Thomas Paine
Thomas Paine 托马斯皮普
The American Crisis
Байду номын сангаас
In late 1776, Paine published The American Crisis pamphlet series to inspire the Americans in their battles against the British army.
Main ideas about the society and slavery
He belief in the inevitability （必然性）of scientific and social progress and commitment to free markets and liberty generally.
Contents:
1.Brief introduction about his life 2.Main ideas about the society and slavery 3.Major works
4.Conclusions
Brief introduction about his life：
Thomas Paine was born in Thetford, England.
By the age of 12, Thomas had failed out of school. The young Paine began apprenticing （学徒） for his father, but again, he failed.
1 Common Sense (1776) 《常识》
2 The American Crisis (1776) 《美国的危 机》 3 The Rights of Man (1791-1792) 《人权》 4 The Age of Reason (1794, 1795, 1807) 《理性时代》
美国简史选择题及答案(1-16章)
1.From 1622 unit his death, _____, one of the greatest of colonial American, was reelected thirty times as governor.A.Anne BradstreetB. William BradfordC.Edward TaylorD. Thomas Paine2.____carries the voice not of an individual but of a whole people. It is more than writing of the Revolutionary period, it defined the meaning of the American Revolution.mon SenseB. The American CrisisC.Declaration of IndependenceD. Defence of the English People3.____usually was regarded as the first American writer.A.William BradfordB. Anne BradstreetB.Emily Dickinson D.Captain John Smith4.Anne Bradstreet was a Puritan poet. Her poems made such a stir in England that she became known as the “____”who appeared in America.A.Ninth MuseB. Tenth MuseC. Best MuseD. First Muse5.The ship “——” carried about one hundred pilgrims and took 66 days to beat its way across the Atlantic. In December of 1620, it put the Pilgrims ashore at Plymouth, Massachusetts.A.SunflowerB.ArmadaC.MayflowerD.Pequod6.From 1733 to 1758, Benjamin Franklin wrote and published his famous____,an annal collection of proverbs. BA.The AutobiographyB.Poo r Richard’s Almanacmon SenseD.The General Magazine7.Which is not connected with Thomas Paine?mon SenseB.The American CrisisC.The Rights of ManD.The Autobiography8.”These are the times that try men’s souls”,these words were once read to Washington’s troops and did much to spur excitement to further action with hope and confidence.Who is the author of these words?A.Benjamin FranklinB. Thomas PaineC.Thomas JeffersonD.George Washington9.Who was considered as th e “Poet of American Revolution”?A.Anne BradstreetB.Edward TaylorC.Michael WigglesworthD.Philip Freneau10.The secular ideals of the American Enlightenment were exemplified in the life and career of ____.A.T homas HoodB.Benjamin FranklinC.Thomas JeffersonD.George Washington11.It was not until January 1776 that a widely heard public voice demanded complete separation from England. The voice was that of ___, whose pamphlet Common Sense, with its heated language, increased the growing demand for separation.A.Thomas PaineB.Thomas JeffersonB.George Washington D.Patrick Henry12.In American literature, the eighteen century was the age of the Enlightenment.____was the dominant spirit. BA.HumanismB.RationalismC.RevolutionD.Evolution13.At the Reason and Revolution Period, Americans were influenced by the European movement called the ____. CA.Chartist MovementB.Romanticist MovementC.Enlightenment MovementD.Modernist Movement14.In American literature, the enlighteners were favorable to _____. DA.the colonial orderB.religious obscurantismC.the Puritan traditionD.the secular literature15.The English colonies in North America rose in arms against their parent country and the Continental Congress adopted____in 1776. AA.the Declaration of IndependenceB.the Sugar ActC.the Stamp ActD.the Mayflower CompactChapters 31.____is respectfully remembered as a master of adventurous narrative and as the creator of an American hero-myth. CA.Washington IrvingB. John Greenleaf WhittierC. James Fenimore CooperD.Oliver Wendell Holmes2.A new ____had appeared in England in the last years of the eighteenth century. It spread to continental Europe and then to American early in the nineteenth century. CA.realismB.critical realismC.romanticismD.naturalism3.The importance of the frontier and the wilderness in American literature is for the first time well illustrated in the following works:___. CA.Benjamin Franklin’s The AutobiographyB.Washington Irving’s The Sketch BookC.James Fenimore Cooper’s The Leatherstocking TalesD.Ralph Waldo Emerson’s Nature4.Choose Washington Irving’s works from the following. DA.The Sketch BookB.Bracebridge HallC. A History of New YorkD.Tales of a Travelers5.The period before the American Civil War is generally referred to as_____. AA.the Romantic PeriodB.the Modern PeriodC. the Naturalist PeriodD. the Realistic Period6.There is a good reason to state that New England Transcendentalism was actually ____on the Puritan soil. AA.RomanticismB.PuritanismC.MysticismD.Unitarianism7.In 1826 as an American diplomatic attache, Washington Irving was sent to Spain where he gathered material for his following works EXCEPT____. CA.The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus,1828B.The Chronicles of the Conquest of Granada,1829C.The Life of Goldsmith, 1829D.The Alhambra, 18329. There is the famous___, in which there is the memorable event of an apparently headless horseman throwing his head at his rival in love, and the memorable character of Ichabod Crane with his mixture of shrewdness, credulity, self-as-sertiveness, and cowardice. BA.Rip Van WinkleB.The Legend of Sleep HollowC.The PioneersD.The American ScholarChapters 4-71.In 1836, a little book entitled____written by Ralph Waldo Emerson came out which made a tremendous impact on the intellectual life of America. AA.NatureB. The TranscendentalistC.PowerD.Wealth2.As a philosophical and literary movement, ____flourished in New England from the 1830s to the Civil War. DA.modernismB. rationalismC.sentimentalismD. transcendentalism3.Transcendentalist doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in ___Henry David Thoreau. BA.Thomas JeffersonB.Ralph Waldo EmersonC.Philip FreneauD.Edgar Allan Poe4.Transcendentalist recognized ____as the “highest power of the soul”. AA.intuitionB.logicC.data of the sensesD.thinking5.Edgar Allan Poe’s ____was an ingenious detective story and became the ancestor of the genre, influencing, among others, Conan Doyle. CA.The Fall of the House of UsherB.The Gold BugC.The Murders in the Rue MorgueD.The Purloined Letter6.From the following, which one is NOT the characteristic of Ralph Waldo Emerson’s poetry? DA.Being highly individualB.Harsh rhythmsck of form and polishck of optimism7.The publication of ___established Ralph Waldo Emerson as the most eloquent spokesman of New England Transcendentalism. AA.NatureB.Self-RelianceC.The American ScholarD.The Divinity School Address8.From Henry David Thoreau’s jail experience, came his famous essay, ___, which states Thoreau’s belief that no man should violate his conscience at the command of a government.A.WaldenB.NatureC.Civil Disobediencemon Sense9. Herman Melville called his friend Nathaniel Hawthorne ____in American literature. AA.the largest brain with the largest heartB.father of American poetryC.the transcendentalistD.the American scholar10.”The universe is composed of Nature and the soul...Spirit is present everywhere”. This is the voice of the book Nature written by Emerson, which pushed American Romanticism into a new phase, the phase of New England___. BA. RomanticismB.TranscendentalismC.NaturalismD.Symbolism11.Which of the following works is generally regarded as “the Bible of New England Transcendentalism”? DA. On BeautyB. WaldenC.The Conduct of LifeD.Nature12. ___is an appalling fictional version of Nat haniel Hawthorne’s belief that “the wrong doing of one generation lives into the successive ones” and that evil will come out evil though it may take many generations to happen. BA.The Marble FaunB. The House of Seven GablesC.The Blithedale RomanceD.Young Goodman Brown13. The giant Moby Dick may symbolize all EXCEPT____. BA.mystery of the universeB.sin of the whaleC.power of the Great NatureD.Evil of the world14. In Moby Dick, the voyage symbolizes____. BA.natureB.a search for truthC.the unknown worldD.the microcosm of human societyChapters8-101.Generally speaking, all those writers with a naturalistic approach to human reality tend to be ___. CA.transcendentalistsB.idealistsC.pessimistsD.impressionists2.Mark Twain, one of the greatest 19th century American writers, is well known for his____. CA.international themeB.waste-land imageryC.local colorD.symbolism3.In Henry James’ Daisy Miller, the author tries to portray the you ng woman as an embodiment of ____. BA.the force of conventionB.the free spirit of the New WorldC.the decline of aristocracyD.the corruption of the newly rich4.Which of the following is not written by Henry James? DA.The Portrait of A Lady and The EuropeansB.The Wings of the Dove and The AmbssadorsC.What Maisie Knows and The BostoniansD.The Genius and The Gilded Age5.Henry James experimented with different themes in his literary career, the most influential one being____. CA.nothingnessB.disillusionmentC.international themeD.relationship between men and women6.Theodore Dreiser’s Trilogy of Desire includes three novels. They are The Financier, The Titan and ____. AA.The StoicB.The GiantB.The Tycoon D.The Genius7.Stylistically, Henry Jam es’ fiction is characterized by___. AA.highly refined languageB.ordinary American speechC.short, clear sentencesD.abundance of local images8.The book from which “all modern American literature comes” refers to ___. DA.The Great GatsbyB.The Sun Also RisesC.Moby DickD.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn9.The impact of Darwin’s evolutionary theory on the American thought and the influence of the 19th-century French literature on the American men of letters gave rise to yet another school of realism:_____. BA.American modernismB.American naturalismB.American vernacularism D.American local colorism10.While embracing the socialism of Marx, Jack London also believed in the triumph of the strongest individuals. This contradiction is most vividly projected in the patently autobiographical novel___. CA.The Call of the WildeB.The Sea WolfB.Martin Eden D.The Iron Heel11.Stephen Crane’s best short stories include Open Boat, An Experiment and ___,all reinforcing the basic Crane motif environment and heredityoverwhelming man. CA.The Black RidersB.A Man Said to the UniverseC.The Blue HotelD.The Red Badge of Courage12.The main theme of ____The Art of Fiction reveals his literary credo that representation of life should be the main object of the novel. AA.Henry James’B.Willian Dean Howells’C.Mark Twain’sD.Jack London’s13.Which statements about O.Henry is NOT right? DA.His stories are a penetrating criticism of America of the time.B.The ends of his stories are always surprising. AC.The plots of his stories are exceedingly clever and interesting.D.Many of his stories contain a great deal of slang and colloquial expressions.14.The publication of the novel____stirred a great nation to its depths and hurried on a great war. DA.My Bondage and My FreedomB.Stanzas on FreedomB.Voices of Freedom D.Uncle T om’s Cabin15.War in the novel____by Stephen Crane is a plain slaughter-house. There is nothing like valor or heroism on the battlefield, and if there is anything, it is the fear of death, cowardice, the natural instinct of man to run from danger. DA.War Is KindB.The Man That Corrupted HandleyburgC.The Black RidersD.The Red Badge of CourageChapters11-161.In which of the following works, Hemingway presents his philosophy about life and death through the depiction of the bull-fight as a kind of microcosmic tragedy? DA.The Green Hills of AfricaB.The Snows of KilimanjaroB.To Have and Have Not D.Death in the Afternoon2.___is Hemingway’s first true novel in which he depicts a vivid portrait of “The Lost Generation”. AA.The Sun Also RisesB.A Farewell to ArmsB.In Our Time D.For Whom the Bell Tolls3.F.Scott Fitzgerald’s fictional world i s the best embodiment of the spirit of ___. AA.the Jazz AgeB.the Romantic PeriodB.the Renaissance Period D.the Neoclassical Period4.Which one of the following figures does NOT belong to “The Lost Generation”? CA.Ezra PoundB.William Carlos WilliamsB.Robert Frost D.Theodore Dreiser5.The following writers were awarded Nobel Prize for literature EXCEPT_____. AA.F.Scott FitzgeraldB.William FaulknerB.John Steinbeck D.Ernest Hemingway6.____showed great interest in Chinese literature and translated the poetry of Li Po(Li Bai) into English, and was influenced by Confucian ideas. CA.T.S.EliotB.E.E.CummingsC.Ezra PoundD.Robert Frost7.Choose the novel of the following Not written by F.Scott Fitzgerald. CA.The Great GatsbyB.Tender Is the NightC.This Side of ParadiseD.The Beautiful and the Damned8.Thomas Stearns Eliot’s later poetry took a positive turn toward faith in life. This was demonstrated by ____, a poem of mystical conflict between faith and doubt. CA.The Waste LandB.The Hollow MenC.Ash-WednesdayD.Four Quartets。
专八2003-2015年人文知识真题及答案
2003年英语专八人文知识真题31. is not a nationally observed holiday of America.[A] Christmas [B] Easter Sunday [C] Thanksgiving Day [D] Independence Day32. The university of Dublin was not founded until .[A] the 19th century [B] the 18th century [C] the 17th century [D] the 16th century33. The introduced old-age pensions in New Zealand in 1898.[A] Labor Party [B] Democratic Party [C] Liberal Party [D] Conservative Party34. Irish culture experienced a golden age from to .[A] the eighth century, the eleventh century [B] the seventh century, the ninth century[C] the sixth century, the eighth century [D] the fifth century, the seventh century35. Which of the following writings is not the work by Charles Dickens?[A] A Tale of Two Cities [B] Hard Times[C] Oliver Twist [D] Sons and Lovers36. is a dramatist who holds the central position in American drama the modernistic period.[A] Sinclair Lewis [B] Eugene O'Neill [C] Arthur Miller [D] Tennessee Williams37. is often acclaimed literary spokesman of the Jazz Age.[A] Ernest Hemingway [B] F. Scott Fitzgerald [C] William Faulkner [D] Ezra Pound38. is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the form of others in terms of certain categories.[A] Concord [B] Immediate constituent[C] Syntagmatic relations [D] Government39. studies the sound systems in a certain language.[A] Phonetics [B] Phonology [C] Semantics [D] Pragmatics40. A linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers is called .[A] situational dialect [B] slang [C] linguistic taboo [D] bilingualism2004年英语专八人文知识真题31. The following are products imported by Australia from China EXCEPT .[A] food [B] textiles [C] steel products [D] electronics32. Scots regard as the most important festival in a year.[A] Near Year's Day [B] Christmas Day [C] New Year's Eve [D] Easter33. The republican movement has been gathering momentum in Australia since became Prime Minister in 1992.[A] John Howard [B] Bob Hawke [C] Malcolm Fraser [D] Paul Keating34. was known for his famous speech "I have a dream".[A] John F. Kennedy [B] Martin Luther King, Jr[C] Abraham Lincoln [D] Thomas Jefferson35. Of all the 18th century novelists, ______ was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a "comic epic in prose", and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.[A] Daniel Defoe [B] Samuel Johnson[C] Oliver Goldsmith [D] Henry Feilding36. Mark Twain, one of the greatest 19th century American writers, is well known for his .[A] international theme [B] waste-land imagery[C] local color [D] symbolism37. Hemingway's writing style, together with his theme and the hero, is greatly and permanently influenced by his experiences .[A] in his childhood [B] in the war [C] in America [D] in Africa38. English consonants can be classified into stops, fricatives, nasals, etc. in terms of .[A] manner of articulation [B] openness of mouth[C] place of articulation [D] voicing39. Which of the following words can correct two clauses in a coordinate sentence?[A] Through. [B] When. [C] But. [D] If.40. is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content.[A] Word [B] Morpheme [C] Allomorph [D] Root2005年英语专八人文知识真题31. is the capital of Canada.[A] Vancouver [B] Ottawa [C] Montreal [D] York32. U.S. presidents normally serve a (n) term.[A] two-year [B] four-year [C] six-year [D] eight-year33. Which of the following cities is NOT located in the Northeast, U.S.?[A] Huston. [B] Boston. [C]Baltimore. [D] Philadelphia.34. is the state church in England.[A] The Roman Catholic Church [B] The Baptist Church[C] The Protestant Church [D] The Church of England35. The novel Emma is written by .[A] Mary Shelley [B] Charlotte Brontë [C] Elizabeth C. Gaskell [D] Jane Austen36. Which of the following is NOT a romantic poet?[A] William Wordsworth. [B] George Elliot.[C] George C. Byron. [D] Percy B. Shelley.37. William Sidney Porter, known as O. Henry, is most famous for .[A] his poems [B] his plays [C] his short stories [D] his novels38. Syntax is the study of .[A] language functions [B] sentence structures [C] textual organization [D] word formation39. Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language?[A] Arbitrariness. [B] Productivity.[C] Cultural transmission. [D] Finiteness.40. The speech act theory was first put forward by .[A] John Searle [B] John Austin [C] Noam Chomsky [D] M.A.K. Halliday参考答案：BBADA BCBDB2006年英语专八人文知识真题31. The President during the American Civil War was .[A] Andrew Jackson [B] Abraham Lincoln [C] Thomas Jefferson [D] George Washington32. The capital of New Zealand is .[A] Christchurch [B] Auckland [C] Wellington [D] Hamilton33. Who were the natives of Australia before the arrival of the British settlers?[A] The Aborigines. [B] The Maori. [C] The Indians. [D] The Eskimos.34. The Prime Minister in Britain is head of .[A] the Shadow Cabinet [B] the Parliament [C] the Opposition [D] the Cabinet35. Which of the following writers is a poet of the 20th century?[A] T. S. Eliot. [B] D.H. Lawrence. [C] Theodore Dreiser. [D] James Joyce.36. The novel For Whom the Bell Tolls is written by .[A] Scott Fitzgerald [B] William Faulkner [C] Eugene O'Neill [D] Ernest Hemingway37. is defined as an expression of human emotion which is condensed into fourteen lines.[A] Free verse [B] Sonnet [C] Ode [D] Epigram38. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion of .[A] reference [B] meaning [C] antonymy [D] context39. The words "kid, child, offspring" are examples of .[A] dialectal synonyms [B] stylistic synonyms[C] emotive synonyms [D] collocational synonyms40. The distinction between parole and langue was made by .[A] Halliday [B] Chomsky [C] Bloomfield [D] Saussure参考答案BCADA DBDBD2007年英语专八人文知识真题31. The majority of the current population in the UK are decedents of all the following tribes respectively EXCEPT .[A] the Anglos [B] the Celts [C] the Jutes [D] the Saxons32. The Head of State of Canada is represented by .[A] the Monarch [B] the President [C] the Prime Minister [D] the Governor-general33. The Declaration of Independence was written by .[A] Thomas Jefferson [B] George Washington[C] Alexander Hamilton [D] James Madison34. The original inhabitants of Australia were .[A] the Red Indians [B] the Eskimos [C] the Aborigines [D] the Maoris35. Which of the following novels was written by Emily Brontë?[A] Oliver Twist. [B] Middlemarch. [C] Jane Eyre. [D] Wuthering Heights.36. William Butler Yeats was a(n) poet and playwright.[A] American [B] Canadian [C] Irish [D] Australian37. Death of a Salesman was written by .[A] Arthur Miller [B] Ernest Hemingway[C] Ralph Ellis on [D] James Baldwin38. refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation.[A] Phonology[B] Morphology[C] Semantics[D] Sociolinguistics39. The distinctive features of a speech variety may be all the following EXCEPT .[A] lexical[B] syntactic[C] phonological [D] psycholinguistic40. The word "tail" once referred to "the tail of a horse", but now it is used to mean "the tail of any animal." This is an example of .[A] widening of meaning [B] narrowing of meaning[C] meaning shift [D] loss of meaning参考答案CDACD CABDA2008年英语专八人文知识真题31. The largest city in Canada is .A. VancouverB. MontrealC. TorontoD. Ottawa32. According to the United States Constitution, the legislative power is invested in .A. the Federal GovernmentB. the Supreme CourtC. the CabinetD. the Conress33. Which of the following is the oldest sport in the United States?A. Baseball.B. Tennis.C. Basketball.D. American football.34. The head of the executive branch in New Zealand is .A. the PresidentB. the Governor-GeneralC. the British monarchD. the Prime Minister35. The Caterbury Tales, a collection of stories told by a group of pilgrims on their way to Canterbury, is an important poetic work by .A. Willian LanglandB. GeoffreyC. William ShakespeareD. Alfred Tennyson36. Who wrote The American?A. Herman Melville.B. Nathaniel Hawthorne.C. Henry James.D. Theodore Dreiser.37. All of the following are well-know female writers in 20th-century Britain EXCEPT .A. George EliotB. Iris Jean MurdochC. Doris LessingD. Muriel Spark38. Which of the following is NOT a design feature of human language?A. Arbitrariness.B. Displacement.C. Duality.D.Diachronicity.39. What type of sentence is "Mark likes fiction, but Tim is interested in poetry"?A simple sentence. B. A coordinate sentence. C. A complex sentence. D. None of the above.40. The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called .A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. PolysemyD.homonymy参考答案BCADBBDACD2009年英语专八人文知识真题31. The Head of State of New Zealand is .[A] the governor-general [B] the Prime Minister[C] the high commissioner [D] the monarch of the United Kingdom.32. The capital of Scotland is .[A] Glasgow [B] Edinburgh [C] Manchester [D] London33. Who wrote the Declaration of Independence and later became the U.S. President?[A] Thomas Jefferson. [B] George Washington. [C] Thomas Paine. [D] John Adams.34. Which of the following cities is located on the eastern coast of Australia?[A] Perth. [B] Adelaide. [C] Sydney. [D] Melbourne.35. Ode to the West Wind was written by .[A] William Blake [B] William Wordsworth[C] Samuel Taylor Coleridge [D] Percy B. Shelley36. Who among the following is a poet of free verse?[A] Ralph Waldo Emerson. [B] Walt Whitman.[C] Herman Melville. [D] Theodore Dreiser.37. The novel Sons and Lovers was written by .[A] Thomas Hardy [B] John Galsworthy [C] D.H. Lawrence [D] James Joyce38. The study of the mental processes of language comprehension and production is .[A] corpus linguistics [B] sociolinguistics[C] theoretical linguistics [D] psycholinguistics39. A special language variety that mixes languages and is used by speakers of different languages for purposes of trading is called .[A] dialect [B] idiolect [C] pidgin [D] register40. When a speaker expresses his intention of speaking, such as asking someone to open the window, he is performing .[A] an illocutionary act [B] a perlocutionary act [C] a locutionary act [D] none of the above答案31、D the monarch of the United Kingdom 32、B Edinburgh. 33、AThomas Jefferson. 34、C Sydney 35、D Percy B. Shelley36、B Walt Whitman. 37、C D.H. Lawrence. 38、D psycholinguistics.39、C pidgin. 40、A an illocutionary act.2010年英语专八人文知识真题31. Which of the following is INCORRECT?A. the British Constitution includes the Magna Carta of 1215B. the British Constitution includes Parliamentary actsC. the British Constitution includes decisions made by courts of law答案D：The British Constitution includes one single written constitution32. The first city ever founded in Canada isA. QuebecB. VancouverC. TorontoD. Montreal答案A：Quebec33. When did the Australian Federation officially come into being?A. B. 1788C. 1900D. 1901答案D：190134. The Emancipation Proclamation to end the plantation slavery in the south of US was issued byA. Abraham LincolnB. Thomas PaineC. George WashingtonD. Thomas Jefferson答案A：Abraham Lincoln35.Who was best known for the technique of dramatic monologue in his poems?A. Will BlakeB. W.B.YeatsC. Robert BrowningD. William Wordsworth答案C：Robert Browning36. The Financier was written byA. Mark TwainB. Henry JamesC.答案D：Theodore Dreiser37. In literature a story in verse or prose with a double meaning is defined asA. allegoryB. sonnetC. blank verseD. rhyme答案A：Allegory38.____ refers to the learning and development of a languageA. language acquisitionB. language comprehensionC. language productionD. language introduction答案A：language acquisition39. The word “motel”comes from “motor –hotel”. This is an example of “…”in morphology.A. backformationB. conversionC. blendingD. acronym答案C：blendingnguage is tool of communication, the symbol “highway closed”servesA. B.C. a performative function D. a persuasive function答案B：informative function2011年英语专八人文知识真题31. The northernmost part of Great Britain is _______.A. Northern IrelandB. WalesC. EnglandD. ScotlandTIP：选D。
经典 常谈读后感作文750字
经典常谈读后感作文750字英文回答：Title: Timeless Lessons in "Common Sense" by Thomas Paine.Thomas Paine's timeless classic, "Common Sense," published in 1776, remains a profound and influential work that resonates with readers even today. Paine's persuasive arguments for American independence, rooted in reason and equality, have left an enduring legacy on American thought and politics.Paine's writing style is both accessible and eloquent, employing vivid imagery and concrete examples to make his points clear and compelling. He deftly combines philosophical principles with practical considerations, arguing that the pursuit of happiness and liberty is the natural right of all individuals.Paine's critique of monarchy is particularly incisive, exposing the absurdity and hypocrisy of a system where a single family claims the right to rule by birthright. He argues that "the sun of heaven is no more a king than a man," highlighting the fundamental equality of all human beings."Common Sense" also addresses the importance of government based on consent. Paine argues that government should be designed to serve the people, not to oppress them. He emphasizes the need for a government that is accountable to its citizens and that protects their rights and freedoms.Moreover, Paine advocates for a republican form of government, where power is vested in electedrepresentatives rather than a single hereditary ruler. He believed that this system would be more responsive to thewill of the people and would ensure a more just andequitable society.Paine's ideas had a profound impact on the American Revolution, helping to galvanize support for independenceand shaping the ideals that would eventually form the basis of the United States Constitution. His work continues to inspire people around the world who strive for freedom and self-governance.中文回答：《常识》，永不过时的人生指南。
大学英语六级模拟试题新题型(8)
Volume
Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
第13题
A.Collecting objects on the beach.
B.Creating computer models.
第11题
A.She once wrote about it.
B.She thinks the man should write about it.
C.She"s been studying it recently.
D.She particularly likes Romantic poetry.
第12题
Each type of music usually has a distinctive rhythm and a special sound, 1 on the kinds of instruments that are used to produce it. The most common type of instruments are string instruments, such as guitars and violins; wind instruments, including horns and flutes; and percussion instruments, such as drums, cymbals and pianos. Many different kinds of musical sounds can be 2 by using different combination of instruments.
paine-common-sense-intro
Chapter 4 – „On the Present Ability of America, with some Miscellaneous Reflections.‟,
• Paine's optimistic view of America's military potential. • “It is not in numbers, but in unity, that our great strength lies; yet our present numbers are sufficient to repel the force of all the world” -Paine
• "Without the pen of the author of Common Sense, the sword of Washington would have been raised in vain.” – John Adamser, 1776, New Jersey • „[to] reap the blessings of freedom, [we] must undergo the fatigue to support it‟ • “These are the times that try men‟s souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph.” -Paine
Thomas Paine&Thomas Jefferson&Philip Freneau
Thomas Paine (1737-1809):Paine was “Great Commoner of Mankind”. He was born England.At the age of 37, Franklin met him in London and recognized his peculiar talents in their American perspective.He wrote many political pamphlets during the Revolutionary period.Some important works by Paine: American Crisis, Common Sense, Rights of Man.Thomas PaineFight for the rights of manHelp to spur and inspire two greatest revolutions of his ageWorks:Common Sense 《常识》(1776)The American Crisis 《美国危机》(1776.12 – 1783.4)The Rights of Man 《人的权利》(1791-- 92)The Age of Reason 《理智时代》(1794 -- 95)“Government, even in its best state, is but a necessary evil; in its worst state an intolerable one” -- Common Sense“These are the times that try men’s souls,”…“The harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph.” -- The American CrisisPaine: The American Crisis:Historians tell us that Paine wrote The American Crisis on or about November 20, 1776, on a military drumhead, which served as his desk.The British government is compared to a house thief who causes destruction of life and property and who must be stopped.In short, The American Crisis is Enlightenment, Deist document.Man relies on reason and indomitable optimism. The American struggling for victory must rely on his devotion to his cause and to his fellow man, first and foremost.Thomas JeffersonDeclaration of Independence:Jefferson’s great monument in literature and political theory.Formal proclamation of the 13 colonies, announcing their separation from Great Britain, was adopted July 4, 1776. The actual writing was done by Jefferson, although corrections were made by Franklin, Adams, and the Congress at large.The document was signed on Aug. 2 by 56 colonial representatives.The document is based on the natural-rights theory of government, derived from Locke and 18th-century French philosophers, and proclaims that the function of government is to guarantee the inalienable rights with wh ich men are endowed. These include “Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.”The declaration contended that, since George III had willfully violated these rights, revolution was justifiable and necessary.Common Sense is publishedNorth Carolina produces the Halifax Resolves making it the first British colony to officially authorize its delegates to vote for independence.Richard Henry Lee of Virginia proposes a resolution calling for a Declaration of Independence. Virginia Declaration of Rights by George Mason is adopted by the V irginia Convention of Delegates. The Delaware General Assembly votes to suspend government under the British CrownIntended AudienceThe audience were those wanting independence from England.International audience1.Jef ferson’s V iewpoint on the Major Issues of His Time•He believed in the separation of church and state.•He believed that the colonies had the right to overthrow a tyrannical government.2.Main Points of the Declaration of IndependenceAll men are created equal.“We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal,.Men are given by god certain unalienable rights.“They are endowed, by their Creator, with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, liberty and the Pursuit of Happ iness.”We have the right by god to declare our independence from England.“When in the course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the Powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature’s God entitle them… Governments derive their authority from the consent of the people.“Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.”When a government abuses it’s power, the people have the right to overthrow it.“That whenever any form of Government becomes destructive to these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it…The colonies tried repeatedly to compromise with King George, but has been a tyrant.“Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government.3.Historical SignificanceThe American Colonies finally declared their independence from EnglandIt was the first step in the creation of a new nation.Philip Morin Freneau (1752-1832)The Indian Burying GroundPublished in his Miscellaneous Works (1788). In ten iambic tetrameter quatrains, it portrays sympathetically the spirit of the nomadic Indian hunters, who were traditionally buried in a sitting posture and with images of the objects they knew in life.。
2 The Age of Reason
The life of Thomas Paine was one of continual, unswerving fight for the rights of man. He wrote a number of works of such a revolutionary and inflammatory character that it is no exaggeration to state that he helped to spur and inspire two greatest revolutions that his age witnessed.
The first cabinet: GW, Knox, Randolph, TJ, and Hamilton
Leading writers and works
Thomas Jefferson(1743-1826): The Declaration of Independence (1776) Thomas Paine(1737-1809): Common Sense (1776) Benjamin Franklin Autobiography Philip Freneau The Wild Honey Suckle
因素
Logos：理性；理念；道
•Appeals based upon logic.
The Establishment of Thirteen Colonies
北美13个殖民地的建立
Map: The British Colonies
The Thirteen Colonies
Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island New York Connecticut New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware Maryland Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia
英语励志长句子带翻译
英语励志长句子带翻译英语励志长句子带翻译导语：励志的句子可以涤荡我们的心灵，下面是小编收集整理的带翻译的英语励志长句子，欢迎参考！1、Nothing is impossible to a willing heart.心之所愿，无事不成。
2、Behind every successful man there's a lot u unsuccessful years. 每个成功者的后面都有很多不成功的岁月.3、While there is life there is hope.一息若存，希望不灭。
4、There is no royal road to learning.求知无坦途。
5、Great hopes make great man.远大的希望，造就伟大的人物。
6、The greatest test of courage on earth is to bear defeat without losing heart.世界上对勇气的最大考验是忍受失败而不丧失信心。
7、 I think success has no rules, but you can learn a lot from failure. 我认为成功没有定律,但你可从失败中学到很多东西.8、Only they who fulfill their duties in everyday matters will fulfill them on great occasions.只有在日常生活中尽责的人才会在重大时刻尽责。
9、The shortest way to do many things is to only one thing at a time.做许多事情的捷径就是一次只做一件事。
10、Sow nothing, reap nothing.春不播，秋不收。
11、There are no secrets to success. It is the result of preparation, hard work, and learning from failure.成功没有诀窍，它是筹备，苦干以及在失败中汲取教训的结果。
Reason and revolution
Benjamin Franklin
• “In many ways it is Franklin who best represents the spirit of the Enlightenment in America: self- educated, social, assured, a man of the world, ambitious and public-spirited, speculative about the nature of the universe, but in matters of religion content to observe the actual conduct of men rather than to debate supernatural matters which are unprovable”(Baym 8)
Benjamin Franklin
Hale Waihona Puke • Franklin was a rare genius in America and his identity could be a printer, postmaster, almanac writer, essayist, scientist, orator, statesman, philosopher, political economist, ambassador, parlorman, businessman, patriot, and man of the world(饱经世故者,爱享乐者) .
• The secular ideals (入世思想)of the American Enlightenment were exemplified in the life and career of Benjamin Franklin. • He instructed his countrymen as a printer, not a priest. • He was a humanist(人文主义者), concerned with this world and the people in it.
Thomas Paine
3Q
• 1802年在杰弗逊总统的邀请下潘恩返回美国，由于他 一直反对贵族政治、富人政治和教权主义，坚持自然神 论，在美国遭到基督徒的批判。 • 1809年 潘恩在贫困潦倒、屈辱愤懑中于纽约逝世。由 于忌惮他的宗教观点，只有6个人出席了他的葬礼。据 他的房东太太回忆：‚ 下葬的场面让人揪心：‚当棺 木落地时，墓土撒上时，我站在墓穴的东端，让我的小 儿子站在西端。环顾周围寥寥的旁观者，我说：‘啊， 潘恩先生：我的儿子站在那儿，代表美国向您致谢。而 我，则代表全体法兰西人民！’‛ • 他被葬于1802年重归美国后的居住地，位于今天的新 罗谢尔，也就是后来的潘恩小舍。然而他的遗体却被一 位名叫威廉· 克伯特的仰慕者掘出，这位仰慕者期望将 其骸骨重归英国故里荣誉下葬。但后来却不知所终。潘 恩最后下葬地也因此成为了未解之谜
"These are the times that try men's souls." This simple quotation from Founding Father Thomas Paine's The Crisis not only describes the beginnings of the American Revolution, but also the life of Paine himself. Throughout most of his life, his writings inspired passion, but also brought him great criticism.
Thomas Paine
代蓥婷 200741127
Brief Introduction
• 托马斯· 潘恩 • 1737年1月29日－1809年6月8日 • 英裔美国思想家、作家、政治活动家、理论家、 革命家、激进民主主义者。 • 生于英国诺福克郡，曾继承父业做过裁缝，后 来做过教师、税务官员，后来投身欧美革命运 动。美利坚合众国的国家名称（The United States of America）也出自潘恩。也被广泛 视为美国开国元勋之一。
美国理性和革命时期的文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution
D. As a representative of the Colonies, he tried in vain to counsel the British toward policies that would let America grow and flourish in association with England. He conducted the difficult negotiations with France that brought financial and military support for America in the war. E. As an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor, sarcastic.
4、Philip Freneau (1752-1832) ①perhaps the most outstanding writer of the post-Revolutionary period. ②has been called the “Father of American Poetry”
3、Thomas Jefferson
①drafted the Declaration of Independence. ② fferent idea from Puritan: All Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness.
美国实验动物伦理审查制度及其对中国的启示最新哲学类】
ＩＩＩ
ｗｏｒｌｄ’Ｓ ｌａｒｇｅｓｔ ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｉｎｇ ｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ ｓｈｏｕｌｄ ｔａｋｅ ｉｔｓ ｏｗｎ ａｄｖａｎｔａｇｅ ｔｏ ｓｅｅｋ ｔｈｅ ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔ ｂａｌａｎｃｅ ａｍｏｎｇ ｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓ ｏｎ ｔｈｅ ｉＳｓｕｅ ｏｆ ａｎｉｍａｌ ｗｅｌｆａｒｅ．Ｕｎｄｅｒ ｔｈｅ ｃｕｒｒｅｎｔ ｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓ
第一节 人类中心主义
人类中心主义来由已久，最早可追溯到古希腊时代，并随着 宗教的统治一度占据主流思想的位置，直到西方文艺复兴时期观 点才有所变化，虽然还是以人类为中心，但是也开始审视其它物 的地位问题。
古希腊普罗塔哥拉（Ｐｒｏｔａｇｏｒａｓ约公元前４８ １—４ １ １）的“人 是万物的尺度”表达了最早的人类中心主义思想，它认为个别的 人或人类是万物的尺度，即把人类作为观察事物的中心①。古希腊 哲学家亚里士多德（公元前３８４－３２２）认为动物虽然“有种自然 的美丽”，但是，因为动物没有“理性＂，也就没有道德感，因 此，在自然的等级里，远远地低于人类，也因此可以是被屠杀和 食用的②。亚里士多德本身也是一位杰出的生物学奠基人，他亲自 解剖过５０多种动物③，首先运用解剖技术展示了各种动物的内在
高校教师在职硕十学位论文
第一章 美国实验动物伦理审查制度兴起的思想背景
美国在实验动物伦理问题上并非一直以来就有一套完善的审 查制度进行管理，相反美国早些时候对实验动物伦理方面所采取 的管理几近于无。受到英国动物伦理思想发展的影响，美国也是 经过了人类中心主义和动物权利思想的发展，随着动物实验的越 来越广泛和动物权利运动的高涨而制订了相关的制度并不断完 善，从而发展为现在这种较为适合美国的伦理审查制度。
摘
要
实验动物伦理审查问题越来越受到人们的关注。美国作为一 个科技发达国家，一直是动物实验的大国。美国实验动物伦理审 查制度没有英国的实验动物伦理审查制度那么苛刻，但又远比国 内的制度严格，应该说在解决发展动物实验和实验动物伦理审查 方面找到了一个相对平衡点。而且其国内关于实验动物伦理审查 制度一直在不断更新。这项工作不光是由官方来完成，而且许多 民间自发机构也在不断完善。美国第一部正式关于动物保护的法 规《动物福利法》自１９６６年颁布发展至今，实验动物伦理审查制 度发展已经比较成熟。它由农业部所颁布的国家级的《动物福利 法》为基础，相关部门联合制定的《实验动物饲养管理和使用手册》 为标准，各管理部门制定了一系列的部门条例作为补充，并要求各研 究机构建立动物实验委员会来监督执行，农业部动植物检疫局进行 不定期抽查，以保证伦理审查制度的执行。通过对美国实验动物 伦理审查制度的系统研究，了解美国审查制度的背景、框架及执 行情况，可以对中国建立实验动物伦理审查制度提供很大的帮助。 尤其中国加入ＷＴＯ以后，动物伦理不仅是一个国家国内的问题， 他牵扯到自由贸易、科技交流、全球生态平衡和文化价值观等方 面的问题，中国应该利用作为世界上最大的发展中国家这一有利 条件，谋求各国在动物福利问题上利益的协调。结合中国实际情 况，大范围的谈中国动物福利可能是条漫长的道路，但是在实验 动物伦理上，由于现在实验动物大部份奉行的是国际标准或者向 国际标准看齐，所以要将实验动物伦理制度同国际接轨相对来说 比较容易。因此，尽快建立与国际接轨并能得到有力执行的实验 动物伦理审核制度，争夺更多国际科学研究领域的话语权是项刻
英语手抄报优美句子五年级
英语手抄报优美句子五年级1. 英语五年级好句好段摘抄· 天生我才必有用。
· Difficult circumstances serve as a textbook of life for people. · 困难坎坷是人们的生活教科书。
· Failure is the mother of success. - Thomas Paine · 失败乃成功之母。
· For man is man and master of his fate. · 人就是人，是自己命运的主人。
· The unexamined life is not worth living. -- Socrates · 混混噩噩的生活不值得过。
-- 苏格拉底· None is of freedom or of life deserving unless he daily conquers it anew. -Erasmus · 只有每天再度战胜生活并夺取自由的人，才配享受生活的自由。
· Ou r destiny offers not the cup of despair, but the chalice of opportunity. So let us seize it, not in fear, but in gladness. -- R.M. Nixon · 命运给予我们的不是失望之酒，而是机会之杯。
因此，让我们毫无畏惧，满心愉悦地把握命运- 尼克松· Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass. -- John R uskin · 生活没有目标，犹如航海没有罗盘。
-- 罗斯金· What makes life dreary is the want of motive. -- George Eliot · 没有了目的，生活便郁闷无光。
小学五年级英语句子排序题及答案
小学五年级英语句子排序题及答案1. 求英语句子摘抄,要五年级的,简单点Where it is not eaten bread with tears of people do not know the taste of life people.------ Goethe凡不是就着泪水吃过面包的人是不懂得人生之味的人。
------歌德Life is not the word, the sharp eyes visible wonderful expressions; Book is the word of life, rich feelings in people deeply understood.生活是无字的书，眼光敏锐的人看得见精彩的词句；书是有字的生活，感情丰富的人才能深刻领悟。
ideal is the beacon. without ideal, there is no secure direction; without direction, there is no life.理想是指路明灯。
没有理想，就没有坚定的方向；没有方向，就没有生活。
dont part with your illusions. when they are gone you may still exist, but you have ceased to live. 不要放弃你的幻想。
当幻想没有了以后，你还可以生存，但是你虽生犹死。
Never frown,even when you are sad,because you never know who is falling in love with your smile.纵然伤心，也不要悉眉不展，因为你不知是谁会爱上你的笑容。
To the world you may be one person,but to one person you may be the world.对于世界而言，你是一个人；但是对于某人，你是他的整个世界。
thomas paine 英文介绍
Thomas Paine (born Thomas Pain) is an English-American political activist, pamphleteer, and polemicist best known for his roles in the American Revolution and the French Revolution.Born in Thetford, Norfolk, England, in 1737, Paine moved to Massachusetts in 1774, where he published the pamphlet "Common Sense", which helped to change public opinion in favor of the American Revolution. After the Revolutionary War, he published "The American Crisis" and "The Age of Reason", which criticized religion and called for social and political reform.In 1789, Paine moved to France, where he published "The Rights of Man", which praised the French Revolution and criticized British political and social conditions. He was elected to the National Convention during the French Revolution but was soon expelled for his democratic principles.Paine's later works included "The Decline and Fall of the English System of Manufactures" (1790) and "Agrarian Justice" (1796), which continued to call for social and political reform. He died in Kent, England, in 1809.Paine's works are still read today for their insightful analysis of political and social issues. He is considered one of the most important thinkers of the Enlightenment period.。
The American Crisis by Thomas Paine 中英对照
The American Crisis by Thomas Paine :THESE are the times that try men's souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph. What we obtain too cheap, we esteem too lightly: it is dearness only that gives every thing its value. Heaven knows how to put a proper price upon its goods; and it would be strange indeed if so celestial an article as FREEDOM should not be highly rated. Britain, with an army to enforce her tyranny, has declared that she has a right (not only to TAX) but "to BIND us in ALL CASES WHA TSOEVER," and if being bound in that manner, is not slavery, then is there not such a thing as slavery upon earth. Even the expression is impious; for so unlimited a power can belong only to God. Whether the independence of the continent was declared too soon, or delayed too long, I will not now enter into as an argument; my own simple opinion is, that had it been eight months earlier, it would have been much better. We did not make a proper use of last winter, neither could we, while we were in a dependent state. However, the fault, if it were one, was all our own *(1) ; we have none to blame but ourselves. But no great deal is lost yet. All that Howe has been doing for this month past, is rather a ravage than a conquest, which the spirit of the Jerseys, a year ago, would have quickly repulsed, and which time and a little resolution will soon recover.I have as little superstition in me as any man living, but my secret opinion has ever been, and still is, that God Almighty will not give up a people to military destruction, or leave them unsupportedly to perish, who have so earnestly and so repeatedly sought to avoid the calamities of war, by every decent method which wisdom could invent. Neither have I so much of the infidel in me, as to suppose that He has relinquished the government of the world, and given us up to the care of devils; and as I do not, I cannot see on what grounds the king of Britain can look up to heaven for help against us: a common murderer, a highwayman, or a house-breaker, has as good a pretence as he.'Tis surprising to see how rapidly a panic will sometimes run through a country. All nations and ages have been subject to them. Britain has trembled like an ague at the report of a French fleet of flat-bottomed boats; and in the fourteenth [fifteenth] century the whole English army, after ravaging the kingdom of France, was driven back like men petrified with fear; and this brave exploit was performed by a few broken forces collected and headed by a woman, Joan of Arc. Would that heaven might inspire some Jersey maid to spirit up her countrymen, and save her fair fellow sufferers from ravage and ravishment! Yet panics, in some cases, have their uses; they produce as much good as hurt. Their duration is always short; the mind soon grows through them, and acquires a firmer habit than before. But their peculiar advantage is, that they are the touchstones of sincerity and hypocrisy, and bring things and men to light, which might otherwise have lain forever undiscovered. In fact, they have the same effect on secret traitors, which an imaginary apparition would have upon a private murderer. They sift out the hidden thoughts of man, and hold them up in public to the world. Many a disguised Tory has lately shown his head, that shall penitentially solemnize with curses the day on which Howe arrived upon the Delaware. As I was with the troops at Fort Lee, and marched with them to the edge of Pennsylvania, I am well acquainted with many circumstances, which those who live at a distance know but little or nothing of. Our situation there was exceedingly cramped, the place being a narrow neck of landbetween the North River and the Hackensack. Our force was inconsiderable, being not one-fourth so great as Howe could bring against us. We had no army at hand to have relieved the garrison, had we shut ourselves up and stood on our defence. Our ammunition, light artillery, and the best part of our stores, had been removed, on the apprehension that Howe would endeavor to penetrate the Jerseys, in which case Fort Lee could be of no use to us; for it must occur to every thinking man, whether in the army or not, that these kind of field forts are only for temporary purposes, and last in use no longer than the enemy directs his force against the particular object which such forts are raised to defend. Such was our situation and condition at Fort Lee on the morning of the 20th of November, when an officer arrived with information that the enemy with 200 boats had landed about seven miles above; Major General [Nathaniel] Green, who commanded the garrison, immediately ordered them under arms, and sent express to General Washington at the town of Hackensack, distant by the way of the ferry = six miles. Our first object was to secure the bridge over the Hackensack, which laid up the river between the enemy and us, about six miles from us, and three from them. General Washington arrived in about three-quarters of an hour, and marched at the head of the troops towards the bridge, which place I expected we should have a brush for; however, they did not choose to dispute it with us, and the greatest part of our troops went over the bridge, the rest over the ferry, except some which passed at a mill on a small creek, between the bridge and the ferry, and made their way through some marshy grounds up to the town of Hackensack, and there passed the river. We brought off as much baggage as the wagons could contain, the rest was lost. The simple object was to bring off the garrison, and march them on till they could be strengthened by the Jersey or Pennsylvania militia, so as to be enabled to make a stand. We staid four days at Newark, collected our out-posts with some of the Jersey militia, and marched out twice to meet the enemy, on being informed that they were advancing, though our numbers were greatly inferior to theirs. Howe, in my little opinion, committed a great error in generalship in not throwing a body of forces off from Staten Island through Amboy, by which means he might have seized all our stores at Brunswick, and intercepted our march into Pennsylvania; but if we believe the power of hell to be limited, we must likewise believe that their agents are under some providential control.I shall not now attempt to give all the particulars of our retreat to the Delaware; suffice it for the present to say, that both officers and men, though greatly harassed and fatigued, frequently without rest, covering, or provision, the inevitable consequences of a long retreat, bore it with a manly and martial spirit. All their wishes centred in one, which was, that the country would turn out and help them to drive the enemy back. V oltaire has remarked that King William never appeared to full advantage but in difficulties and in action; the same remark may be made on General Washington, for the character fits him. There is a natural firmness in some minds which cannot be unlocked by trifles, but which, when unlocked, discovers a cabinet of fortitude; and I reckon it among those kind of public blessings, which we do not immediately see, that God hath blessed him with uninterrupted health, and given him a mind that can even flourish upon care.I shall conclude this paper with some miscellaneous remarks on the state of our affairs; and shall begin with asking the following question, Why is it that the enemy have left the New England provinces, and made these middle ones the seat of war? The answer is easy: New England is not infested with Tories, and we are. I have been tender in raising the cry against these men, and used numberless arguments to show them their danger, but it will not do to sacrifice a world either to their folly or their baseness. The period is now arrived, in which either they or we must change oursentiments, or one or both must fall. And what is a Tory? Good God! what is he? I should not be afraid to go with a hundred Whigs against a thousand Tories, were they to attempt to get into arms. Every Tory is a coward; for servile, slavish, self-interested fear is the foundation of Toryism; and a man under such influence, though he may be cruel, never can be brave.But, before the line of irrecoverable separation be drawn between us, let us reason the matter together: Your conduct is an invitation to the enemy, yet not one in a thousand of you has heart enough to join him. Howe is as much deceived by you as the American cause is injured by you. He expects you will all take up arms, and flock to his standard, with muskets on your shoulders. Your opinions are of no use to him, unless you support him personally, for 'tis soldiers, and not Tories, that he wants.I once felt all that kind of anger, which a man ought to feel, against the mean principles that are held by the Tories: a noted one, who kept a tavern at Amboy, was standing at his door, with as pretty a child in his hand, about eight or nine years old, as I ever saw, and after speaking his mind as freely as he thought was prudent, finished with this unfatherly expression, "Well! give me peace in my day." Not a man lives on the continent but fully believes that a separation must some time or other finally take place, and a generous parent should have said, "If there must be trouble, let it be in my day, that my child may have peace;" and this single reflection, well applied, is sufficient to awaken every man to duty. Not a place upon earth might be so happy as America. Her situation is remote from all the wrangling world, and she has nothing to do but to trade with them. A man can distinguish himself between temper and principle, and I am as confident, as I am that God governs the world, that America will never be happy till she gets clear of foreign dominion. Wars, without ceasing, will break out till that period arrives, and the continent must in the end be conqueror; for though the flame of liberty may sometimes cease to shine, the coal can never expire.America did not, nor does not want force; but she wanted a proper application of that force. Wisdom is not the purchase of a day, and it is no wonder that we should err at the first setting off. From an excess of tenderness, we were unwilling to raise an army, and trusted our cause to the temporary defence of a well-meaning militia. A summer's experience has now taught us better; yet with those troops, while they were collected, we were able to set bounds to the progress of the enemy, and, thank God! they are again assembling. I always considered militia as the best troops in the world for a sudden exertion, but they will not do for a long campaign. Howe, it is probable, will make an attempt on this city [Philadelphia]; should he fail on this side the Delaware, he is ruined. If he succeeds, our cause is not ruined. He stakes all on his side against a part on ours; admitting he succeeds, the consequence will be, that armies from both ends of the continent will march to assist their suffering friends in the middle states; for he cannot go everywhere, it is impossible. I consider Howe as the greatest enemy the Tories have; he is bringing a war into their country, which, had it not been for him and partly for themselves, they had been clear of. Should he now be expelled, I wish with all the devotion of a Christian, that the names of Whig and Tory may never more be mentioned; but should the Tories give him encouragement to come, or assistance if he come, I as sincerely wish that our next year's arms may expel them from the continent, and the Congress appropriate their possessions to the relief of those who have suffered in well-doing. A single successful battle next year will settle the whole. America could carry on a two years' war by the confiscation of the property of disaffected persons, and be made happy by their expulsion. Say not that this is revenge, call it rather the soft resentment of a suffering people, who, having no object in view but the good of all, have staked their own all upon a seeminglydoubtful event. Yet it is folly to argue against determined hardness; eloquence may strike the ear, and the language of sorrow draw forth the tear of compassion, but nothing can reach the heart that is steeled with prejudice.Quitting this class of men, I turn with the warm ardor of a friend to those who have nobly stood, and are yet determined to stand the matter out: I call not upon a few, but upon all: not on this state or that state, but on every state: up and help us; lay your shoulders to the wheel; better have too much force than too little, when so great an object is at stake. Let it be told to the future world, that in the depth of winter, when nothing but hope and virtue could survive, that the city and the country, alarmed at one common danger, came forth to meet and to repulse it. Say not that thousands are gone, turn out your tens of thousands; throw not the burden of the day upon Providence, but "show your faith by your works," that God may bless you. It matters not where you live, or what rank of life you hold, the evil or the blessing will reach you all. The far and the near, the home counties and the back, the rich and the poor, will suffer or rejoice alike. The heart that feels not now is dead; the blood of his children will curse his cowardice, who shrinks back at a time when a little might have saved the whole, and made them happy. I love the man that can smile in trouble, that can gather strength from distress, and grow brave by reflection. 'Tis the business of little minds to shrink; but he whose heart is firm, and whose conscience approves his conduct, will pursue his principles unto death. My own line of reasoning is to myself as straight and clear as a ray of light. Not all the treasures of the world, so far as I believe, could have induced me to support an offensive war, for I think it murder; but if a thief breaks into my house, burns and destroys my property, and kills or threatens to kill me, or those that are in it, and to "bind me in all cases whatsoever" to his absolute will, am I to suffer it? What signifies it to me, whether he who does it is a king or a common man; my countryman or not my countryman; whether it be done by an individual villain, or an army of them? If we reason to the root of things we shall find no difference; neither can any just cause be assigned why we should punish in the one case and pardon in the other. Let them call me rebel and welcome, I feel no concern from it; but I should suffer the misery of devils, were I to make a whore of my soul by swearing allegiance to one whose character is that of a sottish, stupid, stubborn, worthless, brutish man. I conceive likewise a horrid idea in receiving mercy from a being, who at the last day shall be shrieking to the rocks and mountains to cover him, and fleeing with terror from the orphan, the widow, and the slain of America.There are cases which cannot be overdone by language, and this is one. There are persons, too, who see not the full extent of the evil which threatens them; they solace themselves with hopes that the enemy, if he succeed, will be merciful. It is the madness of folly, to expect mercy from those who have refused to do justice; and even mercy, where conquest is the object, is only a trick of war; the cunning of the fox is as murderous as the violence of the wolf, and we ought to guard equally against both. Howe's first object is, partly by threats and partly by promises, to terrify or seduce the people to deliver up their arms and receive mercy. The ministry recommended the same plan to Gage, and this is what the tories call making their peace, "a peace which passeth all understanding" indeed! A peace which would be the immediate forerunner of a worse ruin than any we have yet thought of. Ye men of Pennsylvania, do reason upon these things! Were the back counties to give up their arms, they would fall an easy prey to the Indians, who are all armed: this perhaps is what some Tories would not be sorry for. Were the home counties to deliver up their arms, they would be exposed to the resentment of the back counties who would then have it intheir power to chastise their defection at pleasure. And were any one state to give up its arms, that state must be garrisoned by all Howe's army of Britons and Hessians to preserve it from the anger of the rest. Mutual fear is the principal link in the chain of mutual love, and woe be to that state that breaks the compact. Howe is mercifully inviting you to barbarous destruction, and men must be either rogues or fools that will not see it. I dwell not upon the vapors of imagination; I bring reason to your ears, and, in language as plain as A, B, C, hold up truth to your eyes.I thank God, that I fear not. I see no real cause for fear. I know our situation well, and can see the way out of it. While our army was collected, Howe dared not risk a battle; and it is no credit to him that he decamped from the White Plains, and waited a mean opportunity to ravage the defenceless Jerseys; but it is great credit to us, that, with a handful of men, we sustained an orderly retreat for near an hundred miles, brought off our ammunition, all our field pieces, the greatest part of our stores, and had four rivers to pass. None can say that our retreat was precipitate, for we were near three weeks in performing it, that the country might have time to come in. Twice we marched back to meet the enemy, and remained out till dark. The sign of fear was not seen in our camp, and had not some of the cowardly and disaffected inhabitants spread false alarms through the country, the Jerseys had never been ravaged. Once more we are again collected and collecting; our new army at both ends of the continent is recruiting fast, and we shall be able to open the next campaign with sixty thousand men, well armed and clothed. This is our situation, and who will may know it. By perseverance and fortitude we have the prospect of a glorious issue; by cowardice and submission, the sad choice of a variety of evils- a ravaged country- a depopulated city- habitations without safety, and slavery without hope- our homes turned into barracks and bawdy-houses for Hessians, and a future race to provide for, whose fathers we shall doubt of. Look on this picture and weep over it! and if there yet remains one thoughtless wretch who believes it not, let him suffer it unlamented.COMMON SENSE.December 23, 1776.________________________________________Notes*(1) The present winter is worth an age, if rightly employed; but, if lost or neglected, the whole continent will partake of the evil; and there is no punishment that man does not deserve, be he who, or what, or where he will, that may be the means of sacrificing a season so precious and useful.Back to the Text3 Whom is the author praising? Whom is the author criticizing?4 What do you think of the language?3 Paine is praising those who stand “it”, it referring to “the service of their country”. In the meantime, Paine is criticizing those who shrink from the service of their country in this crisis.4 The language is plain, impressive and forceful. Paine himself once said that his purpose as a writer was to use plain language to make those who can scarcely read understand. … and to fit the powers of thinking and the turn of language to the subject, so as to bring out a clear conclusion that shall hit the point in question and nothing else.这是考验人的灵魂的时代。
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His Early Life
• Thomas Paine was born on January 29, 1737, in a poor family, in rural Norfolk, England.
• Paine was educated at Thetford Grammar School since1744.
• Paine died at the age of 72, at 59 Grove Street in New York City on the morning of June 8, 1809. Only six people attended his funeral as he had been ostracized for his ridicule of Christianity.
• In late 1776 Paine published the American Crisis pamphlet series, to inspire the Americans in their battles against the British army.
• In 1777, Paine became secretary of the Congressional Committee on Foreign Affairs.
During the French Revolution
• Paine lived in France for most of the 1790s, becoming deeply involved in the French Revolution.
• He wrote the Rights of Man (1791), in part a defense of the French Revolution against its critics.
• Paine wrote his last important treatise Agrarian Justice in 1797.
His Death
• In 1802, Paine returned to America, only to find that his patriotic services had been forgotten in the wave of resentment against his " atheistical" (无 神 论 ) beliefs and the reaction of conservatives against the French Revolution.
• Theme: Common Sense presented the American colonists with an argument for freedom from British rule at a time when the question of independence was still undecided. Paine wrote and reasoned in a style that common people understood; forgoing(摒弃) the philosophy and Latin references used by Enlightenment( 启 蒙 ) era writers, Paine structured Common Sense like a sermon and relied on Biblical references to make his case to the people. He connected independence with common dissenting Protestant(新教) beliefs as a means to present a distinctly American political identity. Historian Gordon S. Wood described Common Sense as, "the most incendiary and popular pamphlet of the entire revolutionary era".
• The pro-independence monograph pamphlet Common Sense he anonymously published on January 10, 1776, has gained him the title The Father of the American Revolution.
• He wrote his first pamphlet The Case of the Officers of the Excise in 1772.
Thetford Grammar School
During the American Revolution
• In 1774, Paine moved to London, where George Lewis Scott introduced him to Benjamin Franklin. Later Paine immigrated to the British American colonies in time to participate in the American Revolution.
• The pamphlet was first published anonymously on January 10, 1776, before the American Revolution. Common Sense, signed "Written by an Englishman", became an immediate success.
Common Sense
the most incendiary and popular pamphlet
• There were mainly two reasons:
• For one, while the average Colonist was more educated than their European counterpart, European and Colonial elites agreed that common people had no place in government or political debates. By aiming for a popular audience, and writing in a straightforward and simple way, Paine made political ideas tangible for a common audience. This brought average Americans into political debate, creating a whole new political language. Paine's new style of political writing avoided using complex Latin phrases, instead opting for a more direct, concise style that helped make the information accessible to all.
Paine’s burial location
Paine’s Major Works
Common Sense(1776)《常识》 The American Crisis (1776) Rights of Man (1791)《人权论》 The Age of Reason(1793)
Common Sense (1776)
• He has been lived as stay-maker(裁缝), excise officer(税务员) and schoolteacher.
• In 1768, Paine was appointed to Lewes where he first became involved in civic matters. There he joined excise officers asking Parliament( 英 国 国 会 ) for better pay and working conditions.
French Revolution
• The book Rights of Man , an abstract political tract critical of monarchies(君主政体) and European social institutions, which finally appeared on March 13, 1791, with the help of his friends, and sold well.
• The second reason involves the way the vast majority of people felt about the idea of independence from British rule. Except for a few radical thinkers, the people of the colonies were "up on the fence" about freedom. Individuals were in conflict with themselves. Common Sense was an unequivocal call for independence, and many Americans wavering between reconciliation with and independence from Britain were won over to separation by Paine's powerful polemic against monarchy.