的重要组成部分。
二、文献综述的目的文献综述的目的是为了帮助研究者了解已有的研究成果，从而避免重复已有的研究，同时也可以让研究者了解当前研究领域的热点和前沿问题，从而确定自己的研究方向。
此外，文献综述还可以用来评价已有的研究成果，从而为自己的研究提供参考。
三、文献综述的内容文献综述的内容应该包括以下几个方面：1.研究领域的概述：对当前研究领域的发展历史、研究方向、研究方法等进行介绍。
2.前人研究的概述：对已有的研究成果进行介绍和总结，包括前人研究的主要内容、研究方法、实验结果、结论等。
3.前人研究存在的问题：对前人研究中存在的问题和不足进行分析和总结，从而为自己的研究提供参考。
4.研究方案的设计：根据前人研究的不足和自己的研究目标，设计出自己的研究方案，包括研究的目标、研究方法、实验设计等。
四、文献综述的方法文献综述的方法主要包括以下几个步骤：1.明确研究领域和研究问题。
2.查找相关文献，包括学术论文、专业书籍、学位论文等。
3.对文献进行筛选和阅读，选择与自己研究方向相关的文献进行综述。
4.对文献进行分析和总结，从而确定自己的研究方向和研究方法。
五、文献综述的注意事项1.注意文献的来源和可靠性，避免使用一些不严谨的文献。
2.注意文献的时间，尽量使用最新的研究成果。
3.注意文献的数量和质量，不要只看数量而忽略了质量。
literature review的写作要求
literature review的写作要求
写作Literature Review（文献综述）的要求是对已有相关研究文献进行全面、批判性和系统性的评估。
以下是撰写Literature Review时的一般要求和提示：
1. 定义研究领域：明确文献综述的范围和主题，指明所关注的具体研究领域或问题。
2. 搜集文献：广泛搜集文献，包括学术期刊文章、学位论文、会议论文和专业书籍等，以确保论文的全面性。
3. 文献筛选：对搜集到的文献进行筛选，只选择与研究领域相关且质量较高的文献进行综述。
4. 组织结构：按照逻辑顺序对选定的文献进行组织，可以根据主题、时间、理论等方面进行分类。
5. 批判性评估：对每一篇文献进行评论和评估，指出其优点、缺点和局限性。
要注意文献之间的联系和差异。
6. 综合分析：通过比较和对比不同文献的观点和结果，寻找共同点、差异和趋势，提出自己的观点和结论。
7. 文献引用：对已经引用的文献进行正确的引用格式，确保完整性和准确性。
8. 编写风格：采用学术写作风格，包括准确语言、客观描述和
严谨逻辑。
要使用适当的学术词汇和术语。
9. 文章结构：一般包括简介、文献综述、讨论和结论等部分，确保文章有明确的逻辑结构和内在联系。
10. 更新关注：文献综述应注意近期的最新研究，确保文献综述的时效性和权威性。
最后，写作Literature Review时要始终保持批判性思维和客观评估的态度，既要总结之前研究的差异和不足之处，也要为未来研究提供发展方向和建议。
LiteratureReview文献综述常用句型-EssayMin
LiteratureReview文献综述常用句型-EssayMin关于Literature Review文献综述怎么写？EssayMin来介绍一些必备句型！文献综述LR如何发展一个连贯的结构和论点, 为研究提供明确的理由. EssayMin建议从以下内容出发:Addresses a gap in the literature解决文献中的一个空白Proposes a solution to an unresolved problem对一个尚未解决的问题提出了解决方案Builds on and strengthens existing knowledge with new data用新的数据建立和加强现有的知识Takes a new theoretical or methodological approach to the topic对该主题采取了新的理论或方法学方法.对相关文献的一般性评论The literature on X has highlighted several …关于X的文献强调了几个...Different theories exist in the litera ture regarding …文献中存在不同的理论关于...More recent attention has focused on the provision of …最近的注意力集中在提供...A large and growing body of literature has investigated …大量且不断增加的文献调查了...There is a relatively small body of literature that is concerned with …有一个相对较小的文献机构关注的是...The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.关于这个问题的许多已发表的研究的普遍性是有问题的.Previous research: methodological approaches taken前人的研究所采取的的研究方法Most research on X has been carried out in …以前的研究: 所采取的方法学方法Most researchers investigating X have utilised …大多数关于X的研究都是在 ... 中进行的Using this approach, researchers have been able to …利用这种方法研究人员能够...The vast majority of studies on X have been quantitative.绝大多数关于X的研究都是定量的What we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigate how …我们对X的了解主要是基于经验性研究这些研究调查了如何 ....Previous research: what has been established or proposed以前的研究: 已经确定或提出的内容Several lines of evidence suggest that …有几条证据表明 ...Previous research has established that …以前的研究已经确定...Data from several studies suggest that …一些研究的数据表明...It is now well established from a variety of studies that …现在各种研究已经充分证明...A number of studies have postulated a convergence between …一些研究推测...之间存在着趋同.Summarising the review or parts of the review对过往文献进行总结Overall, these studies highlight the need for …总的来说这些研究强调了对 ... 的需求Collectively, these studies outline a critical role for…总的来说这些研究概述了一个关键的作用The studies presented thus far provide evidence that …迄今为止所介绍的研究提供的证据表明...Together these studies provide important insights into the …这些研究共同提供了对 ... 的重要见解All of the studies reviewed here support the hypothesis that …这里回顾的所有研究都支持这样的假设 ...Two important themes emerge from the studies discussed so far: 迄今为止讨论的研究中出现了两个重要的主题.Highlighting limitations of previous studies强调以往研究的局限性Unfortunately, it neglects to explain why ...不幸的是它忽略了解释为什么 ...Other observations indicate that this explanation is insufficient ... 其他观察表明, 这种解释是不充分的 ...The main weakness in their study is that they make no attempt to ... 他们的研究的主要弱点是, 他们没有尝试 ...The major defect in their experiments is that they entail tedious他们的实验的主要缺陷是, 需要进行繁琐的。
literature review的写作步骤
literature review的写作步骤撰写文献综述（literature review）时，可以按照以下步骤进行：1. 确定研究主题和目标：明确自己所要研究的主题和目标，这将有助于限定文献综述的范围和方向。
2. 收集文献：进行广泛的文献搜索，包括学术期刊、会议论文、书籍、学位论文等来源。
使用学术数据库、图书馆资源和互联网搜索引擎等工具来获取相关文献。
3. 筛选文献：根据研究主题和目标，对收集到的文献进行筛选。
首先，阅读文献的标题和摘要，排除与研究主题不相关的文献。
然后，仔细阅读剩下的文献，确定其质量和可靠性，选择与研究主题密切相关的文献。
4. 阅读和分析文献：仔细阅读选定的文献，并进行分析和批判性思考。
注意文献中的问题、研究方法、实验设计、研究结果等。
可以根据研究目标和主题，将文献进行分类或主题归纳，以便于后续写作。
5. 组织文献综述的结构：根据筛选和分析的文献，组织文献综述的结构。
通常，文献综述应包括引言、主体和结论部分。
引言部分介绍研究主题和目标，主体部分按照一定的逻辑顺序组织相关文献，结论部分总结和评价所述文献。
6. 写作文献综述：根据组织好的结构，开始撰写文献综述。
在写作过程中，要注意文献的引用和引用格式，确保准确引用每个文献的作者、出版日期和出版物信息。
同时，要注意文献综述的逻辑和连贯性，确保各个部分之间的衔接和流畅性。
7. 修订和润色：完成初稿后，对文献综述进行修订和润色。
检查文献引用的准确性和格式，确保信息的一致性和完整性。
同时，注意语言表达的清晰和流畅性，确保文献综述的可读性和易理解性。
8. 反复修改和完善：进行多次的修改和完善，确保文献综述的内容准确、全面，并符合学术要求。
最后，记得在文献综述中引用和参考所使用的文献，遵循适当的引用格式，如APA、MLA等。
这将保证文献综述的学术可信度和完整性。
论文的文献综述范文
论文的文献综述范文Title: Literature Review on the Impact of Social Media on Mental Health。
Introduction。
In recent years, social media has become an integral part of our daily lives, with millions of people using platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter to connect with others, share their experiences, and stay updated on current events. While social media has many benefits, such as facilitating communication and providing a platform for self-expression, there is growing concern about its impact on mental health. This literature review aims to explore the existing research on the relationship between social media use and mental health, and to identify the potential risks and benefits associated with this phenomenon.The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health。
Several studies have examined the impact of social media on mental health, with a particular focus on the potential negative effects. For example, a study by Primack et al. (2017) found that higher social media use was associated with increased feelings of social isolation and loneliness among young adults. Similarly, another study by Twenge et al. (2018) reported a significant correlation between social media use and depressive symptoms among adolescents. These findings suggest that excessive use of social media may contribute to feelings of loneliness, depression, and other mental health issues.On the other hand, some research has also highlighted the potential benefits of social media use for mental health. For example, a study by Bessiere et al. (2008) found that online social support through social media platforms was associated with lower levels of stress and depression among college students. Similarly, another study by Frison and Eggermont (2015) reported that social media use was positively correlated with self-esteem and life satisfaction among adolescents. These findings suggest that social media can also have a positive impact on mental health by providing social support and enhancing self-esteem.Factors Influencing the Relationship between Social Media and Mental Health。
文献综述（LiteratureReview）的四种主要结构解析
文献综述（LiteratureReview）的四种主要结构解析在你开始写的文献综述(Literature Review)之前，你一定要先对整体有个大致的概念(rough idea)。
有些人会问，我的文献综述是只能用一种结构吗?答案是：当然不是。
你可以在文献综述使用不一样的结构，比如你的整体结构可能是按照主题(thematical),但是你的每个部分是按照时间顺序讨论的(chronological)。
1.按时间顺序排列(Chronological)按照主题的时间发展去写文献综述应该是最简单的一种方法。
但是，使用这个方法需要注意一个问题，就是要简单地按顺序列(simply listing)出和汇总文献(summarising)。
所以要试着去分析影响整个领域的模式(patterns)，转折点(turning points)和关键的争论(key debates)。
然后去解释(interpretation)这些点如何和为什么会发生(occurred)。
2.按照主题(Thematic)如果你在整理文献的时候发现一个反复出现的中心主题(central themes),那你就可以选择根据主题去组织你的文献综述了。
你可以综述这个主题的各个部分(different aspects)，举个例子，比如你的论文是关于移民的问题，可能你会关移民政策，语言障碍和文化冲突等。
3.按照方法论(Methodological)如果你的研究是想比较不一样的研究方法可能会造成结果(results)和结论(conclusions)的异同。
那你可以选择按照方法论(methodological)的方法去做文献综述。
比如，关于同一个问题，采用定性研究(qualitative research)和定量研究(quantitative research)的结果有何异同。
还有，对于一个问题，实证研究(empirical study)和理论研究(theoretical study)是分别是如何探索的?4.按照理论(Theoretical)文献综述通常是一个研究的理论框架的基础(the foundation for a theoretical framework)。
literature review 写作结构
literature review 写作结构
文献综述是一种重要的学术写作形式，它可以帮助读者了解并评估研
究领域的相关文献。
经典的文献综述通常包含以下几个主要结构。
1. 引言：引言部分需要引起读者的兴趣，并明确文献综述的研究目的
和研究问题。
可以通过提出一个开放性的问题、描述研究领域的重要
性或回顾相关研究的进展来引出综述的主题。
2. 方法：在介绍方法部分时，需要说明收集和筛选文献的方法，并解
释选择这些方法的理由。
此外，还需要说明对文献进行评估和分析的
具体方法，例如选择的分析框架或评估标准。
3. 文献综述主体：在文献综述的主体部分，根据研究问题和主题，结
构可以根据时间顺序、主题分类、理论框架等进行组织。
对于每篇文献，需要简要介绍其研究目的、方法、主要发现和结论。
还需要通过
比较和对比不同文献之间的观点和结果，指出研究领域的共识和争议，并分析可能的解释或解决方案。
4. 结论：在结论部分，需要总结文献综述的主要发现和结论，并指出
研究领域的未解决问题或需要进一步研究的方向。
同时，还可以给出
一些建议、思考或对未来研究的期望。
总之，文献综述的结构可以根据具体研究领域和综述问题的特点进行
灵活调整。
通过清晰的结构安排和准确的表达，可以帮助读者理解、
评估和利用研究领域的相关文献。
英文文献综述万能模板范文
英文文献综述万能模板范文英文回答：Introduction.A literature review is a comprehensive survey of the existing research on a particular topic. It provides a critical analysis of the literature, identifying the key themes, gaps, and areas for future research. A well-written literature review can help readers quickly and easily understand the current state of knowledge on a topic.Steps to Writing a Literature Review.1. Define your topic. The first step is to define the scope of your literature review. This includes identifying the key concepts, variables, and research questions that you will be addressing.2. Search for relevant literature. Once you havedefined your topic, you need to search for relevant literature. This can be done through a variety of sources, including academic databases, Google Scholar, and library catalogs.3. Evaluate the literature. Once you have found a bodyof literature, you need to evaluate it to determine its relevance, quality, and credibility. This involves reading the abstracts and full text of the articles and assessing their strengths and weaknesses.4. Organize your review. Once you have evaluated the literature, you need to organize it into a logical structure. This may involve grouping the articles by theme, methodology, or research question.5. Write your review. The final step is to write your literature review. This should include a clear introduction, a body that discusses the key findings of the literature, and a conclusion that summarizes your findings andidentifies areas for future research.Tips for Writing a Literature Review.Be comprehensive. Include all of the relevant literature on your topic, even if it is not supportive of your hypothesis.Be critical. Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the literature, and identify any gaps in the research.Be clear and concise. Write in a clear and concise style, and avoid using jargon or technical language.Proofread carefully. Make sure to proofread your literature review carefully before submitting it.中文回答：文献综述的撰写步骤。
英文文献综述怎么写范文(汇总3篇)
拆解论文结构，是一个很好的理解论文，学习论文写作，同时提高逻辑思维和表达的方法。
方法其实很简单，但凡事不能一蹴而就。
但相信勤加练习以后，你一定会觉得看论文、写论文都不再那么那么痛苦。
最后再来复习一遍步骤吧：step 1：找到自己喜欢的文献综述。
step 2：提炼框架。
提取出文献综述中的结构性语句，得到该篇文献综述的框架。
step3：填答案。
根据得到的框架来有目的地查阅文献，提取相关信息，填上答案。
得到初稿。
step4：多选几篇。
重复之前的方法，对其反复拆解、组装，最终得到完全属于自己的litera ture review。
英文文献综述怎么写范文第2篇当我们已经提炼出一篇文献综述的框架，去填每个空的答案就比较容易了。
但因为论文最注重的就是理论支撑。
我们不能随便百度到答案就填上去。
我们在文献综述中引用的一切，都需要在原文中找到依据。
但去看原文实在太累了。
所以建议的方法是：先在知乎、Quora、学术论坛或者相关好懂的文献综述，看看他们是如何引用这篇paper，评价这篇paper的。
看完之后你的心里就已经有底了。
那么我们需要做的也很简单：1. 翻到相关部分2. 关键词定位 (快速找到答案）3. 同义词替换 (降重)文献综述是一种通过对已有文献进行梳理、分析和评价的方法，以形成系统性的综合性文献报告，探讨某个问题的现状、发展趋势以及未来研究方向的方法。
那么如何写优秀的文献综述呢？下面从几个角度为大家介绍。
1.明确研究目的和问题在写文献综述之前，先要明确自己的研究目的和问题，这有助于你在文献中寻找和汇总符合研究方向的文献资料，也能避免收集到不必要的资料浪费时间。
2.合理筛选文献来源3.分类整理文献资料在文献综述的写作过程中，需要将搜集到的文献进行分类整理，例如按照时间、地区、专业领域、研究角度等进行整合，方便后续的分析和总结。
4.分析比较文献中不同观点和研究方法通过对文献的比较和分析，可以了解研究领域发展的趋势、发现未解决的问题和矛盾，并提出自己的新的解决方法，这就需要作家具有较强的综合分析能力。
mpa怎么写文献综述
撰写文献综述（literature review）可以遵循以下结构和步骤：1.引言：在引言部分，简要介绍你的研究主题，以及你打算如何组织你的文献综述。
此外，也应该明确你在这篇文献综述中的目的和目标。
2.背景：在这一部分，介绍你的研究主题的背景信息。
这可能包括对该领域的一般性介绍，以及你的研究主题在该领域中的地位。
此外，也可以涵盖现有的知识、先前的理论和研究，以及这些研究的结果和结论。
3.文献综述：这是文献综述的主体部分。
在这部分，你需要详细介绍和分析你所选主题的各个方面。
你可以按照特定的主题类别或者按照时间顺序来进行组织。
在介绍每篇文献时，应包括该文献的主要观点、研究方法、数据和分析，以及其结果和结论。
此外，还应评价每篇文献对你的研究的重要性，以及它们是如何帮助你理解你的研究主题的。
4.研究方法：这部分应描述你用来筛选和选择文献的方法。
这应包括你的搜索策略、你选择的标准以及你如何评价和选择所找到的文献。
5.结果和讨论：在这部分，你应该总结你的发现，并对其进行讨论。
这应包括你的研究主题的当前状况、主要的发现以及这些发现的意义。
此外，也可以包括对现有知识的总结和对未来研究的建议。
6.结论：在结论部分，概括你的主要发现和结论，并强调你的研究的意义和价值。
关于单位“MPa”的表示，如果你的文献综述是关于材料力学或者结构工程等涉及到压力或者应力的领域，那么“MPa”可能会经常出现。
在撰写文献综述时，通常可以直接在文中使用“MPa”来表示压力单位，也可以在文后的缩写列表中列出该单位的全称（兆帕）。
请注意，不同的学科领域和学术期刊可能有不同的格式要求和风格指南。
在撰写文献综述时，最好参照你所在领域或期刊的具体指南进行撰写。
mla的literature review格式
mla的literature review格式MLA (Modern Language Association) 格式中的文献综述(Literature Review) 格式的要求如下：1. 页面设置：- 使用标准A4 或8.5x11 英寸大小的纸张；- 设置1 英寸的页边距；- 字体使用Times New Roman，字号12 号；- 设置双倍行距；- 在页面右上角，创建页码标记（姓氏+页码）。
2. 文章标题：- 文章标题应居中书写；- 使用粗体字（可以使用标题样式设置）；- 将标题放置于页面的顶部，与上方和下方的空间保持相等。
3. 文章结构：- 文章结构包括引言、主体段落和结论；- 引言应简要概述该主题的重要性，并给出所要评估的研究问题；- 主体段落应根据主题的逻辑顺序展开，并包括对每一篇文献的详细分析；- 结论对文献综述的主要发现进行总结，并针对未来研究方向提出建议。
4. 内部引用：- 在文中引用其他学者的观点或研究结果时，使用内部引用；- 根据MLA 格式标准，引用格式为(作者姓氏，出版年)；- 如果引用短语超过四个词，将其放在引号中，并在引号之后加上页码。
5. 引用页：- 在文章结尾，包括一个引用页（Works Cited page）；- 引用页上列出了您在文献综述中使用过的所有引用文献；- 引用格式根据MLA 格式进行设置，包括作者姓名、书名、文章标题、期刊名称、出版年份等信息。
以文献综述题目"中括号内的内容" 为例，下面是一步一步回答：1. 引言：简要概述“中括号内的内容”主题的重要性，并给出所要评估的研究问题。
2. 主体段落：根据主题的逻辑顺序展开，并对每一篇文献进行详细分析。
每一篇文献的分析可以包括但不限于以下内容：- 作者提出的研究问题或假设；- 研究方法和数据分析方法；- 研究结果和发现；- 对现有文献的贡献和限制。
3. 结论：对文献综述的主要发现进行总结，并针对未来研究方向提出建议。
Howtowritealiteraturereview（如何写好文献综述）
Howtowritealiteraturereview（如何写好文献综述）How to write a literature review怎样写文献综述What is a literature review?文献综述是什么？The aim of a literature review is to show your reader (your tutor) that you have read, and have a good grasp of, the main published work concerning a particular topic or question in your field. This work may be in any format, including online sources. It may be a separate assignment, or one of the introductory sections of a report, dissertation or thesis. In the latter cases in particular, the review will be guided by your research objective or by the issue or thesis you are arguing and will provide the framework for your further work.文献综述的目的是告诉读者（或导师），你已阅读并较好理解了一些公开发表的文献，这些文献与你所在领域的某个主题或问题有关。
这些文献可以是任何形式的，包括在线资源。
文献综述可能是单独的任务，也可能是报告、学位论文的引言部分。
对于后一种情况（论文引言），文献综述的进行由研究目标或你论证的问题或论文指导，并为进一步的工作提供框架。
Literature Review (Sample 1)文献综述
Literature ReviewC12 英语〔1〕 X X XTess of the D’Urbervilles is generally regarded as Tomas Hardy’s finest novel. Since its publication in 1891, it has encountered considerable concern in literary criticism. Among these numerous essays dwelling on Tess, most criticisms and interpretations focus on probing into the root of Tess’s tragedy. These scholars ponder Tess’s tr agedy from various perspectives and give a multitude of interpretations on this topic. But no one can exhaust such a great work，there is still much room for further consideration about Tess’s tragedy. Through several months’ efforts in searching, collectin g and reading an abundance of scholars and professors’ literature concerning causes of tragedy of Tess, I have learned much and gained a lot of data and create the following essay which summons up the essence of the literature.1．Analyses of Objective F actors in Tess’s Tragedy.The Age Characteristic and the Rebel in Tess of the D’U rbervilles – A Feminine Decoding on Tess of the D’U rbervilles by Jiang Lu introduces the economic background of the story. Jiang states that the story of Tess happened during the late half of 19th century, which witnessed the decline and destruction of the English peasantry. It was an age of transition and great social upheavals. With the development of capitalism, England was slowly developing from its former state of a mainly agricultural country to its new condition of a primarily industrial society, because of which the traditional self-sufficient society order in the country was broken. Helplessly confronted with the change, the country villagers were deprived of their lands, houses and other possessions. Then, in possession of few things they were forced to immigrate away from their accustomed land and to be employed as farm workers. Therefore, country peasants were inflicted tragically by the industrial development. This part clearly demonstrates the economic situation of the farmer at Victorian age which is quite beneficial to my paper.An Ecofeminist Reading of Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles by YuKun discusses the tragedy of Tess from the perspective of Ecofeminism, this paper practically explores the close relationship between women and nature and women’s tragic fate as the result of industrialization and patriarchal society, which helps me understand Tess’s tragedy from a new angle. It points out that at the late Victorian Age when industrialization began to encroach upon the countryside rapidly and capitalism developed further, the peasants lost their land and many of them were impoverished. Tess’s family,without exception, was poverty-stricken, which turned out to be the very root of her tragedy. Tess, impelled by the economic pressure from her family, had to go to claim kindred with prosperous D’Urbervilles family where she met evil Alec who deprived of her virginity; and it was her poor family that made Tess return to Alec. Besides, the society in the Victorian period was a man-dominated society, woman had to suffer the injustices of man-made law, the law by which man and woman were not equally treated in terms of morality. Angel who set a double moral standard for man and woman certainly couldn’t conceive of a relationship of equality with Tess. He couldn’t forgive Tess for her lost of virginity although he himself had dissipated past. Thus he finally abandoned Tess because of her “impurity〞, which gave Tess a fatal blow.The Connotation and Characteristic of “Angels in House〞in Victorian Period of England by Zeng Yayin demonstrates perfect women’s image in people’s mind in Victorian period. It says that a traditional Victorian woman is supposed to be a perfect woman. First, they should be gentle, graceful and charming, that is to keep an attractive appearance. Second, they should be submissive. They were taught to be sympathetic, gentle and considerable to other people. And the most important thing was to be submissive to their father or brothers, and after being married, their submission turned to their husbands. Third, they should have pure bodies. Traditionally, virginity was worshipped as a symbol of honor for an unmarried woman. It was very important for a younger woman to be a virgin before marriage and be loyal to her husband after she married him, and virginity was a girl’s virtue and value as well. Fourth, home was her whole world. She should sacrifice herself for her husband and the family. Taking care of the family and making the home healthy andcomfortable was undoubtedly all her duty. Besides, they were economically dependent, what they should do was to stay at home which was the shelter for them, and to seek for support and protection from them, so marriage was pretty much their best choice. All in all, the idle Victorian woman should be devoted, pure both mentally and physically and submissive. This paper gives me a general idea of the image of women in Victorian period, which will help me a lot in my paper.Analysis of Tragedy of Tess by Tang Xuan points out that Tess is a typical female tragedy, considering the convention and the bourgeois morality of her time. The last years of the nineteenth century were the Victorian period. Victorian morality imposed rigid norm on women, which demanded women to be pure. The loss of virginity was a fatal blow to Tess as she was turned against and crushed by the social convention. It was a man-dominated society, in which woman had to suffer the injustices of man-made law, the law by which man and woman were not equally treated in terms of morality and the use of double standard in sexual matters was the essential feature of the Victorian society. This was why Tess, being violated by Alec, unfairly suffered from being morally and socially spurned and punished while Alec remained free from any social reprimands. What is more, according to the Victorian customs, a man could live a dissipating life as he had once done while a woman could not. This double standard for man and woman made it impossible for Angel who was dominated by the conventional social custom and the bourgeois view of morality to forgive Tess. This part helps get a better idea of the impact of social convention and morality on Tess’s tragedy.The Ruin of a Pure Woman — Analyses of the Tragedy of Tess by Zhou Hong says that Tess is the victim of capitalist law and hypocritical religion. It states that Alec dared to do evil at his pleasure not only because he was a man of money and power, but also because he was under the protection of bourgeois law which was employed as a tool to rule ordinary people and was always at bourgeois’ interest. According to the law, it was ironic that the man who seduced Tess was justified while Tess who suffered damage was sinful. Oppressed by so strong social prejudice, Tess was deprived of the right to protect herself and forced to accept the unfair treatmentimposed on her. Thus, she was doomed to be a victim of power and violence. Besides, hypocritical religion was also closely related to Tess’s tragedy. In capitalis t society, religion was just used as a tool to lull and enslave people. When Tess met Alec again, to Tess’s as tonishment , Alec, the man who seduced her and ruthlessly pushed her into the abyss of tragedy, could resort to Christianity and became a priest who asked people to do good deeds. From this part I can see that both bourgeois law and religion are hypocritical.2. Reflection on Subjective F actors in Tess’s Tragedy.Analysis of Tess’s Character by Xu Haibo focuses on Tess’s character to explain the cause of Tess’s tragedy. It points out that the character of Tess is closely related to her fate, it is the tension in her character that leads her to the tragedy. The most obvious ones are those between humility and pride, and between innocence and sensuality. Ultimately it can be said that the tension is the one between obedience and rebellion within her character. It presents that both historical conditions and living environment contribute to the formation of Tess’s character. Tess has the qualities of kindness, honesty, diligence and loyalty which are shared by the label people, besides, she also inherits the pride traditionally associated with noble families, but her pride is conflicted with her social and economic position. In this paper, the author gives a detailed explanation with examples about the tension in Tess’s character which helps me better understand his idea. Besides it points out that there is also conflict between acquired conventional belief and instinctive independence of mind, and between ignorance and education in Tess’s character, which can also be seen from many cases. From this article, I get a good knowledge of Tess’s character as well as its relationship with her fate.Study on the Tragic Fate of Tess by Zhou Zhongxin and Wang Yanwen points out that Tess is a pure woman, but, ironically, her purity becomes the decisive factor of her tragedy. It states that Tess’s pure nature is fully embodied by her strong sense of responsibility and self -sacrifice to her family. When their horse is killed in an unexpected accident, nobody blames Tess as she blames herself, therefore, she doesn’trefuse once more her parent’s suggestion to claim kin with the wealthy D’Urbervilles family although she is not willing to do so. This is the very action that ruins all her life, she is seduced by Alec and later gives birth to an illegitimate baby. Moreover, her sense of responsibility is also clearly revealed when she becomes a mistress of Alec because of the desperate situation of her family. Tess’s purity is also displayed in her honesty and loyalty to love. When she is seduced by Alec, she bravely chooses to leave him at once irrespective of the pressure of her family and the society, because she realizes that she has never loved Alec.As to Angle, she falls in love with him deeply, but she continuously refuses Angle’s wooing because she thinks her being his wife is a shame for him. In order to protect Angle, she is willing to sacrifice her own feeling and happiness. Although she accepts Angle at last, she decides to disclose her past to him because of her honesty and true love for Angle. But her confession only results in an end of their marriage, she is deserted by her heartless husband, which leads to her miserable life soon afterwards. This paper offers me a good idea of the relationship be tween Tess’s purity and her tragedy.A Multi Perspective of the Tragedy of Tess of the D’Urbervil les by PengYan mentions the persecution of religion on Tess. Brought up in a heavily religious environment, Tess is deeply poisoned by religious thought, which forces Tess to bear enormous psychological pressure and induces her to sink into tragical abyss. Tess is a victim of religious doctrine. When her baby is dying, she suddenly realizes that she hasn’t been baptized and therefore will die without salvation a nd go to hell, but no parson is willing to do it for her baby, so she decides to baptize her baby by herself. Obviously, all her terrors about the hell are coming from the religious doctrine taught to her. Besides, although she used to doubt the existence of God when she feels desperate toward life, she can’t free herself from the shadow of religion. She always uses religious thought to imagine, explain and symbolize her miserable life. When she meets a man writing biblical texts on walls, she consciously feels ashamed and guilty for her loss of virginity, although it is not her fault. She is always self-contempt and keeps torturing herself by hypocritical religion thought. From this part I get to know religion’s impact on Tess.My Opinion about Tess of the D’Urbervilles by Li Honglan points out her family’s role in causing her tragedy. It says that Tess’s parents are ignoran t and vain，which leads directly to Tess’s tragedy. Tess’s father, Jack is lazy, selfish and foolish. When he hears of the news about his noble ancestry, he thinks his family will surely become rich if only Tess go to claim kinship with the wealthy family. When Tess is seduced by Alec, he doesn’t care about his daughter’s feelings and lock the door to prevent Tess from going out, the only thing that worries him is what others will think of this collapse of his family pride.Besides, Tess’s mother Joan is no better than Jack. The news of ancestry also affects her, she wants her daughter to rise in the world by making a successful marriage and thus bring fortunes to the whole family. When Tess chooses to leave Alec, she blames Tess for not marrying him and when Tess is deserted by Angle, she thinks it is all Tess’s fault. At the same time, her father doesn’t show sympathy for Tess either, he even doubts about her marriage, which makes Tess unable to live at home any more. Since her parents cannot be relied on, Tess takes on her younger shoulder the family burdens. She has a strong sense of responsibility towards her family and at almost every stage of her life it is her concern for family that influences her actions-from her agreement to claim kinship to family D’Urberville right to her final decision to return to Alec is totally due to her responsibility to support her family. From this analysis, I get a comprehensive knowledge about the influence of Tess’s family on her tragedy.Tess一A Pure but Tragic Woman by Zhang Qun discusses the influence of two men —Alec and Angle on Tess’s tragedy. It explains that Alec, typical of a bourgeois villain, m etamorphoses himself into the more dignified style of Alec D’Urberville and decorates himself as a man of nice heart. He takes advantage of Tess’s poverty and innocence, and seduces her on purpose. Thus , Tess intends to look for a way out but is driven by him to a way with a dead end. On the other hand, Angle is a representative of bourgeois intellectuals. He regards himself as a man full of new thoughts who isn’t bound by social customs. However, as a matter of fact, he couldn’t free himself from it. He idealizes Tess as symbol of purity and pursues her enthusiasticaly, but desert her as soon as Tess’s confession. Given up by her husband,Tess can’t support her family on her own and she is foeced by the death of her father and consequent loss of their cottage to succumbe to Alec to be his mistress. But out of her expection, Angle comes back, she is so shocked and regretfull that she kills Alec, because she thinks it is the only way out. From this analysis, I get a sense of these two men’s impact on Tess and I will use some of his idea in my paper.3. Introduction to the A uthor’s Outlook Reflected in the Novel.On Fatalism and Pessimistic View in Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles by Hu Ye says that Tess’s t raged y is related to Thomas Hardy’s fatalisti c outlook on life. Tess’s life can be divided into several stages and every stage is sprinkled a series of coincidences that push Tess to the doomed abyss. In this paper, it gives details about these coincides. At the outset, Tess’s father John Durbeyfield is so excited at the news of her ancestor that he drink himself drunk, so Tess has to replace her father to send the beehives to the market. Then the accidental death of the horse Prince destroys the family’s livelihood, so Tess is forced to go to claim k in with the wealthy D’Urbervilles family, where she is seduced by Alec.After this great frustration, she happens to meets Angle and falls in love with him. When she is about to marry him, Tess decides to write her past in a letter and thrusts it from unde r the door into Angel’s bedroom. But the paper gets mislaid under the carpet and Angel does not see it, which directly leads to the break of their marriage. When Tess eventually decides to visit Angel’s parents and asks them for help, she unfortunately ove rhears the conversation of Angel’s brothers, then she give up asking help from them. There is also the coincidence that she reencounters with Alec at exactly the moment when she is most vulnerable, then she becomes her mistress. Considering these coincides, I think that there is close relationship between Tess’s tragedy and these coincidences, although they all happen by chance.Tragic Consciousness Inherited and Future Developed in Hardy’s Novels On The Tragical ness in Tess of D’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure by Zuo Yanru says that Thomas Hardy is an inheritor of classical tragedy, so he naturally transplanting the ideas of fatalism into his tragedy novels, and Tess of the D’Urbervilles is a typicalone. It tells that Hardy’s perspective of fatalism ha s two distinctive features. First, his fatalism often arises from the external environment, both social and physical, and the internal character of the protagonists. This realistic concern is a new aspect of fatalism. Second, in order to achieve the desire d tragic effect, Hardy’s destructive forces are reflected as the combination of accidents and inevitabilities, which aims to produce a strong sense of fate. The two features makes Hardy’s novels produce a strong sense of fatalism. This introduction lets me know the character of Hardy’s fatalism and its influence on the novel.Having read the above literature concerning the analyses of Tess’s tragedy, we have no difficulty to find that more and more scholars and professors both at home and abroad begin to p ay attention to the field of the cause of Tess’s tragedy. Most of them probe into this field from the perspective of social background, the heroine’s inner factors or the heroes destructive impact, there are not many other interpretations, however, all of them give me good guide to this topic and help me gain a better understanding of various elements relating to Tess’ tragedy, it also evokes my interest towards this topic and stimulates me to study this topic from a new perspective. In my paper, I tend to analyze the tragedy of Tess from individual choices with the help of the achievements of the critical study done by the former Hardy scholars, and I hope that I can make some contribution to this field by reading extensively and analyzing the literature.ReferencesXu Haibo. Analysis of Tess’s Character [J]. ?语文学刊(高教·外文版)?2007(06) Zhang Qun. Tess—A Pure but Tragic Woman [J]. Journal of Donghua University (Eng.Ed.) 2003(20).胡艳.论哈代?德伯家的苔丝?中的宿命论和悲观主义色彩[J].?太原科技大学报?2021(02).蒋橹.?苔丝?中的时代特征与叛逆形象—苔丝的女性主义视觉解析[J].?电影评介?2006(14).[J].?青海师专学报(教育科学)?2005(05).彭焱. “苔丝〞悲剧的多层次透视[J].?内江师范学院学报?2005(20).唐璇.?苔丝?悲剧根源剖析[J].?南华大学学报(社会科学版)?2006(01).于坤. An Ecofeminist Reading of Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles[J]. ?高等教育与学术研究?2007(01).—?苔丝?悲剧分析[J].?电影评介?2007(11).左燕茹.Tragic Consciousness Inherited and Future Developed in Hardy’s Novels On The Tragicalness in Tess of D’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure [D].济南：山东师范大学. 2004.“家庭天使〞的内涵和特点[J].?达县师范高等专科学校学报(社会科学版)?2005(04).[J].? 电影评介?2021(11).。
毕业论文文献综述
毕业论文文献综述文献综述（Literature Review）是毕业论文中非常重要的部分，它用于对相关研究领域的已有研究成果进行归纳总结和批判性评价。
本文将对文献综述的写作进行详细介绍，包括其结构和注意事项。
文献综述的结构通常包括引言、综述主体和结论三部分。
首先，引言部分应该简要说明研究领域的重要性和问题的研究现状，同时明确本文将要探讨的研究问题和目标。
在引言部分，可以引用一些重要的定义、概念以及研究数据等，以引起读者的兴趣。
综述主体部分是文献综述的核心部分，需要对已有的文献进行系统的回顾和总结。
在这一部分，可以按时间、主题或方法等进行分类综述。
为了保证综述的全面性和客观性，可以采用查阅文献、互联网搜索和访谈等多种方法来收集数据。
此外，要注意文献的选择范围，尽量选择最新的、权威的和相关的文献。
在综述过程中，应该注重获得的文献内容之间的联系和差异，对不同文献之间的观点进行比较和分析。
同时，应该对文献的质量进行评价，包括研究方法、样本选择、数据分析等方面的合理性和可靠性。
最后，结论部分是对文献综述的总结和评价。
在此部分，应该总结已有研究的不足之处，并指出自己研究的创新点和重要性。
同时，还可以提出进一步的研究方向和方法。
在撰写文献综述时，需要注意以下几点：1. 语言要准确、简明扼要。
避免使用模糊或没有实际意义的措辞。
2. 使用第三人称，避免使用第一人称。
3. 要注意文献的引用格式和规范。
可以根据论文的要求采用不同的引文格式，如APA、MLA等。
4. 需要及时更新文献。
随着科技的不断发展，相关研究领域的文献也是在不断更新的，因此需要及时查找和引用最新的研究成果。
总之，文献综述是毕业论文中不可或缺的组成部分，通过对已有研究成果的回顾和总结，可以为自己的研究提供有力的理论支持和参考依据。
为了撰写一篇优秀的文献综述，需要严谨的调查研究和批判性思维能力。
同时，还应该注意学术规范和引文格式的要求，以确保文献综述的质量和可信度。
文献综述的目的与作用以及如何撰写文献综述
文献综述的目的与作用以及如何撰写文献综述文献综述（literature review）是研究过程中的一种重要方法，它通过收集、分析和整理已有的相关文献，对其中一研究领域的现状、问题、理论和方法进行系统性梳理和总结，从而参与和促进学术研究的深入发展。
本文将详细介绍文献综述的目的与作用，以及如何撰写一篇有效的文献综述。
1.理清并总结研究领域的现有知识：通过对已有文献的收集和整理，可以了解研究领域的发展脉络、重要理论观点和方法，以及存在的问题和争议。
2.定位和评估研究问题的研究价值：文献综述可以帮助研究者确定自己的研究问题是否有足够的研究价值，是否与已有研究有所重叠或是填补了一定的空白。
3.阐明研究问题的理论基础：文献综述可以为研究提供理论支持，从而明确研究问题的理论基础和依据。
4.提供研究方法和研究设计的建议：文献综述对研究方法和研究设计的介绍和评估，可以帮助研究者选择合适的方法和设计自己的研究。
5.指导研究的实施和分析过程：文献综述中的相关研究可以为研究者提供实施研究和分析数据的方法和步骤。
1.总结已有知识：文献综述可以帮助研究者理清已有知识，防止重复研究，减少研究资源的浪费。
2.发现研究问题：通过文献综述，研究者可以发现已有研究中存在的问题，进而确定研究问题。
3.提供理论支持：文献综述可以为研究问题提供理论支持，指导研究的理论构建和分析过程。
4.引导研究设计：文献综述可以为研究者提供研究设计上的建议和指导，使研究更加科学和有效。
5.推动学术交流：文献综述将已有研究进行归纳和总结，为学术界的交流提供了平台，促进思想的碰撞和学术进步。
如何撰写文献综述：1.确定研究议题：选择一个研究领域或研究问题，明确研究的目标和范围。
2.收集文献：通过学术数据库、图书馆目录、互联网等方式收集相关文献。
关键词的选择是非常重要的，应当广泛涵盖研究领域的主题词。
3.筛选文献：根据研究问题和目标，对收集到的文献进行筛选。
首先根据标题和摘要初步筛选，然后进一步阅读全文，根据研究领域和研究问题的要求，筛选出与研究问题相关的文献。
学术写作中的文献综述与文献回顾技巧
学术写作中的文献综述与文献回顾技巧在学术写作中，文献综述（literature review）和文献回顾（literature review）是非常重要的组成部分。
文献综述是指对已有研究文献的评述和总结，而文献回顾则是对某一研究领域过去的研究成果进行梳理和回顾。
本文将介绍学术写作中的文献综述和文献回顾的技巧与要点。
一、文献综述技巧文献综述是对相关研究文献的系统概括和评述，旨在回答研究问题，并提供相关研究的背景和历史。
以下是一些进行文献综述的技巧：1. 确定研究领域和研究问题：在进行文献综述时，首先要明确所研究的领域和问题。
有一个明确的研究领域和问题有助于筛选和归类相关的研究文献。
2. 收集与筛选文献：通过学术数据库、期刊论文、评述和综述文章等途径，收集与研究领域相关的文献。
在收集后，根据研究问题和相应的标准，筛选出与研究问题相关且质量较高的文献。
3. 梳理文献：对所选的文献进行阅读和梳理，总结其主要观点、研究方法、实验结果等。
可以根据文献的共性和差异进行分类和归类，以构建一个系统化的框架。
4. 比较和分析文献：对所选文献进行比较和分析，发现文献之间的联系和差异。
可以探讨不同观点的优缺点，发现研究中存在的问题或潜在的研究方向。
5. 结构化写作：在进行文献综述时，要注重结构化写作。
可以按照时间顺序、主题分类、方法论等方式进行组织，以使读者容易理解和接受。
二、文献回顾技巧文献回顾是对某一研究领域过去的研究成果进行梳理和回顾，旨在评估和总结已有研究，为当前研究提供支持和参考。
以下是一些进行文献回顾的技巧：1. 进行全面的文献搜索：在进行文献回顾时，要进行全面的文献搜索，包括学术数据库、期刊论文、会议论文等各种来源。
不仅要关注英文文献，还要注意中文文献和其他语种的文献。
2. 选择合适的文献：在回顾文献时，要注意选择与研究领域和问题相关的文献。
同时，要注重选择质量较高的文献，如具有高影响因子的期刊论文、知名学者的著作等。
救星来了文献综述literaturereview怎么写？
救星来了文献综述literaturereview怎么写？在英国毕业论文中，Literature Review是非常的重要。
很多同学在写毕业论文时，都会花很多时间 来写这一部分。
现在，对于大多数英国研究生来说，到了写毕业论文的时候了，今天，我来罗列下毕业论文中literature review的写作技巧。
Literature Review即文献综述，是研究者在研究报告中对该选题领域的研究状况，和主要问题做出的综合阐述与评价，用以说明本研究的背景和基础。
正常来讲，文献综述的结构与标准论文类似，有引言、正文和结论。
❶Introduction部分 图二Literature Review的内容包含以下几个部分：·Background 背景·Problem/hypothesis 问题/假设·Solution/Argumentation 解决方案/论证·Experimental test/Conclusion 实验/结论⚠️应侧重的是分析文献，而不是仅仅描述许多不同文献来源的发现。
❷Main Body 图二对Literature Review的看法，你的评价会直接反映体现该篇Literature Review对你的研究课题有什么意义。
包括不限于你的研究方法是否新颖，是否解决了你的的问题，实验对象是否合适，结论是否正确等等。
❸Conclusion部分 图三自己对该Literature Review课题的结论，意见及需要解决的问题。
重点突出文献综述前面部分中提出的关键点以及对未来研究的建议。
⚠️不要包含新信息！不要包含文字引用！❹需要注意的问题有哪些？ 图三❺看文献需要思考的有哪些？ 图四✨以上是对literature review基本格式内容的分享。
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Difficulties in organizing
1. no logic link among subheadings fragmentary patches, not coherent
2. Classification
Background History Theory
翻译图式研究综述 体验式教学法研究综述
Methodology
翻译教学与研究的新框架——语料库翻译学综述
Comprehensive
英语写作中纠错性反馈的有效性与策略---文献综述
Examples
Frequently-occurring problems
1. No direct relevance
Relevancy is the first and paramount criterion for judging the quality of a review.
“How is it relevant to my study?”
Critical reading--Writing a Literature Review
Week 7 2016
library genesis
/v_show/id_XMTM2MDU2Nzg2MA==.htmlhtml
Outline
1. Necessity of writing a LR 2. Classifications of LR 3. Major components 4. Writing procedures 5. Writing principles 6. Difficulties and solutions Homework
What to review?
1. To find out research background of the research area
2. To know about the others’ contribution 3. To detect weak points in the current
Funnel approach 漏斗原则 ① from the general to the specific ② from the abstract to the concrete ③ form the theoretical to the empirical ④ from the “long shots” to the “close-ups” ⑤ from others’ to your study
ESP的性质、范畴和教学原则——兼谈在我国高校 开展多种类型英语教学的可行性
近三十年来我国高校英语专业教学回顾与展望 秦秀白 华南理工大学学报(社会科学版)
外语教师教育研究综述 刘学惠 外语教学与研究
3. Major elements in LR
4. Writing principles
Difficulties in organizing
2. A series of empirical studies need to be described or commented on. How to present them? common ways to present:
variables research designs: cross-sectional; longitudinal types of subjects designs in data-collection findings theoretical assumptions (e.g.: L2 proficiency)
2. The main controversies about the issue and about the problem;
3. The major findings in the area; 4. The studies considered to be the better
ones, and the reason;
English. 7. Growing interests have been focused on net
English. 8. Increasing interests have been directed to net
English.
24
人们对网上购物作了很多研究。
1. We’ve done a lot of research about online shopping.
3. Conclude your review with a brief summary.
4. Start writing your review early.
5. Difficulties
Content Organizing
Should I list all the definitions of a term?
2. There’s a lot of research about online shopping. 3. There is considerable research investigating
1. up-to-date information on a topic;
2. form the basis for the justification for future research in the area;
3. gathers basic information about a particular subject from many sources;
1. Why do we need reviewing literature?
No research is carried out in a vacuum; A link between the past and the future; Naturally lead to your proposed study.
Education? Of the children and middle school students in
L1 learning? Of the adult in L2 learning?
Solution:
1. L2 motivation in and outside the Chinese context
2. No proper headings and clear signpost
Proper headings help readers anticipate the content and capture the flow of argument.
Attention! Numbering and wording (parallelism)
research 4. To provide the framework,
methodological assumptions, datacollection techniques, key concepts
Review focuses
1. The prevailing and current theories underlying the research problems;
Tips
1. Define key terms or concepts clearly and be relevant to your topic.
2. Discuss the least-related reference to your question first and the most relevant last.
语体(genre)意识: Academic English vs. Colloquial English: 我们对网络经济越来越有兴趣。net economy 人们对网上购物作了很多研究。online shopping
23
我们对网络英语越来越有兴趣。
1. We’re more and more interested in net English. 2. We’ve more and more interests in net English. 3. We are increasingly interested in net English. 4. There are growing interests in net English. 5. Net English has attracted increasing interests. 6. Increasing interests have emerged in net
Lead-in reading
《文献综述撰写的原则和方法》--张庆宗
1. What is a literature review? 2. What’s use of writing LR?
What is a literature review?
A literature review is an objective, thorough summary and critical analysis of the relevant available research and non-research literature on the topic being studied (Hart, 1998).
5. The types of research studies which can provide the basis for the current theories and controversies;
6. Criticism of the work in the area;