Chapter2 BOP

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井控常用英语词汇

Chapter 1 The Frequently Used-vocabularyIn Well Control井控常用词汇1.abnormal pressure 异常压力(normalpressure,正常压力 higher-than-expected/normal pressure,lower-than-normal pressureabnormally high pressureabnormally low pressure2.accumulator储能器3.accumulator bottle储能器瓶4.acid fracture酸裂5.adjustable choke可调节流阀6.annular blowout preventer (BOP)环型防喷器(ram BOP) bag BOP7.annular pressure/casing pressure环空压力(套压)(drillpipe pressure立压) pitgain8.annular space环空(annulus)9.annular velocity环空上返速度10.anticline 背斜11.atmospheric pressure 大气压(0.1Mpa)(1at)12.background gas背景气13.back off 倒扣/卸扣 make up14.back-pressure 回压 check/单向阀non-return valve回压凡尔15.barite BaSO4重晶石16.barium sulfate BaSO417.barrel (bbl) gallon/加仑1m3=6.2897bbl18.bell nipple 钟型导向短节,(喇叭口)19.BHP (bottom hole pressure)20.bleed 放喷21.bleed line放喷管线22.blind ram 全封闸板pipe ram 半封闸板shear ram 剪切闸板23.blind ram preventer全封闸板防喷器24.blowout 井喷(kick 井涌)25.blowout preventer control panel防喷器控制面板 console26.blowout preventer control unit防喷器控制系统27.blowout sticking 井喷卡钻28.BOP stack防喷器组29.bottom hole pressure test井底压力测试/DST----drill stem test中途测试30.bottoms up 上返行程/lag time31.bottoms-up time上返时间lag time 迟到时间32.Boyle’s law 波依耳定律33.bridging materials桥堵材料34.bullheading 压回地层压井法35.cased hole 下入套管的井眼open hole section裸眼段36.casing套管 collar 钻铤37.casing burst pressure套管破裂压力38.casing point 套管下深39.casing pressure套压40.casing seat 套管座41.casing string 套管柱42.cement n.水泥43.cement plug水泥塞44.change ram 更换闸板45.charles’s law 查尔斯定律(V1/T1=V2/T2)46.check valve 单向阀47.choke 节流阀48.choke line节流管线49.choke manifold节流管汇/kill manifold50.circulate-and-weight method 循环加重法51.concurrent method /同步法52.circulating components循环系统53.circulating density循环密度 ECD54.circulating fluid=drillingfluid=mud/slurry55.circulating head 循环头56.circulating pressure循环压力57.circulation循环lost circulation 井漏58.clay hydration 粘土水化59.closed-in pressureshut-in pressure 关井压力60.concurrent method同步法61.condition v.处理,改善, 调整62.connate water 原生水63.connection gas 接单根气64.constant choke-pressure method 恒节流压力法65.constant pit-level method 恒泥浆池液面法pit gain 泥浆池增量66.crystallization 结晶地层67.degasser 除气器68.diverter 分流器69.diverter line分流器管线70.drag 旋转阻力71.driller’s BOP control panel 司钻控制台72.driller’s method 司钻法 wait-and-weightmethod 等待加重法/工程师法73.drilling break 钻速突快/放空74.drilling fluid=drilling mud 钻井液75.drilling rate 机械钻速ROP—rate of penetrationm/h drilling time—钻时 min/m76.drilling under pressure/under balancepressure drilling UBD欠平衡钻井drilling over pressure /过平衡near-balance pressure drilling/近平衡77.drill pipe float 钻杆浮阀78.drill pipe pressure 立压79.drill pipe pressure gauge立压表80.drill pipe safety valve钻杆安全阀Kelly cock81.drill stem 钻柱 drill string82.DST---drilling stem test /中途测试/unintentional kick/intentional kick83.drill under pressure v.84.ECD---equivalent circulating density 等效/当量循环密度85.entrained gas 气侵气gas-cut mud/气侵泥浆86.explosive fracture 爆破压裂87.fault 断层88.fill line 灌浆管线 fill-up line89.fill the hole v. 灌浆90.fill-up rate灌浆速度91.filter cake 滤饼92.filter loss 滤失量93.filter press 失水仪94.final circulating pressure /FCP终了循环压力/ICP---initial circulating pressure95.flow check 溢流检测96.formation breakdown pressure 地层破裂压力/leak-off test97.formation competency test 地层承压能力测试98.formation fluid地层流体99.formation fracture gradient地层破裂压力梯度100.formation pressure地层压力101.formation strength地层强度102.fracture 裂缝103.fracture pressure破裂压力104.friction loss压耗105.gas气体106.gas buster=mud-gas separator泥浆-气体分离器 Poor boy107.gas-cut mud气侵泥浆108.gas cutting气侵109.gas detection analyzer气体检测仪110.geopressured shales地压页岩111.geostatic pressure地静压力112.geothermal gradient地温梯度113.guide shoe引鞋114.gunk plug油泥塞115.hang off116.hard shut-in硬关井117.soft shut-in软关井118.head 静压头119.hole geometry/hole size井眼尺寸120.hydraulic control pod液控箱121.hydril海德尔/122.hydrogen sulfide H2S123.hydrostatic pressure静液压力124.IADC International Association of Drilling Contractors IWCF--forum 125.ICP 初始循环压力initial circulating pressureFCP 终了循环压力final circulating pressure123. inside blowout preventer钻具内防喷器inside BOPinternal BOP126.interstitial water 原生水=connate water 127.invert-emulsion mud逆乳化泥浆oil-base mud128.Kelly cock 旋塞upper kelly cock上旋塞lower kelly cock下旋塞126． kick 井涌/overflow127． kick fluids井涌流体129.kick tolerance井涌允许量130.kill v. 压井well-kill n.131.killing fluid压井液 MWI----mud weight increase = 102P d/H 132.kill line 压井管线133.kill rate 压井泵速134.kill-rate pressure压井泵压135.kill sheet压井施工单fill in 填写133． kill string 压井管柱leak-off test 漏失测试136.log 测井137.log a well v. 测井138.logging device测井仪139.loss of circulation 井漏140.lost circulation井漏141.lost circulation additives堵漏剂140 lost circulation materialsLCM堵漏材料141．lost circulation plug堵漏塞142．lost returns 井漏143．lubricate 润滑v.144. macaroni string145. matrix acidizing基岩酸化146．maximum allowable surface pressure MASP/MAASP=P f - P m最大允许关井套压 MACP 147．measured depth MD测深层TVD =true vertical depth垂深I．D 内径O．D外径148．Minerals Management Service 149. mud additive泥浆添加剂150．mud analysis logging泥浆录井151. mud column泥浆柱152. mud conditioning处理泥浆153. mud density recorder泥浆密度记录仪154. mud-flow indicator泥浆流速指示器 mud-flow sensor155. mud-gas separator泥浆气体分离器156. mud gradient 泥浆压力梯度G m=0.00981ρm157. mud-level recorder泥浆液面记录仪158. mud log 泥浆日志159. mud logger 泥浆测量员160. mud pit 泥浆池161. mud program 泥浆配方162. mud pump 泥浆泵163. mud return line /ditch泥浆槽164. mud system 泥浆体系165. mud tank 泥浆罐166. mud weight 泥浆比重167. nipple up 安装防喷器nipple down拆防喷器168. normal circulation 正常循环169. normal formation pressure正常地层压力 0.00981----- 0.010496 Mpa/m170. OCS --- Outer Continental Shelf 外大陆架171. OCS orders外大陆架法规172. oil-base mud 油基泥浆173. oil- emulsion mud油基乳化泥浆174. open裸眼井,空井 open hole175. overburden pressure上覆岩层压力176. permeability 渗透性 impermeability 177. pipe ram preventer半封闸板防喷器178. pit gain 泥浆池增量179.pit-level indicator/recorder泥浆液面指示器180. pit-volume recorder 泥浆体积记录仪181.Pit Volume Totalizer(PVT)泥浆体积累计器182. plug 塞子183. plug back 回填v.184. plugging material 填井材料cement185. positive choke节流negative differential pressure负压差186. pounds per cubic foot磅/英尺3187. pounds per gallon(ppg)磅/加仑 1g/cm3 = 8.33ppgfresh water /brine188. pounds per square inch gauge(psig) 磅/英寸2压力表189. pounds per square inch per foot psi/ft 磅/英寸2/英尺-----压力梯度单位190. pressure drop 压力降191. pressure gauge 压力表192. pressure gradient 压力梯度193. pressure-integrity test 压力完整性测试194. pressure loss压力损失195. preventer packer防喷器胶芯196. rate of penetration (ROP)机械钻速 m/hr 197. reduced circulating pressure(RCP)降低的循环压力 SCR—slow circulating rate 198. remote BOP control panel =drill’s BOP control panel防喷器遥控面板199. remote choke panel节流阀遥控面板200. returns 返出物201. reverse circulation 反循环202． reverse drilling break 钻速突慢203．rotating blowout preventer 旋转防喷器204．rotating head 旋转头205．safety valve 安全阀206．saturation point 饱和点207．set point =casing depth 套管下深208．setting depth 套管固深209．shale 页岩/泥页sand210．shallow gas 浅气层211．shear ram 剪切闸板212．shut in v.关井213．shut-in n. 关井214. shut-in bottomhole pressure(SIBHP) 215. shut-in casing pressure(SICP)关井套压SIDPP216. shut-in drill pipe pressure(SIDPP) 关井立压 occur a kick 发生井涌 a kick hasoccurred217. snub 不压井起下钻218. snubber不压井起下钻装置219. snubbing line不压井起下钻管线220. snubbing unit = snubber221. stack 防喷器组222. strip a well v. 强行起下钻223. stripper head 封井头224. stripper rubber 橡胶刮泥器225. stripping强行起下钻作业226. stripping in 强行下钻pull out of the hole 227. stripping out 强行起钻228. strip pipe强行起钻229. stump pressure test 抗冲击压力测试230. subsea BOP 海底防喷器231. subsea choke-line valve 海底节流管线阀232. surface stack 地面防喷器组233. surging 激动压力234. swab v. 抽汲 swabbing波动压力---- swab-surge235. swabbed show抽汲显示236. swabbing 抽汲效应237. swabbing effect 抽汲效应238. temperature gradient 温度梯度239. total depth (TD)总深 MD = measured depth240. transition zone 过渡带241. trip gas 起下钻气242. trip margin 起钻安全余量243. trip tank 灌浆罐244. true vertical pressure (TVD)垂深245. tubingless completion 无油管完井workover/修井 service rig246. underground blowout 地下井喷247. upper kelly cock 上旋塞248. wait-and-weight method 等待加重法(工程师法)249. water-base mud 水基泥浆250. water hammer 水击251. wellbore =well=hole 井眼252. wellbore pressure 井眼压力253. well control 井控254. well kick 井涌255. wetability 润湿性256. wild well 失控井/自喷井257. out of control well失控井Chapter 2 The Basic Concepts of Well Control井控的基本概念blowout1. 井喷的危害/The harms of1.1井喷失控的危害性/ The harms of out ofcontrol for blowoutThink of danger in time of peace居安思危1.2 国内几起典型的井喷事故/The typicalblow out incident in our country2.井喷失控的原因/The causes of out of control for blowout3.对井控工作的正确认识/The correct view to well control4.做好井控工作的对策/The policy toimplement well control operation5.井控及其相关的概念/well control and relevant concepts5.1井控/well control /kick control/pressurecontrol-----井控是对油气井压力控制的简称/well control is control abbreviation tooil/gas well pressure.控制地层压力→实现近平衡压力钻井→保护油气层→提高采收率→延长油井使用寿命。

英文国际金融练习卷Chapter-2

International FinanceAssignment Problems (2) Name: Student No.:I. Choose the correct answer for the following questions (only ONE correct answer) (5 credits for each question, total credits 4 x 15 = 60)1. According to the principle of the balanced balance of payments, if a country reduces its foreign exchange reserves by $20 million and the statistical discrepancy is in the credit entry of $5 million in a given period of time, the country runs __________ of its balance of payments during that period of time.A. $15 million deficitsB. $25 million deficitsC. $20 million deficitsD. $5 million deficits2. If a country’s domestic saving is greater than domestic investment, the country probably has __________.A. a current account surplusB. a net capital outflowC. a current account deficitD. Both A and B are possible.3. A debit entry in the balance-of-payments account represents a transaction that __________.A. a domestic resident receives a payment from abroadB. a domestic resident makes a payment to a foreign residentC. will improve the current account statusD. will have no affects on the nation’s foreign exchange reserves4. In terms of balance-of-payments account, which of the following would be recorded as a debit entry in the U.S. BOP?A. exports of merchandiseB. exports of servicesC. purchase of the U.S. Treasury bonds by non-residentsD. an increase of the deposit in a U.S. resident's account at a foreign bank5. A balance-of-payments deficit is defined as a situation in which __________.A. the value of payments made to the foreigners exceeds the value of receipts received from the foreigners in a given period of timeB. the government must borrow in order to meet its budget obligationsC. the value of manufactured good exports is less than the value of imported goodsD. a nation earns much in extra assets or reduced liabilities in its dealings with the rest of the world6. Which of the following would NOT be considered as a typical BOP transaction?A. Toyota USA is a US distributor of automobiles manufactured in Japan by its parent company.B. A U.S. subsidiary of European financial giant, Credit Suisse, pays dividends to its parent in Zurich.C. A US tourist purchases gifts at a museum in London.D. All are example of BOP transactions.7. The balance of payments is a statistical record which measures the total value of __________.A. a country’s foreign exchange reserves in a certain period of timeB. a country’s foreign trades between the residents of a country and its non-residents for a given period of timeC. all economic and financial transactions between the residents of a country and its non-residents for a given period of timeD. a country’s capital inflows and outflows at a part icular date in a given year8. A British pension fund sells some of its holdings of the stocks of U.S. companies in order to buy U.S. corporate bonds. This transaction will affect __________.A. the U.S. international investment positionB. the British international investment positionC. both countries’ international investment positionD. None of the above. This is because both countries’ international investment position unchanged, only the composition of foreign investments in both U.S. and U.K. changes.9. Which of the following transactions is included in China’s balance-of-payments account?A. A U.S. embassy in Beijing pays salaries to its American staffs.B. The World Bank furnishes the Chinese government with a loan.C. A U.S. student pays tuition fees for his 4 year-study in Beijing University.D. The Chinese embassy in Washington buys telecommunication equipments from a Chinese company in Shanghai.10. If the U.S. runs current account deficits, we can expect that __________.A. it may act as a net debtor in the rest of the worldB. its domestic saving may less than its domestic investmentC. its domestic production is less than its domestic consumptionD. all of the above11. The trade deficit means that __________.A. residents are importing more goods than they are exportingB. residents are borrowing more funds than they are lendingC. residents are receiving more payments than they are makingD. residents are producing more goods than they are consuming12. Which of the following is an example of an exchange of financial assets?A. the exchange of butter for wheatB. the exchange of information technologyC. the exchange of a fixed-rate loan for a floating-rate loanD. the exchange of gold for jewelry13. For most countries, the subcategory that typically dominates the current account is__________.A. unilateral transfersB. goods tradeC. income tradeD. services trade14. When categorizing investments for the financial account component of the balance of payments the __________ is an investment where the investor has no incentive to control whereas the __________ is an investment where the investor wants to control over the assets.A. direct investment, portfolio investmentB. direct investment, indirect investmentC. portfolio investment, indirect investmentD. portfolio investment, direct investment15. If a country’s merchandise exports exceed its imports by $50 million, services trade balance is net $30 million and unilateral transfers made in excess of those received by $5 million, what is the country’s current account balance?A. $85 millionB. $75 millionC. $15 millionD. $25 millionII. Answer the following questions: (3 credits for each question, total credits 3 x 6 = 18) Questions 1 through 5 are based on the information of the selected items from country A’s balance of payments in 2010.Country A’s Balance of Payments, 2010 (millions of U.S. dollar)Goods export 719Goods import 1,145Service export 279Service import 210Income payments 269Income receipts 284Net unilateral transfers -49Errors and omissions 111. Country A’s BOT is __________.2. Country A’s current account balance is __________.3. Suppose the changes in country A’s official reserves are zero in 2010, its capital and financial account balance MUST be __________.4. If country A’s official reserves are recorded on the credit side by $10 million in 2010, its capitaland financial account balance should be __________.5. Based on the assumption of question 4, country A has BOP deficit or surplus in 2010? Explain.6. What is the current account balance of a nation with a government budget deficit of $128 billion, private saving of $806 billion, and domestic capital formation of $777 billion?III. Express the following operations in the Dutch balance of payments in T-accounts: (5 credits for each question, total credits 3 x 5 = 15)a. A Dutch company exports €100,000 goods to a London company for €100,000 in bankdeposits.b.An import billed for €150,000 paid with a check drawn on a London bank.c. A Dutch company based in Rotterdam uses €1 million that it was holding in a short-termdeposit with its Rotterdam bank to purchase 10-year bonds issued by German government. IV. True or false: (7 credits)A credit entry in the balance of payments represents a demand for local currency whereas a debit entry represents a supply of local currency. You MUST explain your answer.Answers to Assignment Problems (2)Part I1. C2. D3. B4. D5. A6. D7. C8. D9. B 10. D11. A 12. C 13. B 14. D 15. BPart II1. -4262. -3913. 3804. 3705. deficits. Because the official reserves reduced by $10 million.6. 806 -777-128 = -99Part IIIa.Export Short term claims(-) (+) (-) (+)€100,000 €100,000b. Import Short term liabilities(-) (+) (-) (+)€150,000 €150,000c. Portfolio investment Short term liabilities(-) (+) (-) (+)€1,000,000 €1,000,000Part IVTrue. Because the credit entry in BOP means domestic residents receiving foreign currencies. When they sell those foreign payments, they demand the local currency. The debit entry in BOP implies domestic residents need to buy foreign currencies with the local currency. Therefore, it represents a supply of local currency.。

Balance of Payment

regarded as nonresidents.
Special status is accorded to government personnel and staff members of
international organizations - Canadian government employees stationed abroad are considered residents of Canada no matter how long their overseas posting, while employees of foreign governments posted to Canada are not regarded as residents.
crew members of ships, aircraft, etc., who do not live in Canada and are here for less than a year.
Canadian citizens residing abroad for a period longer than a year are

Persons are considered residents when their stay in Canada is for a period of one year or more.
This definition excludes visitors, seasonal workers, commuter workers,

The purchase of debt securities across borders is classified as portfolio investment because debt securities by definition do not provide the buyer with ownership or control. Portfolio investment is motivated by a search for returns rather than to control or manage the investment.

了不起的盖茨比-CHAPTER TWO

PART 2
Characters introduction
Tom
Nick
Mrs.Wilson（Myrtle） Mr.Wilson McKees Catherine
The dog vendor
spousal relationship
McKees
Tom:
and his determination to have my company bordered on violence. 他硬要我陪他的做法近乎暴力行为 "Go and buy ten more dogs with it.” 给你钱。拿去再买十只狗。 “Daisy! Daisy! Daisy!” shouted Mrs. Wilson. “I’ll say it whenever I want to! Daisy! Dai——” Making a short deft movement, Tom Buchanan broke her nose with his open hand. "黛西！黛西！黛西！"威尔逊太太大喊大叫，"我什么时候想叫就叫！黛西！黛……" 汤姆· 布坎农动作敏捷，伸出手一巴掌打破了威尔逊太太的鼻子。
pride violence conceit self-righteousness but rational
Mrs.Wilson（Myrtle）:
Mrs. Wilson gathered up her dog and her other purchases, and went haughtily in. 威尔逊太太向四周扫视一番，俨然一副皇后回宫的神气，一面捧起小狗和其他买来的东西，趾高气扬地走了进去。 “I married him because I thought he was a gentleman,” she said finally. “I thought he knew something about breeding, but he wasn’t fit to lick my shoe.” "我嫁给了他，是因为我以为他是个上等人，"她最后说， "我以为他还有点教养，不料他连舔我的鞋都不配。"

实用国际金融英语参考答案

《实用国际金融英语》参考答案Chapter 1Lead-in Activities1. Balance of payment data serve as record of the flows of goods, services and finance between an economy and the rest of the world. As one of the primary functions of the IMF is to prevent financial crises and assist countries in balance of payment difficulties, the collection of standardized, comparable balance of payment data is seen as a core task.BOP is a statistical statement that summarizes, for a specific period (typically a year or quarter), the economic transactions of an economy with the rest of the world. It covers:·All the goods, services, factor income and current transfers an economy receives from or provides to the rest of the world;·Capital transfers and changes in an economy’s external financial claims and liabilities.2. When a country has a surplus in its current account, i.e. when its exports exceed its imports, there will probably be a surplus in the balance of payment because the current account forms a very large proportion in the balance of payment. The surplus means the supply of foreign exchange exceeds demand. The monetary authority has to increase the purchase of the foreign currency and the stock of its international reserve. Meanwhile, the supply of domestic currency adds at an accelerated speed, which may lead to further issue of the local currency and cause inflation.3. When there is a long-lasting surplus in the balance of payment, particularly in the current account, there will also be excessive demand for its currency. The country’s exchange rate will rise, unless the central bank is willing to provide its currency to the market in exchange for foreign currencies. For example, when the export of the United States exceeds much more than import, a large quantity of US dollars are wanted by those importers to pay for the US goods. Thus, the exchange rate of US dollars rises.When the balance of payment has a long-lasting deficit, the payable debts denominated in foreign currencies are more than receivable claims; there will be a considerable demand for foreign currencies over the supply. As a result, the foreign currencies wanted appreciate, and the domestic one devalues.4.Temporary drop of surplus or moderate short-term deficit does not seriously affect a country’s economy or foreign trade. On one hand, deficit means larger amount of import than export in current account; on the other hand, it more likely shows an increasing demand of foreign currencies to pay for the imported goods. In other words, deficit may cause the raise of exchange rate of foreign hard currencies, which is conducive to the investors from the issuing countries of these appreciating currencies. This is surely good news to those that are in need of foreign investment. Temporary drop of surplus helps cool off the national economy and serves as a brake stopping ongoing inflation.5.The stock of international reserve should be neither more or less than necessary. The International Exchange Reserves are kept in the debit entry in BOP statements in that the monetary authority has to pay in exchange for the foreign hard currencies. Therefore, the amount and composition of exchange reserves are to be decided by taking the following factors into consideration.(1) The duration of the government’s external debt should be related to the duration of thereserves, with emphasis on the interest rate exposure risk.(2) High-risk-return assets should be limited within a safe range.(3) One of the most important issues raised in the context of investing the reserves of a centralbank is the choice of a reference basket.It is well recognized that the lowest level of the stock of international reserve should be no less than the amount payable for a 3-month import. And, the stronger an economy is, the less international reserve is to be kept.6. C7. CExercisesI. True or False1. F2. F3. F4. F5. F6. F7. F8. F9. F 10. F11. F 12. T 13. F 14. F 15. TII．Translation Task1.在与国际货币基金组织的技术援助使团于2000年上半年进行了磋商之后，国家外汇管理局吸取了国际通行的经验，以提高其国际收支报告的及时性。

通用汽车BOE、BOP-PPT文档资料54页

• Criteria That Enable a Vehicle to Be Built in GM Plants, Comprehending:
– Assembly & Build Sequence – Equipment – Vehicle Size Envelope – Efficiency, Ergonomics, etc.
applicable BOP requirements, but it can be processed on a BOP compliant process
- OR -
This specific process does not meet 100% of the applicable BOP requirements, but it can accommodate a BOP compliant product.
• a #1 bar subassembly, and
• a bumper beam or rigid cross member to
tie the right and left rails together at the front.
20
3 Product 1.9 Front wheel house assembly is brought to the
The BOP does not prescribe specific equipment, level of automation/manpower, or plant layout
BOP - MR training class4.ppt Page 3
GM’s Manufacturing Systems:
Wheels and Tires

BOP-2 快速调试操作步骤

1 BOP-2快速调试流程图2 BOP-2快速调试操作步骤变频器上电后，按键进入“Monitor”界面，按键进入“Setup”界面，这时点击“OK”键，启动快速调试：1.RESET：恢复参数为出厂设置2.P0096：P0096=0，专家模式，通过P1300设置电机控制方式（推荐设置）P0096=1，标准驱动方式，P1300默认设置为V/F控制P0096=2，动态驱动模式，P1300默认设置问矢量控制3.电机相关参数：电机标准P01000：IEC（50 Hz 电源，SI 单位）1：NEMA（60 Hz 电源，US 单位）2：NEMA（60 Hz 电源，SI 单位）功率单元应用P0205（仅用于矢量控制）0：含重过载的工作制，用于矢量驱动1：含轻过载的工作制，用于矢量驱动变频器供电电压P0210选择电机类型P03001：异步电机2：同步电机电机额定电压P0304电机额定电流P0305电机额定功率P0307电机额定频率P0310电机额定转速P0311电机冷却方式P03350：自冷却1：外部冷却2：水冷工艺应用P5000: 标准驱动1: 泵和风扇开环/闭环运行方式P13000：具有线性特性的 V/f 控制1：具有线性特性和 FCC 的 V/f 控制2：具有抛物线特性的 V/f 控制4：具有线性特性和 ECO 的 V/f 控制7：针对抛物线特性曲线和 ECO 的 V/f 控制20：转速控制（无编码器）4.选择连接宏P0015默认设置宏41，实现DI端子起停，模拟量信号调速其他连接宏相关接线和参数设置请参考G120XA 操作手册。

5.设置最大最小转速、斜坡上升和下降时间、Off3停车时间电机最小转速P1080电机最大转速P1082斜坡上升时间P1120斜坡下降时间P1121Off3 停车时间P11356.电机数据检测P19000：电机数据检测功能禁止1：同时激活电机静态数据检测和电机旋转检测（仅适用于矢量控制）2 ：电机静态数据检测3 ：电机旋转检测（仅适用于矢量控制）7.启动变频器，执行数据检测8.完成快速调试。

国际金融英文版ChapterTwo

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国际金融英文版ChapterTwo
重要说明
偏差
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此研究方法给我们的启发
³ 我国能源的短缺
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结束句
谢谢
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Fundamentals of BOP Accounting
New York bank deposits.
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Fundamentals of BOP Accounting
3. How do we record transactions between residents and nonresidents
A set of accounts(p14-18)
³ Each transaction, involves two opposite flows of equal value. ³ For example: ³ The U.S. government sells $29 million worth of wheat to Russia, being paid
Debit: unilateral transfer $8 million
Credit: goods
$8 million
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Account name
Debit
Current account
67
Goods
34(2)
Services
Income
25(4)
•Financia l account

了不起的盖茨比-CHAPTER TWO

• 一位来自中西部的耶鲁毕业生，一战老兵，也是本书的叙述者Nick Carraway因得到了一份在纽约的债券推销员的工作而在长岛的西半岛租了一间房子，与Gatsby为邻。Nick到东半岛拜访表妹Daisy和她的丈夫 Tom.他们向他介绍了一个高尔夫球手 Jordan Baker.她告诉了Nick Tom有个情人的事。
pride violence conceit self-righteousness but rational
Mrs.Wilson（Myrtle）:
Mrs. Wilson gathered up her dog and her other purchases, and went haughtily in. 威尔逊太太向四周扫视一番，俨然一副皇后回宫的神气，一面捧起小狗和其他买来的东西，趾高气扬地走了进去。 “I married him because I thought he was a gentleman,” she said finally. “I thought he knew something about breeding, but he wasn’t fit to lick my shoe.” "我嫁给了他，是因为我以为他是个上等人，"她最后说， "我以为他还有点教养，不料他连舔我的鞋都不配。"
• the cement color of the walls. A white ashen dust veiled his dark suit and his pale hair as it veiled everything in the vicinity--except his wife, who moved close to Tom。

金融英语术语

金融英语术语time deposits/demand deposits 定期存款/活期存款Commodity money/ money in kind 实物货币Medium of exchange 交换媒介a unit of account 价值尺度a store of value 价值储备a standard of deferred payment 延期支付Representative money 代用货币gold standard/silver standard 金本位/银本位legal tender 法偿货币fiat money 法定货币Simple interest/Compound interest 单利/复利Nominal interest rate/Real interest rate 名义利率/实际利率discount rate 贴现率savings accounts 储蓄账户commercial paper 商业票据telegraphic transfer (TT) 电汇mail transfer （MT）信汇demand draft 即期汇票Foreign bonds 外汇债券Foreign bank notes 外币钞票spot transaction 即期交易spot exchange rate 即期汇率Forward exchange rate 远期汇率Forward transaction 远期交易Swap transaction 掉期交易Over-the-counter 场外交易Direction quotation 直接标价法Indirection quotation 间接标价法U.S. dollar quotation 美元标价法value date / delivery date交割日foreign exchange futures外汇期货foreign exchange option外汇期权open outcry 公开喊价call option看涨期权put option 看跌期权exercise price / strike price行权价option premium 期权费European style 欧式期权American style 美式期权Daily cash settlements 日终结算Balance of Payment(BOP) 国际收支portfolio investment证券投资，间接投资double-entry system复式记账体系credit entry/debit entry贷记分录/借记分录The trade balance 贸易平衡unrequited transfer单向转移capital account 资本项目/账户current account经常项目/账户non-financial service非金融服务monetary gold 货币黄金Net errors and omissions 净错误与遗漏International monetary system 国际货币体系macroeconomic policies 宏观经济政策the gold standard 金本位制the Bretton Woods System 布雷顿森林体系the Jamaica System牙买加体系mint parity铸币平价Sound monetary order稳健的货币秩序Par value 面值Payment imbalance 收支不平衡Favorable payments balance 国际收支顺差financial instruments金融工具public offering公募private placement私募open market operations 公开市场操作primary market一级市场secondary market二级市场spot market即期市场forward market远期市场stock exchange证券交易所inter-bank market 银行同业拆借市场Treasury bills国库券par(face) value 面值competitive bidding竞争性出价negotiable certificate of deposit可转让大额定期存单account receivable 应收账款initial public offering (IPO)首次公开发行Commercial paper 商业票据Repurchase agreement 回购协议Reserve repo 逆回购Term repo 定期回购Over-the-counter markets 场外交易市场Labor force 劳动力Chapter1 moneydeposit balance 存款余额via electric transfer wire 通过电子转账方式checking account 支票账户Full-bodied money 足值货币foreign exchange 外汇depreciate/appreciate贬值/ 升值Official interest rate /Market interest rate 官方利率/市场利率hire purchase (HP) 租购Leasing/lease arrangement 租赁安排the ratio of the interest …to the principal…利息与本金的比例opportunity cost 机会成本credit risk 信用风险economic variable 经济变量volatility in inflation 通货膨胀的波动性inter-bank interest rate 银行同业拆借利率liquidity of money 货币的流动性measures of money supply 货币供应量指标monetary base 基础货币；货币基数；强力货币transaction balances 交易余额rate of return 收益率life insurance policies 人寿保险单Intermediate policy target 货币政策中介指标monetary authorities 货币当局Quasi money 准货币；亚货币或近似货币Hard currency/strong currency 硬通货The system of Currency Board 货币局制度regulations of China’s foreign e xchange administration中国外汇管理条例Chapter2 foreign exchangebanker’s d raft银行汇票commercial draft 商业汇票international payment 国际支付discharge international obligations清偿国际债务international finance 国际金融Swiss franc 瑞士法郎Eurodollar 欧洲美元Eurodollar market欧洲美元市场foreign currency外币foreign exchange dealer 外汇交易员unrestricted convertibility自由兑换partial convertibility 部分可兑换current payment 经常项目支付forward operation远期业务swap agreement掉期协议swap rate掉期率arbitrage套汇；套利bank failure银行倒闭quote currency标价货币base currency基准货币euro zone / eurozone欧元区settlement date 结算日payment system支付系统premium/ discount升水/ 贴水straight date整日期interpolation插值bid-asked spread买卖价差interbank trading银行同业交易basis point 基点standardized contract标准化合约marked-to-market 逐日结算initial margin 初始保证金maintenance margin维持保证金cash settlement 现金结算clearinghouse清算所portfolio position投资组合头寸short position / long position空头/ 多头price discovery价格发现total turnover总成交额Chapter 3 BOPbalance of payment statement国际收支平衡表equilibrium of BOP国际收支均衡assets and liabilities资产与负债credits and debits 贷方与借方sources and uses 来源与运用capital inflow/capital outflow资本流入/资本流出home country母国foreign subsidiary外国子公司parent firm母公司unilateral transfer单方面转移the International Monetary Fund国际货币基金组织financial account金融项目/ 账户direct investment直接投资manufactured goods制成品movable goods动产personal articles私人物品investment income投资收入interest and dividends利息和红利earnings per share (EPS) 每股收益non-distributed earnings未分配盈利/ 利润bond债券debenture信用债券；无担保债券voting right投票权joint venture合资公司non-negotiable instruments 不可转让工具special drawing rights （SDRs）特别提款权the special drawing right特别提款权reserve position储备头寸surplus / deficit 顺差;盈余/ 逆差；赤字counterpart items对等项目monetization of gold 黄金货币化demonetization of gold黄金非货币化distribution and cancellation of SDRs特别提款权的分配与撤销floating exchange rate system浮动汇率制度statistical error统计错误incomplete figures数据不完整Chapter 4 international monetary systemcompetitive disadvantage竞争劣势official parity法定平价reserve currency储备货币fluctuation margin波动界限the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)关税与贸易总协定adjustable pegged-rate system 可调整的钉住汇率制度fixed exchange rate system固定汇率制度par value平价adjustable peg可调整钉住troy ounce金衡制盎司international debt国际债务Triffin Paradox/ dilemma 特里芬难题paper gold纸黄金floating exchange rate/flexible exchange rate浮动汇率free floating 自由浮动managed float/dirty float有管理的浮动/肮脏浮动financial deregulation放松金融管制financial liberalization金融自由化monetary policy 货币政策fiscal policy 财政政策。

Chapter 2(简化)

2 Supply and Demand 2.1 Supply curve--Relationship between the quantity of a good that producers are willing to sell and the price of the good. QS= QS(P) S S’
Substitutes--Two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the quantity demanded of the other. Complements--Two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the quantity demanded of the other.
Infinitely elastic demand--Consumers will buy as much of a good as they can get at a single price, but for any higher price the quantity demanded drops to zero, while for any lower price the quantity demanded increases without limit. Completely inelastic demand--Consumers will buy a fixed quantity of a good regardless of its price.
Price
S
P1 P3 D’ D Q1 Q3 Quantity New Equilibrium Following Shift in Demand

Chapter 2Pompeii

Chapter 2 Pompeii：Destroyed, Forgotten, and FoundToday many people who live in large metropolitan areas such as Paris and New York leave the city in the summer. They go to the mountains or to the seashore to escape the city noise and heat. Over 2,000 years ago, many rich Romans did the same thing. They left the city of Rome in the summer. Many of these wealthy Romans spent their summers in the city of Pompeii. P. was a beautiful city; it was located on the ocean, on the Bay of Naples.In the year 79 C.E., a young boy who later became a very famous Roman historian was visiting his uncle in P.. The boy’s name was Pliny the Younger. One day Pliny was looking up at the sky. He saw a frightening sight. It was a very large dark cloud. This black cloud rose high into the sky. Rock and ash flew through the air. What Pliny saw was the eruption – the explosion -- of the volcano, Vesuvius. The city of P. was at the foot of Mt. V..When the volcano first erupted, many people were able to flee the city and to escape death. In fact, 18,000 people escaped the terrible disaster. Unfortunately, there was not enough time for everyone to escape. More than 2,000 people died. These unlucky people were buried alive under the volcanic ash. The eruption lasted for about 3 days. When the eruption was over, P. was buried under 20 feet of volcanic rock and ash. The city of P. was buried and forgotten for 1,700 years.In the year of 1748 an Italian farmer was digging on his farm. As he was digging, he uncovered a part of a wall of the ancient city of P.. Soon archaeologists began to excavate – to dig -- in the area. As time went by, much of the ancient city of P. was uncovered. Today tourists from all over the world come to see the ruins of the famous city of Pompeii.Chapter 3 Lance Armstrong: Survivor and WinnerLance Armstrong was born on September 18, 1971 in a suburb of Dallas, Texas, called Plano. Lance began running and swimming competitively when he was only 10 years old. By the time he was 13, he was competing in triathlons and won the Iron Kids Triathlon. Lance’s mother, who raised L. mostly by herself, recognized and encouraged his competitive spirit.During his senior year in high school, L. was invited to train with the US Olympic cycling developmental team in Colorado. From that time on, L. focused completely on cycling. By 1991, L. was the US National Amateur Champion. He also won 2 major national races the same year -- even beating some professional cyclists.Although he was generally doing very well, L. had his ups and downs. In 1992, he was expected to do very well at the Barcelona Olympics, but finished in 14th place. This was a big disappointment. L. got over the disappointment and decided to turn professional. In his first professional race, the 1992 Classico San Sebastian, he ended up finishing dead last, 27 minutes behind the winner. L.’s mother continued to encourage L. through his difficult times.Things went much better for L. in the following years. In 1993, he was the youngest person to win the World Race Championships. In the same year, he entered the Tour de France for the first time. He won one stage of the race, but dropped out of the race before finishing. In 1995, he even won the Classico S. S., the race he had finished last in, in1992. L. also won the most important US tournament, the Tour du Pont, 2 times, in both 1995 and 1996. By 1996, L. was ranked 7th among cyclists in the world, and he signed a 2-year contract with a French racing team. At that time, everything was looking very good for L.A..However, everything changed dramatically and drastically in October of 1996, shortly after his 25th birthday. At this time, L. was diagnosed with advanced cancer that had already spread to his brain and lungs. He almost immediately underwent 2 cancer surgeries. After these 2 surgeries, he was given a 50-50 chance of survival as he began an aggressive 3-month course of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy left L. very weak, but the treatment worked well. Quite soon after, L. was declared free of cancer. L. returned to cycling and training only 5 months after he was initially diagnosed with cancer. He vowed he would return to competitive cycling better than ever.However, his French cycling team dropped L. from the team. They didn’t believe that L. would ever be able to return to his former level of strength and endurance. Fortunately the US Postal Service Team became his new sponsor. With the support of the US Postal Service Team, L. returned to racing in 1998. After one particularly bad day during one of his races, L. pulled over and decided he was done with racing. However, after spending time with his really good cycling friends, L. returned to racing, and again he was off again in pursuit of cycling victories!L.’s big comeback was marked by his victory at the 1999 Tour de France. L. repeated this feat in the years 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2004, for a total of 6 consecutive victories in the Tour de France, the most prestigious and the most grueling of all cycling contests. L.s’ Tour de France record may n ever be beaten or even matched. Interestingly, L. was the youngest person to win the World Cycling Championships in 1993 and the oldest person ever to win the Tour de France in 2004!In addition to his amazing athletic performance, L.A. has established the L.A. Foundation, which is devoted to providing information about cancer and support to cancer victims. He has also written a book about his life and winning the TdF, called Every Second Counts, and for L., every second has counted.L.A. gives a lot of credit for his success to his mother, whose independent spirit and support for L. inspired him to overcome all of life’s obstacles, both on and off the racetrack. Lance, in return, has provided inspiration to many, for his courage –both athletic and personal.Chapter 5 Language: How Children Acquire TheirsWhat I’d lie to talk to you about today is the topic of child language development. I know that you all are trying to develop a second language, but for a moment, let’s think about a related topic, and that is: How children develop their first language. What do we know about how babies develop their language and communication ability? Well, we know babies are able to communicate as soon as they are born―even before they learn to speak their first language. At first, they communicate by crying. This crying lets their parents know when they are hungry, or unhappy, or uncomfortable. However, they soon begin the process of acquiring their language. The first state of language acquisition begins just a few weeks after birth. At this stage, babies start to make cooing noises when they are happy. Then, around four months of age they begin to babble. Babies all over the world begin to babble around the same age, and they all begin to make the same kinds ofbabbling noises. Now, by the time they are ten months old, however, the babbling of babies from different language backgrounds sounds different. For example, the babbling of a baby in a Chinese-speaking home sounds different from the babbling of a baby in an English-speaking home. Babies begin a new stage of language development when they begin to speak their first words. At first, they invent their own words for things. For example, a baby in an English-speaking home may say “baba” for the word “bottle” or “kiki” for “cat.” In the next few months, babies will acquire a lot of words. These words are usually the names of things that are in the baby’s environment, words for food or toys, for example. They will begin to use these words to communicate with others. For example, if a baby holds up an empty juice bottle and then says “juice,” to his father, the baby seems to be saying, “I want more juice, Daddy” or “May I have more juice, Daddy?” This word “juice” is really a one-word sentence.Now, the next stage of language acquisition begins around the age of 18 months, when the babies begin to say two-word sentences. They begin to use a kind of grammar to put these words together. The speech they produce is called “telegraphic” speech because the babies omit all but the most essential words. An English-speaking child might say something like “Daddy, up” which actually could mean “Daddy, pick me up, please.” Then, between two and three years of age, young children begin to learn more and more grammar. For example, they begin to use the past tense of verbs. The children begin to say things such as “I walked home” and “I kissed Mommy.” They also begin to overgeneralize this new grammar rule and make a log of grammar mistakes. For example, children often say such thins as “I goed to bed” instead of “I went to bed,” or “I eated ice cream” instead of “I ate ice cream.” In other words, the children have learned the past tense rule for regular verbs such as “walk” and “kiss,” but they haven’t learned that they cannot use this r ule for all verbs. Some verbs like “eat” are irregular, and the past tense forms for irregular verbs must be learned individually. Anyway, these mistakes are normal, and the children will soon learn to use the past tense for regular and irregular verbs correctly. The children then continue to learn other grammatical structures in the same way.If we stop to think about it, actually it’s quite amazing how quickly babies and children all over the world learn their language and how similar the process is for babies all over the world.Do you remember anything about how you learned your first language during the early years of your life? Think about the process for a minute. What was your first word? Was it “mama” or maybe “papa”? Now think also about the proc ess of learning English as a second language. Can you remember the first word you learned in English? I doubt that it was “mama.” Now, think about some of the similarities and differences involved in the processes of child and adult language learning. We’l l talk about some similarities and differences in the first and second language learning processes tomorrow. See you then.Chapter 6 Hydroponic Aquaculture: How One System Works The growing of plants without soil has developed from experiments carried out to determine what substances (like soil and water) make plants grow. Growing plants in water( rather than in soil) --- in other words, hydroponics--- dates back many more years than you might think. Scientists believe that hydroponics or aquaculture is at least as ancient as the pyramids of Egypt. Scientists also know that a primitive form ofaquaculture has been used in the region of Kashmir for centuries. In fact, scientists believe hydroponic growing actually preceded soil growing. They even believe that using hydroponics as a farming tool started in the ancient city of Babylon with its famous hanging gardens. These hanging gardens were probably one of the first successful attempts to grow plants hydroponically.However, returning to more modern times, researchers at the University of the Virgin Islands have developed a system of hydroponic aquaculture that is both simple and low cost. The system uses gravity to create recirculating water systems in which fish are raised and vegetables are grown. Let me take a minute to explain the process of how this particular system of hydroponic aquaculture works on the island of St. Croix in the Virgin Island.To start with, rainwater is collected in a large 3,000-gallon tank. This tank is located on the highest point of the island. The tank is so large that it measures about 12 feet in diameter. Once the tank is filled with rainwater, fish are added to the tank and subsequently raised in a large tank. So, first, the researchers collect rainwater in a large tank, then they add fish; the fish swim around and excrete waste into the water.The next step in the process happens in this way. The rainwater collected in the large tank slowly runs out of the bottom of the large fish tank and into another tank. This other tank holds the waste from the fish. The water is then filtered. After the water is filtered, it is passed through a “bio-filter” that contains bacteria. These bacteria convert any harmfu l ammonia produced in the fish waste into nitrates. These nitrates are then used to feed the plants in the next stage of the process.So, what happens next? Well, after the water has passed through this bio-filter, it enters two 100-foot-long hydroponic tanks. Just above the 100-foot-long tanks of water, plants are suspended on trays. In this particular case, the plants suspended on trays are lettuce plants. The plants’ roots stand in the water. Now, through the roots, the plants soak up or absorb the nitrates and other nutrients in the water before the water drains out of these 100-foot-long tanks into a large reservoir. The reservoir is located at the lowest point on the island. It is now necessary of course to get the water from the lowest part of the island back up to the highest point on the island so the water can circulate through the process again. Now, how do they get the water from the reservoir up to the 3,000-gallon fish tank, and then the hydroponic process starts all over again.The aquaculture scientists say that this relatively simple system produces about 25,000 heads of lettuce, and one ton of fish in a year from just one 3,000-gallon fish tank.A commercial company would need to have several tanks in order to make the process profitable, but researchers at the University of the Virgin Islands have demonstrated exactly how aquaculture can be used to grow plants without using soil. The process could help some countries that are looking to develop new methods to produce food in “soil-less cultur e”. Just to give an example, in the case of tomatoes, dirt farmers raise about 3,500 plants per acre. In hydroponics, the tomato plants can be placed much closer together, and it’s possible to cultivate as many as 10,000 plants on an acre of land. In the future, we will probably see more and more agriculture being done as hydroponic aquaculture. And many consumers won’t know the difference.hapter 9 Power: The Kinds People Use and AbuseJohn Mack, who is the author of a book about power, says that the need for a senseof personal power is one of the primary forces in human life. On the other hand, he also says that a feeling of powerlessness is one of the most disturbing of human emotions ―a feeling to be avoided at all costs. Just what is power?Psychologists define power as the ability to determine or to change the actions or behavior of other people. Psychologists are trying to identify different kinds of power so that they can better understand how people use these different kinds of power to gain control over other people. They are trying to understand how people manipulate other people for good and evil purposes. Psychologists have identified five basic types of power, and I’d like to talk about each of these briefly in the next few minutes.The first type of power is called information power. Some psychologist believe that information power is one of the most effective types of power and control. The person who has information that other people want and need, but do not have, is in a position of power. Why is this? Well, most people like to receive and have information. Having information increases a person’s own sense of power. People who provide information can manipulate those who do not have information. Often, when people receive information, they do not know that they are being manipulated by those who provided the information. The psychologist named Edwards says, for example, that newspapers provide a lot of information to their readers, and that these newspaper readers generally believe the information they read. Readers do not question the accuracy of the reports about world events they read in the newspapers.A second type of power is called referent power. For example, a person may want to behave like the members of a particular group, such as a soccer team ( or a group of classmates), or a person may identify with and want to be like a certain teacher, a friend, or say , a rock star. If you identify with another person, that person has power over you, and that person can influence your actions and behavior. Many people imitate and are controlled by the people they identify with. Let me give you a sad example of the use of this type of power for evil purposes. In the 1970s in Jonestown, Guyana, more than 900 people committed suicide when their religious leader Jim Jones told them to kill themselves. They did what he told them to do because he had referent power over them. They identified with him; they believe him, and they did what he told them to do. More recently a man named David Koresh controlled the lives and destinies of a small community of men, women, and children in Waco, Texas. Most people in his community died in a fire, along with their leader, during a confrontation with U.S. government agents.A third kind of power is classified as legitimate power. Government officials, according to Edwards, have a lot of legitimate power. When the government decides to raise taxes or make people go to war, most people will do what their government officials tell them to do. One psychologist reported on an experiment that showed an example of this type of power. In this experiment, a researcher asked people on the street to move away from a bus stop. When he was dressed as a civilian, few people moved away from the bus stop. When the researcher was dressed as a guard, most people moved away from the bus stop. The guard’s uniform seemed to give the researcher a look of legitimate power.A fourth kind of power is called expert power. An expert is a person who is very skilled in some area, such as sports, or who knows a lot about something, such as computers. Most people are impressed by the skills or knowledge of an expert. Some ofthese “experts” use their skills at playing sports or knowing about computers to gain power and influence ―and to gain money or admiration, according to Edwards. In other words, they use their expertise to gain power.Finally, reward or coercive power is used by people who have the power to reward or punish another person’s actions or behavior. Giving a reward will change people’s behavior because it offers people a chance for gain. Giving a punishment may or may not cause the people to do what the powerful person wants them to do, but the changes may not last for a long time. The person who uses coercive power may also have to carefully watch that the less powerful person does, in fact, change his or her actions or behavior.To sum up, then, power may be gained in many ways. It may come from having information that other people want or need; it may come from being a referent for other people to identify with or to imitate; it may come from having an official, or legitimate, position of authority; it may come from having skills or expertise; or it may come from having the power to reward or punish people. We all exercise one or more of these various kinds of power over other people, and other people will try to exercise one or more of these kinds of power over us throughout our lives.Chapter 10 Asian and African Elephants: Similarities and DifferencesThe African and the Asian elephants are the largest land animals in the world. They are really enormous animals. The African and the Asian elephants are alike, or similar, in many ways, but there are differences between the 2 types of elephants, too.What are some of the similarities between the African and the Asian elephant? Well, for one thing, both animals have long noses, called trunks. An elephant sometimes uses its trunk like a third hand. Both kinds of elephants use their trunks to pick up very small objects and very large, heavy objects. They can even pick up trees with their trunks. For another thing, both the African and the Asian elephants have very large ears, although the African elephant’s ears are considerably larger.In addition, both animals are intelligent. They can be trained to do heavy work. They can also be trained to do tricks to entertain people. In other words, they both work for people, and they entertain people also.As I said before, the African and Asian elephants are alike in many ways, but they are also quite different, too. Let me explain what I mean. The African elephant is larger and heavier than the Asian elephant. The African male elephant weighs between 12,000 and 14,000 pounds. In contrast, the average Asian male elephant weighs between 7,000 and 12,000 pounds.Another major difference between the 2 kinds of elephants is the size of the ears. Asian elephants have smaller ears than African elephants do. The teeth are different, too. The African elephant has 2 very large teeth. These teeth are called tusks. The Asian elephant sometimes does not have any tusks at all. The elephants differ in color, too. The African elephant is dark gray in color while the Asian elephant is light gray. Occasionally an Asian elephant is even white in color! The last big difference between the 2 elephants is their temperament. The Asian elephant is tamer than the African elephant. In other words,the African elephant is much wilder than the Asian elephant. As a result, it’s more difficult to train the African elephant to perform tricks to entertain people. That’s why the elephants you see in the circus are probably Asian elephants … not African elephants. Yes, there certainly are differences between the African and the Asian elephants, but there is one big similarity between the 2 animals: they are both fascinating and enormous animals.Chapter 12 The Titanic and the Andrea Doria: Tragedies at SeaOn the morning of April 10, 1912, the luxury liner the Titanic left England on a voyage to New York. Four days later, she lay at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean. On Wednesday, July 18, 1956, the ocean liner the Andrea Doria left Italy. The Andrea Doria was also traveling to New York. Eight days later this great ship also lay at the bottom of the Atlantic.The sinking of these two huge ships, these two very, very large ships shocked the world. Reports of these two tragedies filled the newspapers for days. When the Andrea Doria went down, people compared her sinking with the sinking of the Titanic. There were similarities between the two events; however there were also important differences.What were some of these similarities? First of all, both ships were transatlantic ocean liners. In addition, they were also both luxury liners. They carried many of the world’s rich and famo us people. In fact, ten American millionaires lost their lives when the Titanic went down. Today millions of dollars worth of gold, silver and cash may still remain locked inside these two sunken ships.Another similarity was that, as each ship was sinking, there were acts of heroism and acts of villainy. Some people acted very bravely, even heroically. Some people even gave up their lives so that others could live. There were also some people who acted like cowards. For example, one man on the Titanic dressed up as a woman so that he could get into a lifeboat and save his own life. One last similarity was that both of these ships were considered “unsinkable.” People believed that they would never sink.I’d like to shift my attention now to the differences b etween these great ship disasters. To begin with, the Titanic was on her maiden voyage; that is, she was on her very first voyage across the Atlantic. The Andrea Doria on the other hand, was on her 101st transatlantic crossing. Another difference was that the ships sank for different reasons. The Titanic struck an iceberg whereas the Andrea Doria collided with another ship. Another contrast was that the Andre Doria had radar to warn of the approach of another ship, but the Titanic was not equipped with radar. The Titanic only had a lookout. The lookout was able to see the iceberg only moments before the ship struck it. But, of course, the greatest difference between these two terrible accidents was the number of lives lost. When the Titanic sank, more than 1,500 people died. They drowned or froze to death in the icy north Atlantic water. Over 700 people survived the sinking of the Titanic. In the Andrea Doria accident 60 people lost their lives, and about 1, 650 lives were saved. One of the reasons that so many people died on the Titanic was that the ship was considered to be unsinkable, and so there were about half the number of life boats needed to rescue all the people aboard the ship. The Andrea Doria had more than enough lifeboats to rescue every person on the ship; however, they were able to use only about half of the lifeboats they had because of a mechanical problem. The passengers and crew of the Andrea Doria were very lucky that another ship was able to rescue most of them.The passengers on the Titanic were not so fortunate. It is interesting that the wreck of the titanic was only found in September of 1985.Whenever there are large numbers of people traveling together on a boat, ship, or plane, the possibility of disaster is always present. Most people arrive safely at their destination, but accidents like shipwrecks and plane crashes do happen, and these accidents remind us that no matter how safe we feel, accidents can happen suddenly and un expectedly Chapter 14 The American Civil War: Why It HappenedThe American Civil War was fought over 100 years ago. It began in 1861 and lasted until 1865. The battles of the American Civil War resulted in the death of 620,000 Americans. What caused this terrible civil war between the North and the South?Well, historians believe that there were many causes of the war. One of the important causes of the war was the friction between the North and the South over the issues of slavery. The southern way of life and the southern economy were based on the use of slave labor. For almost 250 years before the Civil War, the economy of the South depended on the use of black slaves. The slaves were used to plant and pick cotton and tobacco. Cotton and tobacco were the main crops grown in the South. Most southerners did not think it was wrong to own, buy, or sell slaves like farm animals. Slavery was, in fact, the foundation of the entire economy and way of life in the South. This was not the situation in the North. The northern economy did not depend on the use of slave labor. Why not?Well, in the South there were many large cotton plantations that used hundreds of slaves. In the North, however, there were smaller farms. The northern farmers planted many different kinds of crops, nor just cotton or tobacco. The Northerners did not need slaves, since their farms were smaller than most of the southern plantations. In fact, many Northerners were so opposed to slavery that thy wanted to end slavery completely. The northern attitude against slavery made the Southerners angry. So, for many years before the war, there was constant friction between the North and the South over this issue. This friction eventually led to war.There was other friction, too, as I said before, between the North and the South. There were, in other words, other causes of conflict between the North and the South. One involved the growth of industry in the North. While the South remained an agricultural area, the North became more and more industrialized. As industry increased in the North, it brought more people and greater wealth to the northern states. As a result, many Southerners began to fear northern political and economic domination. Because of this fear, many Southerners believed that the South should leave the Union and that they should form their own country.In 1860, the Southerners decided it was time to leave the Union when Abraham Lincoln became president of the United States. Lincoln, as you may know, was against slavery. The people of the South were afraid that their way of life and their economic system were in danger with Lincoln in the presidency. Consequently, the southern states decided to secede from the Union. In other words, they wanted to break away from the。

国际金融英文版习题chapter2

1International FinanceAssignment Problems (2) Name: Student No.:I. Choose the correct answer for the following questions (only ONE correct answer)(5 credits for each question, total credits 4 x 15 = 60)1. According to the principle of the balanced balance of payments, if a country reduces its foreign exchange reserves by $20 million and the statistical discrepancy is in the credit entry of $5 million in a given period of time, the country runs __________ of its balance of payments during that period of time.A. $15 million deficitsB. $25 million deficitsC. $20 million deficitsD. $5 million deficits2. If a country’s domestic saving is greater than domestic investment, the country probably has __________.A. a current account surplusB. a net capital outflowC. a current account deficitD. Both A and B are possible.3. A debit entry in the balance-of-payments account represents a transaction that __________.A. a domestic resident receives a payment from abroadB. a domestic resident makes a payment to a foreign residentC. will improve the current account statusD. will have no affects on the nation’s foreign exchange reserves4. In terms of balance-of-payments account, which of the following would be recorded as a debit entry in the U.S. BOP?A. exports of merchandiseB. exports of servicesC. purchase of the U.S. Treasury bonds by non-residentsD. an increase of the deposit in a U.S. resident's account at a foreign bank5. A balance-of-payments deficit is defined as a situation in which __________.A. the value of payments made to the foreigners exceeds the value of receipts received from the foreigners in a given period of timeB. the government must borrow in order to meet its budget obligationsC. the value of manufactured good exports is less than the value of imported goodsD. a nation earns much in extra assets or reduced liabilities in its dealings with the rest of the world6. Which of the following would NOT be considered as a typical BOP transaction?A. Toyota USA is a US distributor of automobiles manufactured in Japan by its parent company.B. A U.S. subsidiary of European financial giant, Credit Suisse, pays dividends to its parent in Zurich.C. A US tourist purchases gifts at a museum in London.D. All are example of BOP transactions.7. The balance of payments is a statistical record which measures the total value of __________.A. a country’s foreign exchange reserves in a certain period of timeB. a country’s foreign trades between the residents of a country and its non-residents for a given period of timeC. all economic and financial transactions between the residents of a country and its non-residents for a given period of timeD. a country’s capital inflows and outflows at a particular date in a given year8. A British pension fund sells some of its holdings of the stocks of U.S. companies in order to buy U.S. corporate bonds. This transaction will affect __________.A. the U.S. international investment positionB. the British international investment positionC. both countries’ international investment positionD. None of the above. This is because both countries’ international investment position unchanged, only the composition of foreign investments in both U.S. and U.K. changes.9. Which of the following transactions is included in China’s balance-of-payments account?A. A U.S. embassy in Beijing pays salaries to its American staffs.B. The World Bank furnishes the Chinese government with a loan.C. A U.S. student pays tuition fees for his 4 year-study in Beijing University.D. The Chinese embassy in Washington buys telecommunication equipments from a Chinese company in Shanghai.10. If the U.S. runs current account deficits, we can expect that __________.A. it may act as a net debtor in the rest of the worldB. its domestic saving may less than its domestic investmentC. its domestic production is less than its domestic consumptionD. all of the above11. The trade deficit means that __________.A. residents are importing more goods than they are exportingB. residents are borrowing more funds than they are lendingC. residents are receiving more payments than they are makingD. residents are producing more goods than they are consuming12. Which of the following is an example of an exchange of financial assets?A. the exchange of butter for wheatB. the exchange of information technologyC. the exchange of a fixed-rate loan for a floating-rate loanD. the exchange of gold for jewelry13. For most countries, the subcategory that typically dominates the current account is __________.A. unilateral transfersB. goods tradeC. income tradeD. services trade14. When categorizing investments for the financial account component of the balance of payments the __________ is an investment where the investor has no incentive to control whereas the __________ is an investment where the investor wants to control over the assets.A. direct investment, portfolio investmentB. direct investment, indirect investmentC. portfolio investment, indirect investmentD. portfolio investment, direct investment15. If a country’s merchandise exports exceed its imports by $50 million, services trade balance is net $30 million and unilateral transfers made in excess of those received by $5 million, what is the country’s current account balance?A. $85 millionB. $75 millionC. $15 millionD. $25 million1. Country A’s BOT is __________.2. Country A’s current account balance is __________.3. Suppose the changes in country A’s official reserves are zero in 2010, its capital and financial account balance MUST be __________.4. If country A’s official reserves are recorded on the credit side by $10 million in 2010, its capital and financial account balance should be __________.5. Based on the assumption of question 4, country A has BOP deficit or surplus in 2010? Explain.6. What is the current account balance of a nation with a government budget deficit of $128 billion, private saving of $806 billion, and domestic capital formation of $777 billion?III. Express the following operations in the Dutch balance of payments in T-accounts:(5 credits for each question, total credits 3 x 5 = 15)a. A Dutch company exports €100,000 goods to a London company for €100,000 in bank deposits.b. An import billed for €150,000 paid with a check drawn on a London bank.c. A Dutch company based in Rotterdam uses €1 million that it was holding in a short-term deposit with its Rotterdam bank to purchase 10-year bonds issued by German government.IV. True or false: (7 credits)A credit entry in the balance of payments represents a demand for local currency whereas a debit entry represents a supply of local currency. You MUST explain your answer.Part IVTrue. Because the credit entry in BOP means domestic residents receiving foreigncurrencies. When they sell those foreign payments, they demand the local currency. The debit entry in BOP implies domestic residents need to buy foreign currencies with the local currency. Therefore, it represents a supply of local currency.。

国际收支服务贸易BOP

– As WWII drew to a close, the Allied Powers met at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire to create a postwar international monetary system – The Bretton Woods Agreement established a US dollar based international monetary system and created two new institutions the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
2-4
History of the International Monetary System
– The International Monetary Fund is a key institution in the new international monetary system and was created to:
– Gold has been a medium of exchange since 3000 BC – “Rules of the game” were simple, each country set the rate at which its currency unit could be converted to a weight of gold – Currency exchange rates were in effect “fixed”
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

Chapter_2__课文重点归纳

Chapter 2 课文重点归纳，大家要认真记住哦！1.Daily =Every day2.---will make you on top of the world.=…..will you make you very happy.3.What sort of hairstyle----? = What kind of hairstyle ----?4.Short hairstyles usually suit round faces.= Short hairstyles are usually suitable for round face.5.Have a good diet and get plenty of exercise.=Have a balanced diet and get a lot of exercise.6. You will shine and so will your hair.=You will shine and you hair will shine ,too.7. So it would be wise of you to wash your hair often.=So you will be wise to wash your hair often.8.Here are some of the things you need for proper hair care at home.=Here are ----- you need for correct hair care----9.These should be soft enough not to damage your hair.= enough not to harm you hair.非常高兴top of the world适合你的脸型suit you face shape取决于你的生活方式depend on your lifestyle保持头发的健康keep your hair healthy擦干头发dry your hair gently设置它为低温set it at a low temperature拿着它hold it至少at least使头发干枯dry out your hair首先first of all饮食均衡have a good diet大量的plenty of正确的头发护理proper hair care伤害你的头发damage your hair除去污垢loosen dirt他做出了承诺，并且实现了他的承诺。

Chapter2 BOP

2012年8月
Chapter 2
一、 What is BOP and its
structure?
（一）Definition:
The balance of payments is the record of the economic and financial flows that take place over a specified time period between residents and non-residents of a given country. Notice: Time period；Residents and nonresidents；
Surplus：positive Deficit：negative
2012年8月
Chapter 2
二、The structure of BOP
Structure
BOP is composed of the Four major parts: The Current Account The Capital and Financial Account Changes in official international reserves Statistical discrepancy
2012年8月
Chapter 2
Financial account includes
Capital inflows are Credits (+) Capital outflows are Debits (-)
Note the difference between capital and Asset
2012年8月
Chapter 2
Sub-balance： look at smaller collections of positive and negative items by grouping them into categories. these balance may be positive, negative or zero.