研究生入学考试试题
研究生入学考试试题
研究生入学考试试题一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 下列哪项不是研究生入学考试的必备条件？A. 本科毕业证书B. 英语六级证书C. 身份证D. 高中毕业证书2. 研究生入学考试通常包括哪两个主要部分？A. 笔试和面试B. 数学和英语C. 政治和专业课D. 英语和专业课3. 下列哪项不属于研究生入学考试的面试内容？A. 学术背景B. 研究兴趣C. 个人爱好D. 专业技能4. 研究生入学考试的笔试部分通常包括哪些科目？A. 语文、数学、英语B. 数学、英语、专业课C. 政治、英语、专业课D. 政治、数学、专业课5. 研究生入学考试的英语科目主要测试哪些能力？A. 听力和写作B. 阅读和翻译C. 听力、阅读和写作D. 口语和写作6. 研究生入学考试的数学科目主要考察哪些内容？A. 高中数学知识B. 大学数学知识C. 初中数学知识D. 概率论和统计学7. 研究生入学考试的政治科目通常包含哪些内容？A. 马克思主义基本原理B. 中国历史C. 世界地理D. 国际政治8. 研究生入学考试的专业课考试通常由谁来命题？A. 教育部B. 招生学校C. 国家考试中心D. 地方教育局9. 下列哪项不是研究生入学考试的备考策略？A. 系统复习B. 题海战术C. 忽视基础知识D. 模拟考试10. 研究生入学考试的面试通常在什么阶段进行？A. 笔试之前B. 笔试之后C. 笔试当天D. 没有固定时间二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）11. 研究生入学考试的笔试成绩通常占总成绩的________%。
12. 研究生入学考试的面试成绩通常占总成绩的________%。
13. 研究生入学考试的数学科目主要考察考生的________、________和________。
14. 研究生入学考试的英语科目中的翻译部分通常包括________翻译和________翻译。
15. 研究生入学考试的政治科目中，考生需要掌握________、________和________等基本原理。
全国硕士研究生入学考试政治试题及答案
全国硕士研究生入学考试政治试题及答案考试科目：政治考试时间：120分钟试题总分：150分考试类型：选择题、判断题第一部分：选择题（共100分）请根据题意选择最佳答案，并将其填写在答题卡上。
1. 下列哪个是中国共产党的最高纲领？A. 马克思主义基本原理B. 发展生产力C. 建设中国特色社会主义D. 党的总路线2. 全面建设社会主义现代化国家的目标是在什么基础上实现的？A. 全体人民自力更生B. 中国特色社会主义制度C. 民主政治制度D. 公有制经济3. 社会主义初级阶段的基本经济制度是什么？A. 公有制经济为主体B. 混合所有制经济C. 计划经济D. 市场经济4. 我国国家机关的性质是什么？A. 人民的工具B. 人民的服务者C. 资本主义D. 官僚主义5. 阶级斗争是马克思主义的核心观点之一，它的根本目的是什么？A. 保持社会稳定B. 实现社会平等C. 推动社会发展D. 实现无阶级社会......第二部分：判断题（共50分）请根据题意选择“正确”或“错误”，并将其填写在答题卡上。
1. 中国特色社会主义必须坚持党的领导，坚持以人为本，坚持经济持续发展，坚持改革开放，坚持科学发展观。
（）2. 中国共产党是中国工人阶级的先锋队，同时也是中国一切劳动者的先锋队。
（）3. 我国国家机关的任务是为人民服务，为人民维权。
（）4. 政治素质是指一个人具备政治觉悟、政治能力和运用政治方法处理社会问题的能力。
（）5. 中国特色社会主义制度是我国的根本制度，不可动摇。
（）......答案解析：第一部分：选择题1. A2. B3. A4. B5. C......第二部分：判断题1. 正确2. 正确3. 正确4. 正确5. 正确......注意：以上答案仅供参考，具体以考试或教师要求为准。
希望以上考试题目及答案能够帮助您更好地准备全国硕士研究生入学考试政治科目。
祝您考试顺利！。
南开大学年度研究生入学考试试题(1)
经济(jīngjì)学院南开大学(nánkāidàxué)2004年研究生进学考试(rùxuékǎoshì)试题考试(kǎoshì)科目：专业根底(gēndǐ)〔微瞧经济学、宏瞧经济学、中国近代经济史〕专业：经济史第一局部微瞧经济学、宏瞧经济学〔共100分〕一、简答题〔每题6分，共30分〕1.对比序数效用论和基数效用论在描述者均衡时的区不。
2.关于厂商来讲，其产品的需求弹性大于1和小于1对其价格战略〔采取落价依然涨价〕将产生何种妨碍？3.什么是边际产品转换率，当它与消费者对这两种产品和边际替代率不等时，市场将怎么样调整？4.什么是有效需求，在市场经济中，引起有效需求缺乏的缘故通常有哪些？5.财政赤字对宏瞧经济有哪些妨碍？二、计算题：〔每题10分，共20分〕1.在多马〔Domar〕增长模型中，要维持国民收进的动态均衡，投资的增长路径必须符合下式要求：〔a〕请讲明ρ和s的含义。
〔b〕假如在现实中投资的增长速度为r，与动态均衡所要求的增长速度不同〔r≠ρs〕，将会发生什么情况？请给出严格的数学证实。
2.假定某企业A的生产函数为：；另一家企业B的生产函数为：。
其中Q为产量，K和L分不为资本和劳动的投进量。
〔a〕假如两家企业使用同样多的资本和劳动，哪一家企业的产量大？〔b〕假如资本的投进限于9单位，而劳动的投进没有限制，哪家企业劳动的边际产量更大？三、论述题〔每题15分，共30分〕1.什么是信息不对称，请举例讲明什么原因信息不对称人导致市场失灵？2.在固定汇率或盯住汇率制度下，那些因素会造本钞票国货币升值的压力？依据你学到的经济学知识，分析人民币假如升值可能对本国经济和其它国家经济造成的妨碍。
四、分析题〔共20分〕依据美国的在关统计，〔1〕2002年美国的对外贸易赤字规模为4890亿美元，占美国当年GDP的4.7%；〔2〕自2000年以来，美国政府开支不断扩大，从2000年相当于GDP总额2%的财政盈余，开展为2003年相当于GDP总额4%的财政赤字；〔3〕美国的失业率居高不下，到达九年来6.1%的最高水平；〔4〕与此同时，美联储在最近仍然维持45年以来的最低利率水平。
研究生入学考试专业课试题
中国海洋大学2008年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码：416科目名称：普通动物学和生态学第一部分：动物学一、填空题（每空0.5分，共15分）1、水螅的外胚层主要包括皮肌细胞、腺细胞、 ___________ 、_________ 、 _______ 和间细胞。
2、________________________________________ 环毛蚓的神经系统包括由1对 ______________ 愈合成的脑、 _________________________________ 、_______________________ 和腹神经索，为典型的 ______________ 神经。
3、中国对虾（或日本沼虾）有20个体节，________ 对附肢。
其中第5对为_______________ 。
4、海参发育过程中要经历 ________________ 、______________ 和五触手幼虫，变态成幼参。
5、鸟类仅具有_____ 体动脉弓，而哺乳类则仅具有_________ 体动脉弓。
6、原生动物的三种运动胞器分别是 _____________ 、____________ 、____________ 。
7、现存两栖类的体型大体可分为 _______ 、 _____ 和________ 。
其排泄器官以 ___ 为最重要。
8、文昌鱼的咽部为收集食物和呼吸场所，几乎占据身体的________ ，咽腔内的结构与尾索动物相似，包括 ______________ 、___________ 、围咽沟等。
9、巴西龟属__________ 纲_________ 目的动物，石鳖属___________ 门__________ 纲的动物。
10、Phylum 为分类阶元中的______________ 。
Suborder为分类阶元中的_____________ 。
按照惯例，亚科、科和总科等名称都有标准的字尾，如字尾-oidea表示___________________ 。
2023年全国研究生入学考试真题
2023年全国研究生入学考试真题一、政治理论1. 请分析马克思主义的基本原理和理论构成，并说明其在中国的实践意义。
马克思主义是一种科学的社会理论，主要包括马克思主义哲学、经济学、科学社会主义、历史唯物主义和阶级斗争学说等基本原理。
它以辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义为核心，具有解释社会现象、指导革命实践和建设社会主义的重要作用。
在中国，马克思主义的实践意义体现在多个方面。
首先，马克思主义为中国提供了一种科学的认识世界和改造世界的方法论。
其次，马克思主义为中国指明了实现社会主义现代化和实现国家富强的道路。
再次，马克思主义为中国树立了为人民服务、实现社会公平正义的价值追求。
最后，马克思主义使中国坚定了对社会主义发展道路的信心，有效应对了各种风险和挑战。
二、数学2. 对于一个函数f(x)，其定义域为实数集，若对于任意的x、y∈R，均有f(x+y)=f(x)+f(y)，则该函数是否满足线性性质？若不满足，请说明原因。
该函数满足线性性质。
根据题目给出的条件，对于任意的实数x、y，有f(x+y)=f(x)+f(y)，这正是线性函数的定义。
线性函数是一种具有可加性和齐次性两个性质的函数，即满足f(x+y)=f(x)+f(y)和f(kx)=kf(x)，因此该函数满足线性性质。
三、外语专业3. 请以“2023年全国研究生入学考试”的角度，分析学习外语的重要性，并举例说明外语对个人和国家发展的影响。
学习外语在2023年全国研究生入学考试中具有重要性。
首先，在考试中，外语是必考科目之一，掌握一门外语能提升考生的综合能力，为考生在其他科目上取得好成绩提供基础。
其次，学习外语有助于考生拓宽知识视野，了解国际前沿信息和文化。
此外，外语还具有对个人和国家发展的多重影响。
从个人角度看，学习外语有助于提升个人竞争力。
随着全球化的深入发展，掌握一门外语可以为个人提供更广阔的就业机会和发展空间，提高自身的职业竞争力。
另外，学习外语还有助于培养个人的语言表达能力、跨文化交流能力和解决问题的能力。
2024年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语一真题考研英语一
2024年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)There's nothing more welcoming than a door opening for you. 1 the need to be touched to open or close, automatic doors are essential in 2disabled access to buildings and helping provide general3to commercial buildings.Self-sliding doors began to emerge as a commercial product in 1960 after being invented six years4by Americans Dee Horton and Lew Hewitl. They5as a novelty feature, but as their use has grown, their 6 have extended within our technologically advanced world.Particularly7in busy locations or during times of emergency, the doors8crowdmanagement by reducing the obstacles put in people's way.9 making access both in and out of buildings easier for people, the difference in the way many of these doors open helps reduce the total area10 by them. Automatic doors often open to the side, with the panels sliding across one another. Replacing swing doors, these 11 smaller buildings to maximise the usable space inside without having to12 the way for a large, sticking-out door. There are many different types of automatic door, with each13 specific signals to tell them when to open.14 these methods differ, the main15 remain the same.Each automatic door system 16 the light, sound weight or movement in their vicinity as a signal to open. Sensor types are chosen to 17 the different environments they are needed in.18,a busy street might not19 a motion-sensored door, as it would constantly be opening for passers-by. A pressure sensitive mat would be more20 to limit the surveyed area.1.[A]Through [B]Despite [C]Besides [D]Without2.[A]revealing [B]demanding [C]improving[D]tracing3.[A]experience [B]convenience[C]guidance [D]reference4.[A]previously[B]temporarily [C]successively [D]eventually5.[A]held on [B]started out[C]settled down [D]went by6.[A]relations [B]volumes [C]benefits[D]sources7.[A]useful[B]simple [C]flexible [D]stable8.[A]call for [B]yield to [C]insist on [D]act as9.[A]As well as[B]In terms of [C]Thanks to [D]Rather than10.[A]connected[B]shared [C]represented [D]occupied11.[A]allow[B]expect [C]require [D]direct12.[A]adopt [B]lead [C]clear[D]change13.[A]adapting te [B]deriving from [C]relying on[D]pointing at14.[A]Once [B]Since [C]Unless [D]Although15.[A]records [B]positions [C]principles[D]reasons16.[A]controls [B]analyses[C]produces [D]mixes17.[A]decorate [B]compare [C]protect [D]complement18.[A]In conclusion [B]By contrast [C]For example[D]Above all19.[A]identify [B]suit[C]secure [D]include20.[A]appropriate[B]obvious [C]impressive [D]delicateSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1Nearly 2000 years ago, as the Romans began to pull out of Scotland, they left behind a curious treasure:10 tons of nails, nearly a million of the things. The nail hoard was discovered in 1960 in a four-metre-deep pit covered by two metres of gravel.Why had the Romans bunied a million nails? The likely explanation is that the withdrawal was rushed, and they didn't want the local Caledonians getting their hands on 10 tons of weapon-grade iron. The Romans buried the nails so deep that they would not be discovered for almost two millennia.Later civilisations would value the skilled blacksmith's labour in a nail even more than the raw material. As Roma Agrawal explains in her new delightful book Nuts and Bolts, early 17th-century Virginians would sometimes bum down their homes if they were planning to relocate. This was an attempt to recover the valuable nails, which could be reused after sifting the ashes. The idea that one might bum down an entire house just to reclaim the nails underlines how scarce, costly and valuable the simple-seeming technology was.The price of nails fell by 90%between the late 1700s and mid-1900s,as economist Daniel Sichel points out in a research paper. According to Sichel, although the falling price of nails was driven partly by cheaper iron and cheaper energy, most of the credit goes to nail manufactures who simply found more efficient ways to turn steel into nails.Nails themselves have changed over the years, but Sichel studied them because they haven't changed much. Roman lamps and Roman chariots are very different from LED strips and sports cars,but Roman nails are still clearly nails. It would be absurd to try to track the changing price of sports cars since 1695,but to ask the same question of nails makes perfect sense.I make no apology for being obsessed by a particular feature of these objects: their price. I am an economist, after all. After writing two books about the history of inventions, one thing Ive leamt is that while it is the enchantingly sophisticated technologies that get all the hype, it's thecheap technologies that change the world.The Gutenberg printing press transformed civilisation not by changing the nature of writing but by changing its cost-and it would have achieved little without a parallel collapse in the price of surfaces to write on, thanks to an often-overlooked technology called paper. Solar panels had few niche uses until they became cheap; now they are transforming the global energy system.21.The Romans buried the nails probably for the sake of[A]saving them for future use[B]keeping them from rusting[C]letting them grow in value[D]hiding them from the locals22.The example of early 17th-century Virginians is used to[A]highlight the thriftiness of early American colonists[B]illustrate the high status of blacksmiths in that period[C]contrast the attitudes of different civilisations toward nails[D]show the preciousness of nail-making technology at that time23.What played the major role in lowering the price of nails after the late 1700s?[A]Increased productivity.[B]Wider use of new energies.[C]Fiercer market competition.[D]Reduced cost of raw materials.24.It can be leamed from Paragraph 5 that nails[A]have undergone many technological improvements[B]have remained basically the same since Roman times[C]are less studied than other everyday products[D]are one of the world's most significant inventions25.Which of the following best summarises the last two paragraphs?[A]Cheap technologies bring about revolutionary change.[B]Technological innovation is integral to economic success.[C]Technology defines people's understanding of the world.[D]Sophisticated technologies develop from small inventions.Text 2Parenting tips obtained from hunter-gatherers in Africa may be the key to bringing up more contented children, researchers have suggested. The idea is based on studies of communities such as the Kung of Botswana, where each child is cared for by many adults. Kung children as young as four will help to look after younger ones and baby-wearing", in which infants are carried in slings, is considered the norm.According to Dr Nikhil Chaudhary, an evolutionary anthropologist at Cambridge University, these practices, Known as all oparenting, could lead to less anxiety for children and parents.Dr Annie Swanepoel, a child psychiatrist, believes that there are ways to incorporate them into western life. In Germany, one scheme has paired an old people's home with a nursery. The residents help to look after the children, an arrangement akin to alloparenting. Another measure could be encouraging friendships between children indifferent school years to miror the unsupervised mixed-age playgroups in hunter-gatherer communities.In a paper published in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, researchers said that the western nuclear family was a recent invention which family broke with evolutionary history. This abrupt shift to an "intensive mothering narrative", which suggests that mothers should manage childcare alone, was likely to have been harmful. "Such narratives can lead to maternal exhaustion and have dangerous consequences, "they wrote.By contrast, in hunter-gatherer societies adults other than the parents can provide almost half of a child's care. One previous study looked at the Efe people of the Democratic Republic of Congo. It found that infants had an average of 14 alloparents a day by the time they were 18 weeks old and were passed between caregivers eight times an hour.Chaudhary said that parents now had less childcare support from family and social networks than during most of humans'evolutionary history,but introducing additional caregivers could reduce stress and maternal depression,which could have a“knock-on"benefit to a child's wellbeing.An infant bom to a hunter-gatherer society could have more than ten caregivers-this contrasts starkly to nursery settings in the UK where regulations call for a ratio of one carer to four children aged two to three.While hunter-gatherer children leamt from observation and imitation in mixed-age playgroups,researchers said that western"instructive teaching",where pupils are asked to sit still,may contribute to conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Chaudhary said that Britain should explore the possibility that older siblings helping their parents“might also enhance their own social development”26.According to the first two paragraph,alloparenting refers to the practice of[A]sharing child care among community members[B]assigning babies to specific adult caregivers[C]teaching parenting details to older children[D]carrying infants around by their parent27.The scheme in Germany is mentioned to illustrate[A]an attempt to facilitate intergenerational communication[B]an approach to integrating alloparenting into western culture[C]the conventional parenting style in western culture[D]the differences between western African ways ofliving28.According to Paragraph 4,the"intensive mothering narrative"_[A]alleviate parenting pressure[B]considerate family relationships[C]results in the child-centered family[D]departs from the course of evolution29.According to paragraph 6,what can we lean about nursery in the UK?[A]They tend to fall short of official requirements.[B]They have difficulty finding enough caregivers.[C]They ought to improve their carer-to-child ratio.[D]They should try to prevent parental depression.30.Which of the following would be the best title?[A]Instructive teaching:a dilemma for anxious parents[B]For a happier family,learn from the hunter-gatherers[C]Mix-aged playgroup,a better choice for lonely children[D]Tracing the history of parenting:from Africa to EuropeText 3Rutkowski is a Polish digital artist who uses classical painting styles to create dreamy fantasy landscapes.He has made illustrations for games such as Sony's Horizon Forbidden West,Ubisoft's Anno,Dungeons&Dragons,and Magic:The Gathering.And he's become a sudden hit in the new world of text-to-image AI generation.His distinctive style is now one of the most commonly used prompts in the new open-source AI art generator Stable Diffusion,which was launched late last month.The tool,along with other popular image-generation AI models,allows anyone to create impressive images based on text prompts.For example,type in"Wizard with sword and a glowing orb of magic fire fights a fierce dragon GregRutkowski,"and the system will produce something that looks not a milion miles away from works in Rutkowski's style.But these open-source programs are built by scraping images from the Internet,often without permission and proper attribution to artists.As a result,they are raising tricky questions about ethics and copyright.And artists like Rutkowski have had enough.According to the website Lexica,which tracks over 10 million images and prompts generated by Stable Diffusion,Rutkowski's name has been used as a prompt around 93,000 times.Some of the world's most famous artists,such as Michelangelo,Pablo Picasso,and Leonardo da Vinci,brought up around 2,000 prompts each or less.Rutkowski's name also features as a prompt thousands of times in the Discord of another text-to-image generator,Midjourney.Rutkowski was initially surprised but thought it might be a good way to reach new audiences.Then he tried searching for his name to see if a piece he had worked on had been published.The online search brought back work that had his name attached to it but wasn't his.“It's been just a month.What about in a year?I probably won't be able to find my work out there because[the internet]will be flooded with AI art,"Rutkowski says."That's concerning."“There is a coalition growing within artist industries to figure out how to tackle or mitigate this,"says Ortiz.The group is in its early days of mobilization,which could involve pushing for new policies or regulation.One suggestion is that AI models could be trained on images in the public domain,and AI companies could forge partnerships with museums and artists,Ortiz says.31.What can be leamed about Rutkowski from the first two paragraphs?[A]He is enthusiastic about AI generation painting.[B]He is popular with the users of an Al art generator.[C]He attracts admiration from other illustrators.[D]He specializes in classical painting digitalization.32.The problem with open-source AI art generators is that they[A]lack flexibility in responding to prompts[B]produce artworks in unpredictable styles[C]make unauthorized use of online images[D]collect user information without consent33.After searching online,Rutkowski found[A]a unique way to reach audiences[B]a new method to identify Al images[C]AI-generated work bearing his name[D]heated disputes regarding his copyright34.According to Ortiz,AI companies are advised to[A]campaign for new policies or regulations[B]offer their services to public institutions[C]strengthen their relationships with AI users[D]adopt a different strategy for Al model training35.What is the text mainly about?[A]Artists'responses to Al art generation.[B]AI's expanded role in artistic creation.[C]Privacy issues in the application of Al.[D]Opposing views on AI development.Text 4The miracle of the Chesapeake Bay lies not in its depths,but in the complexity of its natural construction,the interaction of fresh and saline water and the mix of land and water.The shallows provide homes for hundreds of species while storing floodwaters,filtering pollutants from water,and protecting nearby communities from potentially destructive storm surges.All this was put at great risk late last month,when the US Supreme Court issued a ruling in an Idaho case that provides the EPA far less authority to regulate wetlands and waterways.Specifically,a 5-4 majority decided that wetlands protected by the EPA under it Clean Water Act authority must have a“continuous surface connection”to bodies of water.This narrowing of the regulatory scope was a victory for builders,mining operators and other commercial interests often at odds with environmental rules.And it carries"significant repercussions for water quality and flood control throughout the US,"as Justice Brett Kavanaugh observed.In Maryland,the good news is that there are many state laws in place that provide wetlands protections.But that's a very shortsighted view,particularly when it comes to the Chesapeake Bay.The reality is that water and the pollutants that so often come with it,don't respect state boundaries.The Chesapeake draws from a 64000-square-mile watershed that extends to Virginia,Pennsylvania,New York,West Virginia,the District of Columbia and Delaware.Will thosejurisdictions extend the same protections now denied under Sackett V.EPA?Perhaps some,but all?That seems unlikely.It is too easy,and misleading,to see such court rulings as merely standing up for the rights of land owners when the consequences can be so dire for their neighbors.And it's reminder that they EPA's involvement in the Chesapeake Bay program has long been crucial as the means to transcend the influence of deep-pocketed special interests in neighboring states.Pennsylvania farmers,to use one telling example,aren't thinking about next year's blue crab harvest in Maryland when they decide whether to spread animal waste on their fields,yet the runoff into nearby creeks can have enormous impacts downstream.And so we would also call on state lawmakers from Richmond to Albany to consider reviewing their own wetlands protections and see for themselves the enormous stakes involved.We can't offer them a trip to the Chesapeake Bay model.It's been gone since the 1980s but perhaps a visit to Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge in Dorchester County where American bald eagles fly over tidal marshes so shallow you could not paddle a boat across them but teaming with aquatic life.It's worth the scenic drive.36.The Chesapeake Bay is described in Paragraph 1 as[A]a value natural environment[B]a controversial conservation area[C]a place with commercial potential[D]a headache for nearby communities37.The U.S.Supreme Court's ruling in the Idaho case[A]reinforces water pollution control[B]weakens the EPA's regulatory power[C]will end conflicts among local residents[D]may face opposition from mining operators38.How does the author feel about the future of the Chesapeake Bay?[A]Worried.[B]Puzzled.[C]Relieved[D]Encouraged.39.What can be inferred about the EPA's involvement in the Chesapeake BayProgram?[A]It has restored the balance among neighboring jurisdictions.[B]It has triggered a radical reform in commercial fisheries.[C]It has set a fine example of respecting state authorities.[D]It has ensured the coordination of protection efforts.40.The author holds that the state lawmakers should[A]be cautious about the influence of landowners[B]attach due importance to wetlands protections[C]recognize the need to expand wildlife refugesPart BDirections:Read the following comments on a report about American museums returning artifacts to their countries of origin and a list of statements summarizing the comments.Choose the best statement from the list A-G for each numbered name(41—45).There are two extra choices which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)(41)HannabSimply,there are people in Nigeria who cannot travel to the Smithsonian Institution to see that part of their history and culture represented by the Benin Bronzes.These should be available to them as part of their cultural heritage and history and as a source of national pride.There is no good reason that these artifacts should be beyond the ordinary reach of the educational objectives or inspiration of the generations to which they were left.They serve no purpose in a museum in the United States or elsewhere except as curious objects.They cannot be compared to works of art produced for sale which can be passed from hand to hand and place to place by purchase.(42)BuckWe know very exact reproductions of artwork can be and are regularly produced.Perhaps museums and governments might explore some role for the use of nearly exact reproductions as a means of resolving issues relating to returning works of art and antiquities.The context of any exhibit is more important to me than whether the object being displayed is 2,000 years old or 2 months old.In many cases the experts have a hard time agreeing on what is the real object and what is a forgery.Again,the story an exhibit is trying to tell is what matters.The monetary value of the objects on display is a distant second place in importance.(43)SaraWhen visiting the Baltimore Museum of Art,I came across a magnificentlSth-century Chinese sculpture.It inspired me to learm more about the culture that it represented.Artifacts in museums have the power to inspire,and perhaps spark that need to learn and understand the nature of their creators.Having said that,I do feel that whatever artifacts find their way to public museums should,in fact,be sanctioned as having been obtained on loan,legally purchased,or obtained by treaty.Stealing artifacts from other peoples'cultures is obscene;it robs not only the physical objects,but the dignity and spirit of their creators.(44)VictorAncient art that is displaced in foreign countries should be returned.…(缺失)(45)JuliaTo those of you in the comments section,by all means,who are having strong feeling about artifacts being removed from cities in the US and Britain,I would ask you to consider…(缺失)[A]It is clear that countries of origin have never been compensated for stolen artifacts.[B]It is a flawed line of reasoning to argue against returning artifacts to their countries of origin.[C]Museum visitor can still learn as much from artifacts copies after the originals are returmed.[D]Reproductions,even if perfectly made,cannot take the place of the authentic objects.[E]The real value of artifacts can only be recognized in their countries of origin rather than anywhere else[F]Ways to get artifacts from other countries must be decent and lawful.[G]Concern over security is no excuse for refusing to return artifacts to their countries of origin. 参考答案：41.E 42.C 43.F 44.G 45.BPart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)“Elephants never forget”—or so they say—and that piece of folklore seems to have some foundation.The African savanna elephant also known as the African bush elephant,is distributed across 37 African countries.(46)They sometimes travel more than sixty miles to find food or water,anc are very good at working out where other elephants are—even when they are out of ing tracking devices,researchers have shown that they have"remarkable spatial acuity",when finding their way to waterholes,they headed off in exactly the right direction,on one occasion from a distance of roughly thirty miles.What is more,they almost always seem to choose the nearest water hole.(47)The researchers are convinced that the elephants always know precisely where they are in relation to all the resources they need,and can therefore take shortcuts,as well as following familiar routes.Although the cues used by African elephants for long-distance navigation are not yet understood,smell may well play a part.Elephants are very choosy eaters,but until recently litle was known about how they selected their food.(48)One possibility was that they merely used their eyes and tried out the plants they found,but that would probably result in a lot of wasted time and energy,not least because their eyesight is actually not very good.(49)The volatile chemicals produced by plants can be carried a long way,and they are very characteristic:Each plant or tree has its own particular odor signature.What is more,they can be detected even when they are not actually visible.New research suggests that smell is a crucial factor in guiding elephants—and probably other herbivores—to the best food resources.The researchers first established what kinds of plant the elephants preferred either to eat or avoid when foraging freely.They then set up a“food station”experiment,in which they gave elephants a series of choices based only on smell.(50)The experiment showed that elephants may well use smell to identify patches of trees that are good to eat,and secondly to assess the quality ofthe trees within each patch.Free-ranging elephants presumably also use this information to locate their preferred food.参考译文：(46)它们有时跋涉六十多英里寻找食物或水，并且非常善于寻找其他大象的位置——即使它们不在视线范围内。
上海交通大学研究生入学考试数学真题
上海交通大学研究生入学考试数学真题一、选择题1. 下列哪个选项是正确的？A. 2+2=4B. 2+2=5C. 2+2=6D. 2+2=72. 解下列方程组：x + 2y = 52x + 3y = 8A. (1, 2)B. (2, 1)C. (3, 1)D. (1, 3)3. 某商店原价出售一样商品，现在打8折，则折后价格是原价的：A. 10%B. 20%C. 80%D. 90%二、填空题1. 已知函数f(x) = 2x + 5，求f(3)的值。
答：_______________2. 某地每平方公里有5000人口，若该地的面积为3000平方公里，则该地的人口总数为_______________。
三、计算题1. 求下列方程的解：x^2 + 4x + 3 = 02. 求下列集合的交集：A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}B = {4, 5, 6, 7}四、证明题证明：对于任意实数x和y，有(x + y)^2 = x^2 + 2xy + y^2。
解答：设x和y为任意实数。
左边：(x + y)^2 = (x + y)(x + y) = x(x + y) + y(x + y) = x^2 + xy + xy + y^2 = x^2 + 2xy + y^2右边：x^2 + 2xy + y^2由左边等于右边，证明得证。
五、应用题某公司从事餐饮业务，每天早上8点至下午5点，共计9小时。
该公司运营部门的工作人员分为3个班次工作，分别是早班、中班和晚班，每个班次的工作时间均为3小时。
请问一天中共有几个班次？解答：一天总共9小时，每个班次工作3小时，所以班次数 = 9小时 / 3小时/班次 = 3个班次六、综合题某商品的原价为200元，商家打折后价格为折后价格，现在又在折后价格的基础上额外打折5%。
求最终价格。
解答：原价200元，打折后价格为折后价格，即0.9 × 200元 = 180元。
在180元的基础上额外打5%折扣，即0.95 × 180元≈ 171元。
西安电子科技大学硕士研究生入学考试试题(含答案)
也可利用不进位乘法或列表法计算。 11、已知 H ( s ) 的零极点分布图如下图所示，单位冲激响应 h(t ) 的初始值 h(0 ) = 2 ，则该 系统的系统函数 H (s) = 。
+
jω
×
j2
2 σ
−j2
−2 ×
解：由零极点分布图可写出
s →∞
H ( s) =
H 0 ( s − 2) ( s + 2) 2 + 4
对应原函数为
−3 1 −1 1 × = + ， − 1 < Re[ s ] < 2 s − 2 s +1 s − 2 s +1
e2 t ε (−t ) + e − t ε (t )
3 1 1 1 × = ， Re[ s ] > 2 s − 2 s +1 s − 2 s +1
−t
3e 2t ε (t ) ∗ e − t ε (t ) ↔
5
π
H ( jω )
ϕ (ω )
5
−10
0 (a)
10ω
−5 0 −5
5
ω
(b)
A C
、 f (t ) = cos t + cos(8t )
B
、 f (t ) = sin(2t ) + sin(4t )
2
、 f (t ) = sin(2t ) sin(4t ) D、 f (t ) = cos (4t ) 解：选 B。由系统的幅频特性和相频特性可知：若输入信号的频率均处于 ω = −5 ∼ 5 之间， 既不产生幅度失真又不产生相位失真。只有 B 满足这一条件。 d 6、信号 f (t ) = [e ε (t )] 的傅里叶变换 F ( jω ) 等于 dt
研究生入学考试心理学试卷及答案
研究生入学考试心理学试卷及答案第一部分：选择题1. 下列哪个心理学学派强调个体的自我实现和自我认识？A) 行为主义心理学B) 结构主义心理学C) 功能主义心理学D) 人本主义心理学答案：D) 人本主义心理学2. 心理学中，对于人类行为和心理过程的科学研究的定义是什么？A) 心理学B) 心理学方法C) 心理学原理D) 心理学观点答案：A) 心理学3. 下列哪个心理学学派认为行为是受到环境刺激和人类研究历史的影响？A) 行为主义心理学B) 结构主义心理学C) 功能主义心理学D) 人本主义心理学答案：A) 行为主义心理学第二部分：简答题1. 请简要解释条件反射的概念。
答：条件反射是一种研究过程，在这个过程中，一个原本不具备特定反应的刺激，通过与另一个具有该反应的刺激的关联而获得了产生相应反应的能力。
2. 请简要说明经典条件反射和操作性条件反射之间的区别。
答：经典条件反射是指通过将一个中与具有固定反应的刺激进行重复关联，使得中也能引起相同的反应。
操作性条件反射是指通过行为的后果来增强或减弱该行为的发生频率。
第三部分：论述题请论述心理学在教育领域的重要性。
答：心理学在教育领域起着重要的作用。
首先，心理学研究可以帮助教育者了解学生的认知和情绪发展，从而制定更加科学有效的教学策略。
其次，心理学研究可以揭示研究和记忆的原理，帮助教育者设计更好的课程和研究材料。
此外，心理学研究还可以为教育者提供评估学生研究成绩和行为问题的工具。
综上所述，心理学在教育领域的重要性不可忽视。
以上是研究生入学考试心理学试卷及答案，希望可以帮助你更好地准备考试。
2024全国硕士研究生入学考试初试《311教育学专业基础综合》模拟试题及答案
2024全国硕士研究生入学考试初试《311教育学专业基础综合》模拟试题及答案学校:________ 班级:________ 姓名:________ 考号:________一、单选题(35题)1.为了研究教师的强化方式与学生学业成绩之间的关系，某研究者把被试学生分成受表扬组、受训斥组、静听组、无强化组等四种强化方式组开展为期一年的实验研究。
这种研究设汁违背了教育研究的（）A.客观性跺则B.创新性原则C.理论联系实际原则D.伦理原则2.20世纪30年代英国的《哈多报告》提出的教育改革的目标是A.初等教育均衡发展B.中等教育面向所有儿童实施C.高等教育大众化D.普通与职业教育融合发展3.人在婴儿时，还是一个软弱无能的生物体，依靠后天的学校教育逐渐的成为一个能有效地参与社会生活的主体，这说明教育具有（）A.个体社会化功能B.个体个性化功能C.教育的个人谋生功能D.教育的个人享用功能4.研究问题与研究假设的关系是( )A.研究问题与研究假设没有直接关系B.研究假设的叙述是直接从研究问题的叙述中产生的C.研究问题的叙述比研究假设的叙述更具有操作性D.研究问题就是研究假设5.课程评价的理论和模式有多种，其中一种的核心思想是，目标是课程评价的依据和出发点，通过测量目标的达到程度判断教学效果。
课程的有效性取决于课程实施时学生行为发生的变化，评价者关注课程是否真正发生了作用。
这种评价理论是（）A.科学——实证主义课程评价观B.科学——自然主义课程评价观C.人文——自然主义课程评价观D.人文——实证主义课程评价观6.强调古典自由教育，注重经典名著的学习，对美国高等教育和成人教育产生了广泛影响的教育思潮是（）A.永恒主义教育思潮B.新托马斯主义教育思潮C.要素主义教育思潮D.现代人文主义教育思潮7.中国古代早起教会学校中开设儒学的经典课程是为了（）A.满足在校士人夫子弟的要求B.执行中国政府的相关文教政策C.提高学生对儒家学说的批判能力D.为了在中国文化坏境中立足8.古罗马帝国后期，创立了基督教哲学体系，并为中世纪基督教教育奠定了理论基础的是（）A.昆体良B.西塞罗C.奥古斯丁D.托马斯阿奎那9.某研究者对15位优秀乡村教师的教学日记进行了逐级编码分析，以探索乡村教师专业发展的内源性影响因素，构建相应的理论模型（）A.行动研究B.叙事研究C.民族志研究D.扎根理论10.某研究团队采用观察法研究幼儿游戏中的冲突事件。
全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及答案
全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及答案一、听力部分题目一[听力材料]1.What does the woman want to do?A. Visit a museum.B. Go shopping.C. Have a coffee.2.What is the man doing?A. Taking pictures.B. Writing a report.C. Doing some research.3.What did the man say he had just done?A. Made a phone call.B. Checked his email.C. Talked to his boss.[答案解析]1. A2. A3. B题目二[听力材料]1.What does the man suggest that they do?A. Watch a movie.B. Go to a concert.C. Have a party.2.How long will the concert last?A. About an hour.B. About two hours.C. About three hours.3.What does the woman say about the singer?A. She is very popular.B. She is not very good.C. She has a great voice. [答案解析]1. A2. B3. C二、阅读理解部分题目一[文章]Researchers have developed a new technique that could help treat cancer by using an electric field to guide cancer-fighting medication directly to tumors. The team used microscopic particles called nanovesicles (small enough to enter the bloodstream) to deliver chemotherapy drugs specifically to cancer cells. These nanovesicles were then activated with an electric field, causing them to pass through the blood vessels and into the tumors themselves.题目What is the new technique that researchers have developed?A. A way to guide electric fields to tumors.B. A technique to deliver chemotherapy drugs to cancer cells.C. A method to activate microscopic particles.[答案解析]B题目二[文章]The rising cost of housing in big cities is driving workers to move to smaller towns. For many, the decision to leave urban areas is not only about money, but also about improving their quality of life.题目Why are workers moving to smaller towns?A. Because of the rising cost of housing in big cities.B. Because they want to live in a quieter environment.C. Because they want to be closer to nature.[答案解析]A三、翻译部分题目一[中文]一旦这种新技术被用于生产，它将彻底改变这个行业。
全国硕士研究生入学测试英语考题
全国硕士研究生入学测试英语考题PartⅠStructure and Vocabulary Section A Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. （5 points）Example: I have been to the Great Wall three times 1979. [A]from[B]after[C]for[D]since The sentence should read, “I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.”Therefore, you should choose[D]. Sample Answer [A][B][C][D] 1.As I’ll be away for at least a year, I’dappreciate____from you now and then telling me how everyone is getting along. ［A］hearing ［B］to hear ［C］to be hearing ［D］having heard 2.Greatly agitated,I rushed to the apartment and tried the door,___to find it locked. ［A］just ［B］only ［C］hence ［D］thus 3.Doctors see a connection betweenincrease amounts of leisure time spent___and the increased number of cases of skin cancer. ［A］to sunbathe ［B］to have sunbathed ［C］having sunbathed ［D］sunbathing 4.Unless you sign a contract with the insurance company for your goods,you are not entitled____a repayment for the doods damaged in delivery. ［A］to ［B］with ［C］for ［D］on 5.On a rainy day I was driving north through Vermont____I noticed a young man holding up a sign reading “Boston”.［A］which ［B］where ［C］when ［D］that 6.Christie stared angrily at her boos and turned away,asthough____out of the office. ［A］went ［B］gone ［C］to go ［D］would go 7.The roles expected___old people in such a setting give too few psychlolgical satisfactions for normal happiness. ［A］of ［B］on ［C］to ［D］ with 8.Talk to anyone in the drug industry,____you’ll soon discover that the science of genetics is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered. ［A］or ［B］and ［C］for ［D］so 9.It wasn’t so much that I disliked her___that I just wasn’t interested in the whole business. ［A］rather ［B］so ［C］than ［D］as10.Countless divouced politicians would have been elected out of office years ago had they even thought of a divouce, let alone___one. ［A］getting ［B］bo get ［C］gotten ［D］get Section B Directions: Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEETⅠby blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.（5 points）Example: A number of[A]foreign visitors were taken[B]to the industrial exhibition, which[C]they saw[D]many new products. Answer [C] is wrong. The sentence should read, “A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition, where they saw many new products.” So you should choose[C].Sample Answer [A][B][C][D] 11.Having isolated[A]on a remote island, with[B]little work to occupy[C]them, the soldiers suffered from boredom and low spirits[D].12.If the letter to be mailed[A]was placed[B]on the writing table an hour ago, it is[C]certainbeing[D]there now. 13.The ruling[A]party could even lose its[B]majority in the lower house ofparliament, started[C]a period of prolonged struggling[D]. 14. The mechanisms at[A]work are manifest[B]in the tendency for such physical activity to[C]utilize the potential[D]harmful constituents of the stress response. 15.In[A]the long run, however, this hurry to shed[B]full time staff may bemore[C]harmful to industry as it is to[D]the workforce.16.See to it[A]that you include in[B]the examination paper whatever[C]questions they didn t know the answer[D]last time. 17.Most newspapers, while devoting[A]the major part of its[B]space to recent events, usually manage to find room[C]on the inside pages for articles on[D]some interesting topics. 18.One sign by which[A]you are making progress in an art[B]such as painting or photography is that[C]you begin to realize how much there is[D]to learn.19.The ideal listener stays both inside andoutside[A]the music at the moment it is played and enjoying[B]it almost as much as[C]the composer at the moment he composes[D]. 20.Continued[A]exposure to stress has been linked to worsened[B]functioning of the immune system, leaving[C]a person more liablefor[D]infection. Section C Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEETⅠby blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. （10 points）Example: The lost car of the Lees was found in the woods off the highway.[A]vanished[B]scattered[C]abandoned[D]rejectedThe sentence should read, “The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.”Therefore, you should choose[C]. Sample Answer [A][B][C][D] 21.He spoke so___that even his opponents were won over by his arguments. ［A］bluntly ［B］convincingly［C］emphatically ［D］determinedly 22.France’s ____of nuclear testing in the South Pacific last month triggered political debates and mass demonstrations. ［A］assumption ［B］consumption［C］presumption ［D］resumption 23.The 215-page manuscript,circulated to publishers last October,____an outburst of interest. ［A］flared ［B］glittered ［C］sparked ［D］flashed 24.His effortsto bring about a reconciliation between the two Parties___. ［A］came off ［B］came on ［C］came round ［D］came down 25.The system was redesigned to embrace the network and eventually____it in a profitable direction. ［A］adapt ［B］control ［C］install ［D］steer 26.The capital intended to broaden the export base and ____efficiency gains from intemational trade was channeled instead into uneconomic import substitution. ［A］secure ［B］extend ［C］defend ［D］possess 27.It is announced that a wallet has been found and can be____ at the manager’s office. ［A］declared ［B］obtained ［C］reclaimed ［D］recognized 28.When I___my senses, I found myself wrapped up in bed in my little room, with Grandma bending over me. ［A］woke up ［B］took to ［C］picked up ［D］came to 29.The American society is___an exceedingly shaky foundation of natural resources,which is connected with the possibility of a worsening environment. ［A］established on ［B］affiliated to［C］originated from ［D］incorporated with 30.I am not_____with my roomate but I have to share the room with her, because I have nowhere else to live.［A］concerned ［B］compatible ［C］considerate ［D］complied 31.At first, the____of color pictures over a long distance seemed impossible,but,with painstaking efforts and at great expense, it became a reality. ［A］transaction ［B］transmission［C］transformation ［D］transiton 32.When the committee_____to details,the proposed plan seemed impractical. ［A］got down ［B］set about ［C］went off ［D］came up 33.____to some parts of South America is still difficult,because parts of the continent are still covered with thick forests. ［A］Orientation ［B］Access ［C］Procession ［D］Voyage 34.Mr Smith had an unusual_____:he was first an office clerk, the a sailor,and ended up as a school teacher. ［A］profession ［B］occupation ［C］position ［D］career 35.The maor is a woman with great____and therefore deserves our political and financial support. ［A］intention ［B］instinct ［C］integrity ［D］intensity 36.The English weather defies forecast and hence is a source of interest____to everyone. ［A］speculation ［B］attribution ［C］utilization ［D］proposition 37.The fact that the golden eagle usually builds itsnest on some high cliffs___it almost impossible to obtain the eggs or the young birds. ［A］renders ［B］reckons ［C］regards ［D］relates 38.To impress a future employer, one should dress neatly be____,and display in the job. ［A］swift ［B］instant ［C］timely ［D］punctual 39.You don’t have to install this radio in your new car, it’s an_____extra. ［A］excessive ［B］optional ［C］additional ［D］arbitrary 40.We were pleased to note that the early moming delivery didn’t______to the traffic jam of the busy city. ［A］aid ［B］amount ［C］add ［D］attribute PartⅡCloze Test Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEETⅠby blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. （10 points）If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. He must store a large quantity ofgrain41consuming all his grain immediately. He can continue to support himself and his family42he produces a surplus. He must use this surplus in three ways: asseed for sowing, as an insurance43the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to44old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to45the soil. He may also need money to construct irrigation46and improve his farm in other ways. If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be47. He must either sell some of his property or48extra funds in the form of loans. Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low49of interest, but loans of this kind are not50obtainable. 41.[A]other than[B]as well as[C]instead of[D]more than42.[A]only if[B]much as[C]long before[D]ever since43.[A]for[B]against[C]of[D]towards44.[A]replace[B]purchase[C]supplement[D]dispose45.[A]enhance[B]mix[C]feed[D]raise46.[A]vessels[B]routes[C]paths[D]channels47.[A]self confident[B]self sufficient[C]selfsatisfied[D]self restrained48.[A]search[B]save[C]offer[D]seek49.[A]proportion[B]percentage[C]rate[D]ratio50.[A]genuinely[B]obviously[C]presumably[D]frequent ly Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension Directions:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEETⅠby blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.（40 points）Passage1 A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world’s best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed. It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid 1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, suchas consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. （Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.） Foreign made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America’s machine tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty. All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America’s industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas. How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as adevalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yield to blind pride. “American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted,”According to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. “It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our business are improving their productivity.”says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United States.”51.The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War Ⅱbecause. [A]it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal [B]its domestic market was eight times larger than before [C]the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors [D]the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy 52.The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American. [A]TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market [B]semiconductor industry hadbeen taken over by foreign enterprises [C]machine tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions[D]auto industry had lost part of its domestic market53.What can be inferred from the passage? [A]It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride. [B]Intense competition may contribute to economic progress. [C]The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation. [D]A long history of success may pave the way for further development. 54.The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the. [A]turning of the business cycle[B]restructuring of industry [C]improved business management[D]success in education。
研究生考试题库及答案
研究生考试题库及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 以下哪项是研究生入学考试的必考科目？A. 英语B. 数学C. 政治D. 以上都是答案：D2. 研究生入学考试中，英语科目的满分是多少？A. 100分B. 150分C. 200分D. 300分答案：B3. 研究生入学考试中，数学科目的考试时间是多久？A. 1小时B. 2小时C. 3小时D. 4小时答案：C4. 政治科目在研究生入学考试中占总分的比重是多少？A. 20%B. 30%C. 40%D. 50%答案：B5. 研究生入学考试的报名费一般是多少？A. 100元B. 200元C. 300元D. 400元答案：B6. 研究生入学考试的报名时间通常在每年的哪个月份？A. 1月B. 3月C. 5月D. 9月答案：B7. 研究生入学考试的笔试通常在每年的哪个月份进行？A. 1月B. 3月C. 5月D. 9月答案：A8. 研究生入学考试的面试通常在笔试后的多久进行？A. 1个月内B. 2个月内C. 3个月内D. 4个月内答案：A9. 研究生入学考试的合格分数线是如何确定的？A. 由教育部统一划定B. 由各高校自行划定C. 由考试委员会划定D. 由考生所在省份划定答案：A10. 研究生入学考试的复试通常包括哪些内容？A. 面试B. 笔试C. 实验操作D. 以上都是答案：D二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）1. 研究生入学考试中，以下哪些科目是理工科考生必须参加的？A. 英语B. 数学一C. 政治D. 专业课答案：ABCD2. 研究生入学考试中，以下哪些科目是文科考生必须参加的？A. 英语B. 数学二C. 政治D. 专业课答案：ABCD3. 研究生入学考试的报名流程通常包括哪些步骤？A. 网上报名B. 现场确认C. 缴纳报名费D. 打印准考证答案：ABCD4. 研究生入学考试的面试环节通常考察考生哪些方面的能力？A. 专业知识B. 英语口语C. 逻辑思维D. 团队协作答案：ABCD5. 研究生入学考试的复试环节中，以下哪些材料是考生必须准备的？A. 个人简历B. 学历证明C. 科研成果D. 推荐信答案：ABCD三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. 研究生入学考试的报名条件有哪些？答：研究生入学考试的报名条件通常包括：具有国家承认的本科学历，符合报考专业的具体要求，以及满足教育部和招生单位规定的其他条件。
2023 全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题
绝密★启用前2023年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）（科目代码201）考生注意事项1.答题前，考生必须在试题册指定位置上填写考生姓名和考生编号；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2.考生须把试题册上的试卷条形码粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。
不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。
3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。
超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔或者钢笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5.考试结束后，将答题卡和试题册按规定一并交回，不可带出考场。
考生姓名：__________________考生编号：Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C], or [D] on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Caravanserais were roadside inns that were built along the Silk Road in areas including China, North Africa and the Middle East. They were typically __1__ outside the walls of a city or village and were usually funded by governments of __2__.This word “Caravanserais” is a __3__ of the Persian word “karvan”, which means a group of travellers or a caravan, and seray, a palace or enclosed building. The Perm caravan was used to __4__ groups of people who travelled together across the ancient network for safety reasons, __5__ merchants, travellers or pilgrims.From the 10th century onwards, as merchant and travel routes become more developed, the __6__ of the Caravanserais increased and they served as a safe place for people to rest at night. Travellers on the Silk Road __7__ possibility of being attacked by thieves or being __8__ to extreme conditions. For this reason, Caravanserais were strategically placed __9__ they could be reached in a day’s travel time.Caravanserais served as an informal __10__ point for the various people who travelled the Silk Road. __11__, those structures became important centers for culture __12__ and interaction, with travelers sharing their cultures, ideas and beliefs, __13__ talking knowledge with them, greatly __14__ the development of several civilizations.Caravanserais were also an important marketplace for commodities and __15__ in the trade of goods along the Silk Road. __16__, it was frequently the first stop merchants looking to sell their wares and __17__ supplies for their own journeys. It is __18__ that around 120,000 to 15,000 caravanserais were built along the Silk Road, __19__ only about 3,000 are known to remain today, many of which are in __20__.1. A. displayed B. occupied C. located D. equipped2. A. privately B. regularly C. respectively D. permanently3. A. definition B. transition C. substitution D. combination4. A. classify B. record C. describe D. connect5. A. apart from B. instead of C. such as D. along with6. A. construction B. restoration C. impression D. evaluation7. A. doubted B. faced C. accepted D. reduced8. A. assigned B. subjected C. accustomed D. opposed9. A. so that B. even if C. now that D. in case10. A. talking B. starting C. breaking D. meeting11. A. By the way B. On occasion C. In comparison D. As a result12. A. heritage B. revival C. exchange D. status13. A. with regard to B. in spite of C. as well as D. in line with14. A. completing B. influencing C. resuming D. pioneering15. A. aided B. invested C. failed D. competed16. A. Rather B. Indeed C. Otherwise D. However17. A. go in for B. stand up for C.close in on D. stock up on18. A. believed B. predicted C.recalled D. implied19. A. until B. because C.unless D. although20. A. ruins B. debt C.fashion D. series Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B,C, or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 Points)Text 1The weather in Texas may have cooled since the recent extreme heat, but the temperature will be high at the State Board of Education meeting in Austin this month as officials debate how climate change is taught in Texas schools.Pat Hardy, a conservative member of the board who sympathises with the views of the energy sector, is resisting proposed changes to science standards for pre-teen pupils. These would emphasise the primacy of human activity in recent climate change and encourage discussion of mitigation measures.Most scie ntists and independent experts sharply dispute her views. “What millions of Texas kids learn in their public schools is determined too often by the political ideology of partisan board members, rather than facts and sound scholarship,” says Dan Quinn, senior communications strategist at the Texas Freedom Network, a non-profit group that monitors public education. “They casually dismiss the career work of scholars and scientists as just another misguided opinion.”Such debates reflects fierce discussion across the US and around the world, as researchers, policymakers, teachers and students step up demands for a greater focus on teaching about the facts of climate change in school.A study last year by the National Center for Science Education, a non-profit group of scientists and teachers, looking at how state public schools across the country address climate change in science classes, gave barely half of US states a grade B+ or higher. Among the 10 worst performers were some of the most populous states, including Texas, which was given the lowest grade (F) and has a disproportionate influence because its textbooks are widely sold elsewhere.Glenn Branch, the centre’s deputy director, cautions that setting state-level science standards is only one limited benchmark in a country that decentralises decisions to local school boards. Even if a state is considered a high performer in its science standards, “that does not mean it will be taught”, he says.Another issue is that, while climate change is well integrated into some subjects and at some ages —such as earth and space sciences in high schools —it is not as well represented in curricula for younger children and in subjects that are more widely taught, such as biology and chemistry. It is also less prominent in many social studies courses.Branch points out that, even if a growing number of official guidelines and textbooks reflect scientific consensus on climate change, unofficial educational materials that convey more slanted perspectives are being distributed to teachers. They include materials sponsored by libertarian think-tanks and energy industry associations.21. In paragraph1, the weather in Texas is mentioned to __________.A. forecast a policy shift in Texas schoolsB. stress the consequences of climate changeC. indicate the atmosphere at the board meetingD. draw the public’s attention to energy shortages.22. What does Quinn think of Hardy?A. she exaggerates the existing panic.B. she denies the value of scientific workC. she shows no concern for pre-teens.D. she expresses self-contradictory views.23. The study mentioned in Paragraph 5 _________.A. climate education is insufficient at state public schoolsB. policy makers have little drive for science educationC. Texas is reluctant to rewrite its science textbooksD. environmental teaching in some states lacks supervision24. According to Branch, state-level science standards in the US _________.A. call for regular revisionB. require urgent applicationC. have limited influenceD. cater to local needs25. It is implied in the last paragraph that climate change teaching in some schools ______.A. agree to major public demandsB. reflects teachers’ personal biasC. may misrepresent the energy sectorD. can be swayed by external forcesText 2Communities throughout New England have been attempting to regulate short-term rentals since sites like Airbnb took off in the 2010s. Now with record-high home prices and historically low inventory, there’s an increased urgency in such regulation, particularly among those who worry that developers will come in and buy up swaths of housing to flip for a fortune on the short-term rental market.In New Hampshire, where the rental vacancy rate has dropped below 1 percent, housing advocates fear unchecked short-term rentals will put further pressure on an already strained market. The State Legislature recently voted against a bill that would’ve made it illegal for towns to create legislation restricting short-term rentals.“We are at a crisis level on the supply of rental housing,” said Nick Taylor, executive director of the Workforce Housing Coalition of the Greater Seacoast. Without enough affordable housing in southern New Hampshire towns,“ employers are having a hard time attracting employees, and workers are having a hard time finding a place to live,” Taylor said.However, short-term rentals also provide housing for tourists, pointed out Ryan Castle, CEO of a local association of realter. “A lot of workers are servicing the tourist industry, and the tourism industry is serviced by those people coming in short term,” Castle said,“ and so it’s a cyclical effect.”Short-term rentals themselves are not the crux of the issue, said Keren Horn, an expert on affordable housing p olicy. “I think individuals being able to rent out their second home is a good thing. If it’s their vacation home anyway, and it’s just empty, why can’t you make money off it?” Horn said. Issues arise, however, when developers attempt to create large-scale short-term rental facilities—de facto hotels—to bypass taxes and regulations. “I think the question is, shouldn’t a developer who’s really building a hotel, but disguising it as not a hotel, be treated and taxed and regulated like a hotel?” Horn said.At the end of 2018, governor Charlie Baker of Massachusetts signed a bill to rein in those potential investor-buyers. The bill requires every rental host to register with the state mandates they carry insurance, and opens the potential for local taxes on top of a new state levy. Boston took things even further, requiring renters to register with the city’s Inspectional Services Department.Horn said similar registration requirements could benefit struggling cities and towns, but “if we want to make a change in the housing market, the main one is we have to build a lot more.”26.Which of the following is true of New England?A. Its housing supply is at a very low level.B. Its communities are in need of funding.C. Its rental vacancy rate is going up slowlyD. Its home prices are under strict control.27.The bill mentioned in Paragraph 2 was intended to________.A. curb short-term rental speculation.B. ensure the supply of cheap housing.C. punish illegal dealings in housing.D. allow a free short-term rental market.pared with Castle, Taylor is more likely to support________.A. further investment in local tourism.B. an increase in affordable housing.C. strict management of real estate agents.D. a favorable policy for short-term workers.29.What does Horn emphasize in Paragraph 5?A. The urgency to upgrade short-term rental facilities.B. The efficient operation of the local housing market.C. The necessity to stop developers from evading taxes.D. The proper procedures for renting out spare houses.30.Horn holds that imposing registration requirements is________.A. an irrational decision.B. an unfeasible proposal.C. an unnecessary measure.D. an inadequate solution.Text 3If you’re heading for your nearest branch of Waterstones, the biggest book retailer in the UK, in search of the Duchess of Sussex’s new children’s book The Bench, you might have to be prepared to hunt around a bit, the same may be true of The President’s Daughter, the new thriller by Bill Clinton and James Patterson. Both of these books are published next week by Penguin Random House(PRH), a company currently involved in a stand-off with Waterstones.The problem began late last year, when PRH confirmed that it had introduced a credit limit with Water stones “at a very significant level”. The trade magazine The Bookseller reported that Waterstones branch managers were being told to remove PRH books from prominent areas such as tables, display spaces and windows, and were“ quietly retiring them to their relevant sections”.PRH declined to comment on the issue, but a spokesperson for Waterstones told me: “Waterstones are currently operating with reduced credit terms from PRH, the only publisher in the UK to place any limitations on our ability to trade. We are not boycotting PRH titles but we are doing our utmost to ensure that availability for customers remains good despite the lower overall levels of stock. We are hopeful with our shops now open again that normality will return and that we will be allowed to buy appropriately. Certainly, our shops are exceptionally busy. The sales for our May Books of the Month surpassed any month since 2018.”In the meantime, PRH authors have been the losers. Big-name PRH authors may suffer a bit, but it’s those mid-list authors, who normally rely on Waterstones staff’s passion for promoting books by lesser-known writers, who will be praying for an end to the dispute.It comes at a time when authors are already worried about the consequences of the proposed merger between PRH and another big publisher, Simon & Schuster—the reduction in the number of unaligned UK publishers is likely to lead to fewer bidding wars, lower advances, and more conformity in terms of what is published.“This is all part of a wider change towards concentration of power,” says literary agent Andrew Lownie. “The publishing industry talks about diversity in terms of authors and staff but it also needs a plurality of ways of delivering intellectual contact, choice and different voices. After all, many of the most interesting books in recent years have come from small publishers.”We shall see whether that plurality is a casualty of the current need among publishers to be big enough to take on all-comers.31.The author mentions two books in Paragraph 1 to present_______.A. an ongoing conflict.B. an intellectual concept.C. a prevailing sentiment.D. a literary phenomenon.32.Why did Waterstones shops retire PRH books to their relevant sections?A. To make them easily noticeable.B. To comply with PRH’s requirement.C. To respond to PRH’s business move.D. To arrange them in a systematic way.33.What message does the spokesperson for Waterstones seem to convey?A. Their customers remain loyal.B. The credit limit will be removed.C. Their stock is underestimated.D. The book market is rather slack.34.What can be one consequence of the current dispute?A. Sales of books by mid-list PRH writers fall off considerably.B. Lesser-known PRH writers become the target of criticism.C. Waterstones staff hesitate to promote big-name authors’ books.D. Waterstones branches suffer a severe reduction in revenue.35.Which of the following statements best represents Lownie’s view?A. Small publishers ought to stick together.B. Big publishers will lose their dominance.C. The publishing industry is having a hard time.D. The merger of publishers is a worrying trend.Text 4Scientific papers are the recordkeepers of progress in research. Each year researchers publish millions of papers in more than 30,000 journals. The scientific community measures the quality of those papers in a number of ways, including the perceived quality of the journal (as reflected by the title's impact factor) and the number of citations a specific paper accumulates. The careers of scientists and the reputation of their institutions depend on the number and prestige of the papers they produce, but even more so on the citations attracted by these papers.Citation cartels, where journals, authors, and institutions conspire to inflate citation numbers, have existed for a long time. In 2016, researchers developed an algorithm to recognize suspicious citation patterns, including groups of authors that disproportionately cite one another and groups of journals that cite each other frequently to increase the impact factors of their publications. Recently, another expression of this predatory behavior has emerged: so-called support service consultancies that provide language and other editorial support to individual authors and to journals sometimes advise contributors to add a number of citations to their articles.The advent of electronic publishing and authors' need to find outlets for their papers resulted in thousands of new journals. The birth of predatory journals wasn't far behind. These journals can act as milk cows where every single article in an issue may cite a specific paper or a series of papers. In some instances, there is absolutely no relationship between the content of the article and the citations.The peculiar part is that the journal that the editor is supposedly working for is not profiting at all — it is just providing citations to other journals. Such practices can lead an article to accrue more than 150 citations in the same year that it was published.How insidious is this type of citation manipulation? In one example, an individual — acting as author, editor, and consultant — was able to use at least 15 journals as citation providers to articles published by five scientists at three universities. The problem is rampant in Scopus, a citation database, which includes a high number of the new “international” journals. In fact, a listing in Scopus seems to be a criterion to be targeted in this type of citation manipulation.Scopus itself has all the data necessary to detect this malpractice. Red flags include a large number of citations to an article within the first year. And for authors who wish to steer clear of citation cartel activities: when an editor a reviewer, or a support service asks you to add inappropriate references, do not oblige and do report the request to the journal.36. According to Paragraph 1, the careers of scientists can be determined by__________.A. how many citations their works containB. how many times their papers are citedC. the prestige of the people they work withD. the status they have in scientific circles37. The support service consultancies tend to ____________.A. recommend journals to their clients.B. list citation patterns their clients.C. ask authors to include extra citationsD. advise contributors to cite each other38. The Function of the “milk cow” journals is to __________.A. boost citation counts for certain authorsB. help scholars publish articles at low costC. instruct First-time contributors in citationD. increase the readership of new journals.39. What can be learned about Scopus From the last two paragraphs ?A. It Fosters competition among citation providersB. It has the capability to identify suspicious citationsC. It hinders the growth of "international" journalsD. It established to prevent citation manipulation40. What should an author do to deal with citation manipulators?A. Take legal actionB. Demand an apology.C. Seek professional adviceD. Reveal their misconductPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-H and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs A, E and H have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Last year marked the 150th anniversary of a series of Yellowstone photographs by the renowned landscape photographer William Henry Jackson. Jackson snapped the 1st-ever shots of iconic landmarks such as the Tetons, Old Faithful and the Colorado Rockies. On a late 19th-century expedition through the Yellowstone Basin that was conducted by the head of the U.S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, Ferdinand V. Hayden. The team included a meteorologist, a zoologist, a mineralogist, and an agricultural statistician.[B] Two centuries ago, the idea of preserving nature, rather than exploiting it, was a novel one to many U.S. settlers. One of the turning points in public support for land conservation efforts — and recognizing the magnificence of the Yellowstone region in particular — came in the form of vivid photographs.[C] As an effective Washington operator, Hayden sensed that he could capitalize on the expedition’s stunning visuals. He asked Jackson to print out large copies and distributed them, along with reproductions of Moran’s paintings, to each member of Congress. “The visualization, particularly those photographs, really hit home th at this is something that has to be protected,”says Murphy.[D] Throughout the trip, Jackson juggled multiple cameras and plate sizes using the “collodion process” that required him to coat the plates with a chemical mixture, then expose them and develop the resulting images with a portable darkrooms. The crude technique required educated guesses on exposure times, and involved heavy, awkward equipment — several men had to assist in its transportation. Despite these challenges, Jackson captured dozens of striking photos, ranging from majestic images like his now-famous snapshot of Old Faithful, to casual portraits of expedition members at the camp. While veterans of previous expeditions wrote at length about stunning trail sights, these vivid photographs were another thing entirely.[E] The well-documented Yellowstone journey officially began in Ogden, Utah on June 8, 1871. Over nearly four months, dozens of men made their way on horseback into Montana andtraversed along the Yellowstone River and around Yellowstone Lake. That fall, they concluded the survey in Fort Bridger, Wyoming.[F] Though Native Americans (and later miners and fur trappers) had long recognized the area’s riches, most Americans did not. That’s why Hayden’s expedition aimed to produce a fuller understanding of the Yellowstone River region, from its hot springs and waterfalls to its variety of flora and fauna. In addition to the entourage of scientists, the team also included artists: Painter Thomas Moran and photographer William Henry Jackson were charged with capturing this astounding natural beauty and sharing it with the world.[G] The bill proved largely popular and sailed through Congress with large majorities in favor. In quick succession, the Senate and House passed legislation protecting Yellowstone in early 1872. That March, President Ulysses S. Grant signed an act into law that established Yellowstone as the world’s first national park. Some locals opposed the designation, the decision was largely accepted —and Jackson’s phot os played a key role in the fight to protect the area. “I don’t believe that the legal protection would have happened in the time frame that it did without those images,” says Hansen, journalist and author of Prophets and Moguls, Rangers and Rogues, Bisonord Bears: 100 years of the national Park Service.[H] Perhaps most importantly, the images provided documentary evidence that later made its way to government officials. Weeks after completing the expedition, Hayden collected his team’s observation into an extensive rep aimed at convincing Senators and Representatives, along with colleagues at government agency like the department of Interior that Yellowstone ought to be preserved.Part CDirections：Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)(46) Al can also be used to identify the lifestyles choices of customers regarding their hobbies, favorite celebrities, and fashions to provide unique content in marketing messages put out through social media.(47) Some believe that Al is negatively impacting on the marketer's role by reducing creativity and removing jobs, but they are aware that it is a way of reducing costs and creating new information.(48) Algorithms used to stimulate human interactions are creating many of these concerns, especially as no-one is quite sure what the outcomes of using AI to interact with customers will be(49) If customers are not willing to share data, Al will be starved of essential information and will not be able to function effectively or employ machine learning to improve its marketing content and communication.(50) The non-intrusive delivery of the marketing message in a way that is sensitive to the needs of target customers is one of the critical challenges to the digital marketer.Section III WritingPart ADirections: Write a notice to recruit a student for Prof. Smith’s project on campus sports activities. Specify the duties and requirements of the job.Write your answer about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the notice; use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)Part BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay you should1) describe the picture briefly,2) interpret the implied meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)。
硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (22)
硕士学位研究生入学考试试题
一、选择题（共10题，每题3分，共30分，请在每题的3个选项中选择1个最适合的）。
1、不属于聚合物晶体基本形态的是（）
A、球晶
B、折叠链片晶
C、伸直链晶体
2、高分子不可能存在的相态是（）
A、液晶态B液态C气态
3、高分子链刚性越大，其等效自由结合链的链段长度（）
A、越长
B、越短
C、不变
4、结晶聚合物的熔融过程是（）
A、放热过程
B、力学状态转变过程
C、热力学相变过程
5、聚合物的theta溶剂是其（）
A、良溶剂
B、不良溶剂
C、良溶剂与不良溶剂的分界
6、聚合物的结晶度降低，性能也降低的是（）
A、透明性
B、拉伸强度
C、冲击强度
7、可使聚合物玻璃化转变温度提高的方法是（）
A、主链上添加孤立双键
B、主链上添加杂原子
C、使分子链交联
8、熔融指数（MI）如下的相同分子结构聚合物流动性最差的是（）
A、2
B、5
C、8
9、外力作用频率提高，玻璃化转变温度（）
A、增高
B、降低
C、基本不变
10、以下聚合物中，内聚能密度最低的是（）
A、橡胶
B、塑料
C、纤维
二、判断题（共10题，每题2分，共20分，请对正确的说法划“√”，对错误的说法划“×”）。
1、玻璃化转变温度的高低与测定方法密切相关，是一个变化较大的值。
（）
2、除去外力后，交联聚合物的蠕变一般不能完全回复。
（）
1。
研究生入学考试-苏州大学考研真题
苏州大学考研真题苏州大学二〇〇七年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题专业名称：政治经济学、世界经济、区域经济学、产业经济学、国际贸易、财政学考试科目：微观与宏观经济学（A）卷一、名词解释（每题5分，共20分）1、基尼系数、2、公共物品、3、货币乘数4、挤出效应二、简答题1、什么是逆向选择和道德风险？试举例说明2、什么是垄断的社会福利损失？并画图说明3、试证明当平均成本等于边际成本时，平均成本最低。
4、简述一般均衡的涵义及其实现条件5、简述国民生产总值的涵义及其核算方法6、影响IS曲线斜率的因素是什么7、简述通货膨胀的类型及其成因8、利用总需求曲线说明物价与国民收入的关系三、计算题（每题10分，共20分）1、假设某厂商的长期函数为Q=1.2A0.5B0.5，Q为每月产量，A、B为投入的生产要素。
三种要素的价格分别为P a=1美元，P b=9美元。
推导出厂商的长期总成本函数、长期平均成本函数和长期边际成本函数。
2、假定经济中的短期生产函数为Y=14N-0.04N^2，劳动需求函数为N d=175-12.5（W/P）。
试求当N5=70+5（W/P）、P=1和P=1.25时的就业量（N）和名义工资（W）和产量（Y）。
四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1、什么是规模经济和范围经济？它们会在同一企业中发生吗？2、凯恩斯是如何论述非充分就业均衡的？（B）卷一、名词解释（每题5分，共20分）1、交易费用2、边际生产力3、政府购买乘数4、全要素生产率二、简答题（每题10分，共80分）1、简述完全竞争市场中停止营业点的条件2、简述差别定价的含义和条件3、简述规模经济和范围经济的含义和成因4、简述垄断的危害及其治理对策5、决定货币供应量的因素是什么？6、利用IS-LM模型说明利率与国民收入的关系7、简述凯恩斯的货币需求函数8、简述成熟市场经济中失业的含义及其类型三、计算题（每题10分，共20分）1、某产品的需求函数为Qd=60-2P，供求函数为Qs=30+3P。
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三、简答题（10×3=30分）
1、简述价值工程的中心内容和工作步骤。
2、什么是财务分析？财务分析的目的和主要内容是什么？
3、公共事业项目成本、收益识别与计量中应注意哪些问题？
四、计算分析题（15+25+20=60分）
1、某混凝土预制构件厂生产某种构件，设计年产销量为3万件，每件的售价为300元，单位产品的变动成本为120元，单位产品的营业税及附加为40元，年固定成本为280万元。（15分）
第1页共4页
三 峡 大 学
2011年研究生入学考试试题
(A卷)
考试科目：工程经济学(二)
（考生必须将答案写在答题纸上）
一、名词解释（4×5=20分）
1、资金等值2、沉没成本3、投资收益率4、概率分析5、价值工程
二、单选题（2×20=40分）
1、动态投资回收期是把投资项目各年的净现金流量按基准收益率（）之后，再来推算投资回收期，这是它与静态投资回收期的根本区别。
A．<14％B．14％～15％C．15％～16％D．>16％
第3页
15、下列互斥方案静态评价方法的说明，正确的是（）。
A．静态评价方法需考虑各方案的使用年限
B．静态评价方法需考虑各方案的使用残值
C．静态评价方法可以反映各方案追加投资的效果
D．静态评价方法可以作为方案初评方法使用
16、下列关于互斥方案经济效果评价方法的表述中正确的是（）。
A．5.06%B．21%C．10.4%D．7.08%
第2页
7、某项目现金流量如下：
计算期
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
净现金流量
-200
60
60
60
60
60
60
若基准收益率大于零，则其动态投资回收期的可能值是（）年。
A．2.33B．2.63C．3.33D．3.63
8、根据对项目不同方案的敏感性分析，投资者应选择（）的方案实施。
A．功能不变，成本降低B．功能提高，成本降低
C．功能提高，成本不变D．功能不变，成本不变
20、下列关于基准收益率的说明，正确的是（）。
A．基准收益率是单位资金成本和单位投资机会成本之和
B．基准收益率是投资者以动态的观点所确定的，可接受的投资方案平均水平的收益水平
C．风险越大，要求的基准收益率应越高
D．基准收益率由国家有关部门统一测定
A．606.68B．714.34C．423.57D．652.35
5、某项目投资来源中，项目资本金2000万元，借入银行资金1000万元，建设期借款利息200万元。在编制项目财务现金流量表时，建设期现金流入的投资应为（）万元。
A．1200B．2000C．3000D．3200
6、年利率10%，一年内计息4次，则半年的实际利率是（）。
A．直接加减B．动态加减C．动态变化D．折成现值
2、现金流入与现金流出之差称为（）。
A．现金流量B．净现金流量C．净现金D．纯现金
3、某建设项目估计总投资2800万元，项目建成后各年净收益为320万元，利率为10%则该项目的静态投资回收期为（）年。
A．11B．8.75C．9.95D．7.5
4、某项目建设期3年，建设期内每年年初贷款500万元，年利率为10%，运营期的第三年年末还款500万元，从运营期的第四年年末到第七年年末要等额还清所有贷款本息，每年年末要还本付息的额度是（）万元。
A．采用净Leabharlann 值法可以使寿命不等的互斥方案具有可比性
B．最小公倍数法适用于某些不可再生资源开发型项目
C．采用研究期法时不需考虑研究期以后的现金流量情况
D．增量内部收益率法适用于具有相同的现金流量的方案
17、下列关于净现值的讨论中，正确的是（）。
A．净现值是反映投资方案在建设期内获利能力的动态评价指标
B．净现值的计算只与投资方案本身的现金流量有关
A．项目盈亏平衡点高、抗风险能力适中
B．项目盈亏平衡点低、承受风险能力弱
C．项目敏感程度大、抗风险能力强
D．项目敏感程度小、抗风险能力强
9、对建设工程项目进行价值工程分析，最关键的环节是（）。
A．设计方案优化B．施工招标管理
C．竣工结算管理D．材料采购控制
10、某项目建设期2年，建设期内每年年初投资1000万元，运营期8年，运营期每年年末净收益600万元，基准收益率10%，则该项目的静态投资回收期和净现值分别是（）。
两互斥方案净现金流量表
单位：万元
方案
净现金流量
0
1
2
3
4
方案A
1000
2000
6000
4000
方案B
1000
1000
3000
3000
3、某设备目前实际价值为30000元，相关统计资料见下表，试求该设备的经济寿命。（20分）
C．当方案的NPV ≥0时，说明该方案能满足基准收益率要求的盈利水平
D．用NPV进行多方案比选时，无需考虑方案的计算期
18、主要由设备的无形磨损决定的是设备的（）。
A．物质寿命B．经济寿命C．有效寿命D．自然寿命
19、某轻轨工程，原计划采用甲工艺进行施工，计划工期835天，后经价值工程优化，决定采用乙工艺代替甲工艺，达到了同样的施工质量，且工程成本未变，但工期提前了250天，同时减少业主贷款利息上千万元。根据价值工程原理，该提高建设项目价值的途径属于（）。
A．0.78B．0.81C．1.44D．1.49
12、用于建设项目偿债能力分析的指标是（）。
A．投资回收期B．流动比率
C．资本金净利润率D．财务净现值率
13、属于项目资本金现金流量表中现金流出构成的是（）。
A．建设投资B．借款本金偿还
C．流动资金D．调整所得税
14、某常规投资方案，FNPV（i1=14％）=160，FNPV（i2=16％）=-90，则FIRR的取值范围为（）。
问题：(1)该厂不亏不盈时的年产销量是多少？
(2)达到设计能力时盈利是多少？
(3)年利润为100万元时的年产销量是多少？此时的生产能力利用率是多少？
2、现有两互斥方案，其净现金流量如下表所示。设基准收益率为10%，试用下面方法对各方案进行评价并选取较优的方案。（25分）
(1)现值法；(2)内部收益率法；(3)增量分析法。
A．5.33年，736.33万元B．5.33年，1000.87万元
C．4.33年，736.33万元D．4.33年，1000.87万元
11、某企业拟建年生产能力为50万m³的构件厂。已知已建同类型构件厂的年生产能力为30万m³，若生产能力指数为0.6，价格调整系数为1.1，用生产能力指数法估算，该拟建构件厂的投资额为已建同类型构件厂投资额的（）倍。