对外经济贸易大学考博英语阅读真题解析

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对外经济贸易大学考博英语阅读长难句解析1

对外经济贸易大学考博英语阅读长难句解析1本文针对历年考博英语真题长难句部分进行详解，希望对2015年考博的同学提供一点帮助。

1.The American economic system is,organized around a basicallyprivate-enterprise,market-oriented economy in which consumerslargely determine what shall be produced by spending their money inthe marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.[参考译文]美国的经济是以基本的私有企业和市场导向经济为架构的，在这种经济中，消费者很大程度上通过在市场上为那些他们最想要的货品和服务付费来决定什么应该被制造出来。

2.Thus,in the American economic system it is the demand ofindividual consumers,coupled with the desire of businessmen tomaximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize theirincomes,that together determine what shall be produced and howresources are used to produce it.[参考译文]因此，在美国的经济体系中，个体消费者的需求与商人试图最大化其利润的欲望和个人想最大化其收入效用的欲望相结合，一起决定了什么应该被制造，以及资源如何被用来制造它们。

（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537)3.If,on the other hand,producing more of a commodity resultsin reducing its cost,this will tend to increase the supply offeredby seller-producers,which in turn will lower the price and permitmore consumers to buy the product.[参考译文]另一方面，如果大量制造某种商品导致其成本下降，那么这就有可能增加卖方和制造商能提供的供给，而这也就会反过来降低价格并允许更多的消费者购买产品。

对外经济贸易大学考博英语阅读理解真题指导

对外经济贸易大学考博英语阅读理解真题指导In the early1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three playersin the National Basketball Association(NBA)listed at over seven feet.If he had played last season,however,he would have been one of42.The bodies playing major professional sports have changeddramatically over the years,and managers have been more than willingto adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger,longerframes.The trend in sports,though,may be obscuring an unrecognizedreality:Americans have generally stopped growing.Though typicallyabout two inches taller now than140years ago,today's people-especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S.for manygenerations-apparently reached their limit in the early1960s.Andthey aren't likely to get any taller."In the general population today,at this genetic,environmental level,we've pretty much gone as faras we can go,"says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of WrightState University.In the case of NBA players,their increase in heightappears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruitingplayers from all over the world.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537) Growth,which rarely continues beyond the age of20,demandscalories and nutrients-notably,protein-to feed expanding tissues.At the start of the20th century,under-nutrition and childhoodinfections got in the way.But as diet and health improved,childrenand adolescents have,on average,increased in height by about an inchand a half every20years,a pattern known as the secular trend in height.Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,average height-5′9″for men,5′4″for women-hasn't really changed since1960.Genetically speaking,there are advantages to avoiding substantial height.During childbirth,larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal.Moreover,even though humans have been upright for millions of years,our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs."There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,"says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change,but don't expect this to happen soon. Claire C.Gordon,senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick,Mass.,ensures that90percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration.She says that,unlike those for basketball,the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time.And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment,Gordon says that by and large, "you could use today's data and feel fairly confident."31.Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to[A]illustrate the change of height of NBA players.[B]show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S..[C]compare different generations of NBA players.[D]assess the achievements of famous NBA players.32.Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?[A]Genetic modification.[B]Natural environment.[C]Living standards.[D]Daily exercise.33.On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?[A]Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B]Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C]Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D]Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34.We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future[A]the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.[B]the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.[C]genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.[D]the existing data of human height will still be applicable.35.The text intends to tell us that[A]the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.[B]human height is becoming even more predictable.[C]Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.[D]the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。

对外经济贸易大学国际经济研究院考博真题-参考书-分数线-复习方法-育明考博

对外经济贸易大学国际经济研究院考博指导与分析一、对外经济贸易大学国际经济研究院考博资讯从2014年开始，除专职教师和专职科研人员外对外经济贸易大学不在招收以在职方式攻读的博士研究生，仅招收全日制脱产博士研究生，所有被录取的考生均须将档案迁入对外经济贸易大学管理。

本年度国际经济研究院拟录博士研究生5名，专业目录中各招生专业各方向所列招生人数均为初步意向人数，具体招生人数将根据生源状况确定，此数据仅供参考。

考试科目中2201经济学基础包括宏、微观经济理论（占70%）和数学（占30%）。

（一）考试科目及各方向导师：1.020105世界经济研究方向01：国际投资与跨国经营。

导师分别是桑百川、隆国强、华晓红、庄芮、蓝庆。

研究方向02：国际经济合作与区域经济一体化。

导师分别是桑百川、隆国强、华晓红、庄芮、蓝庆。

研究方向03：世界经济体系与世界贸易组织。

导师分别是桑百川、隆国强、华晓红、庄芮、蓝庆。

研究方向04：经济全球化与中国经济贸易发展。

导师分别是桑百川、隆国强、华晓红、庄芮、蓝庆。

研究方向05：国际政治经济关系。

导师分别是桑百川、隆国强、华晓红、庄芮、蓝庆。

考试的科目：（1）1101英语（100%）。

（2）2201经济学基础（100%）。

（3）3303世界经济（100%）。

（二）复试须知1.复试方案：（1）坚持标准统一、程序公开、择优录取、宁缺毋滥的原则；（2）实行差额复试，按130%-150%的比例进行差额复试；总成绩=初试分数（满分300分）+专家组面试（满分100分）+导师对考生评价（满分100分）含专业素质40分，综合评价60分；专家组面试和导师对考生评价及格分均为60分。

（3）按总绩从高分到低分确定拟录取名单，报学校研究生招生领导小组审批。

2.复试内容：（1）所报研究方向的理论和实务；（2）英语问答，内容包括外语听力水平和口语水平测试；（3）前期科研成果，专业课和学术潜力。

3.考核方法：（1）考生介绍个人学习和工作情况，攻读博士期间的学术研究构想，时间不超过5分钟；（2）考官根据考生的陈述提问，考生即问即答，时间不超过所5分钟；（3）英语问答。

对外经济贸易大学考博英语新题型及其解析

对外经济贸易大学考博英语新题型及其解析There is growing interest in East Japan Railway Co.ltd，one ofthe six companies，created out of the privatized nationa__l__railwaysystem.In an industry lacking exciting growth1，its plan to usereal-estate assets in and around train stations__2__is drawinginterest.In a plan called“Station Renaissance”that it__3__in November，JR East said that it would__4__using its commercial spaces for shopsand restaurants，extending them to__5__more suitable for theinformation age.It wants train stations as pick-up__6__for suchgoods as books，flowers and groceries__7__over the Internet.In acountry where city__8__depend heavily on trains__9__commuting，about16million people a day go to its train stations anyway，the company__10__.So，picking up commodities at train stations__11__consumersextra travel and missed home deliveries.JR East already has beenusing its station__12__stores for this purpose，but it plans tocreate__13__spaces for the delivery of Internet goods.The company also plans to introduce__14__cards—known in Japanas IC cards because they use integrated circuit Geng duo yuan xiaozhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi erliu qi ba wu san qi for__15__information__16__train tickets andcommuter passes__17__the magnetic ones used today，integrating theminto a/an__18__pass.This will save the company money，because__19__for IC cards are much less expensive than magnetic systems.Increased use of IC cards should also__20__the space needed for ticket vending.1.[A]perspectives[B]outlooks[C]prospects[D]spectacles2.[A]creatively[B]originally[C]authentically[D]initially3.[A]displayed[B]demonstrated[C]embarked[D]unveiled4.[A]go beyond[B]set out[C]come around[D]spread over5.[A]applications[B]enterprises[C]functions[D]performances6.[A]districts[B]vicinities[C]resorts[D]locations7.[A]acquired[B]purchased[C]presided[D]attained8.[A]lodgers[B]tenants[C]dwellers[D]boarders9.[A]for[B]in[C]of[D]as10.[A]figures[B]exhibits[C]convinces[D]speculates11.[A]deprives[B]retrieves[C]spares[D]exempts12.[A]conjunction[B]convenience[C]department[D]ornament13.[A]delegated[B]designated[C]devoted[D]dedicated14.[A]clever[B]smart[C]ingenious[D]intelligent15.[A]checking[B]gathering[C]holding[D]accommodating16.[A]as[B]for[C]with[D]of17.[A]but for[B]as well as[C]instead of[D]more than18.[A]unique[B]single[C]unitary[D]only19.[A]devices[B]instruments[C]readers[D]examiners20.[A]reduce[B]narrow[C]dwarf[D]shrink答案1.C2.A3.D4.A5.C6.D7.B8.C9.A10.A11.C12.B13.D14.B15.C16.A17.C18.B19.C20.A总体分析本文介绍了东日本铁路公司引人关注的新计划。

对外经济贸易大学考博英语阅读长难句解析5

对外经济贸易大学考博英语阅读长难句解析5本文针对历年考博英语真题长难句部分进行详解，希望对2015年考博的同学提供一点帮助。

71.But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notesthat a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarianofficer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river--and thento find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and theweights of the officers,"Pluff!Pluff!"A hundred and eighty-fivekilograms."[参考译文]但当我们先是从注释中得知某诗行讲述了一个土耳其军官和一个保加利亚军官在桥上动手打架并双双掉进河里，而后却发现该行诗中不过只充斥着"扑通，扑通，185公斤重"这类对他们落水时的动静以及对军官们体重的描写时，我们不免感到困惑不安。

72.The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry ofwomen into the male-domiated job market have limited theopportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavypersonal sacrifices involved in climbing Janpan"s rigid social ladderto good schools and jobs.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537) [参考译文]战后婴儿潮一代的步入成年以及女性打入男性主导的劳动力市场使得青少年的发展机会变得极为有限，他们已经在不停地质疑为了爬上日本国内那通往优秀学校和体面工作的严酷的社会阶梯而做出的巨大的个人牺牲。

对外经济贸易大学考博英语真题答案

对外经济贸易大学考博英语真题答案Section I Use of English1、【答案】B concluded【解析】题干中，一系列的研究已经_____，事实上，正常体重的人的患病风险要高于超重的人。

根据句义，后面的部分实际上是研究的结论，因此concluded符合题意，其他选项denied(否认)与意义相反，doubled(翻倍)与题意较远，ensured(确保)不符合题意，因为研究不能确保后面的事实，只能得出后面的事实作为结论。

所以正确答案为B。

2、【答案】A protective【解析】题干中，对于某些健康情况，超重事实上是有_____。

根据前文研究的结论，超重能减少罹患疾病的风险，说明超重具有一定的保护作用。

Dangerous和文章意思相反，sufficient表示充足，troublesome表示有麻烦，不符合题意，所以正确答案为A。

（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537)3、【答案】C likewise【解析】第三句话中，较重的女人患缺钙的比例低于较瘦的女人。

_____，在老年人中，一定程度上超重……。

需要填入的是和前半句表示顺接的词语。

A选项instead表示逆接的句意关系，B选项however也表示逆接，D选项therefore表示因此，只有C选项likewise意为同样地;也，而且。

因此正确答案为C。

4、【答案】A indicator【解析】本句话中，_____，一定程度上超重，经常是健康的_____。

A 选项，表示指示器，指标。

B选项objective表示客观;C选项origin表示来源，D选项example表示例子。

根据前面的文章内容，已经明确指出超重代表了健康，因此超重是健康的指标。

因此正确答案为A。

5、【答案】D concern【解析】本句话的句意是，需要更加_____是，很难对肥胖加以定义。

2005年对外经济贸易大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2005年对外经济贸易大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Error Identification 3. Cloze 4. Proofreading 5. Chinese-English TranslationStructure and V ocabulary1．The news item about the fire is followed by a detailed report made ______.A．on the spotB．on the siteC．on the locationD．on the ground正确答案：A解析：on the spot在现场；on the site 在工地；on the location 电影外景拍摄地；on the ground在地上，在决斗。

2．I didn’t say anything like that at all. You are purposely ______ my ideas to prove your point.A．revisingB．contradictingC．distortingD．distracting正确答案：C解析：distort歪曲，扭曲；revise修正，校正；contradict同……矛盾，与……抵触；distract转移。

3．______ for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.A．Had it not beenB．Were it notC．Be it notD．Should it not be正确答案：A解析：对过去事情的虚拟，用had it not been结构。

Should it not be和Were it not... would do 结构表示对将来事情的虚拟。

对外经济贸易大学考博英语阅读长难句解析5

对外经济贸易大学考博英语阅读长难句解析5本文针对历年考博英语真题长难句部分进行详解，希望对2015年考博的同学提供一点帮助。

对外经济贸易大学考博英语解析

对外经济贸易大学考博英语解析Directions:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numberedblank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Thinner isn’t always better.A number of studies have__1___thatnormal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseasescompared to those who are overweight.And there are health conditionsfor which being overweight is actually___2___.For example,heavierwomen are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women.___3___among the elderly,being somewhat overweight is often an___4___of good health.Of even greater___5___is the fact that obesity turns out to bevery difficult to define.It is often defined___6___body mass index,or BMI.BMI___7__body mass divided by the square of height.An adultwith a BMI of18to25is often considered to be normal weight.Between25and30is overweight.And over30is considered obese.Obesity,___8___,can be divided into moderately obese,severely obese,andvery severely obese.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537) While such numerical standards seem9,they are not.Obesity isprobably less a matter of weight than body fat.Some people with ahigh BMI are in fact extremely fit,10others with a low BMI may bein poor11.For example,many collegiate and professional footballplayers12as obese,though their percentage body fat is low.Conversely,someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a13BMI.Today we have a(an)_14_to label obesity as a disgrace.The overweight are sometimes_15_in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes_16_with obesity include laziness,lack of will power,and lower prospects for success.Teachers,employers,and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. _17_very young children tend to look down on the overweight,and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools.1.[A]denied[B]conduced[C]doubled[D]ensured2.[A]protective[B]dangerous[C]sufficient[D]troublesome3.[A]Instead[B]However[C]Likewise[D]Therefore4.[A]indicator[B]objective[C]origin[D]example5.[A]impact[B]relevance[C]assistance[D]concern6.[A]in terms of[B]in case of[C]in favor of[D]in of7.[A]measures[B]determines[C]equals[D]modifies8.[A]in essence[B]in contrast[C]in turn[D]in part9.[A]complicated[B]conservative[C]variable[D] straightforward10.[A]so[B]unlike[C]since[D]unless11.[A]shape[B]spirit[C]balance[D]taste12.[A]start[B]quality[C]retire[D]stay13.[A]strange[B]changeable[C]normal[D]constant14.[A]option[B]reason[C]opportunity[D]tendency15.[A]employed[B]pictured[C]imitated[D]monitored16.[A][B]combined[C]settled[D]associated17.[A]Even[B]Still[C]Yet[D]Only18.[A]despised[B]corrected[C]ignored[D]grounded19.[A]discussions[B]businesses[C]policies[D]studies20.[A]for[B]against[C]with[D]withoutSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text1What would you do with590m?This is now a question for Gloria Mackenzie,an84-year-old widow who recently emerged from her small, tin-roofed house in Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history.If she hopes her new-found for tune will yield lasting feelings of fulfillment,she could do worse than read Happy Money by Elizabeth Dumn and Michael Norton.These two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the most rewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive. Fantasies of great wealth often involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes.Yet satisfaction with these material purchases wears off fairly quickly what was once exciting and new becomes old-hat;regret creeps in.It is far better to spend money onexperiences,say Ms Dumn and Mr Norton,like interesting trips,unique meals or even going to the cinema.These purchases often become more valuable with time-as stories or memories-particularly if they involve feeling more connected to others.This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as well as lottery winners get the most"happiness bang for your buck."It seems most people would be better off if they could shorten their commutes to work,spend more time with friends and family and less of it watching television(something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing,and is hardly jollier for it).Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself,and luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly.This is apparently the reason MacDonald's restricts the availability of its popular McRib-a marketing trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession.Readers of“HappyMoney”are clearly a privileged lot,anxious about fulfillment,not hunger.Money may not quite buy happiness,but people in wealthier countries are generally happier than those in poor ones.Yet the link between feeling good and spending money on others can be seen among rich and poor people around the world,and scarcity enhances the pleasure of most things for most people.Not everyone will agree with the authors’policy ideas,which range from mandating more holiday time to reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers. But most people will come away from this book believing it was moneywell spent。

对外经济贸易大学考博英语阅读长难句解析2

对外经济贸易大学考博英语阅读长难句解析2本文针对历年考博英语真题长难句部分进行详解，希望对2013年考博的同学提供一点帮助。

41.The most thrilling explanation is,unfortunately,a littledefective.Some economists argue that powerful structural changes inthe world have upended the old economic models that were based uponthe historical link between growth and inflation.[参考译文]很不幸，这最令人震惊的解释有一点缺陷。

一些经济学家认为世界经济结构的强有力的变化已经结束了那个以经济增长和通货膨胀的历史关联为基础的旧的经济模式。

42.The Aswan Dam,for example,stopped the Nile flooding butdeprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left-all in return fora giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barelygenerates electricity.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537) [参考译文]例如，阿斯旺大坝使得尼罗河不再洪水泛滥，但是它也夺去了埃及以前所享有的洪水留下的肥沃淤泥--这些换宋的就是这么个疾病滋生的水库，现在这个水库积满了淤泥，几乎不能发电了。

43.New ways of organizing the workplace--all that re-engineeringand downsizing--are only one contribution to the overall productivityof an economy,which is driven by many other factors such as jointinvestment in equipment and machinery,new technology,and investmentin education and training,[参考译文]企业重组的新方法--所有那些重新设计、缩小规模的做法--只是对一个经济的整体生产力做出了一方面的贡献。

对外经济贸易大学考博英语阅读长难句7

对外经济贸易大学考博英语阅读长难句7本文针对历年考博英语真题长难句部分进行详解，希望对2015年考博的同学提供一点帮助。

91.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsavingutility,they will have to operate with less human supervision andbe able to make at least"a few decisions for them-selves-goals thatpose a real challenge.[参考译文]但是如果机器人要达到节省人工的下一个阶段，它们将必须在更少的人力监督之下工作，而且还要能够自己作出至少几个决定--这些目标才会引发真正的挑战。

92.But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene andimmediately disregard the98percent that is irrelevant,instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forestroad or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537) [参考译文]但是人类的头脑可以只迅速地瞟一眼一个快速改变的场面，然后立刻放弃98%的不相关部分，而马上聚焦于一条崎岖森林道路边的一只猴子，或者在茫茫人海中的一张可疑的脸。

93.The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that,ifoil prices averaged$22a barrel for a full year,compared with$13in1998,this would increase the oil import bill in rich economiesby only0.25---0.5%of GDP.[参考译文]OECD在其最近的《经济了望》中估计，如果石油价格与1998年的每桶13美元相比在一年中平均为每22美元，这也只会给富裕的经济体的石油进口账单上增加GDP的0.25%到0.5%。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-对外经济贸易大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷(带答案)第60期

2022年考研考博-考博英语-对外经济贸易大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.翻译题Translate the following into English20年来，中国从工业化、城镇化加快发展的国情出发，不断丰富可持续发展的内涵，积极应对国内外环境的复杂变化和一系列重大挑战，实现了经济平稳较快发展、人民生活显著改善，在控制人口总量、提高人口素质、节约资源和保护环境等方面取得了积极进展。

同时，作为一个发展中国家，中国人口众多、‘生态脆弱、人均资源占有不足，人均国内生产总值尚排在全球百位左右，仍有1.22亿贫困人口，资源环境对经济发展的约束增强，区域发展不平衡问题突出，科技创新能力不强，改善民生的任务十分艰巨。

【答案】Over the past 20 years, China, based on its national conditions of being in the accelerated industrialization and urbanization processes, has enriched the connotations of sustainable development, actively responded to the complex changes in the environment at home and abroad and a series of major challenges, and achieved steady and rapid economic development, higher people’s living standards, and remarkable progress in population control, population quality improvement, resources conservation and environmental protection. On the other hand, as a developing country with a large population, China is faced with ecological fragility and inadequate per capita resources. Its per capita gross domestic product (GDP) is still ranked about 100th in the world and there are still 122 million people living in poverty. Moreover, given the severe resources and environment constrains on economic development, pronounced uneven development among regions, and weak scientific and technological innovation capacities, China still faces and arduous task of improving people’s livelihood.2.问答题In emerging economies like that in Eastern Europe, there are fears that growing joblessnessAmight encourage a move away from free-market, pro-Western policies, while in developingBcountries unemployment could bolster efforts to protect local industries at the expense of globalCDtrade.【答案】试题答案：A; those【解析】考查代词。

对外经济贸易大学考博英语翻译真题及其解析

对外经济贸易大学考博英语翻译真题及其解析1.1990年英译汉试题及参考译文People have wondered for a long time how their personalities，and behaviors are formed.It is not easy to explain why oneperson is intelligent and another is not，or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.Social scientists are，of course，extremely interested in these types of questions.（61）They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors.There are no clear answers yet，but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed.As one might expect，the two approaches are very different from each other.The controversy is often conveniently referred to asnature vs.nurture.Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.（62）Those who support thenatureside of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors.（63）That our environment has little，if anything，to do with our abilities，characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.Taken to an extreme，this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.Those who support thenurturetheory，that is，they advocate education，are often called behaviorists.They claim that ourenvironment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act.A behaviorist，B.F.Skinner，sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings.（64）The behaviorists maintain that，like machines，humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic，intelligence，offered by the two theories.（65）Supporters of thenaturetheory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined.Needless to say，they don’t believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic.On the other hand，behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences.（66）Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli whichdevelop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.The social and political implications of these two theories are profound.（67）In the United States，blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests.This leads somenatureproponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites.（68）Behaviorists，in contrast，say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior.1990年英译汉试题参考译文长期以来人们完全不知道他们的性格特征和行为模式是怎样形成的。

对外经济贸易大学2009考博英语真题及其经典解析-育明考博

对外经济贸易大学2009考博英语真题及其经典解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered black and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points) The Internet affords anonymity to its users,a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech.But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has1across the Web.Can privacy be preserved2bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly3?Last month,Howard Schmidt,the nation’s cyber-czar,offered the federal government a4to make the Web a safer place-a“voluntary trusted identity”system that would be the high-tech5of a physical key,a fingerprint and a photo ID card,all rolled6one. The system might use a smart identity card,or a digital credential 7to a specific computer.and would authenticate users at a range of online services.Geng duo yuan xiao zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.The idea is to8a federation of private online identity systems. User could9which system to join,and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems.The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license10by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on”systems that make it possible for users to11 just once but use many different services.12.the approach would create a“walled garden”n cyberspace, with safe“neighborhoods”and bright“streetlights”to establish a sense of a13community.Mr.Schmidt described it as a“voluntary ecosystem”in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with14,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure15which the transaction runs”.Still,the administration’s plan has16privacy rights activists.Some applaud the approach;others are concerned.It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would17 be a compulsory Internet“drive’s license”mentality.The plan has also been greeted with18by some computer security experts,who worry that the“voluntary ecosystem”envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet19.They argue that all Internet users should be20to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads. 1． A.swept B.skipped C.walked D.ridden2． A.for B.within C.while D.though3． A.careless wless C.pointless D.helpless 4． A.reason B.reminder promise D.proposal5． rmationB.interferenceC.entertainmentD.equivalent 6． A.by B.into C.from D.over7． A.linked B.directed C.chained pared 8． A.dismiss B.discover C.create D.improve 9． A.recall B.suggest C.select D.realize 10． A.relcased B.issued C.distributed D.delivered 11． A.carry on B.linger on C.set in D.log in 12． A.In vain B.In effect C.In return D.In contrast 13． A.trusted B.modernized c.thriving peting 14． A.caution B.delight C.confidence D.patience 15． A.on B.after C.beyond D.across 16． A.divided B.disappointedC.protected D.united 17． A.frequestly B.incidentallyC.occasionally D.eventually 18． A.skepticism B.relerance C.indifference D.enthusiasm 19． A.manageable B.defendable C.vulnerable D.invisible 20． A.invited B.appointed C.allowed D.forcedSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (40points)Text1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outsidedirector in January2000:a year later she became president of Brown University.For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism.But by the end of2009Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee;how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked?By February the next year Ms.Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time,she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful,yet less biased,advisers on a firm’s board.Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere,they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals.If the sky,and the share price is falling,outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than10,000firms and more than64,000different directors between1989and2004.Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next.The most likely reason for departing a board was age,so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise”disappearances by directors under the age of70.They fount that after a surprise departure,the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly20%.The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases,and the stock is likely to perform worse.The effect tended to be larger for larger firms.Although a correlationbetween them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive,it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship.Often they“trade up.”Leaving riskier,smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks,even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred.Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives.Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms.Simmons,once again very popular on campus.21.According to Paragraph1,Ms.Simmons was criticizedfor.[A]gaining excessive profits[B]failing to fulfill her duty[C]refusing to make compromises[D]leaving the board in tough times22.We learn from Paragraph2that outside directors are supposed to be.[A]generous investors[B]unbiased executives[C]share price forecasters[D]independent advisers23.According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outsidedirector’s surprise departure,the firm is likely to.[A]become more stable[B]report increased earnings[C]do less well in the stock market[D]perform worse in lawsuits24.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors.[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm[D]will decline incentives from the firm25.The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is.[A]permissive[B]positive[C]scornful[D]criticalText2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper?A year ago the end seemed near.The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet.Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom.America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers.Should they become charitable corporations?Should thestate subsidize them?It will hold another meeting soon.But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis.German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession.Even American newspapers,which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry,have not only survived but often returned to profit.Not the20%profit margins that were routine a few years ago,but profit all the same.It has not been much fun.Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard.The American Society of News Editors reckons that13,500newsroom jobs have gone since2007.Readers are paying more for slimmer products.Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs.Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and,sadly for many journalists,they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses,with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers.American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads.Fully 87%of their revenues came from advertising in2008,according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation&Development(OECD).In Japan the proportion is35%.Not surprisingly,Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody,but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper areleast distinctive.Car and film reviewers have gone.So have science and general business reporters.Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off.Newspapers are less complete as a result.But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26.By saying“Newspapers like…their own doom”(Lines3-4,Para.1),the author indicates that newspaper.[A]neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27.Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because.[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer productspared with their American counterparts,Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they.[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29.What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30.The most appropriate title for this text would be.[A]American Newspapers:Struggling for Survival[B]American Newspapers:Gone with the Wind[C]American Newspapers:A Thriving Business[D]American Newspapers:A Hopeless StoryText3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth,with soldiers returning home by the millions,going off to college on the G.I.Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses,it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more.During the Depression and the war,Americans had learned to live with less,and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future,made small, efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living.The phrase“less is more”was actually first popularized by a German,the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe,who like other people associated with the Bauhaus,a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War IIand took up posts at American architecture schools.These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture,but none more so that Mies.Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration,properly organized,has more impact that a lot.Elegance,he believed,did not derive from abundance.Like other modern architects,he employed metal,glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the1940s symbolized the future.Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient,rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive,for example,were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast.But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’details and proportions,the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward“less”was not entirely foreign.In the1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around1,200square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the1890s and the early20th century.The“Case Study Houses”commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts&Architecture magazine between1945 and1962were yet another homegrown influence on the“less is more”trend.Aesthetic effect came from the landscape,new materials and forthright detailing.In his Case Study House,Ralph everyday life -few American families acquired helicopters,though most eventually got clothes dryers-but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31.The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans’.[A]prosperity and growth[B]efficiency and practicality[C]restraint and confidence[D]pride and faithfulness32.Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph3about Bauhaus?[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.33.Mies held that elegance of architectural design.[A]was related to large space[B]was identified with emptiness[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration[D]was not associated with efficiency34.What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?[A]They ignored details and proportions.[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35.What can we learn about the design of the“Case Study House”?[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.Text4Will the European Union make it?The question would have sounded strange not long ago.Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a“Bermuda triangle”of debt,population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems,the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core,the16countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies,weaker or stronger,will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency,which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck.It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers,France and Germany,agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone,but disagree about what toharmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness,barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey.These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all27members of the EU club,among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour;in the inner core alone,Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.A“southern”camp headed by French wants something different:”European economic government”within an inner core of euro-zone members.Translated,that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers.Finally,figures close to the France government have murmured,curo-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g.,curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU.It remains the world’s largest trading block.At its best,the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of27rich and poor countries,its internal borders are far more open to goods,capital and labour than any comparable trading area.It is an ambitious attempt to blunt thesharpest edges of globalization,and make capitalism benign.36.The EU is faced with so many problems that.[A]it has more or less lost faith in markets[B]even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C]some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D]it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37.The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominant powers.[A]are competing for the leading position[B]are busy handling their own crises[C]fail to reach an agreement on harmonization[D]disagree on the steps towards disintegration38.To solve the euro problem,Germany proposed that.[A]EU funds for poor regions be increased[B]stricter regulations be imposed[C]only core members be involved in economic co-ordination[D]voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39.The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that____.［A］poor countries are more likely to get funds［B］strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries ［C］loans will be readily available to rich countries［D］rich countries will basically control Eurobonds40.Regarding the future of the EU,the author seems to feel____.［A］pessimistic［B］desperate［C］conceited［D］hopefulPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column.There are two extra choices in the right column.Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points) 46．Direction：In this section there is a text in English.Translate it into Chinese,write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2.(15points) Who would have thought that,globally,the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do-rough2percent of all CO2emissions?Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment.A Google search can leak between0.2and7.0grams of CO2depending on how many attempts are needed to get the“right”answer.To deliver results to its users quickly,then,Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world,packed with powerful computers.While producing large quantities of CO2,these computers emit a great deal of heat,so the centres need to be well air-conditioned,which uses even more energy.However,Google and other big tech providers monitor theirefficiency closely and make improvements.Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction,but there is much to be done,and not just by big companies.参考答案从全球范围来看，有谁会想到IT行业释放的温室气体与全球航空公司产生的一样多呢？它大约占总二氧化碳总排量的2%。

对外经济贸易大学考博英语1

[模拟] 对外经济贸易大学考博英语1Part ⅠVocabulary Directions: In each question, decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked, put the letter of your choice on the Answer Sheet; choose one of the four choices marked A, B, C and D that best keeps the meaning of the sentence, which is substituted for the underlined word or phrase, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice on the Answer Sheet.第1题：Everyone must have liked the cake because there wasn't even a( )left.A.crutchB.chipC.chopD.clip参考答案：B答案解析：本题是一道词义辨析题，crutch含义为“支柱，叉柱”；chip含义为“碎片，碎屑”；chop含义为“一块排骨”；clip含义为“夹钳”。

根据句意，本题应该选 B。

第2题：Mary ( )when she found her husband drunk again.A.blew her topB.became abnormalC.was affectedD.in opposition参考答案：A答案解析：本题是一道词义辨析题，blow one's top含义为“发脾气”；become abnormal 含义为“变得反常”；be affected含义为“被影响”；in opposition含义为“反对”。

对外经济贸易大学2009考博英语真题及其解析-育明考博

对外经济贸易大学2009考博英语真题及其解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following passage.For each numbered blank there are fourchoices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best one and mark your answerson ANSWER SHEET l.(10points)The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico wasdeclared a global pandemic on June11,2009,in the first designationby the World Health Organization of a worldwide pandemic in41years.The heightened alert came after an emergency meeting with fluexperts in Geneva that convened after a sharp rise in cases inAustralia,and rising numbers in Britain,Japan,Chile and elsewhere.But the pandemic is"moderate"in severity,according to MargaretChan,the organization's director general,with the overwhelmingmajority of patients experiencing only mild symptoms and a fullrecovery,often in the absence of any medical treatment.The outbreak came to global notice in late April2009,whenMexican authorities noticed an unusually large number ofGeng duo yuan xiao zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mianfei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jiazi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.hospitalizations and deathsamong healthy adults.As much of Mexico City shut down at the heightof a panic,cases began to crop up in New York City,the southwesternUnited States and around the world.In the United States,new cases seemed to fade as warmer weather arrived.But in late September2009,officials reported there was significant flu activity in almost every state and that virtually all the samples tested are the new swine flu,also known as(A)H1N1,not seasonal flu.In the U.S.,it has infected more than one million people,and caused more than600deaths and more than6,000 hospitalizations.Federal health officials released Tamiflu for children from the national stockpile and began taking orders from the states for the new swine flu vaccine.The new vaccine,which is different from the annual flu vaccine,is available ahead of expectations.More than three million doses were to be made available in early October2009, though most of those initial doses were of the FluMist nasal spray type,which is not recommended for pregnant women,people over50or those with breathing difficulties,heart disease or several other problems.But it was still possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk group:health care workers,people caring for infants and healthy young people.SectionⅡReading comprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four passages.Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A,B,C and D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40points)Text1The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of56works by Damien Hirst,“Beautiful Inside My Head Forever”,at Sotheby’s in London on September15th 2008(see picture).All but two pieces sold,fetching more than￡70m, a record for a sale by a single artist.It was a last hurrah.As the auctioneer called out bids,in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street,Lehman Brothers,filed for bankruptcy.The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising vertiginously since2003.At its peak in2007it was worth some$65billion,reckons Clare McAndrew,founder of Arts Economics, a research firm—double the figure five years earlier.Since then it may have come down to$50billion.But the market generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth,enormous egos,greed,passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.In the weeks and months that followed Mr Hirst’s sale,spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable,especially in New York,where the bail-out of the banks coincided with the loss of thousands of jobs and the financial demise of many art-buying investors.In the art world that meant collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms. Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds,and in the most overheated sector—for Chinese contemporary art—they were down by nearly90%in the year to November2008.Within weeks the world’stwo biggest auction houses,Sotheby’s and Christie’s,had to pay out nearly$200m in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with them.The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buying Impressionists at the end of1989,a move that started the most serious contraction in the market since the second world war. This time experts reckon that prices are about40%down on their peak on average,though some have been far more volatile.But Edward Dolman, Christie’s chief executive,says:“I’m pretty confident we’re at the bottom.”What makes this slump different from the last,he says,is that there are still buyers in the market,whereas in the early1990s,when interest rates were high,there was no demand even though many collectors wanted to sell.Christie’s revenues in the first half of 2009were still higher than in the first half of2006.Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell.The three Ds—death,debt and divorce—still deliver works of art to the market.But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away,waiting for confidence to return.21.In the first paragraph,Damien Hirst's sale was referred to as“a last victory”because____-.A.the art market hadwitnessed a succession of victoryiesB.the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bidsC.Beautiful Inside My Head Forever won over all masterpiecesD.it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis22.By saying“spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable”(Line 1-2,Para.3),the author suggests that_____.A.collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctionsB.people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleriesC.art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extentD.works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buying23.Which of the following statements is NOT ture?A.Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from2007to2008.B.The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.C.The market generally went downward in various ways.D.Some art dealers were awaiting better chances to come.24.The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are____A.auction houses'favoritesB.contemporary trendsC.factors promoting artwork circulationD.styles representing impressionists25.The most appropriate title for this text could be___A.Fluctuation of Art PricesB.Up-to-date Art AuctionsC.Art Market in DeclineD.Shifted Interest in ArtsText2I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room--a women's group that had invited men to join them.Throughout the evening one man had been particularly talkative frequently offering ideas and anecdotes while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch.Toward the end of the evening I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands don't talk to them.This man quickly concurred.He gestured toward his wife and said"She's the talker in our family."The room burst into laughter;the man looked puzzled and hurt."It's true"he explained."When I come home from work I have nothing to say.If she didn't keep the conversation going we'd spend the whole evening in silence."This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations they often talk less at home.And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage.The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late'70s.Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book"Divorce Talk"that most of the women she interviewed--but only a few of the men--gave lack of communication as the reason for their divorces.Given the current divorce rate of nearly50percent that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year--a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.In my own research complaints from women about their husbands mostoften focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning cooking social arrangements and errands.Instead they focused on communication:"He doesn't listen to me""He doesn't talk to me."I found as Hacker observed years before that most wives want their husbands to be first and foremost conversational partners but few husbands share this expectation of their wives.In short the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face while a woman glares at the back of it wanting to talk.26.What is most wives'main expectation of their husbands?A.Talking to them.B.Trusting them.C.Supporting their careers.D.Shsring housework.27.Judging from the context,the phrase“wreaking havoc”(Line 3,Para.2)most probably means___.A generating motivation.B.exerting influenceC.causing damageDcreating pressure28.All of the following are true EXCEPT_______A.men tend to talk more in public tan womenB.nearly50percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversationC.women attach much importance to communication between couples Da female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse29.Which of the following can best summarize the mian idea of this text?A.The moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists.B.Marriage break_up stems from sex inequalities.C.Husband and wofe have different expectations from their marriage.D.Conversational patterns between man and wife are different.30.In the following part immediately after this text,the author will most probably focuson______A.a vivid account of the new book Divorce TalkB.a detailed description of the stereotypical cartoonC.other possible reasons for a high divorce rate in the U.S.D a brief introduction to the political scientist Andrew Hacker Txet3over the past decade,many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors—habits—among consumers.These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks, apply lotions and wipe counters almost without thinking,often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.“There are fundamental public health problems,like hand washing with soap,that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits,”Dr.Curtis said.“We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.”The companies that Dr.Curtis turned to—Procter&Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever—had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.If you look hard enough,you’ll find that many of the products we use every day—chewing gums,skin moisturizers,disinfecting wipes,air fresheners,water purifiers,health snacks, antiperspirants,colognes,teeth whiteners,fabric softeners, vitamins—are results of manufactured habits.A century ago,few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day.Today, because of canny advertising and public health campaigns,many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day,often with Colgate,Crest or one of the other brands.A few decades ago,many people didn’t drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs,and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long.Chewing gum,once bought primarily by adolescent boys,is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal.Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morningbeauty rituals,slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,”said Carol Berning,a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter&Gamble,the company that sold$76billion of Tide,Crest and other products last year.“Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers’lives,and it’s essential to making new products commercially viable.”Through experiments and observation,social scientists like Dr. Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through relentless advertising.As this new science of habit has emerged,controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.31.According to Dr.Curtis,habits like hand washing with soap________.[A]should be further cultivated[B]should be changed gradually[C]are deepiy rooted in history[D]are basically private concerns32.Bottled water,chewing gun and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph5so as to____[A]reveal their impact on people’habits[B]show the urgent need of daily necessities[C]indicate their effect on people’buying power[D]manifest the significant role of good habits33.which of the following does NOT belong to products that help createpeople’s habits?[A]Tide[B]Crest[C]Colgate[D]Unilver34.From the text wekonw that some of consumer’s habits are developed due to_____[A]perfected art of products[B]automatic behavior creation[C]commercial promotions[D]scientific experiments35.the author’sattitude toward the influence of advertisement on people’s habits is____[A]indifferent[B]negative[C]positive[D]biasedText4Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values,including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries;that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community;that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race,religion,sex,or national origin;that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers;and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law.The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy.In a direct democracy,citizens take turns governing themselves,rather than electing representatives to govern for them.But as recently as in1986,jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals.In some states,for example,jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence,education, and moral character.Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the1880case of strauder v.West Virginia,the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century.Although women first served on state juries in Utah in1898,it was not until the1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty.Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personlly asked to have their names included on the jury list.This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home,and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the1960s.In1968,the Congress of the United States passed the JurySelection and Service Act,ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury.This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community.In the landmark1975decision Taylor v.Louisiana,the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of the community to the state level. The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.36.From the principles of theUS jury system,welearn that______[A]both litcrate and illiterate people can serve on juries[B]defendants are immune from trial by their peers[C]no age limit should be imposed for jury service[D]judgment should consider the opinion of the public37.The practice of selecting so—called elite jurors prior to1968 showed_____[A]the inadcquavy of antidiscrimination laws[B]the prevalent discrimination against certain races[C]the conflicting ideals in jury selection procedures38.Even in the1960s,women were seldom on the jury list in some states because_____[A]they were automatically banned by state laws[B]they fell far short of the required qualifications[C]they were supposed to perform domestic duties[D]they tended to evade public engagement39.After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed.___[A]sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be abolished[B]educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federal jurors[C]jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire community[D]states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jury system40.in discussing the US jury system,the text centers on_______[A]its nature and problems[B]its characteristics and tradition[C]its problems and their solutions[D]its tradition and developmentSectionⅢTranslation46.Directions:In this section there is a text in English.Translate it into Chinese.Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)“Suatainability”has become apopular word these days,but to Ted Ning,the concept will always have personal meaning.Having endured apainful period of unsustainability in his own life made itclear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed though everyday action and choice.Ning recalls spending aconfusing year in the late1990s selling insurance.He’d been though the dot-com boom and burst and,desperate for ajob,signed on with a Boulder agency.It didin’t go well.“It was a really had move because that’s not my passion,”says Ning,whose dilemma about the job translated, predictably,into a lack of sales.“I was miserable,I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling.I had no money and needed the job.Everyone said,‘Just wait,you’ll trun the corner,give it some time.’”翻译参考“坚持不懈”如今已成一个流行词汇，但对TedNing而言，这个概念一直有个人含义，经历了一段痛苦松懈的个人生活，使他清楚面向以坚持不懈为导向的价值观，必须贯彻到每天的行动和选择中。

对外经济贸易大学考博英语阅读真题每日演练

对外经济贸易大学考博英语阅读真题每日演练SectionⅢPart B(每题2分，共10分)Directions:Read the followingtext carefully and then translate the underlined segments intoChinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2.(10points)Almost all our major problems involve human behavior,and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone.What is needed is a technology of behavior,but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn.(61)One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind,feelings,traits of character,human nature,and so on.Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them.(62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly （PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537) because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.Theenvironment is obviously important,but its role has remained obscure.It does not push or pull,it selects,and this function is difficultto discover and analyze.(63)The role of natural selection inevolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago,and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintainingthe behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized andstudied.As the interaction between organism and environment has cometo be understood,however,effects once assigned to states of mind,feelings,and traits are beginning to be traced to accessibleconditions,and a technology of behavior may therefore becomeavailable.It will not solve our problems,however,until it replacestraditional prescientific views,and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty.(64)They are the possessions of the autonomous(self-governing)man of traditional theory,and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment.It also raises questions concerning “values”.Who will use a technology and to what ends?(65)Until these issues are resolved,a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected,and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。

2007年对外经贸大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2007年对外经贸大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Cloze 2. Reading Comprehension 3. English-Chinese Translation 4. Chinese-English Translation 5. WritingClozeDuring the past ten or fifteen years a great deal of attention has been【C1】______to”telling it like it is, “ or “ letting it all hang out” My impression is that this overzealous devotion to speaking one’s mind has more often led to hurt feelings and ruined relationships than to great joy and fulfillment I think we generally agree that never expressing real feelings and repressing all less-than-lovely thoughts about each other【C2】______leads to constructive communication. It’s a great relief to allow ourselves the luxury of acknowledging our human frailties and pursuing more honest relationships with others. But we need to strike a【C3】______between telling it all and telling nothing. Recently I received a letter from a mother who had been persuaded by her troubled twenty-five-year, old son to attend a weekend marathon with him. Under pressure from the group, her defenses collapsed and she heard herself telling her son for the first time that he had been an accident, that she hadn’t been planning to have a child. He in【C4】______told her that he couldn’t recall a single day in his childhood that he’d been happy. “At that time, “this woman wrote, “it seemed helpful. We cried and we made【C5】______;I thought telling the truth had been good for us. But the trouble is.it Wash’t the whole truth. By the time Tommy was born I did want him, and at【C6】______he was happy. Ever since that day, we’ve both been haunted by some terrible feelings we shared. “ I must admit that I’ve come to the conclusion that some things are better left unsaid. Honesty is a fine policy as【C7】______as we know what the truth really is , but most of the time we don’t It’s a fine goal to encourage children to express their real feelings. And many marriages have been saved by an open confrontation of deep and painful misunderstandings. But we need a new sense of balance. Disclosure is not a panacea for every problem【C8】______even an end in itself. It’s useful and freeing under some circumstances and terribly hurtful and damaging under others. It’s a good idea, I think, to【C9】______your tongue for ten or fifteen minutes before saying what’s 【C10】______your mind. Try to decide whether it’s going to open up new and better avenues of communication or leave wounds that may never heal.1．【C1】正确答案：paid解析：此句话的意思是：在过去的5或十年里，大量的注意力都放在了“描述本真”上。

对外经贸大学考博英语真题阅读理解精练

对外经贸大学考博英语真题阅读理解精练The fossil remains of the first flying vertebrates,the pterosaurs,have intrigued paleontologists for more than two centuries.How such large creatures, which weighed in some cases as much as a piloted hang-glider and had wingspans from8to12meters,solved the problems of powered flight,and exactly what these creatures were—reptiles or birds—are among the questions scientists have puzzled over.Perhaps the least controversial assertion about the pterosaurs is that they were reptiles.Their skulls,pelvises,and hind feet are reptilian.The anatomy of their wings suggests that they did not evolve into the class of birds.In pterosaurs a greatly elongated fourth finger of each forelimb supported a winglike membrane.The other fingers were short and reptilian,with sharpclaws.In birds the second finger is the principal strut of the wing,which consists primarily of feathers.If the pterosaurs walked on all fours,the three short fingers may have been employed for grasping.When a pterosaur walked or remained stationary, the fourth finger,and with it the wing,could only turn upward in an extended inverted V shape along each side of the animal’s body.The pterosaurs resembled both birds and bats in their overall structure and proportions.This is not surprising because the design of any flying vertebrate is subject to aerodynamic constraints.Both the pterosaurs and the birds have hollow bones,a feature that represents a savings in weight.In the birds,however, these bones are reinforced more massively by internal struts.Although scales typically cover reptiles,the pterosaurs probably had hairy coats.T.H.Huxley reasoned that flying vertebrates must have been warm-blooded because flying implies a high rate of metabolism,which in turn implies a high internal temperature.Huxley speculated that a coat of hair would insulate against loss of body heat and might streamline the body to reduce drag inflight.The recent discovery of a pterosaur specimen covered in long,dense,and relatively thick hairlike fossil material was the first clear evidence that his reasoning was correct.Efforts to explain how the pterosaurs became airborne have led to suggestions that they launched themselves by jumping from cliffs,by dropping from trees,or even by rising into light winds from the crests of waves.Each hypothesis has its difficulties.The first wrongly assumes that the pterosaurs’hind feet resembled a bat’s and could serve as hooks by which the animal could hang in preparation for flight.The second hypothesis seems unlikely because large pterosaurs could not have landed in trees without damaging their wings. The third calls for high waves to channel updrafts.The wind that made such waves however,might have been too strong for the pterosaurs to control their flight once airborne.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-l iu jiu qi ba QQ:si jiu san san qi yi liu er liu）1.It can be inferred from the text that scientist now generally agree that the[A]enormous wingspan of the pterosaurs enabled them to fly great distances.[B]structure of the skeleton of the pterosaurs suggests a close evolutionary relationship to bats.[C]fossil remains of the pterosaurs reveal how they solved the problem of powered flight.[D]pterosaurs were reptiles.2.The author views the idea that the pterosaurs became airborne by rising into light winds created by waves as[A]revolutionary.[B]unlikely.[C]unassailable.[D]probable.3.According to the text,the skeleton of a pterosaur can be distinguished from that of a bird by the[A]size of its wingspan.[B]presence of hollow spaces in its bones.[C]anatomic origin of its wing strut.[D]presence of hooklike projections on its hind feet.4.The ideas attributed to T.H.Huxley in the text suggest that he would most likely agree with which of the following statements?[A]An animal’s brain size has little bearing on its ability to master complex behaviors.[B]An animal’s appearance is often influenced by environmental requirements and physical capabilities.[C]Animals within a given family group are unlikely to change their appearance dramatically over a period of time.[D]The origin of flight in vertebrates was an accidental development rather than the outcome of specialization or adaptation.5.Which of the following best describes the organization of the last paragraph of the text?[A]New evidence is introduced to support a traditional point of view.[B]Three explanations for a phenomenon are presented and each is disputed by means of specific information.[C]Three hypotheses are outlined and evidence supporting each is given.[D]Recent discoveries are described and their implications for future study are projected.[答案与考点解析]1.【答案】D【考点解析】这是一道审题定位题型。