专业英语第六讲
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立信《会计专业英语》课件LESSON-SIX教学提纲
A commercial invoice will normally give a description of the goods and state how and when the goods were dispatched by the seller, who is responsible for insuring them in transit , and the payment terms.
payments journal to from a cash book.
NEW WORDS,PHRASES AND SPECIAL TERMS
Invoice 发票
A document stating the amount of money due to the organization issuing it for goods or services supplied.
sentences
When special journals are used, only those transactions that do not occur often enough to warrant entry in a special journal are recorded in the general journal.
The most common books of prime entry are
the day book(日记账）, the cash book（现金 收支簿） and the journal.
NEW WORDS,PHRASES AND
SPECIAL TERMS
Day book 日记账
A specialized journal or book of prime entry recording specific transactions.
payments journal to from a cash book.
NEW WORDS,PHRASES AND SPECIAL TERMS
Invoice 发票
A document stating the amount of money due to the organization issuing it for goods or services supplied.
sentences
When special journals are used, only those transactions that do not occur often enough to warrant entry in a special journal are recorded in the general journal.
The most common books of prime entry are
the day book(日记账）, the cash book（现金 收支簿） and the journal.
NEW WORDS,PHRASES AND
SPECIAL TERMS
Day book 日记账
A specialized journal or book of prime entry recording specific transactions.
机械工程专业英语lesson 6
2016/3/24
《机械工程专业英语教程》
4
• Chain • A connected, flexible series of links, typically of metal, used especially for holding objects together or restraining or for transmitting mechanical power.
• 摩擦：两个相互接触的物体当有相互运动或相互运动 趋势时，在接触面产生的阻碍运动的作用。 • 2. A force that resists the relative motion or tendency to such motion of two bodies in contact
• 摩擦力：一种阻碍两个相接触物体之间产生相对位置 移动的力。
V-belts and multiple V-belt drive
2016/3/24 《机械工程专业英语教程》 9
The rotor (rotating member) in an electric motor has rotational inertia, and a torque is required to bring it up to speed when the motor is started. If the motor shaft is rigidly connected to a load with a large rotational inertia, and the motor is started suddenly by closing a switch, the motor may not have sufficient torque capacity to bring the motor shaft up to speed before the windings in the motor are burned out by the excessive current demands. [5]
生物专业英语第六课-5
作业
翻译句子
① ② ③ ④ ⑤
Lysosome contain…… Chlorophyll a molecule…… Meiosis is a special…… He also recorded …… P.A.levene discovered that……
课堂练习 判断
① Both prokaryotic and enkaryotic cells have a supporting cytoskeleton. ② The nuclear envolope is produced by the rough endoplasmic reticulum. ③ The Calvin-Benson cycle may take place either in light or in the dark. ④ Light-dependent reactions take place in the chloroplast stroma.
系统 进化分枝图
作业 复习前五课的重点词汇和句式 课堂练习 选择 ① Chromoplasts are a type of ( ). A.pigment B.storage bin C.nutrient tank D.plastid ② During protein synthesis a single mRNA molecule may be associated with several ribosomes to form ( ). A.a gene B.a lysosome C.a polysome D.smooth endoplasmic reticulum
③ In the first stage of photosynthesis water is ( ). A.oxidated B.phosphotylated C.reduced D.heated ④ In the ligjt-independent reactions of photosynthesis, the first electon acceptor for atmospheric CO2 is ( ) A.PGA. B. ATP C. RUBP D. a carbohydrate subunit ⑤ DNA is replicate during the ( ). A.S phase B. M phase C.G2 phase D. G1phase
专业英语专业知识讲座公开课一等奖优质课大赛微课获奖课件
I.课文内容简介： 主要简介关于电力系统基本知识。
第9页
P 7 Electric Engineering
II.New Words
1. dam [dæ m]
n. 水坝
2. fluctuate ['flʌktjueit]
vi. 变动，上下，动摇
vt. 使动摇
3. momentarily ['məumən.terili] adv. 暂时地，立刻，随时地
P 7 Electric Engineering
IV.难句翻译 [4]Thus, in the case of a coal burning boiler, we have to reduce combustion as soon as the valves are closed off, otherwise the boiler pressure will quickly exceed the safety limits. 因此，对燃煤锅炉来说，蒸汽阀一关就必须减少燃烧量，不然 锅炉压力会超出安全极限。 [5]High-speed circuit breakers d1 to d10 are installed to automatically interrupt power in case of a fault and to reroute the flow of electric power. 假如发生故障或者变换功率流线路，安装高速断路器会自动切 断相应电能流向。
adj. 极小，微小
n. 间隔
n.
曲折，Z字形
adj. 曲折，锯齿形
adv. 曲折地，成锯齿ctric Engineering III. Phrases
1. be familiar with 2. in position 3. summer home 4. utility system 5. coincide with 6. seasonal variations 7. diesel engine 8. gas turbine 9. compressed air motor 10. pumped storage 11. coal mine 12.electrical system
第9页
P 7 Electric Engineering
II.New Words
1. dam [dæ m]
n. 水坝
2. fluctuate ['flʌktjueit]
vi. 变动，上下，动摇
vt. 使动摇
3. momentarily ['məumən.terili] adv. 暂时地，立刻，随时地
P 7 Electric Engineering
IV.难句翻译 [4]Thus, in the case of a coal burning boiler, we have to reduce combustion as soon as the valves are closed off, otherwise the boiler pressure will quickly exceed the safety limits. 因此，对燃煤锅炉来说，蒸汽阀一关就必须减少燃烧量，不然 锅炉压力会超出安全极限。 [5]High-speed circuit breakers d1 to d10 are installed to automatically interrupt power in case of a fault and to reroute the flow of electric power. 假如发生故障或者变换功率流线路，安装高速断路器会自动切 断相应电能流向。
adj. 极小，微小
n. 间隔
n.
曲折，Z字形
adj. 曲折，锯齿形
adv. 曲折地，成锯齿ctric Engineering III. Phrases
1. be familiar with 2. in position 3. summer home 4. utility system 5. coincide with 6. seasonal variations 7. diesel engine 8. gas turbine 9. compressed air motor 10. pumped storage 11. coal mine 12.electrical system
数学专业英语 第六讲 论文写作 常见错误分析
不要过于烦琐.
• 不要用On the Study of ... 或On the Existence of... 之类作为 标题.
• 标题通常是一个名词性短语, 不是一个完整的句子,
• 无需主、谓、宾齐全, 其中的动词一般以分词或动名词的 形式出现, 有时冠词可以省略. • 偶尔有以疑问句为标题的论文, 但不应以陈述句为标题. • 为方便二次检索, 标题尽量避免使用复杂的数学式子.
• [2] name(s) of author(s), title of the book (in italics),
publishinghouse, city of publication, year of publication.
16
Mathematical English
• [3] name(s) of author(s), title of the paper, in: title of the book (in italics), publishing house, city of publication, year of publication, numbers of the first and last pages of the paper.
improvements for you.
9
Mathematical English
数学论文对英语的要求其实并不高. 而且我们有功能强大的 LATEX(WinEdt) 编辑软件, 可以轻而易举地编排出有复
杂公式、美观漂亮的版面.
但是, 有些作者在论文写作中存在不少问题.
下面从论文的各个组成部分对一些常见的错误进行分析并举
发表论文的目的, 一是公开自己的成果并得到学术界的承认, 二是为了同行之间的交流.
新编管理学专业英语chapter6 THE NATURE OF GROUPS精选文档PPT课件
• Innate drive to bond • Accomplish tasks that cannot be
achieved by individuals working alone • Tend to form in stressful situations
#
Roles
Task
Power and decision-making; Seeking information, giving information, clarifying, summarizing
➢ Formal groups
1、Permanent work groups
2、Temporary work groups
➢ Informal groups
#
Байду номын сангаасormal groups
• Permanent work groups are responsible for a specific set of tasks or work processes in the organization.
Production team Management team
#
Formal groups
• Temporary work groups investigate a particular problem or opportunity and disband when the decision is made.
• of your answers:
•
• 1. marketing department
• 2. a group that plays soccer 3. a new product division 4. a quality control group 5. a group to set up a computer network 6. a group to deal with the Problem of absenteeism 7. a group that plays cards In the cafeteria. 8. a group to decide the location of a new factory 9. a group to design the company’s 50th anniversary celebration
achieved by individuals working alone • Tend to form in stressful situations
#
Roles
Task
Power and decision-making; Seeking information, giving information, clarifying, summarizing
➢ Formal groups
1、Permanent work groups
2、Temporary work groups
➢ Informal groups
#
Байду номын сангаасormal groups
• Permanent work groups are responsible for a specific set of tasks or work processes in the organization.
Production team Management team
#
Formal groups
• Temporary work groups investigate a particular problem or opportunity and disband when the decision is made.
• of your answers:
•
• 1. marketing department
• 2. a group that plays soccer 3. a new product division 4. a quality control group 5. a group to set up a computer network 6. a group to deal with the Problem of absenteeism 7. a group that plays cards In the cafeteria. 8. a group to decide the location of a new factory 9. a group to design the company’s 50th anniversary celebration
气象专业英语-第6讲weather forecast today
When presented with changing or conflicting numerical guidance, modern forecasters use these old-fashioned skills as well as their knowledge of both the numerical solution and dynamical meteorology when making the decision to accept or modify the model.
As well as transmitting the familiar pictorial representation of weather systems, satellites also supply large amounts of quantitative data, such as an estimate of upper-air temperatures and winds which can be used in the numerical forecasting process.
moisture
中文解释 （物理过程）参数化
水汽
moisture
中文 湿度 水汽容量 水汽通量 湿舌 湿度廓线
Terms humidity moisture capacity moisture flux moisture tongue moisture profile
Terms parameterization
The human forecaster can also spot erroneous
observations and use his experience and
专业英语第六章
Ergonomics6.1 TheoriginofergonomicsＥｒｇｏｎｏｍｉｃｓｉｓｔｈｅｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃｄｉｓｃｉｐｌｉｎｅｔｈａｔｉｓｃｏｎｃｅｒｎｅｄｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｈｕｍａｎｓａｎｄａｒｔｉｆａｃｔｓａｎｄｔｈｅｄｅｓｉｇｎｏｆｓｙｓｔｅｍｓｗｈｅｒｅｐｅｏｐｌｅｐａｒｔｉｃｉｐａｔｅ．Ｉｔｄｅａｌｓｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｄｅｓｉｇｎｏｆｓｙｓｔｅｍｓｔｈａｔｐｅｏｐｌｅｕｓｅａｔｗｏｒｋａｎｄｌｅｉｓｕｒｅ，ｔｏｏｌｓｔｈａｔａｒｅｕｓｅｄｔｏｐｅｒｆｏｒｍｔａｓｋｓ，ａｎｄｐｒｏｃｅｄｕｒｅｓａｎｄｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅｓｔｈａｔｏｒｇａｎｉｚｅｈｕｍａｎａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ．Ｔｈｅｐｕｒｐｏｓｅｏｆｔｈｅｄｅｓｉｇｎａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓｉｓｔｏｍａｔｃｈｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ，ｊｏｂｓ，ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｓａｎｄｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｓｔｏｔｈｅｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌａｎｄｍｅｎｔａｌａｂｉｌｉｔｉｅｓａｎｄｌｉｍｉｔａｔｉｏｎｓｏｆｐｅｏｐｌｅ．Ａｃｏｍｐｌｅｍｅｎｔａｒｙｗａｙｔｏｍａｋｅａｓｙｓｔｅｍｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｉｓｔｏｔｒａｉｎａｎｄｅｄｕｃａｔｅｔｈｅｏｐｅｒａｔｏｒｏｒｔｈｅｕｓｅｒｏｆｔｈｅｓｙｓｔｅｍ．Ｉｄｅａｌｌｙ，ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ，ｓｙｓｔｅｍｓｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅｄｅｓｉｇｎｅｄｓｏｔｈａｔｔｈｅｙａｒｅｉｎｔｕｉｔｉｖｅｔｏｕｓｅａｎｄｄｏｎｏｔｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｓｐｅｃｉａｌｔｒａｉｎｉｎｇｏｒｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎ．人因学是一门关于人和人工产品和人们参与的系统设计之间的交互作用的一门科学学科。
它是处理人们使用在工作和休闲的系统设计，用于执行任务,过程和组织人类活动实践的工具。
设计活动的目的是为了匹配系统,工作、产品和人们生理和心理的能力和局限性的环境。
一个额外的系统功能的方法是培训和教育系统的操作员或用户。
然而,理想情况下,系统应该设计成能直观的使用,并且不需要特殊培训或教育。
中职英语职业模块 Unit6上课讲义
英语(工科类)(职业模块)
Unit 6 Making Use of Tools
Listening
Listen and pick out the tools people are talking about.
1.
a. ( )
b. ( )
英语(工科类)(职业模块)
c. ( )
Unit 6 Making Use of Tools
英语(工科类)(职业模块)
Unit 6 Making Use of Tools
Unit Goals
Learners should be able to
❖ understand the talk about tools ❖ talk about using a tool safely ❖ read about making use of tools ❖ write about the proper steps to use a tool.
/bleId/ /breIk/ /rɒNlI/ /`preFE/ n.
n.
锯条；刀刃
v.
折断；弄坏
adv. 错误地；不正确地
压力
cut down put pressure on
英语(工科类)(职业模块)
砍倒 给⋯施压
Unit 6 Making Use of Tools
Reading & Writing
2. Which would you prefer, a tool with only one function or a tool with many functions? Tell the class your reasons. _____________________________________________________
Unit 6 Making Use of Tools
Listening
Listen and pick out the tools people are talking about.
1.
a. ( )
b. ( )
英语(工科类)(职业模块)
c. ( )
Unit 6 Making Use of Tools
英语(工科类)(职业模块)
Unit 6 Making Use of Tools
Unit Goals
Learners should be able to
❖ understand the talk about tools ❖ talk about using a tool safely ❖ read about making use of tools ❖ write about the proper steps to use a tool.
/bleId/ /breIk/ /rɒNlI/ /`preFE/ n.
n.
锯条；刀刃
v.
折断；弄坏
adv. 错误地；不正确地
压力
cut down put pressure on
英语(工科类)(职业模块)
砍倒 给⋯施压
Unit 6 Making Use of Tools
Reading & Writing
2. Which would you prefer, a tool with only one function or a tool with many functions? Tell the class your reasons. _____________________________________________________
lesson6-System-Unit
Memory
Read-only memory (ROM): the CPU and read, or retrieve , but cannot write the programs written on the ROM chip. CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) chip: it is powered by a battery and does not lose its contents when the power is turned off. Unlike ROM, its contents can be changed.
Speed
Capacity
Flexibility
The basic components in the system unit includes the system board, microprocessor, memory, system clock, expansion slots and cards, bus lines, ports, and cables.
System Board
The system board is also known as the main board or motherboard. The system board connects all system components and allows input and output devices to communicate with the system unit. Chip: consists of a tiny circuit board etched on a postage-stamp-sized square of sandlike material called silicon. (silicon chip, semiconductor, or integrated circuit)
机电一体化专业英语 Unit 6
பைடு நூலகம்
Exploded view drawing
An exploded view drawing is a technical drawing of an object that shows the relationship or order of assembly of the various parts. It shows the components of an object slightly separated by distance, or suspended in surrounding space in the case of a three-dimensional exploded diagram. An object is represented as if there had been a small controlled explosion emanating from the middle of the object, causing the object's parts to be separated an equal distance away from their original locations
An exploded view drawing can show the intended assembly of mechanical or other parts. In mechanical systems usually the component closest to the center is assembled first, or is the main part in which the other parts get assembled. This drawing can also help to represent disassembly of parts, where the parts on the outside normally get removed first
Exploded view drawing
An exploded view drawing is a technical drawing of an object that shows the relationship or order of assembly of the various parts. It shows the components of an object slightly separated by distance, or suspended in surrounding space in the case of a three-dimensional exploded diagram. An object is represented as if there had been a small controlled explosion emanating from the middle of the object, causing the object's parts to be separated an equal distance away from their original locations
An exploded view drawing can show the intended assembly of mechanical or other parts. In mechanical systems usually the component closest to the center is assembled first, or is the main part in which the other parts get assembled. This drawing can also help to represent disassembly of parts, where the parts on the outside normally get removed first
船舶专业英语第六讲
70mm的直径 • Diameter：70mm • 4、卸扣 shackle([‘ʃæk(ə)l] 束缚、卸扣)
锚的分类
• 锚根据其结构和用途可以分为： • 有杆锚 stocked anchor • 霍尔锚 hall anchor • 无杆锚 stockless anchor • 大抓力锚 high holding power anchor • 特种锚 special anchor
2 technical terms
reserve buoyancy储备浮力
Load-line mark载重线标志
• 2.stability稳性
•
precautions to abtain fine stability获取稳性的措施 • 1.gravity center to be lowered重心要放低 • 2.metacenter to be raised.稳心要升高
Seakeeping performances 船舶航海性能
• 词汇 • ★floatability 浮性 • ★stability 稳性 • Reserve([rɪ'zɜːv] ) buoyancy 储备浮力 • ★ Trim([trɪm]修剪、整齐的) 横倾 • ★ Heel（[hiːl] ） 纵倾 • ★ Roll 横摇 • ★ Pitch 纵摇
2.Increase main engine power
• 4. roll and pitch横摇和纵摇 • Stabilizing units used to decrease roll and
pitch: • 1. bilge keels • 2. stabilizers • 3. wing buoyant tanks
关于锚链的知识
研究生学术英语读译教程课件Unit6DriverlessCars
Skim the text and get to know the structure and the content of the article.
Para. 1 It presents predictions from journalists, futurists, economists and ethicists, serving as a backdrop to the author’s prognostications.
a catch : a hidden problem/trap in an apparently ideal situation
The title means driverless cars could make transportation free for everyone , yet it will also bring problems to us.
Scan the text and answer the following questions: 1. What are the hidden problems with driverless vehicles according to the author?
Answer: Driverless vehicles provide free transportation to passengers, which in turn may result in unchecked consumption, more damage to the environment and even more health problem.
Getting the main idea of a paragraph Getting the main point of a paragraph is one of the most challenging tasks in reading activity. Yet, compared with writing the main idea, recognizing it is less challenging .
电子教案与课件：《化工专业英语》 unit6
周围一氧化碳水平在同一时期下降了约40％。这些情 况的改善主要得益于排放法规对于发动机技术要求的 调整。
Auto emissions control has a long history.
汽车尾气的控制排放也具有悠久的历史。
Exhaust emission standards for new cars were first set in 1968 (1965 in California), after which the standards for exhaust emissions became steadily stricter every couple of years until the early 1980s.
由盛行风输送的高臭氧水平的光化学烟雾造成的大规 模区域问题也变得越来越明显。
with ozone concentrations in rural areas often reaching about half the urban peaks.
农村地区的臭氧浓度通常是城市峰值的一半。
Air quality measurements in the United States show that urban ozone levels have decreased by about 12 percent over the 1984-1993 decade, and incidents when the ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard is exceeded have decreased by 60 percent.
为减少烟雾而采取的策略主要是减少未燃烧的碳氢化 物排放，却不能消减氮氧化物的排放量。
Emissions standards for engines in large vehicles (gasoline and diesel) have steadily become stricter too, though lagging in time.
Auto emissions control has a long history.
汽车尾气的控制排放也具有悠久的历史。
Exhaust emission standards for new cars were first set in 1968 (1965 in California), after which the standards for exhaust emissions became steadily stricter every couple of years until the early 1980s.
由盛行风输送的高臭氧水平的光化学烟雾造成的大规 模区域问题也变得越来越明显。
with ozone concentrations in rural areas often reaching about half the urban peaks.
农村地区的臭氧浓度通常是城市峰值的一半。
Air quality measurements in the United States show that urban ozone levels have decreased by about 12 percent over the 1984-1993 decade, and incidents when the ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard is exceeded have decreased by 60 percent.
为减少烟雾而采取的策略主要是减少未燃烧的碳氢化 物排放，却不能消减氮氧化物的排放量。
Emissions standards for engines in large vehicles (gasoline and diesel) have steadily become stricter too, though lagging in time.
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（4） 表示递进：进而，并且。
He did it，and did it well. 他做了，并且做得很好。 More and more companies are installing automatic process controls as means of insuring product uniformity，and thus，quality． 越来越多的公司正在建立自动过程控制系统，作 为保证产品稳定，进而保证产品质量的手段。
第二部分 专业文章阅读与翻译
Lesson 1 Size of atoms and ions
Word study
1．ium：词尾 元素周期表中金属元素的词尾；有机阳离 子词尾，鎓(代表包含氢或一个或多个有机基与 一个中心原子配位的络阳离子) 。 例词：lithium 锂 oxonium 氧鎓 beryllium 铍 sulfonium 锍，锍鎓 sodium 钠 nitronium 硝鎓 ammonium 铵
1 氢 H Hydrogen 3 锂 Li Lithium 5 硼 B Boron 7 氮 N Nitrogen 9 氟 F Fluorine 11 钠 Na Sodium 13 铝 Al Aluminum 15 磷 P Phosphorus 17 氯 Cl Chlorine 19 钾 K Potassium
2 氦 He Helium 4 铍 Be Berillium 6 碳 C Carbon 8 氧 O Oxygen 10 氖 Ne Neon 12 镁 Mg Magnesium 14 硅 Si Silicon 16 硫 S Sulfur 18 氩 Ar Argon 20 钙 Ca Calcium
21 钪 Sc Scandium 22 钛 Ti Titanium 23 钒 V Vanadium 24 铬 Cr Chromium 25 锰 Mn manganese 26 铁 Fe Iron 27 钴 Co Cobalt Gold, silver, mercury, bromine, iodine, Platinum等等
此外，原子核的正电荷与轨道电子数目的比率增加了， 这样就使有效核电荷数增加，从而将电子拉向原子核。因 此，正离子的半径小于相应的原子半径，而且失去电子数 越多（即离子带有更多的电荷），离子半径就越小。
atomic radius Na 0.157 nm ionic radius Na+ 0.098 nm
（5） 表示时序：于是，然后。
She washed the beakers and dried them。 她把烧杯洗净，然后烘干。 when the solution in the tank has reached the desired temperature，it is discharged，a new batch of cool solution is added，and the process is repeated. 当罐内溶液达到所需要的温度时，就卸料，装入新 的一批冷溶液，于是过程再次重复。
(3) 表示转折：而，但是，然而。
An acid was once defined as a substance that would form hydrogen ions(H+) in water solution and a base as one that would form hydroxide ions(OH-) in the same. 人们曾把酸定义为在水溶液中能产生氢离子的物 质，而碱则是在同样的溶液中能产生氢氧离子的 物质。
2．and
and给人先入为主的联想是“和”，其实， and有多种含义，见下列例句。在科技英语 翻译中，应予以注意。
(1) 表示并列：和，与，跟，以及，并且。
(2) 表示结果：因此，所以，而，则。
The principles of both absorption and desorption are basically the same，and we may study both operations at the same time. 吸收和解吸这两个过程的原理基本相同，因此可 以同时研究这种操作。 Beginning from butane it is possible for the hydrocarbons to have one or more branch chains and isomerism results. 从丁烷开始这种烃就可能含有一个或更多个支链， 这就产生了异构现象。
Abstract：
In this thesis, the batch cooling crystallization process of fine granular vitamin C was investigated and analyzed systematically, based on the former research of the crystal structure and the thermodynamics of vitamin C. The mechanism of the crystallization process was explored and the crystallization kinetics of fine granular vitamin C was determined experimentally. We also develop a new crystallization technology of fine granular vitamin C and finally establish a mathematic model of this process. The present work settled some experimental and theoretical foundations for the design and scale-up of the industrial crystallization process of fine granular vitamin C.
atomic radius Fe 0.117 nm ionic radius Fe2+ 0.076 nm ionic radius Fe3+ 0.064 nm
when a negative ion is formed, one or more electrons are added to an atom，the effective nuclear charge is reduced and hence the electron cloud expands. Negative ions are bigger than the corresponding atom.
The consequence is a severance of carbon linkage at the point of the original double bond with the formation of two oxidation fragments, and ketones, acids and aldehydes result． 其结果是在最初双键处碳键断裂，形成两个氧化 碎片，结果形成酮、酸和醛。 when concentrated nitric acid is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid it ionizes and gives a nitronium ion． 当浓硝酸溶于浓硫酸中时，就发生离子化而产生 硝鎓离子。
（6） 表示选择：或，或者。
This will include property taxable for state and county purposes.
这将包括州或县支配的应征税的财产。
（7）表示条件：要是……就。
Give him some money and he will help you．
要是你给他钱，他就给你帮忙。
（8）表示目的：为了。也可不译。
Let us join and proceed together.
让我们联合起来共同前进。
Lesson 1 Size of atoms and ions
The size of atoms decreases from left to right across a period in the periodic table. For example, on moving from lithium to beryllium, the number of charges on the nucleus is increased by one, so that all the orbital electrons are pulled in closer to the nucleus.
在周期表中，沿着周期表从左到右原子的半径 逐渐减小。例如，从锂到铍，核电荷数增加了一 个，因此，轨道电子就被吸引得更靠近原子核。
In a given period, the alkali metal is the largest atom and the halogen the smallest. When a row of ten transition elements or fourteen inner transition elements occurs in a horizontal period, the contraction in size is even more marked.
原子失去一个或多个电子形成正离子。通常， 由于外层电子的失去，内层电子不能跑到空间上 更远的地方，阳离子比金属原子要小些。
In addition, the ratio of positive charges on the nucleus to the number of orbital electrons is increased. Thus the effective nuclear charge is increased and the electrons are pulled in. A positive ion is therefore smaller than the corresponding atom and the more electrons removed (that is, the greater the charge on the ion), the smaller it becomes.