研一英语期末考试
研究生英语期末考试1
ENGLISH PROFICIENCY EXAMFOR NON-ENGLISH MAJOR POSTGRADUATE STUDENTSJan. 5th, 2012PART 1: Vocabulary (20%)Directions: In this part, there are 20 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1.Mutual endeavor has shaped our world, and mutualism, the belief that individual andcollective well-being is obtainable only by mutual dependence, ______ family life, relationships and society.A. underpinsB. overstatesC. underlinesD. overcomes2. A man of original power can never be ______ within the limits of a single field of interestand activity, nor can he ever be content to bear the marks and use the skill of a single occupation.A. locatedB. liberatedC. committedD. confined3.As a result of technological convergence and progress in digitization, the laboratories ofcomputer technology and consumer electronics firms are ______ in the race for innovation and sophistication.A. searchingB. competingC. interveningD. absorbing4.The degree in which a man ______ his work and gives it the quality of his own mind andspirit is the measure of his success in giving his nature free and full expression.A. demolishesB. standardizesC. individualizesD. abolishes5.In common with other developed economies, Britain has advocated the creation of ahigh-skilled, high-waged economy by ______ the education and skills of its workforce.A. renewingB. overthrowingC. decreasingD. upgrading6.No one on the planet is going to escape the effects of global warming, and for billions theresulting environmental deterioration is going to make life ______ more difficult.A. considerablyB. terminallyC. originallyD. regularly7.Digital television will enable users to access a wide range of new services, such aspay-per-view TV, the downloading of video games or software, or channels ______ in sports or teleshopping.A. interferingB. specializingC. participatingD. consisting8.Earthquakes are immensely destructive, mainly because most cities in regions of highseismic risk are dominated by buildings that are simply not built well enough to ______ the severe ground shaking of a major quake.A. sustainB. withstandC. guaranteeD. inspect9.By giving students access to a new world of information, sparking creativity, and ______rich communication and collaboration across vast distances, computers have long been a powerful tool for education.A. preventingB. disruptingC. facilitatingD. manipulating10.While more and more women are ______ roles as managers, a new study reveals that thesewomen are increasingly turning to the stereotypically more 'male' traits, such as aggression, to get results.A. definingB. assumingC. regardingD. interpreting11.The potential negative effects of violent video games on adolescent antisocial behavior, andyouth violence ______, is a highly debated issue, both in academic circles and among the general public and policy makers.A. on averageB. on purposeC. in particularD. in advance12. A new digital watermarking system not only protects music and media files from onlinepirates but also ensures that the quality for ______ users is as good as it gets.A. unauthorizedB. temporaryC. malicious恶意的故意的D. legitimate13.There is relatively little ______ of opinion and scholarship about whether generationaldifferences exist that are worth taking into consideration in the workplace, colleges, and universities, and other contexts.A. permissionB. minorityC. absenceD. consensus14.Young people‟s worlds have changed in a variety of ways, many of which have a ______ onthe sort of education and training that they demand.A. contactB. bearingC. leadD. stake15.Nowadays graduates in the labor market are expected to be flexible, to direct and steer theirown work as well as that of others, to take responsibility and to mould jobs to make best use of their ______ in the global market economy.A. expectationsB. blundersC. competenciesD. defects16.No gene ration is more at ease with online, collaborative technologies than today‟s youngpeople—“digital natives”, who have grown up in a/n ______ computing environment.A. immersive拟真的B. emergentC. hostileD. rural17.Whereas university research and development departments may once have been the primaryarena for testing new tools and theories, the survey data reveal that corporations now have the ______ in adopting new innovations.A. rightB. edgeC. controlD. license18.Access to technology in school is particularly important ______ increasing disparities intechnology access outside of school.A. in tune withB. in line withC. in need ofD. in light of19.Taking an international overview on anything, in this case the out-of-school education of thegifted and talented, offers ______ which can sometimes cut right across anyone‟s cultural assumptions.A. perspectivesB. prosecutionsC. obligationsD. objections20.Obesity is a national health crisis and if current trends continue, it will soon ______ smokingin the U.S. as the biggest single factor in early death, reduced quality of life and added health care costs.A. distinguishB. modifyC. imitateD. surpassPART 2: Cloze (15%)Directions: In this part of the test, you‟ll read an incomplete passage with 15 blanks. Read the passage carefully, and choose the best answer from choices marked A, B, C and D. Then on your ANSWER SHEET, find the number of the question and mark your answer with a single line through the center.One of the greatest assets a manager can have is a happy and satisfied team of employees. However, building such a team is a __21__. Unless you‟re in senior management, you may be limited __22__ the amount of compensation or the promotion opportunities you can provide to your employees. Fortuna tely, these aren‟t the only factors that influence employee job satisfaction, or __23__ the most important.Providing tangible proof to your employees that their efforts are recognized, while often __24__ as secondary to other factors, is still very important. Reasonable employees willunderstand that wage increases do have their limits, __25__ they expect to be adequately compensated. However, other types of incentives, such as bonuses or prizes for the __26__ achievers in key performance categories, can be just as effective.It is crucial that both increases and other monetary incentives be performance __27__. Employees should always receive greater rewards and more recognition when they are giving a higher quality of work. __28__ being fair, of course, it also sends the message that the organization values and recognizes those who __29__ their jobs instead of just doing the bare minimum.The culture and the work environment factor highly into employee job satisfaction. Employees who enjoy being around their coworkers and respect their management team are more __30__ to stay in a job when they agree with the company‟s goals and values.Another major __31__ to job satisfaction is how the employee feels about their role and responsibilities. Studies show __32__ those surveyed about their level of job satisfaction have cited factors such as the desire for __ 33__ in their work, having a variety of tasks to __34__, being properly trained and equipped to do their jobs, and having work that is challenging and requires thought and creativity. Employees looking to __35__ a company will have an interest in their personal development and opportunities for advancement as well.Above all, employees want to feel that both they and their work are valued and appreciated by the company.21. A. blessing B. handicapC. challengeD. failure22 A. in favor of B. in terms ofC. on behalf ofD. on top of23. A. necessarily B. viciouslyC. accuratelyD. collectively24. A. to rank B. being ranked25. C. rankedA. thereforeC. otherwiseD. ranksB. unlessD. but26. A. top B. bottomC. lowD. peak27. A. driving B. driven28. C. countingA. In addition toC. With regard toD. countedB. Regardless ofD. For the sake of29. A. specialize in B. excel atC. draw onD. ward off30. A. subject B. likelyC. contraryD. loyal31. A. advantage B. obstacleC. responseD. contributor32. A. that B. howC. whenD. whether33 A. authorship B. automationC. autonomyD. authority34. A. adopt B. undergoC. performD. supply35. A. depart fromC. interfere in B. confine toD. stay withPart 3: Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions: In this part of the test, there are 4 passages. After each passage there are 5 questions or unfinished statements followed by 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that can best answer the question or complete the statement, and then on your ANSWER SHEET, find the number of the question and mark your answer with a single line through the center.Passage 1It seems only natural that happiness should flow from having more money. Even if they don‟t admit it, people still behave as though it were true. More money means you can have what you want and do what you want. The house you dream of? It‟s yours. The new car you desire? Here are the keys. The freedom to enjoy your favorite pastimes? Here‟s your racket, the court is down there, just past the pool.So the puzzle is this: why do social scientists consistently find only moderate relationships between having more money and being happy? Some have even suggested that this moderate connection might be exaggerated. In reality money might have very little to do with happiness at all. Most puzzling, though, is that people often seem aware at some level that money won‟t make them happy. And yet they continue to work away earning money they don‟t objectively need.First, though, let's look at the three reasons money doesn‟t make us happy:It‟s relative income that‟s important. As I‟ve noted previously, money is relative. It turns out we don‟t mind so much about our actual level of income, so long as we‟re earning more than other people around us. Unfortunately as we earn more money we‟re likely to be surrounded by richer people so we often end up failing to take advantage of the positive comparison.Material goods don‟t make us happy. Acquiring things like houses and cars only have a transient effect on happiness. People‟s desires for material possessions crank up at the same, or greater rate, than their salaries. Again, this means that despite considerably more luxurious possessions, people end up no happier. There‟s even evidence that materialism make us lesshappy.People don‟t shift to enjoyable activities when they are rich. This may be because of …the focusing illusion‟. When people think about earning more money they probably imagine they would use the money on recreational activities. In fact, to earn the money, they have to spend more time at work, and commuting to and from work.These three reasons naturally raise the question of why psychological findings are so out of step with people‟s everyday experience. Surely if money doesn‟t lead to happiness, most people would have worked that out by now. So why do people still chase the mighty dollar/pound/yen like their lives depended on it?Nobel-prize winning psychologist Daniel Kahneman and colleagues put forward the idea that the reason people continue to think money makes them happier is that chasing it leads to conventional achievements. Conventional achievements include things like getting that coveted promotion or being able to afford that big house - in other words things that say loud and clear: hear I am and this is what I can do.So we end up with this: money doesn't make us happy on a day-to-day basis. Acquiring money and status makes us feel satisfied with life. Through the …focusing illusion‟ we convince ourselves that satisfaction equals happiness. Unfortunately it doesn‟t. Even though we appear to have everything, we are left feeling that something is missing, but are unable to identify what that thing is. That thing is simply this: feeling happy. Right now. In the moment.36. What do social scientists find about money and happiness?A.Money is the final goal of people pursuing happiness.B.Happiness largely depends on the amount of money.C.More money does not necessarily make people happy.D.Money counts most in people‟s feeling of happiness.37. According to the passage, which of the following confuses the author most?A.The scientific findings fail to explain people‟s obsession with pursuing money andhappiness.B.Although happiness loosely correlates with money, people still paradoxically crave forearning more.C.Social scientists cannot reach an agreement on their findings as to the importance ofmoney.D.Awareness of causal relationship between money and happiness weakens people‟sdesire to make money.38. According to the passage, people _____.A.care a lot about their actual level of incomeB.are convinced that people around them earn higher incomepare their income with that of higher earnersD.feel contented when they earn more than others39. Material goods don‟t make us happy because _____.A.we need something permanent to feel happyB.we need psychological and spiritual satisfactionC.people in pursuit of money are despised in societyD.the more money we have, the more we desire40. If money brings little happiness, why do people still chase money?A.Because money and wealth gratify people‟s vanity.B.Because money is the only way to measure people‟s achievement.C.Because people use money to show off their success and social status.D.Because people believe money brings things that reflect their accomplishments.Passage 2As Wal-Mart grew into the world‟s largest retailer, its staff were subjected to a long list of dos and don‟ts covering every aspect of their work. Now the firm has decided that its rules-based culture is too inflexible to cope with the challenges of globalization and technological change, and is trying to instill a “values-based” culture, in whic h employees can be trusted to do the right thing because they know what the firm stands for.“Values” is the latest hot topic in management thinking. PepsiCo has started preaching a creed of “performance with purpose”. Chevron, an oil firm, brands itself as a purveyor of “human energy”, though presumably it does not really want you to travel by rickshaw(人力车). Nearly every big firm claims to be building a more caring and ethical culture.A new study suggests there is less to this than it says on the label. Commissioned by Dov Seidman, boss of LRN, a firm that advises on corporate culture, and author of “How”, a book arguing that the way firms do business matters as much as what they do, and conducted by the Boston Research Group, the “National Governance, Culture and Leadership Assessment” is based on a survey of thousands of American employees, from every rung of the corporate ladder.It found that 43% of those surveyed described their company‟s culture as based on command-and-control, top-down management or leadership by coercion—what Mr. Seidman calls “blind obedience”. The largest category, 54%, saw their employer‟s culture as top-down, but with skilled leadership, lots of rules and a mix of carrots and sticks, which Mr. Seidman calls “informed acquiescence(默许)”. Only 3% fell into the category of “self-governance”, in which everyone is guided by a “set of core principles and values that inspire everyone to align around a company‟s mission”.The study found evidence that such differences matter. Nearly half of those in blind-obedience companies said they had observed unethical behavior in the previous year, compared with around a quarter in the other sorts of firms. Yet only a quarter of those in the blind-obedience firms said they were likely to blow the whistle, compared with over 90% inself-governing firms. Lack of trust may inhibit innovation, too. More than 90% of employees in self-governing firms, and two-thirds in the informed-acquiescence category, agreed that “good ideas are readily adopted by my company”. At blind-obedience firms, fewer than one in five did.Tragicomically (悲喜交加), the study found that bosses often believe their own guff (胡扯), even if their subordinates do not. Bosses are eight times more likely than the average to believe that their organization is self-governing. (The cheery folk in human resources are also much more optimistic than other employees.) Some 27% of bosses believe their employees are inspired by their firm. Alas, only 4% of employees agree. Likewise, 41% of bosses say their firm rewards performance based on values rather than merely on financial results. Only 14% of employees swallow this.41. We can infer that “human energy” in the second paragraph refers to _____.A. a method of generating electricityB.an advanced means of transportationC. a strategy of personnel managementD. a method of evaluating corporate profits42. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?A.Most of the big firms in the US imposed rigid rules on their employees.B.Wal-Mart credits its market dominance to its value-based culture.C.The study shows that big firms haven‟t yet built a more caring culture as they say.D.The survey by the Boston Research Group limits its subjects to senior employees.43. Which of the following situations can be classified as “self-governance”?A.Employees hold the most stock shares of a company.B.The labor union has the paramount power in a company.C.Employees willingly do the right thing under the same values.D.Employees are rewarded based on their skills and performance.44. The biggest difference between a blind-obedience company and a self-governance companyis ____.A.the adoption of good ideasB.the occurrence of unethical behaviorC.the cases of blowing the whistleD.the level of productivity45. The main purpose of this passage is to show _____.A.employers and employees usually don‟t feel the same about the corporate cultureB.employers should trust and respect their employeesC.self-governing companies enjoy more advantages than the other two types of companiesD.there is still a long way for companies to truly build a value-based culturePassage 3“To be rooted is perhaps the most important and least recognized need of the human soul,” Simone Weil argued in the mid-twentieth century. Even our virtual playgrounds pay homage to the deeply felt need for place: MySpace was, until recently, called “a place for friends”; Second Life mimics real-life places with its homes, offices, and restaurants. What is different about mobile playgrounds is that mobile devices force real life and virtual life (and real places and virtual places) to try to coexist in a way they never have before.We want to see this as a good, enabling thing — I can fire off that e-mail to the office and then get back to relaxing on my vacation! — but it is instructive to go to a playground today: even on a weekend, you will see parents engrossed in their iPhones and BlackBerrys while their children make increasingly loud bids for their attention. The November 2, 2009 cover of The New Yorker sadly and beautifully satirized this trend: it shows an illustration of children out trick-or-treating, basked in the glow of houselights, while their parents bask in the glow of the smart-phones in which they are rapt(全神贯注的). Even our leisure time, it seems, has been colonized by our need to stay connected —and it is a constant struggle to set limits on our engagement with the virtual world so that we can attend to the real one in front of us.And when we decide to leave home entirely, we find it difficult to leave the demands of work behind. Consider the cruise ship industry: every year, more than three million people board a Carnival Cruise ship to take a vacation. They spend a great deal of time eating — and gambling — and then eating some more. The perpetual buffets that have long been a staple of the cruise ship lifestyle cater to one kind of hunger; Carnival now caters to another —one that seems counterintuitive in vacationers eager to get away from it all: staying connected. With their twenty-four-hour Internet cafés, onboard WiFi, and an advertising campaign that features bikini-clad patrons lounging on deck chairs with laptop computers, Carnival Cruise Lines has enthusiastically responded to the demands of patrons who seek an ideal of maritime escape but still want to check their e-mail several times a day.This, too, is the strange new world of leisure: never disconnected, and never really free from the demands of daily life. Notwithstanding all the talk of mobility, we find ourselves tethered in novel ways —not to a hometown, or to a particular social background, but to our devices themselves and the feeling of connection they provide, which we seemingly cannot sit still without.46.According to the first paragraph, what can we learn about MySpace and Second Life?A.They function as real life venues for entertainment.B.They deserve credit for reflecting the human soul.C.As virtual playgrounds, they resemble reality in terms of place.D.Through mobile devices, they represent engagement with society.47.When saying it is instructive to go to a playground today, the author means that ____.A.people‟s indulgence in staying connected can be witnessed thereB.playgrounds are the places for parents and children to spend time togetherC.responsible parents are supposed to engage their children with outdoor activitiesD.smart phones are the culprit for the poor relations between parents and children48.The following statements are TRUE except ____.A.people vacationing on Carnival Cruise ships have access to the Internet todayB.eating and gambling are the exclusive things people can enjoy on cruise shipsC.Carnival Cruise Lines cater to vacationers‟ demands to stay in contact with othersD.people‟s desire to remain connected makes it difficult for them to escape from work49.The word “tethered” in Line 2 of the last paragraph probably means ____.A.disconnectedB. confinedC. immuneD. indifferent50.This passage is intended to ____.A.analyze the various reasons for humans to settle downB.advocate the necessity of virtual connection in leisure timeC.enumerate the enormous benefits of mobile devices for work and lifeD.highlight the transformation of mobility through ubiquitous connectionPassage 4State environmental officials are proposing a new set of rules that would give automobile manufacturers three years to start selling zero-emission vehicles (ZEV) that — for all practical purposes — do not yet exist. The state Department of Environmental Quality has released draft rules mandating that 11 percent of all automobiles sold in Arizona beginning with the 2011 model year have zero emissions. That would increase to 16 percent by 2018 and beyond.However, there are opposing opinions which claim that replacing conventional cars with electric vehicles will expose people to dangerous levels of lead, according to industry and environmental groups. A research led by three professors from Carnegie-Mellon University in Pittsburgh suggests that an electric car powered by lead-acid batteries will “release 60 times more lead per kilometer of use” than an “equivalent car burning leaded gasoline”. But critics argue that the researchers have used unrealistic assumptions.Releases of lead to the environment are now tightly controlled because of the metal‟s toxicity since the 1970s, when leaded petrol began to be removed in the US, levels of lead in the blood of American children have dropped. But economist Lester Lave and engineers Chris Hendrickson and Francis McMichael worry that mass production of lead-acid batteries for electric cars might reverse that trend.Reaction to this suggestion has been hostile, however. “I think they‟ve missed the point completely,” says John Rodman of the Massachusetts Executive Office of Environmental Affairs. He says the benefits of reducing pollution from traffic in cities will far exceed the risks of small increases in lead releases. Michael Weistein of Electro Source in Austin, Texas, a developer of advanced lead-acid batteries, complains that is “misleading scare tactics”.The research result, published in the latest edition of Science, comes as American car makers are being forced to produce “zero-emission vehicles” starting in 2000. The plan was originally designed to reduce airborne pollution in California, and Massachusetts and New York have since followed suit. While car company engineers are designing ZEVs, their top executives are fighting the mandates being imposed on them.The Carnegie-Mellon researchers estimated the amount of lead needed to power ZEVs and how much would be released in mining, battery manufacture and recycling. But critics complain that the team's 1378 kilogram figure for the weight of batteries needed in a ZEV is a serious overestimate. General Motors‟ small electric car, called the Impact, weighs 132 kilograms in total and carries only 522 kilograms of batteries. Lave says he had too little performance data to use the impact as a baseline.51. What are the research findings published by the professors from Carnegie-MellonUniversity?A.Conventional cars burning leaded gasoline are more dangerous than electric cars.B.Mass production of lead-acid batteries will seriously affect American children‟s health.C.The wide use of electric cars powered by batteries will increase lead releases to theatmosphere.D.Replacing conventional cars with ZEV will be very dangerous.52. By "that trend"(Line 5, Para.3) the author refers to _____.A.the drop of the lead level in the blood of American childrenB.the replacement of conventional cars with electric carsC.the control of the releases of lead to the environmentD.the ban on the use of leaded petrol53. Which of the following statements best expresses the viewpoints of John Rodman?A.He is opposed to the mass production of lead-acid batteries for electric cars.B.He believes the advantages of ZEV outweigh its disadvantages.C.He thinks the increase in lead releases will be exceedingly risky.D.He supposes the only benefit of ZEV is to reduce pollution in cities.54. The American car makers' attitude towards the ZEV mandates is _____.A. suspiciousB. scaredC. confidentD. displeased55. According to the Carnegie-Mellon team research, which of the following is NOT the reasonfor the increasing amount of lead needed in a ZEV?A.Production of lead-acid batteries.B. Weight of batteries.C. Leaded petrol.D. Mining of lead.Part 4: Translation (10%)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and translate it into Chinese. And then write your translation in the space provided on the ANSWER SHEET.We are living in the middle of a revolution in consciousness. Over the past few decades, geneticists, neuroscientists, psychologists, sociologists, economists, and others have made great strides in understanding the inner working of the human mind. Far from being dryly materialistic, their work illuminates the rich underwater world where character is formed and wisdom grows. They are giving us a better grasp of emotions, intuitions, biases, longings, predispositions, character traits, and social bonding, precisely those things about which our culture has least to say. 我们在生活中的革命意识。
西南大学研究生英语自主阅读期末考试
西南大学研究生英语自主阅读期末考试听力原文Text 1M：I’ve got two tickets for the movie.Would you like to go with me?W：I’m sorry.I was asked to have a discussion with my cousin about his son’s education.Text 2M：How much are the tickets?W：4 dollars for adults and children are half－price.M：OK.I’d like two adult tickets and two children’s tickets.Text 3M：Why didn’t you attend the class?W：I’m sorry.But my brother was hit by a car and I had to care for him in the hospital.Text 4M：Hi，Maria.I’ve heard there is an interesti ng film.Shall we see it tonight?W：I’d like to.But Mr.Black told me to type some important notices and send them to him by 9：00 pm.M：The job is the most important.Text 5W：Manhattan Square，please.M：All right，madam.When are we supposed to be there?W：I’d like to go around the city，if you don’t mind.Text 6M: Hello! This is City Police Station.W：I need help.My house has been broken into.M：Can you tell me some details?W：When I came home，I found my door broken，and my money，my jewelry，and my camera were gone.M：Was there anybody home?W：No.My son，husband，and I all happened to be out having our dinner after work.M：What is your address?W：No.13，Downing Street.Could you come over at once?M：OK.Don’t worry，madam.We’ll be there in 10 minutes.Text 7M：Hi.What can I do for you?W：I’m hunting for a part－time job.M：Then，you’ve come to the right place.Our office isaimed at helping those like you to find jobs.W：Glad to hear that.I really need to earn some money for my education.M：How many hours would you like to work?W：Ten to twenty hours a week.M：And when are you free to work?W：Every weekday since noon.And I wouldn’t mind working on weekends.M：Great.Now please fill out this form.W：When can I get to work?M：I will call you tomorrow.W：Thank you.Text 8M：This is Henry.I’d like to make sure when we can expect you for a get－together.W：Er...What party is it?M：Our former classmates are planning a get－together.W：Oh，that’s good.M：Are you free these days?W：A little busy somehow.M：Can you come this Saturday evening?W：I’m very sorry，I’ve promised to go to the movieswith my daughter.M：Well，how about Sunday then?W：That sounds fine.M：Good.Shall we make it at a quarter to seven?W：I’m sure to be there.Shall we have a dance after that?M：It’s up to you.I’ve learned a new dance these days.Then we can share it.W：That’s great.Text 9W：I’ll take part in a very important party for my friend Amy.M：Really?W：Amy has just been awarded the first prize for her English speech.M：Great.W：Today is her 26th birthday.M：Then you must buy a gift for her.W：What do you think I should buy for her?M：A birthday cake.W：No，she has got one from her boy friend.M：Then，what else?W：I think an MP3 player will be OK.M：Hasn’t she had one already?W：But it is broken.She likes music.I think it’s the best for her.M：You’re right.Then shall I drive you there?W：No.I’ll do it myself.You have to care for my pet dogs and cats.Text 10Hello，everyone.Welcome to our hospital.Now I’m going to tell you something about my hospital，Friendship Hospital.It looks very new and modern.But it has a history going back to three quarters of a century.It was designed to sleep 200 patients，and then 400.With the development of the new building blocks，it can now sleep 900 patients.It started its life as a general hospital.But now it has developed its new departments and become the teaching hospital that is famous all over the area.It has created new fields for treating heart diseases and eye diseases with a lot of experienced and famous doctors.During the teaching process，it includes a school of baby nursing.In 2001，the President along with the mayor visited the children from flooded areas，and on Christmas Day last year，the Prime Minister had lunch with the patients，talking about their life after the AIDS disease.Ⅰ.听力(共两节，满分30分)第一节(共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。
研究生英语口语期末考试听力对话
Lesson 1 listening1A: how do you think the transport system in our city could be improved.B: I think that the roadbuilding system could be made simpler. I never know where the bus routesactually go. The routes seem to twist and turn rather than going roughly in a straight line.A: I think we just need to build more roads. Then there would be more spacefor cars to drive and we‟d have fewer traffic jams.B: if we built more roads, people would just fill them with cars again. I think we shou ld discourage people from using their cars.A; how would you do that?B; I think we should do a few things at once. Improving roadbuilding would encourage people to use that. If we also charge people to usetheir cars in the city centre, they won‟t use their cars as much.A; I don‟t know. I think it‟s unfair to make drivers pay more money. Theyalready pay a lot of tax-petrol tax, for example.B; I think that they should pay more tax. Look at the damage they cause to the enviro nment and people‟s health by discharging all those exhaust fumes.A; the air would certainly be cleaner if there were fewer cars being used in the city. T he problem is that people will see it as reducing their freedom. It wellbe unpopular.B; that‟s a good point. Car owners will probably be against it, but people who use roa d building will be in favor of it.A: do you think we should travel by bus or by train?B;it‟s a difficult choice. The train is a litter faster, but much more expensive.A; we could face delays if we travel by bus, thanks to traffic jams.B; buses are more cramped and you can‟t walk around.A; that‟s true, but I feel that I see more when I travel by bus.B; really? I think you see more traveling by train.A:so, which form of transport do you prefer to use?B:I prefer going by train, ever though it costs more.A:ok them. We‟ll go by train. I‟m sure we‟ll have a good journey. Shall we go to the s tation and buy the tickets?B: the train aren‟t usually full. We can get them on the day we travel. We should buy return ticket because they are much cheaper than getting two singles.A; we should take a packed lunch on the journey. The food they sell on the trains is al ways expensive.Lesson 1 listening2A:cough,cough,cough......B:Are you ok?A:Yeah,I‟m fine.I wa s just a little allergic to the dust in the air.B:I‟m sorry to hear that.Nowadays,the environment around us is becoming worse and worse.A:Yeah,water pollution ,air pollution,global warming and so on,all of them are the results of human‟s unfriendly behav iors to our earth.B:um...The river has been polluted in our hometown. The water was so clean that we could see many fishes in the river.But now the water is yellow and smells bad.What‟s the most terrible is that there is no fish in the river.A:Oh ,That‟s too awful!B:It must have an influence on the life of the villagers arround.We should take some measures to protect our environment.A:It happens that we are doing some researches on the pollution of the Xiangjiang River.Do you have any idea about it?B:Polluted water is a great danger to our health.I think the research is very meaningful.We can visit some factories along the river.A:Good idea!Because factories always pollute the environment by pouring waste water directly into the river.B:We can also borrow some books on this topic.A:Ok,Let‟s go to the library now.Lesson 1 readingPresenting a speechV: Hello SophiaS: Hi VivianV: What‟s up? You look so upset.S: Next week I need to present a speech, but I don‟t think I am good at it . Ca n you give me some suggestions?V: Sure. In my view, only two things you need to do, preparing a text of a speech and using an effective way to deliver it.S: I have already written a draft, but I don‟t think it is attractive enough for audience. V: First, you should know how to use language accurately, clearly, vividly and appropriately.S: Yes. When I am not sure, I look up the word in a dictionary, and I try to use familiar words that are known to the average person. However, the language is not vivid enough to bring my speech to life.V: One way to make your language more vivid is through imagery or the creation of word pictures. And the strong supporting materials are also need to bolster the speaker‟s point of view.S: Yes, you are right. I can use some examples, statistics and testimony to make my viewpoint more convincing. Besides, for delivering it, do you have some good suggestions?V: You can play PowerPoint and video in your speech to draw audience‟s attention. S: Thank you ,your advices are very useful for me.V: Oh, if you dress more beautiful, act more confident and use your humor in that day,your speech can be more effective. May you succeed.Lesson 2 listening1Global warmingA. First, I will ask you a question: What is the serious problem nowadays ?B. I think it‟s the problem of environment pollution.A. It‟s related to our correct answer. But it isn‟t correct one.B. Is it the problem of population increasing?A. No.B. Oh. I got it. It‟s global warming.A. Right! Global warming is one of the serious problems nowadays.B. I have a question. It was very cold indeed this winter. I think it‟s global cooling!A. You got the wrong concept. Global warming doesn‟t only mean that the weather is getting hot, but also mean that the weather is out of control. So it will be sometimes very cold.B. What causes “ global warming”?A. Now people drive too many cars and the exhaust gases discharged by the cars and lorries pollute the air and also destroy the nature. It causes global warming.Do you know what will happen with the global warming?B. Yes. The ices in South Pole are going to be melted and at the time, many islands will be gradually flooded with water. Human will have no places to live.Surely, we don‟t want that will happen.A. What sould we do to stop “Global warming”?B. I think we can protect the environment from ourselves. We can plant treesWhen we are protecting the environment, we are saving ourselves.A. Ok. we can‟t only speak but not do later . Let us go pla nting trees.B. Yes! Now all of we know the importance of protecting the environment.Let us do our best to stop “Global warming” and make our earth a lovely homeland!A. That is good . I hope you all will be succeeded in protecting the environment.Lesson 2 listening2A：Have you seen the interview of Daniel,the main actor of Harry Potter, on TV shows yesterday?B:No,I missed it,but I am big fan of him,can you tell me what the interview talked about?A:Of course,I am very glad to share with you.Daniel answered some questions from his fans,and talked about some interesting memories when he acted the role in Harry Potter,and his next film plan.B:Oh,as his big fans,I also have many questions want to ask him.A:If you have the chance,what you want to ask him most?B:Em......I want to know,If we have any chance to see him in others films,youknow,besides Harry Potter.A:Oh,this question he just answered last night.And he said he cannot afford the time to fit in other films,but he appeared as the surprise guest in a film last year.B:Which film?A:I cannot remember the detail,you can search it on the internet.B:OK,I will.And if he would not plan to fit in film,so what does he do in his spare time?A:Let me see......He spend most of his spare time learning guitar or bass and watching movies.B:Oh,I love watching movies,too!And my favorite are Harry Potter series.How about you?A:You know,I am also their fans.B:So,which one do you like best?A:Every.When I saw the first film of it,I was a child.I was attracted deeply by the magic world.B:Yes,time goes so fast,now Daniel and us are growing up.A:Yeah,we got many important things form the films,such as friendship,family love,honesty,loyalty and bravery.B:I agree with you.And how I wish I had such a wonderful experience.A:Yes,I also admire Hermione and Roan‟s love story.B:Do you want to find a boyfriend(girlfriend) like Roan(Hermione)?A:Of course yes,he(she) is very kind,and very good to his friends and family,he(she)is really my ideal type.B:Compared with they two,I like Harry best.Although his uncle,aunt and cousin treated him as a dog,but when he grow up,he also treated them like his family,I think he was so kind-hearted and tolerance(宽容的).A:Yes,I think so,too.JK Rowling created such a wonderful world,I expect her new book.B:Me,too!Let‟s waiting for her.Lesson 2 readingDialogue 1Florence: Our new apartmcnt is using solar energy.我们的新公寓用的是太阳能．Taytor:Really? Does that mean you are paying more eacb month? Solar cncrgy is cxpcnsive.是吗？那你们晦月的支出是不是会更大啊？太阳能很贵的．F: It is right now. But it will go down in the future when more people arc encouraged to use it and the technology is furtber developed.现在是．但是如果技术进一步改善，使用的人更多的话，成本肯定会降下来的。
武汉大学硕士生英语期末考试试卷真题扫描版
武汉大学硕士生英语期末考试试卷真题扫描版武汉大学硕士生英语期末考试试卷真题扫描版武汉大学是一所享有盛誉的高等学府，其英语教育水平一直处于国内领先地位。
每学期，武汉大学都会对硕士生进行英语期末考试，以确保学生的英语能力达到学校的要求。
以下是武汉大学硕士生英语期末考试试卷真题扫描版，供读者参考。
一、选择题1、The train _____ in an hour. A. leaves B. left C. is leavingD. will leave 答案：A 解析：根据时间状语“in an hour”可知，本题应使用一般将来时。
2、--- Shall we go for a walk? --- _____. A. It's a good ideaB. That's all rightC. You're welcomeD. Not at all 答案：A 解析：根据问句“shall we...”可知，本题应回答肯定回答，即“It'sa good idea”是正确答案。
3、--- How was your trip to Beijing? --- _____. A. It was greatB. It was terribleC. Yes, it was greatD. No, it was terrible 答案：A 解析：根据问句“How was your trip to Beijing?”可知，本题应回答“It was great”。
二、阅读理解4、The passage mainly discusses the relationship between language and culture. 答案：TRUE 解析：本文主要讨论语言和文化之间的关系，说明语言反映文化，文化影响语言。
41、The word "etiquette" in the passage refers to good manners. 答案：TRUE 解析：根据文章第二段中的句子“etiquette is a code of behavior that is based on rules of good manners”可知，“etiquette”指的是良好的礼仪。
2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)真题及答案
2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark[A],[B],[C] or[D]on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickly,logically,and abstractly in order to solve new problems.It1in young adulthood,levels out for a period of time,and then2starts to slowly decline as we age.But3aging is inevitable,scientists are finding that certain changes in brain function may not be.One study found that muscle loss and the4of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence.This suggests the5that lifestyle factors might help prevent or6this type of decline.The researchers looked at data that7measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than4,000middle-to-older-aged men and women and8that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period.They found that middle-aged people 9higher measures of abdominal fat10worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years11.For women,the association may be12to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat;in men,the immune system did not appear to be13.It is hoped that future studies could14these differences and perhaps lead to different15for men and women.16,there are steps you can17to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental18.The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your19of aerobic exercise and following a Mediterranean-style20that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.1.[A]pauses[B]returns[C]peaks[D]fades2.[A]alternatively[B]formally[C]accidentally[D]generally3.[A]while[B]since[C]once[D]until4.[A]detection[B]accumulation[C]consumption[D]separation5.[A]possibility[B]decision[C]goal[D]requirement6.[A]delay[B]ensure[C]seek[D]utilize7.[A]modified[B]supported[C]included[D]predicted8.[A]devoted[B]compared[C]converted[D]applied9.[A]with[B]above[C]by[D]against10.[A]lived[B]managed[C]scored[D]played11.[A]ran out[B]set off[C]drew in[D]went by12.[A]superior[B]attributable[C]parallel[D]resistant13.[A]restored[B]isolated[C]involved[D]controlled14.[A]alter[B]spread[C]remove[D]explain15.[A]compensations[B]symptoms[C]demands[D]treatments16.[A]Likewise[B]Meanwhile[C]Therefore[D]Instead17.[A]change[B]watch[C]count[D]take18.[A]well-being[B]process[C]formation[D]coordination19.[A]level[B]love[C]knowledge[D]space20.[A]design[B]routine[C]diet[D]prescriptionSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosing[A],[B],[C]or [D].Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares?It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual:every January the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise.This year’s rise,an average of2.7percent,may be a fraction lower than last year’s,but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index(CPI)measure of inflation.Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it,rather than the general taxpayer.Why,the argument goes,should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey?Equally,there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East,many of whom will face among the biggest rises,have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.However,over the past12months,those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years.It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network,but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel.The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions.However,there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that,even when strikes occur,services can continue to operate.This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways.Yes,more investment is needed,but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped,unreliable services,punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed,or planned maintenance is managed incompetently.The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now,but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.21.The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers fares________.[A]will ease train operation’s burden[B]has kept pace with inflation[C]is a big surprise to commuters[D]remains an unreasonable measure22.The stockbroker in Para.2is used to stand for________.[A]car drivers[B]rail traverllers[C]local investors[D]ordinary tax payers23.It is indicated in Para.3that train operators________.[A]are offering compensations to commuters[B]are trying to repair ralations with the unions[C]have failed to provide an adequate source[D]have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes24.If unable to calm down passengers,the railways may have to face________.[A]the loss of investment[B]the collapse of operations[C]a reduction of revenue[D]a change of ownership25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?[B]Constant Complaining Doesn’t Worlk[C]Can Nationalization Bring Hope?[D]Ever-rising Fares Aren’t SustainableText2Last year marked the third year in a row of when Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace.One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.In2007,Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions,such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care.Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs,these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty.They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide.In Indonesia,the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment.In fact,poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals,says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation,while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty.However,those correlations don’t prove cause and effect.The only previous study analyzing causality,based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs,supported the traditional view.There,as people got more money,some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat,Ferraro says.Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment,though.Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation.Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from2008to2012—including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program—in7,468forested villages across15 provinces and multiple islands.The duo separated the effects of the CCT program on forest loss from other factors,like weather and macroeconomic changes,which were also affecting forest loss.With that,“we see that the program is associated with a30percent reduction in deforestation,”Ferraro says.That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather,Ferraro says.Typically,if rains are delayed,people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests.With the CCTs,individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess.Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and market access.And regardless of transferability,the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.”26.According to the first two paragraphs,CCT programs aim to________.[A]facilitate health care reform[B]help poor families get better off[C]improve local education systems[D]lower deforestation rates27.The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that________.[A]cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poor[B]CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles[C]antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers[D]economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation28.In his study about Indonesia,Ferraro intends to find out________.[A]its acceptance level of CCTs[B]its annual rate of poverty alleviation[C]the relation of CCTs to its forest loss[D]the role of its forests in climate change29.According to Ferraro,the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that________.[A]it will benefit other Asian countries[B]it will reduce regional inequality[C]it can protect the environment[D]it can boost grain production30.What is the text centered on?[A]The effects of a program.[B]The debates over a program.[C]The process of a study.[D]The transferability of a study.Text3As a historian,who’s always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past.I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling(what better way to shatter the image of19th-century prudery?).I’ve found quite a few, and—since I started posting them on Twitter—they have been causing quite a stir.People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could,and did,laugh.They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.Of course,I need to concede that my collection of“Smiling Victorians”makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between1840and1900,the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops,or staring absently into the middle distance.How do we explain this trend?During the1840s and1850s,in the early days of photography,exposure times were notoriously long:the daguerreotype photographic method(producing an image on a silvered copper plate)could take several minutes to complete,resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs.The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate,and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.But exposure times were much quicker by the1880s,and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that,though slow by today’s digital standards,the exposure was almost instantaneous.Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s,so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin.“Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,”ran one popular Victorian maxim,alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry,mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene.A flashing set of healthy and clean,regular“pearly whites”was a rare sight in Victorian society,the preserve of the super-rich(and even then,dental hygiene was not guaranteed).A toothy grin(especially when there were gaps or blackened gnashers)lacked class:drunks, tramps,prostitutes and buffoonish music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll’s gum-exposing Cheshire Cat,but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons.Even Mark Twain,a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh,said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be“nothing more damning than a silly,foolish smile fixed forever”.31.According to Paragraph1,the author’s posts on Twitter________.[A]illustrated the development of Victorian photography[B]highlighted social media’s role in Victorian studies[C]re-evaluated the Victorian’s notion of public image[D]changed people’s impression of the Victorians32.What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?[A]They are rare among photographs of that age.[B]They show effects of different exposure times.[C]They mirror19th-century social conventions.[D]They are in popular use among historians.33.What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the1890s?[A]Their inherent social sensitiveness.[B]Their tension before the camera.[C]Their distrust of new inventions.[D]Their unhealthy dental condition.34.Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was________.[A]a deep-root belief[B]a misguided attitude[C]a controversial view[D]a thought-provoking idea35.Which of the following questions does the text answer?[A]Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?[B]Why did the Victorians start to view photographs?[C]What made photography develop slowly in the Victorian period?[D]How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm?Text4From the early days of broadband,advocates for consumers and web-based companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favor their own or their partners’websites and services over those of their rivals. That’s why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online,preserving the freedom and innovation that have been the lifeblood of the internet.Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill—in part because of pushback from broadband providers,anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts.A federal appeals court weighed in again Tuesday,but instead of providing a badly needed resolution,it only prolonged the fight.At issue before the U.S.Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit was the latest take of the Federal Communications Commission on net neutrality,adopted on a party-line vote in2017.The Republican-penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had adopted when it had a Democratic majority in2015,but rejected the commission’s authority to require broadband providers to do much of anything.The order also declared that state and local governments couldn’t regulate broadband providers either.The commission argued that other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior, such as a broadband-providing conglomerate like AT&T favoring its own video-streaming service at the expense of Netflix and Apple TV.Yet the FCC also ended the investigations of broadband providers that imposed data caps on their rivals’streaming services but not their own.On Tuesday,the appeals court unanimously upheld the2017order deregulating broadband providers,citing a Supreme Court ruling from2005that upheld a similarly deregulatory move. But Judge Patricia Millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that"the result is unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service,"and said Congress or the Supreme Court could intervene to"avoid trapping Internet regulation in technological anachronism."In the meantime,the court threw out the FCC’s attempt to block all state rules on net neutrality,while preserving the commission’s power to pre-empt individual state laws that undermine its order.That means more battles like the one now going on between the Justice Department and California,which enacted a tough net neutrality law in the wake of the FCC’s abdication.The endless legal battles and back-and-forth at the FCC cry out for Congress to act.It needs to give the commission explicit authority once and for all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.36.There has long been concern that broadband provides would.[A]bring web-based firms under control[B]slow down the traffic on their network[C]show partiality in treating clients[D]intensify competition with their rivals37.Faced with the demand for net neutrality rules,the FCC.[A]sticks to an out-of-date order[B]takes an anti-regulatory stance[C]has issued a special resolution[D]has allowed the states to intervene38.What can be learned about AT&T from Paragraph3?[A]It protects against unfair competition[B]It engages in anti-competitive practices.[C]It is under the FCC'S investigation.[D]It is in pursuit of quality service.39.Judge Patricia Millett argues that the appeals court's decision.[A]focuses on trivialities[B]conveys an ambiguous message[C]is at odds with its earlier rulings[D]is out of touch with reality40.What does the author argue in the last paragraph?[A]Congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality.[B]The FCC should be put under strict supervision.[C]Rules need to be set to diversify online services.[D]Broadband providers'rights should be protected.Part BDirections：In the following text,some sentences have been removed.For questions41–45,choose the most suitable one from the list A–G to fit into each of numbered blanks.There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the blanks.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points) In the movies and on television,artificial intelligence(AI)is typically depicted as something sinister that will upend our way of life.When it comes to AI in business,we often hear about it in relation to automation and the impending loss of jobs,but in what ways is AI changing companies and the larger economy that don’t involve doom-and-gloom mass unemployment predictions?A recent survey of manufacturing and service industries from Tata Consultancy Services found that companies currently use AI more often in computer-to-computer activities than in automating human activities.One common application?Preventing electronic security breaches, which,rather than eliminating IT jobs,actually makes those personnel more valuable to employers, because they help firms prevent hacking attempts.Here are a few other ways AI is aiding companies without replacing employees:Better Hiring PracticesCompanies are using artificial intelligence to remove some of the unconscious bias from hiring decisions.“There are experiments that show that,naturally,the results of interviews aremuch more biased than what AI does,”says Domingos.In addition,(41)One company that’s doing this is called Blendoor.It uses analytics to help identify where there may be bias in the hiring process.More Effective MarketingSome AI software can analyze and optimize marketing email subject lines to increase open rates.One company in the UK,Phrasee,claims their software can outperform humans by up to10 percent when it comes to email open rates.This can mean millions more in revenue.(42) ________________These are“tools that help people use data,not a replacement for people,”says Patrick H.Winston,a professor of artificial intelligence and computer science at MIT.Saving Customers MoneyEnergy companies can use AI to help customers reduce their electricity bills,saving them money while helping the panies can also optimize their own energy use and cut down on the cost of electricity.Insurance companies,meanwhile,can base their premiums on AI models that more accurately access risk.(43)Improved Accuracy“Machine learning often provides a more reliable form of statistics,which makes data more valuable,”says Winston.It“helps people make smarter decisions.”(44)Protecting and Maintaining InfrastructureA number of companies,particularly in energy and transportation,use AI image processing technology to inspect infrastructure and prevent equipment failure or leaks before they happen.“If they fail first and then you fix them,it’s very expensive,”says Domingos.“(45)”[A]I replace the boring parts of your job.If you're doing research,you can have AI go out and look for relevant sources and information that otherwise you just wouldn't have time for.[B]One accounting firm,EY,uses an AI system that helps review contracts during an audit.This process,along with employees reviewing the contracts,is faster and more accurate.[C]There are also companies like Acquisio,which analyzes advertising performance across multiple channels like Adwords,Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about where advertising funds will be most effective.[D]You want to predict if something needs attention now and point to where it’s useful for [employees]to go to.[E]“Before,they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much,”says Domingos,“or they would charge them too little and then it would cost[the company] money.”[F]We’re also giving our customers better channels versus picking up the phone…to accomplish something beyond human scale.[G]AI looks at résumés in greater numbers than humans would be able to,and selects the more promising candidates.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)World War II was the watershed event for higher education in modern western societies.(46) Those societies came out of the war with levels of enrollment that had been roughly constant at 3-5%of the relevant age groups during the decades before the war.But after the war,great social and political changes arising out of the successful war against Fascism created a growing demand in European and American economies for increasing numbers of graduates with more than asecondary school education.(47)And the demand that rose in those societies for entry to higher education extended to groups and social classes that had not thought of attending to a university before the war.These demands resulted in a very rapid expansion of the systems of higher education,beginning in the1960s and developing very rapidly though unevenly in the1970s and 1980s.The growth of higher education manifests itself in at least three quite different ways,and these in turn have given rise to different sets of problems.There was first the rate of growth:(48) in many countries of Western Europe the numbers of students in higher education doubled within five-year periods during the decade of the1960s and doubled again in seven,eight,or10years by the middle of the1970s.Second,growth obviously affected the absolute size both of systems and individual institutions.And third,growth was reflected in changes in the proportion of the relevant age group enrolled in institutions of higher education.Each of these manifestations of growth carried its own peculiar problems in its wake.For example,a high growth rate placed great strains on the existing structures of governance,of administration,and above all of socialization.When a very large proportion of all the members of an institution are new recruits,they threaten to overwhelm the processes whereby recruits to a more slowly growing system are inducted into its value system and learn its norms and forms. When a faculty or department grows from,say,five to20members within three or four years,(49) and when the new staff are predominantly young men and women fresh from postgraduate study, they largely define the norms of academic life in that faculty and its standards.And if the postgraduate student population also grows rapidly and there is loss of a close apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and students,the student culture becomes the chief socializing force for new postgraduate students,with consequences for the intellectual and academic life of the institution—this was seen in America as well as in France,Italy,West Germany,and Japan.(50)High growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation;they also weakened the forms and processes by which teachers and students are admitted into acommunity of scholars during periods of stability or slow growth.In the1960s and1970s, European universities saw marked changes in their governance arrangements,with the empowerment of junior faculty and to some degree of students as well.They also saw higher levels of student discontent,reflecting the weakening of traditional forms of academic communities.Section IV WritingPart A51.Directions:One foreign friend of yours has recently graduated from college and intends to find a job in China.Please write an email to him/her to make some suggestions.You should write about100words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the e“Li Ming”instead.(10points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of160-200words based on the pictures below.In your essay,you should1)describe the picture briefly,2)interpret its intended meaning,and3)give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20points)2021年答案速查表SectionⅠUse of English(10points)1.C2.D3.A4.B5.A6.A7.C8.B9.A10.C11.D12.B13.C14.D15.D16.B17.D18.A19.A20.C SectionⅡReading Comprehension(60points)Part A(40points)Text121.D22.B23.C24.D25.DText226.B27.D28.C29.C30.AText331.D32.A33.D34.A35.AText436.C37.B38.B39.D40.APart B(10points)41.G42.C43.E44.B45.DPart C(10points)46.二次世界大战以后，出现了这样的一些西方国家。
天津大学硕士研究生英语期末考试试题
ENGLISH FINAL EXAMFOR MASTERS OF ENGINEERNINGNAME__________ MAJOR__________ STUDENT NO: ______________ Part one: Vocabulary and Structure (20%)Directions: In this part of the test, there are 20 incomplete sentences each with four suggested answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one you think is the best answer. Mark your choice ticking the corresponding letter before the choice.1.This issue ______ interesting reading because it tells how these people made theirmoney and, indirectly, how the country has changed over the years.A. accounts forB. serves asC. makes forD. makes use of2.Jane used to be slow in class, but now she is ______.A. getting alongB. getting aheadC. getting byD. getting above3.Paul ______ me very much of a schoolmate I used to know at university.A. remembersB. remindsC. recallsD. recollects4.Don’t count your chickens before they are ______.A. hatchedB. harvestedC. hurriedD. hastened5.Several car manufactures will ______ half of their workers because of economicdifficulty.A. discountB. disposeC. bootD. disclose6.They had ______ funds to cover the cost of the trip.A. ampleB. luxuryC. sampleD. superb7.All living things have certain _______ that are passed on from one generation to thenext.A. cellsB. virusesC. flawsD. attributes8.She ______ her mother’s good looks and her father’s bad temper.A. inheritedB. inhabitedC. hinderedD. objected9.It is for this reason ______ he refused to take the job.A. whyB. whenC. thatD. so10.Who ______ that spoke first at yesterday’s meeting?A. was itB. wasC. it wasD. did11.It wasn’t ______ personal interests that they did all this.A. becauseB. onlyC. justD. for12.Hardly ______ the people ran toward it.A. had the plane landed whenB. had the plane landed thanC. the plane landed beforeD. the plane was landing that13.No sooner ______ than he realized that he should have remained silent.A. had the words been spokenB. the words had spokenC. the words had been spokenD. had the words spoken14.You’d rather not do it, ______?A. shouldn’t youB. wouldn’t youC. would youD. ought you15.We never dared to ask him a question, ______?A. did weB. doesn’t itC. dared weD. daren’t we16. Unlike hackers, who gain unauthorized ______ to computer or telecommunicationsystems for the challenge or even the principle of it, crackers do so for malicious purposes.A. passwordB. entryC. accessD. approach17. There are four factories in our institute, _________ over 200 workers.A. with eachB. each havingC. each hasD. with each has18. By conservative ______ 80% of humanity still can’t use written languageeffectively.A. estimatesB. estimatedC. estimationsD. estimating19. With ______ her do this, she will have no difficulty persuading them to accept herplan.A. my helpingB. mine helpingC. me helpingD. I help20. Only rarely do people’s jobs, spouses and children ______ these imagined ideals.A. live up toB. agree withC. meet withD. realizesPart two: Cloze (10%)Directions: In this part of the test, there is an incomplete passage with 10 blanks. For each blank in the passage, there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one you think that can best complete the passage and mark your answer by ticking the corresponding letter before the choice.When Forbes published its first list in 1982, five of the top ten were in the Hunt family that drilled Texas __1__ holes and hit a lot of gushers, which reminds us of advice__2__ billionaire J. Paul Getty on how to get ahead in the world: rise early, work hard, strike oil. Getty got his big start the __3__ way—from his father’s money.The original list 14 years ago was __4__ Rockefellers, and Du Ponts, a Frick, a Whitney, Mellon or two—all great family fortunes that stretched back to the 19th century. The word “inheritance” appeared in the biographies 75 times.There weren’t as many old-money fortunes on last year’s list—which leads to some c onclusions about wealth in America. First, it’s not easy to __5__ money, even for millionaires. Taxes put a big __6__ in family fortunes, and unless the heirs are careful and invest wisely, they can lose their millions as fast as their ancestors made them. Second, the old ways to riches aren’t as __7__ as they used to be. Besides the three Du Pont entries, only 43 of the 400 entries on the most recent Forbes list represent people who got __8__ through inheritance. And only 18 in the latest 400 made their fortunes from oil, so Getty’s quote no longer __9__ as true as it once did. Third, America is still the land of opportunity where smart young people like Bill Gates of Microsoft can __10__ on top of the list of richest Americans ahead of the Rockefellers, Mellons, Gettys and Carnegies.1. A. into B. full of C. with D. through2. A. attributed to B. contributed to C. accounted for D. brought about3. A. old-fashion B. old-fashionable C. old-fashioned D. unfashionable4. A. crawling with B. filling with C. popular with D. credited with5. A. hold down B. contain C. grasp D. hold on to6. A. edge B. dent C. disadvantage D. effect7. A. impressive B. dependable C. influential D. available8. A. there B. away C. on D. in9. A. looks B. rings C. views D. takes10. A. end up B. show C. arrive at D. raise upPart three: Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this part of the test, there are 3 passages. The passages are followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of the questions and unfinished statements there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one you think is the best answer. Mark your choice ticking the corresponding letter before the choice.Passage 1When your parents advise you to "get an education" in order to raise your income, they tell you only half the truth. What they really mean is to get just enough education to provide manpower for your society, but not so much that you prove an embarrassment to your society.Get a high school diploma, at least. Without that, you will be occupationally dead unless your name happens to be George Bernard Shaw or Thomas Alva Edison, and you can successfully drop out in grade school.Get a college degree, if possible. With a B.A., you are on the launching pad. But now you have to start to put on the brakes. If you go for a master's degree, make sure it is an M.B.A., and is famous law of diminishing returns begins to take effect.Do you know, for instance, that long-haul truck drivers earn more per year than full professors? Yes, the average 1977 salary for those truckers was '24000. While the full professors managed to earn just '23030.A Ph.D. is the highest degree you can get. Except for a few specialized fields such as physics or chemistry where the degree can quickly be turned to industrial or commercial purposes, if you pursue such a degree in any other field, you will face a dim future. there are more Ph.D.s unemployed or underemployed in this country than any other part of the world.If you become a doctor of philosophy in English or history or anthropology or political science or languages or-worst of all-in philosophy, you run the risk of becoming overeducated for our national demands. Not for our needs, mind you, but for our demands.Thousands of Ph.D.s are selling shoes, driving cars, waiting on table, and endlessly filling out applications month after month. They may also take a job in some high school or backwater college that pays much less than the janitor earns.You can equate the level of income with the level of education only so far. Far enough, that is, to make you useful to the gross national product, but not so far that nobody can turn much of a profit on you.1. According to the writer, what the society expects of education is to turn out people who ______.A. will not be a disgrace to societyB. will become loyal citizensC. can take care of themselvesD. can meet the nation's demands as a source of manpower2. Many Ph.D.s are out of job because ______.A. they are improperly educatedB. they are of little commercial value to their societyC. there are fewer jobs in high schoolsD. they prefer easier jobs that make more money3. The nation is only interested in people ______.A. with diplomasB. who specialize in physics and chemistryC. who are valuable to the gross national productD. both A and C4. Which of the following is not true?A. Bernard Shaw didn't finish high schools, nor did Edison.B. One must think carefully before pursuing a master degree.C. The higher your education level, the more money you will earn.D. If you are too well-educated, you'll be overeducated for society's demands.5. The writer sees education as ______.A. a means of providing job security and financial security and a means of meeting a country's demands for technical workersB. a way to broaden one's horizonsC. more important than finding a jobD. an opportunity that everyone should havePassage 2The agricultural revolution in the nineteenth century involved two things the invention of labor-saving machinery and the development of scientific agriculture. Labor-saving machinery naturally appeared first where labor was scarce. "In Europe", said Thomas Jefferson, "the object is to make the most of their land, labor being abundant; here it is to make the most of our labor, lard being abundant". It was in America, there fore, that the great advances in nineteenth-century agricultural machinery first came. At the opening of the century, with the exception of a crude plow, farmers could have carried practically all of the existing agricultural implements on their backs: by 1860, most of the machinery in use today had been designed in an early form. The most important of the early inventions was the iron plow. As early as 1990 Charles Newbold of New Jersey had been working on the idea of a cast-iron plow and spent his entire fortune in introducing his invention. The farmers, however, would home none of it, claiming that the iron poisoned the soil and made the weeds grow. Nevertheless many people devoted their attention to the plow, until in 1869, James Oliver of South Bend, Indiana, turned out the first chilled-steel plow.6. The word "here" (Para. 1, line. 4) refers to ______.A. EuropeB. AmericaC. New JerseyD. Indiana7. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?A. The reed for labor helped the invention of machinery in America.B. The farmer rejected Charles Newbold's plow for fear of ruin of their field.C. Both Europe and America had great need of farm machinery.D. It was in Indiana that the first chilled-steel plow was produced.8. The passage is mainly about ______.A. the agricultural revolutionB. the invention of labor-saving machineryC. the development of scientific agricultureD. the farming machinery in America9. At the opening of the nineteenth-century, farmers in America ______.A. preferred light toolsB. were extremely self-reliantC. had many portable toolsD. had very few tools10. Implied but not stated ______.A. There was a shortage of workers on American farmsB. The most important of the early inventions was the iron plowC. After 1869,many people devoted their attention to the plowD. Charles Newbolt had made a fortune by his cast-iron plowPassage 3We can see how the product life cycle works by looking at the introduction of instant coffee. When it was introduced, most people did not like it as well as "regular" coffee and it took several years to gain general acceptance (introduction stage). At one point, though, instant coffee grew rapidly in popularity and many brands were introduced (stage of rapid growth). After a while people became attached to one brand and sales leveled off (stage of maturity). Sales went into a slight decline when freeze-dried coffees were introduced (stage of decline). The importance of the product life cycle to marketers is this: Different stages in the product life cycle call for different strategies. The goal is to extend product life so that sales and profits do not decline. One strategy is called market modification. It means that marketing managers look for new users and market sections. Did you know, for example, that the backpacks that so many students carry today were originally designed for the military? Market modification also means searching for increased usage among present customers or going for a different market, such as senior citizens. A marketer may re-position the product to appeal to new market sections. Another product extension strategy is called product modification. It involves changingproduct quality, features, or style to attract new users or more usage from present users. American auto manufacturers are using quality improvement as one way to recapture world markets. Note, also, how auto manufacturers once changed styles dramatically from year to year to keep demand from falling.11. According to the passage, when people grow fond of one particular brand of a product, its sales will ______.A. decrease graduallyB. become unstableC. improve enormouslyD. remain at the same level12. The first paragraph tells us that a new product is ______.A. usually introduced to satisfy different tastesB. often more expensive than old onesC. often inferior to old ones at firstD. not easily accepted by the public13. Marketers need to know which of the four stages a product is in so as to ______.A. work out marketing policiesB. increase its popularityC. promote its productionD. speed up its life cycle14. The author mentions the example of "backpacks" (Line 4, Para.2) to show theimportance of ______.A. increasing usage among studentsB. exploring new market sectionsC. pleasing the young as well as the oldD. serving both military and civil needs15. In order to recover their share of the world market, U.S. auto makers are ______.A. improving product qualityB. re-positioning their product in the marketC. modernizing product styleD. increasing product featuresPart four: TranslationSection A: (15%)Directions: In this part of the test, there are 5 sentences from your textbook. Translate the sentences into Chinese and write your Chinese versions of the sentences in the space provided below.1.Engineers should be curious about the “how” and “why” of natural andmechanical things and creative in finding new ways of doing things, able to analyze problems systematically and logically and to communicate well, and willing to work within strict budgets and meet tight deadlines.2.I acquired a very strong work ethic from my parents, both of whom lived throughthe Great Depression.3.It is estimated that the new interaction between computers and Net technology willhave significant influence on the industry of the future.4.Eventually, you may reach the point where you can afford to spend the rest of yourlife at the side of a swimming pool with a drink in your hand, but you probably won’t.5.Two people may choose different brands of toothpaste with the identical price,amount, and quality; each person believes that he or she is expressing his personality by choosing that brand.Section B: (10%)Directions: In this part of the test, there is a short passage. Read the passage carefully and translate it into English. Write your translation of the passage in the space provided below.节省、积累可观的财富，不是自动完成的。
专业英语研究生期末考试(四川大学研究生考试样题)
XX大学计算机〔软件〕学院工程硕士考试试题〔2021——2021学年上学期〕课程号： _________课序号： ___________课程名称：专业英语任课教师：于中华适用专业：软件工程适用年级：____学生人数：________印题份数：______学号：______XX：_______考试须知XX大学学生参加由学校组织或由学院承办的各级各类考试，必须严格执行 ?XX大学考试工作管理方法?和?XX大学考场规那么? 。
有考试违纪作弊行为的，一律按照?XX大学学生考试违纪作弊处分规定?进展处理。
XX大学各级各类考试的监考人员，必须严格执行?XX大学考试工作管理方法?、?XX大学考场规那么?和?XX大学监考人员职责?。
有违反学校有关规定的，严格按照?XX大教学事故认定及处理方法?进展处理。
题号一二三四五六七八九十平时总分得分考试时间年月日阅卷教师签名I. Choose the best answer to each of the following questions. (10%)1._________ is used to communicate with another computer over telephone linesA. keyboardB .modemC. printer D. mouse2.__________is a device that enables the computer to handle sounds.A. network cardB. video cardC. sound cardD. monitor3. __________ refers to the parts of the computer that you can see and touch.A. SoftwareB. HardwareC. HardshipD. Instruction4. The display screen is the most common device used to show you what the computer isdoing.A. inputB. printingC. outputD. electronic5. _________ are programs that provide access to Web resourcesA. browsersB. databaseC. URLD. E-commerce6._________ is a word processing tool that helps you to create quality documents.A. Word 2003B. Outlook 2003C. Access 2003D. Excel 20037. __________ is a fast and powerful operating system, based on the UNIX O.S.A. Windows 2003B. Office 2003C. Windows 2003D. Linux8. A virus is a __________A. programB. computerC. bad manD. beast9. TCP/IP are the two standard protocols for communications on the __________.A. webB. computerC. InternetD. network10. B2C involves individuals selling to ___________.A. clientB. consumerC. corporationD. company1.() The CPU is the processor of a computer.2.() Windows NT is designed for replacement of Windows.3.() A computer is only connected by cable lines, such as telephone lines.4.() Air can be used to transit data.5.() Search engines help you to locate information on the Web6.() B2C involves individuals selling to individuals.7.() Databases are widely used8.() Oracle is the largest database system vendor in the world.9.() Complete access and complete security are good for information security10. () Portable computer can fit in a briefcase or even in the palm of your hand. III. Translation: English to Chinese (20%)1. CPU_____________________2. OS __________________________3. LAN_____________________4. B2B__________________________5. CEO_____________________6. ATM__________________________7. DBMS____________________8. URL__________________________9.personal computer _______________________________________10.storage device _________________________________________rmation exchanges ___________________________________12.protocol ______________________________________________13.broadband ____________________________________________14.browser _______________________________________________15.search engine __________________________________________16.update ________________________________________________17.Web Site _______________________________________________18.human resources _________________________________________19.environment _____________________________________________puter virus ___________________________________________1.() The CPU is the processor of a computer.2.() Windows NT is designed for replacement of Windows.3.() A computer is only connected by cable lines, such as telephone lines.4.() Air can be used to transit data.5.() Search engines help you to locate information on the Web6.() B2C involves individuals selling to individuals.7.() Databases are widely used8.() Oracle is the largest database system vendor in the world.9.() Complete access and complete security are good for information security10. () Portable computer can fit in a briefcase or even in the palm of your hand. III. Translation: English to Chinese (20%)1. CPU_____________________2. OS __________________________3. LAN_____________________4. B2B__________________________5. CEO_____________________6. ATM__________________________7. DBMS____________________8. URL__________________________9.personal computer _______________________________________10.storage device _________________________________________rmation exchanges ___________________________________12.protocol ______________________________________________13.broadband ____________________________________________14.browser _______________________________________________15.search engine __________________________________________16.update ________________________________________________17.Web Site _______________________________________________18.human resources _________________________________________19.environment _____________________________________________puter virus ___________________________________________1.() The CPU is the processor of a computer.2.() Windows NT is designed for replacement of Windows.3.() A computer is only connected by cable lines, such as telephone lines.4.() Air can be used to transit data.5.() Search engines help you to locate information on the Web6.() B2C involves individuals selling to individuals.7.() Databases are widely used8.() Oracle is the largest database system vendor in the world.9.() Complete access and complete security are good for information security10. () Portable computer can fit in a briefcase or even in the palm of your hand. III. Translation: English to Chinese (20%)1. CPU_____________________2. OS __________________________3. LAN_____________________4. B2B__________________________5. CEO_____________________6. ATM__________________________7. DBMS____________________8. URL__________________________9.personal computer _______________________________________10.storage device _________________________________________rmation exchanges ___________________________________12.protocol ______________________________________________13.broadband ____________________________________________14.browser _______________________________________________15.search engine __________________________________________16.update ________________________________________________17.Web Site _______________________________________________18.human resources _________________________________________19.environment _____________________________________________puter virus ___________________________________________1.() The CPU is the processor of a computer.2.() Windows NT is designed for replacement of Windows.3.() A computer is only connected by cable lines, such as telephone lines.4.() Air can be used to transit data.5.() Search engines help you to locate information on the Web6.() B2C involves individuals selling to individuals.7.() Databases are widely used8.() Oracle is the largest database system vendor in the world.9.() Complete access and complete security are good for information security10. () Portable computer can fit in a briefcase or even in the palm of your hand. III. Translation: English to Chinese (20%)1. CPU_____________________2. OS __________________________3. LAN_____________________4. B2B__________________________5. CEO_____________________6. ATM__________________________7. DBMS____________________8. URL__________________________9.personal computer _______________________________________10.storage device _________________________________________rmation exchanges ___________________________________12.protocol ______________________________________________13.broadband ____________________________________________14.browser _______________________________________________15.search engine __________________________________________16.update ________________________________________________17.Web Site _______________________________________________18.human resources _________________________________________19.environment _____________________________________________puter virus ___________________________________________。
南昌大学研究生期末考试英语试题样卷
南昌大学研究生期末考试英语试题样卷Final Test For Postgraduate Students of Grade 201XPart I. Vocabulary (20%)a.Choose the word or phrase that is closer in meaning to the underlined one.1.During the past decades, the international community usually under the auspices of the United Nation, has struggled to negotiate global standards that can help us achieve many essential goals.A .With the advance of B. with the addition ofC. with the view ofD. with the help of2.The mortality rate of children under five years old is an important indication of the situation of children in a country.A.growthB. birthC. deathD. injury3.The utilities contend that this reduced capacity will result in curtailed service and higher prices some years down the road.A.by the wayB. along the streetC. in the pastD. in the future4.Stability at that level angurs well for the market, analysts say, while a plunge through it could spark renewed selling of stocks.A.fallB. hurdleC. leapD. lead5.Most successful companies all over the world have well-established and identifiable lines of organization.plicatedB. confusingC. recognizableD. formidablek chocolates have a less pronounced taste of chocolate and they are sweeter than dark chocolate and have a lighter color.A.distinctB. spokenC. articulatedD. uttered7.Prepare yourself for immersion into a diverse learning environment in which you’ll be asked to challenge your pre-conveived notions about your own identity and abilities.A.rinsingB. dryingC. shrinkingD. involvement8.With the convenient online shopping services, customers can design and order apparel directly from the virtual shops.A.appliancesB. merchandiseC.utilities D. clothes9. Meanwhile, a poll of Wall Street strategists found that not a single pundit was predicting that American shares would fall this year.A. b rokerB. authorityC.shareholder D. scholarship10. The computer will play the pivotal role either in the basic medicine teaching or in the experimental teaching.A.importantB. crucialC. necessaryD. irreplaceableb. ClozeChoose an appropriate word from the box to fill in each of the following blanks. Change the form where necessary. You may not use any of the words in the box more than once.In the journal Science, Professor Starkey calls for ethical guidelines to (1)______ all aspects of robotic technology, not just in the home and query aerial cognitio nexpression attest robotics meld covervital arise guideli nedeployrecapitulate endow collectionworkplace, but also on the battlefield, where lethal robots such as the missile-armed Predator drones used in Iraq and Afghanistan are already (2)_____ with lethal effect. The US Future Combat System project aims to use robots as “force multipliers”,with a single soldier initiating large-scale ground an (3)______ attacks by a robot droid army. “Robots for care and for war represent just two of many ethically problematic areas that will soon (4)______ from the rapid increase and spreading diversity of robotics applications,” Professor Starkey said ,“Scientists and engineers working in robotics must be mindful of the potential dangers of their work, and public and international discussion is (5)_____ in order to set policy guidelines for ethical and safe application before the guidelines set themselves.”The call for controls over robots goes back to the 1940s when the science-fiction author Isaac Asimov drew up his famous three laws of(6)_____.The first rule stated that robots must not harm people; the second that they must obey the commands of people provided them does not conflict with the first law; and the third law was that robots must attempt to avoid harming themselves provided this was not in conflict with the two other laws.Asimov wrote a (7)______ of science fiction series called I, Robot which exploited the issue of machines and morality. He wanted to counter the long history of fictional accounts of dangerous automatons—from the Jewish Golem to Mary Shelly’s Franken stein—and used his three laws as a literary device to exploit the ethical issues arising from the human interaction with non-human, intelligent beings. But late 20th--century predictions about the rise of machines (8)______ with superior artificial intelligence have not been realized, although robot scientists have given their mechanical protégés (门客) quasi-intelligent(准智能的) traits such as simple speech recognition,emotional (9)______ and face recognition. Professor Starkey believe that even dumb robots ne ed to be controlled.“I’m not suggesting like Asimov to put ethical rules into robots, but to just to have (10)______ on how robots are used ,”he said.“Current robots are not bright enough even to be called stupid. If I even thought they would be superior in intelligence, I would not have these concerns. They are dumb machines not much brighter than the average washing machine, and that’s the problem.”Part II . Reading comprehension(20%)In this part, you will read four passages. You are required to choose the best answer to each question according to the passage and then mark your answer on the Answer Sheet by blacking the letter in the brackets.Passage OneArchaeology(考古学) is a source of history, not just a humble auxiliary discipline. Archaeological data are historical documents in their own right, not mere illustrations to written texts. Just as much as any other historian, an archaeologist studies and tries to reconstitute the process that has created the human world in which we live---and us ourselves in so far as weare each creatures of our age and social environment. Archaeological data are all changed in the material world resulting from human action or, more succinctly, the fossilized results of human behavior. The total sum of these constitute what may be called the archaeological record. This record exhibits peculiarities and deficiencies the consequences of which produce a rather superficial contract between archaeological history and the more familiar kind based upon written records.Not all human behavior fossilizes. The words I utter and you hear as vibrations in the air are certainly human changes in the material world and may be of great historical significance. Yet they have no sort of trace in the archaeological records unless they are captured by a Dictaphone or written down by a clerk. The movement of troops on the battlefield may “change the course of history,”but this is equally ephemeral from the archaeologist’s standpoint. What is perhaps worse, mostorganic material are perishable. Everything made of wood, hide, wool, linen, grass, hair, and similar material conditions. In a relatively brief period the archaeological record is reduced to more scraps of stone, bone, glass, metal, and earthenware. Still modern archaeology, by applying appropriate techniques and comparative methods, aided by a few lucky finds from peat bogs deserts, and frozen soil is able to fill a good deal of the gap.1. What is the author’s main purpose in the passage?A. To point out the importance of recent advances in archaeology.B. To describe an archaeologist’s education.C. To explain how archaeology is a source of history.D. To encourage more people to become archaeologists.2. The word “succinctly” in line 6 is closest in meaning to ____.A. conciselyB. brieflyC. clearlyD. appropriately3. According to the passage, the archaeological record consists of _____.A. spoken words of great historical significanceB. the fossilized results of human activityC. organic materialsD. ephemeral ideas4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example of an organic material?A. stoneB. woolC. grassD. hair5. The paragraph following the passage most probably discusses _____.A. techniques for recording oral historiesB. certain battlefield excavation methodsC. some specific archaeological discoveriesD. building materials of the nineteenth and twentieth centuriesPassage TwoThe modern age is age of electricity. People are so used to electric lights,radio,televisions, and televisions that it is hard to imagine what life would be like without them. When there is a power failure,people grope about in flicking candlelight,cars hesitate in the streets because there are no traffic light to guide them,and food spoils in silent refrigerators.Yet,people began to understand how electricity works only a little more than two centuries ago.Nature has apparently been experimenting in this field for millions of years.Scientists are discovering more and more that the living world may hold many interesting secrets of electricity that could benefit humanity.All living cells send out tiny pulses of electricity.As the heart beats,it sends out pulses of recorded,they form an electroencephalogram,which a doctor can study to determine how well the heart is working.The brain,too,sends out brain waves of electricity,which can be recorded in anelectroencephalogram.The electric currents generated by most living cells are extremely small-often so small that sensitive instruments are needed to record them. But in some animals, certain muscle cells have become so specialized as electrical generators that they do not work as muscle cells at all.When large numbers of these cells are linked together,the effects can be astonishing.The electric eel is an amazing storage battery.It can send a jolt of as much as eight hundred volts of electricity through the water in which it lives (An electric house current is only one hundred twenty volts).As many as four-fifth of all the cells in the electric eel’s body are specialized for generating electricity,and the strength of the shock it can deliver corresponds roughly to the length of its body.1.What is the main idea of the passage?A. Electric eels are potentially dangerous.B. Biology and electricity appear to be closely related.C. People would be at a loss without electricity.D. Scientists still have much to discover about electricity.2.The phrase “grope about”in line 3 could best be replaced by _____.A. feel aboutB. move aboutC.flickerD.run away3.The author mentions all of the following as results of a blackout EXCEPT ______.A. refrigerated food items may go badB. traffic light do not workC. people must rely on candlelightD. elevators and escalators do not function4.Why does the author mention electric eels?A. To warn the reader to stay away from them.B. To compare their voltage to that used in houses.C. To give an example of a living electrical generator.D. To describe a new source of electrical power.5.It can be inferred from the passage that the longer an eel is the _____ .A. more beneficial it will be to scienceB. more powerful will be its electrical chargeC. easier it will be to findD. tougher it will be to eatPassage ThreeThe difference between a liquid and a gas is obvious under the conditions of temperature and pressure commonly found at the surface of the Earth.A liquid can be kept in an open container and fills it to the level of a free surface.A gas forms no free surface but tends to diffuse throughout the space available,it must therefor be kept in a closed container or held by a gravitational field,as in the case of a planet’s atmosphere. The distinction was a prominent feature of early theories describing the phase of matter.In the nineteenth century,for example,one theory maintained that a liquid could be “dissolved”in a vapor without losing its identity,and another theory held that the two phases are made up of different kids of molecules:liquidons and gasons. The theories now prevailing take a quite different approach by emphasizing what liquids and gases have in common. They are both forms of matter that have no permanent structure and they both flow readily.They are fluids.The fundamental similarity of liquids and gases becomes clearly apparent when the temperature and pressure are raised somewhat. Suppose a closed container partially filled with a liquid is heated. The liquid expands, or in other words becomes less dense as the evaporated molecules are added to it. The combination of temperature and pressure at which the densities become equal is called the critical point.Above the critical point the liquid and the gas can no longer be distinguished;there is single,undifferentiated fluid phase of uniformdensity.1.According to the passage,the difference between a liquid and a gas under normal condition on Earth is that the liquid ______.A. is affected by changes in pressureB. has a permanent structureC. forms a free surfaceD. is considerably more common2.It can be inferred from the passage that the gases of the Earth’s atmosphere ate contained by ______.A. a closed surfaceB. the gravity of the planetC. the field of spaceD. its critical point3.According to the passage,in the nineteenth century’s some scientists viewed liquidons and gasons as ______.A. fluidsB. dissolving particlesC. heavy moleculesD. different types of molecules4.According to the passage,what happened when the temperature is increased in a closed container holding a liquid?A. the liquid and gas phases become more similar.B. the liquid and gas become less dense.C. the container expands.D. the liquid evaporates out of the container.5.According to the passage, which of the following is the best definition of the critical point?A. When the temperature and the pressure are raised.B. When the densities of the two phases are equal.C. When the pressure and the temperature are combined.D. When the container explodes.Passage FourYou are in a supermarket deciding what you want to buy.The tomatoes and corn lookespecially delicious,but wait! Do you stop and wonder if these vegetables are genetically modified?Wouldn’t you want to know before you bought them? Should they be labeled so that have the right to choose? What are genetically modified foods? Genes are the blueprints.Scientists can transfer the desirable genes of one organism to another,altering its genetic make-up.Scientists now are routinely using genes from bacteria,viruses,insects,fish,and animals to modify food crops.Supporters of genetically modified foods want crops that are resistant to herbicides(除草剂) plant killing chemicals that farmers use to kill unwanted weeds and plants.Supporters also say that these new genetically altered crops,such as corn,potatoes,soy beans are more resistant to certain bacteria,viruses and insects.Other claim that in the future,scientists will develop foods that are nutritious and able to prevent diseases.Opponents of genetically modified foods areworried about the dangers and they list many.They claim that we don’t know what the long-term effects of producing genetically modified foods will be,and once changes are made in the genetic structure of organisms,they cnnot be reversed.At the very last,opponents of genetically modified foods want producers and retailers to clearly mark products that contain genetically modified ingredients.Will all the technology result in better crops and healthier food?Or is there a risk to humans and environment that should not be ignored?Questions:1.What is the passage mainly talking about?2.Scientists can transfer the describe genes of one organism to another _____.3.What do the scientists use to modify food crops?4.Why do some people support genetic modified foods?5. What are the producers and retailers urged to do by the opponents?Part III .Translation (20%)a.Translate the following paragraph into English.巴斯德通过大量科学实验证明，如果生奶加工时温度超过85℃，则其中的营养物质和生物活性物质会被大量破坏，但如果低于85℃时，则其营养物质和生物活性物质被保留，并且有害菌大部分被杀灭，有些有益菌却被存留。
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1.This book contains all the information you need.2.The government restricts the number of foreign cars that could be imported.3.As a teacher you should not show preference towards any of your students.4.Traffic is regulated by police at every intersection.5.How much do you charge for this pair of shoes.6.We can leave off now and return to work in the morning.7.That matter can be left alone until our next meeting.8.I learned that he was on sick leave from a government office.9.It was one of the most beautiful sights that I had ever set eyes on.10.Each week he tried to set aside a few dollars of his salary.1.All this ceremony is just for show ;it doesn’t mean a thing.2. Bill is afraid to show his face since Tom threatens to beat him up.3.She has been behaving foolishly; I hope you will bring her to her senses.4.The classroom is 30 feet in length and 20 feet in breadth..5.I’m leaving this job because I’m tired of being pushed around.6.After the rain, the orchard seems to have burst into blossom overnight.7.The two men stood glaring at each other, while the crowd looked on with amusement.8.When you have any problems in your studies, you can always look to John for help.1.Theodore Roosevelt was a versatile man; he was successful as a statesman, soldier, sportsman, explorer, and author.2.The small town has undergone many changes during last 10 years.3.The old farmer survived his wife ,living until 105 years of age.4.Poor eyesight is a handicap to many students.5.The wheat crop will be decimated without strong spring rains.6.The various parts of the essays do not adequately interrelate.7.Hot weather multiplies the bacteria in the milk rapidly.8.If something very substantial is not done next month, he cannot retain his office.9.We sent him an invitation but he declined.10.The lifeguard pulled the inanimate body out of the pool.1.If you are to be accepted as a member of the club you must abide by its rules.2.Even if you dislike ancient monuments,Warrick Castle is worth a visit.3.The cities were to be deflated and the population distributed in villages.4.He gave a distorted account of what has happened.5.His speech fermented trouble among the workers.6.The criminal was told he would be immune from punishment if he said what he knew about the murder.7.If you strain the elastic band any more, it will break.8.The Egyptians inhabit an area equal to France and Spain combined.9.He is by no means considered to be a great explorer.10.It was a long time before scientists could penetrate the mystery of the atom.1.The speaker was a long way off the track.2.The new government tried to defuse the growing discontent of the people.3.The catch is how to grow rice in a dry area.4.They were surprised to see the efficiency of the well-oiled military machine of that country.5.He was upset to learn that he had been left out of the basketball team.6.It is fortunate when a young man’s career goals coincide with what his parents wish for him7.If the body is robbed this way for too long ,vital organs break down.8.If your car conks out on a turnpike, wait for assistance.9.My pencil is worn down to a stump.10.The waterfall has worn a hole in the stone.11.Anna did what she could to keep the marriage fromfalling apart.12.His wife becomes more and more preoccupied withchildren.1.Artificial light is not to be compared with daylight forgeneral use.2.To retrieve some data, one has to consult a computer.3.When the car hit the wall, the impact broke thewindscreen.4.The problem is closely involved with the managementof pastures.5.If you travel by jet plane ,Tokyo and Shanghai arevirtually neighbors.6.There is no tangible evidence that the diplomaticrelations will be restored to normal between these twocountries.7.After 10 year’s efforts ,the farmers have turned thewaste land into paddy fields.8.He traveled with some British doctors who tookshort-term jobs abroad.9.Utter weariness overtook me one hour later.10.Farmers will have a bumper harvest, assuming thatthe weather is favorable.11.Stocks may boom today, but droop tomorrow.12.The mountains peak is dominant on the horizon.三，完形。
Unit1The web magazine from…even, as, that, won, annually, by, they, virtual, because,simply, across, still, exactly, concern, response, access,to, led, between, placeUnit2When you can e-mail…viewed, almost, even, lower, means, reality ，become,like, grow, proving, status, afford, faced, necessarily,disciplined, longer, own, schedule, talking, until.Unit3When 1998 began…been, raise, spread out, dying of, began, caused,According to, up to, as, unusual, be linked to, ofcourse, however, came into, ranging.Unit4You may roughly…former, among, purpose, for, serves, strengthened,official, majority, heavily, similar, extends, through,limits, adds, familiar, ways, and, ability, as, means.Unit5It is an astonishing…quantitatively, make up, at least, unlikely, even if,greater than, common-sense, turn out to be, increases,in the direction of, complains, the Theory ofRelativity, close to, so far as, not onlyUnit6Philp ‘s father…reading, knowledge, because, to, came, imagine, taken,gazed, with, when, Once, in, and, used, thinking,memory, that, no, truly, humour.Unit7I have always dislike…having to, means, without, yet, insists on, believingin, spends, to say, In a sense, while, implies, denies,hard, take up, was urged.Unit8Late next century…be depicted, marvel at, suffering, beneath, as, when,enjoy, Nearly, from, before, so long, have not respected,used, than, announcing.Unit 9So, presence, forthmore, attend, signs,with, just, though, at, greenfor, read, raised, sometimes, statewhat, expected, refers, whereas, divorcedunit 10although important events often…promptly, only, one, till, worthamong, served, transferred, in which, passdesolate, because of, survive, dealt with, tothat, but, when , ended, containingWang MingDept. of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of TechnologyDalian 116023Liaoning ProvinceP. R. ChinaI am looking forward to hearing from youYours sincerely,署名（Signature）2 感谢信当别人帮了你一个忙时，你应该给他写封信，以示感激。