2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题

合集下载

2019英语硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题及答案

2019年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题及答案Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land...When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. [A]Some [B]Most [C]Few [D]All2. [A]put[B]take[C]run [D]come3. [A]Since [B] If [C] Though [D]Until4. [A]formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally5. [A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away6. [A]onto [B]off[C]across [D]alone7. [A]unattractive[B] uncrowded [C]unchanged [D]unfamiliar8. [A] site[B]point [C]way [D]place9. [A] So [B] Yet [C]Instead [D]Besides10. [A]immediately [B] intentionally [C]unexpectedly [D] eventually11. [A]surprised [B]annoyed [C]frightened [D]confused12. [A] problem [B]option [C]view [D]result13. [A] Above all [B]In contrast [C] On average [D] For example14. [A]bridge [B]avoid [C]spot [D]separate15. [A] from [B] through [C]beyond [D] under16. [A] posts [B]links [C]shades [D]breaks17. [A] artificial [B] mysterious [C] hidden [D] limited18. [A] Finally [B] Consequently [C] incidentally [D] Generally19. [A] memories [B] marks [C] notes [D] belongings20. [A] restrict [B] adopt [C] lead [D] expose1-20参考答案及解析：1. 生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上轻易获取”。

2020年英语(一)全国硕士研究生招生考试参考答案及解析

2020年全国硕士研究生招生考试（英语一）参考答案及解析Section Ⅰ Use of English【1】 A.on解析：在某一天，用介词on.【2】 B.Match解析：考察动词，很少有别的美食愉悦可以与之媲美，只有这个符合原文。

【3】 A.enjoyment解析：由this 可知回指上文的pleasure.【4】 C.guarantee解析：空前这种愉悦应该成为另外一种罪恶愉悦，后文是损害健康，所以应该是肯定会损害我们的健康。

【5】 D.issued解析：考察动词，英国食品标准局(FSA)应该是公开或者发布警告。

【6】 A. at解析：和温度搭配只能用at。

【7】 C.avoid解析：上文提到这种化合物在高温下烹饪的一些食物中会形成以及会损害健康，所以应该是要避免这类食物。

【8】 D.partially解析：考察副词，修饰toast烤，前文提到要避免这类烧烤土豆片，拒绝薄皮披萨，所以只能是部分烤面包。

【9】 D. while解析：研究表明丙烯酰胺会对小鼠造成神经损伤和没有确凿的证据表明它会对人类造成癌症之间存在让步关系，所以选择while尽管。

【10】B. conclusive解析：考察形容词，修饰证据，只有conclusive 确凿的最符合语境。

【11】B. likely解析：后文提到没有科学证据，所以前文应该是可能致癌likely.【12】D. on the basic of解析：根据语义，应该是基于预防原则，可以认为遵循FSA的建议是明智的，所以选择D。

【13】A. advisable解析：考察形容词，根据语义，应该是遵循建议是明智的。

【14】C. after all解析：考察逻辑联系词，后文提到吸烟导致癌症的传言已经流传了多年，所以此处毕竟更合适。

解析：上文一直提到的是高温下烧烤的食物应该可能会损害我们健康，所以食物和【15】B. connection致癌之间应该存在的是联系，其他选项不符。

2019年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)真题答案

2019年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语（一）真题答案19考研今天已经落下帷幕，不管怎样都先为自己鼓个掌，接下来已经考完的同学也可以安心对答案了，超详细的英一答案无忧考网已备好，一起来看看吧2019年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语（一）试题解析Section ⅠUse of English1. C. Few2. C. run3. B. If4. D. literally5. A.back6. B. off7. D. unfamiliar8. C.way9. A. So10. D. eventually11. A. surprised12. B. option13. D. For example14. C. spot15. B. through16. D. breaks17. A. artificial18. D. Finally19. B. marks20. C. leadSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart AText 121 A. enhance banks’sense of responsibility22 D. "short-termism" in economic activities23 B. adverse24 C. the approaches to promoting "long-termism"25 B. patience as a corporate virtueText 226 D. The influence of consumer culture.27 A. To help freshmen adapt to college learning28 A. A obtain more financial support29 C. to be identical with each other.30 B.analyzing the causes behind it.Text 331 C. involves some concerns raised by AI today32 D.is too limited for us to reproduce it33 B. is still beyond our capacity34 A. affirmation35 C. The Conscience of AI: Complex But InevitableText 436 C. make more online shopper pay sales tax37 D. were considered unfavorable by states38 D. harmed fair market competition39 B. Big- chain owners40 D. cites some cases related to it and analyses their implicationsPart B 本篇新题型属于排序题。

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)考试大纲(非英语专业)(2019 年版)

2019英语一考试大纲全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)考试大纲(非英语专业)(2019年版)I.考试性质英语(一)考试是为高等学校和科研院所招收硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国统一入学考试科目，其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生对英语语言的运用能力，评价的标准是高等学校非英语专业本科毕业生所能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平，并有利于各高等学校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。

II.考查目标考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能：(一)语言知识1.语法知识考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识。

本大纲没有专门列出对语法知识的具体要求，其目的是鼓励考生用听、说、读、写的实践代替单纯的语法知识学习，以求考生在交际中能更准确、自如地运用语法知识。

2.词汇考生应能掌握5500左右的词汇以及相关附表中的内容(详见附录1、2)。

除掌握词汇的基本含义外，考生还应掌握词汇之间的词义关系，如同义词、近义词、反义词等;掌握词汇之间的搭配关系，如动词与介词、形容词与介词、形容词与名词等;掌握词汇生成的基本知识，如词源、词根、词缀等。

英语语言的演化是一个世界范围内的动态发展过程，它受到科技发展和社会进步的影响。

这意味着需要对本大纲词汇表不断进行研究和定期的修订。

此外，全国硕士研究生入学英语统一考试是为非英语专业考生设置的。

考虑到交际的需要，考生还应自行掌握与本人工作或专业相关的词汇，以及涉及个人好恶、生活习惯和宗教信仰等方面的词汇。

(二)语言技能1.阅读考生应能读懂选自各类书籍和报刊的不同类型的文字材料(生词量不超过所读材料总词汇量的3%)，还应能读懂与本人学习或工作有关的文献资料、技术说明和产品介绍等。

对所选材料，考生应能：1)理解主旨要义;2)理解文中的具体信息;3)理解文中的概念性含义;4)进行有关的判断、推理和引申;5)根据上下文推测生词的词义;6)理解文章的总体结构以及上下文之间的关系;7)理解作者的意图、观点或态度;8)区分论点和依据。

2019年考研英语真题答案及解析

【考点】句内语义+动词短语搭配。
【解析】空格所在句意为：但是手机________电池，而电池耗尽的速度会比我们意识到的更快。“空
格动词+on”需体现“手机”与“电池”的关系，由句首 But（体现上下文语义转折：手机功能固然强
大，但一切最终取决于电池）以及常识“手机是依靠电池提供能量才得以运转”可以判断[C] run 正确，
度副词 well（大大地，远远地）修饰，意为“完全偏离路线/迷路”，故[B] off 符合文意。
7. [A] unattractive 无吸引力的；不好的
[B] uncrowded 不拥挤的
[C] unchanged 未改变过的
[D] unfamiliar 不熟悉的，不了解的
【答案】D
【考点】形容词辨析。
10.[A] immediately 即刻，马上；立即
[B] intentionally 故意地，蓄意地
[C] unexpectedly 出人意料地
[D] eventually 终于，最终
【答案】D
【考点】句内语义逻辑。
【解析】句子结构 if...,you should...（如果……，你应该会……；此处 should 用于“表示预期”，指
“应该会、可能”）明确“条件结果”的句内逻辑，即主句中“看到人的迹象”是从句中条件“朝
下坡方向走”达成的结果，选项中符合文意的只有[D] eventually，该词强调“（经过一番困难后）最终”，
符合“一路向下、同时不断追寻水源”的语境。
词汇注释与难句分析
trail 【乡间或森林里的】小路；痕迹；踪迹 downhill 下坡的
帮助迷路者重返文明社会，one of which 引导定于从句，引出其中一个技巧：沿着陆地走。

2023年考研英语(一)答案解析

2023年全国硕士研究生统一入学考试英语（一）试题解析Section I Use of English1.【答案】C【解析】后面outside the walls of a city or village表示位置只有located可以后接地址，表示坐落在……地方。

[A]display“展示”；[B]occupied“占据”；[D]equipped“装备”，语义均不正确。

2.【答案】A【解析】此处副词修饰前面的fund,or表示并列，说明空格处所填意思与government正好形成对比。

四个选项中privately“私下”语义合适，是正确选项。

[B]regularly“经常”；[C]respectively“各自”；[D]permanently “永久”，语义均不合适。

3.【答案】D【解析】空后面接了of the Persian word“karvan”和and“seray”,a palace or enclosed building表示是这两个词的结合体词为combination，因此答案为D。

[A]definition“定义”；[B]transition“转变”；[C]substitution “代替”，语义不合适。

4.【答案】C【解析】“这个词也可以用来_____”。

词是用来描述事物的，据此可知，答案应为describe，选C正确。

[A]classify“分类”；[B]record“记录”；[D]connect“连接”，三个选项语义都不合适。

5.【答案】C【解析】空格前面讲到一群人，而空格之后分别提到了三种不同的人。

前面的范围大而抽象，后面的内容小而具体，空格处所填的应该就是表举例关系的词，因此[C]such as是正确答案。

[A]apart from“除……之外”；[B]instead of“而不是”；[D]along with“沿着……”，三个选项的逻辑关系不合适。

6.【答案】A【解析】空格前讲到随着商旅的发展，据此可知驿站应该也需要随之发展，观察四个选项[A]construction “建设”；[B]restoration“恢复”；[C]impression“印象”；[D]evaluation“评估”。

2022年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英一答案

12022 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题答案Section IUse of English1.【答案】A. coined2.【答案】C. compared3.【答案】D. Though4.【答案】C. hinted to5.【答案】D. differs6.【答案】B. evidence7.【答案】C. argued8.【答案】B. forming9.【答案】A. analogous10.【答案】D.even11.【答案】C.perspective12.【答案】D.exposing13.【答案】A. However14.【答案】C.Superficial215.【答案】B.level16.【答案】D.added17.【答案】A.chances18.【答案】A.danger19.【答案】D.recognizes20.【答案】B.poorSection IIReading ComprehensionPart AText 121.【答案】[A] maintaining their plastic items22.【答案】[B] improperly shaped23.【答案】[D] prevent them from further damage24.【答案】[D] challenging25.【答案】[B] has profound historical significanceText 226、【答案】C reassess the necessity of college education27、【答案】B the shrinking value of a degree28、【答案】C employers are taking a realistic attitude to degrees29、【答案】D further their studies in a specific field30、【答案】A lifelong learning will define themText 331.【答案】B received favorable responses32.【答案】A art can offer audiences easy access to science33.【答案】A their role may be underestimated34.【答案】B It exemplified valuable art-science alliances35.【答案】C should do more than communicating scienceText 436.【答案】D protect the rights of ordinary workers37.【答案】A hinder business development38.【答案】D Dismissing poorly performing managers39.【答案】B Employees suffer from salary cuts40.【答案】C is beneficial to business ownersPart B41【. 答案】Teri Byrd [F] Zoos should have been closed down as they prioritize money making over animals’well-being.42.【答案】Karen R. Sime [C] While animals in captivity deserve sympathy, zoo play significant role instarting young people sown the path of related sciences.43.【答案】Gerg Newberry [A] Zoos, which spare no effort to take care of animals should not be subjected to unfair criticism.44.【答案】Dean Galles [D] Zoos have people trips to wilderness areas and thus contribute to wildlife conservation.45. 【答案】John Fraser [G] Marris distorts our findings which actually prove that zoos serve as an indispensable link between man and nature.Part C(46) It was also, and this is unknown even to many people well read about the period, a battle between those who made codes and those who broke them.【参考译文】这也是一场在制定和破坏密码的人之间展开的战争，这甚至对那些熟知这一时期的人来说都是未知的。

卓顶精文2019年考研英语真题及解析(黄皮书)

2019年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题PartIClozeTestDirections：Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B], [C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorresp ondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvo lvedinprominentcases 1 thetrialofRosemaryWest.Inasignificant 2 oflegalcontrolsoverthepress,LordIrvine,theLordChancellor,willintroducea 3 billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses 4 andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof 5 thatcanbegiventoacase 6 atrialbegins.InalettertoGeraldKaufman,chairmanoftheHouseofCommonsmediaselectcommittee,Lo rdIrvinesaidhe 7 withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot 8 sufficientcontrol.9 ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda 10 ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe 11 ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges 12 toParliament.TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBill,which 13 theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally 14 inBritain,laiddownthateverybodywas 15 toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies.“Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands 16 ourBritishjudges,”hesaid.Witnesspaymentsbecamean 17 afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere 18 tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised 19 witnessesmightbeencouragedexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto20 guiltyverdicts.1.［A］asto［B］forinstance［C］inparticular［D］suchas2.［A］tightening［B］intensifying［C］focusing［D］fastening3.［A］sketch［B］rough［C］preliminary［D］draft4.［A］illogical［B］illegal［C］improbable［D］improper5.［A］publicity［B］penalty［C］popularity［D］peculiarity6.［A］since［B］if［C］before［D］as7.［A］sided［B］shared［C］complied［D］agreed8.［A］present［B］offer［C］manifest［D］indicate9.［A］Release［B］Publication［C］Printing［D］Exposure10.［A］storm［B］rage ［C］flare［D］flash11.［A］translation［B］interpretation［C］exhibition［D］demonstration12.［A］betterthan［B］otherthan［C］ratherthan［D］soonerthan13.［A］changes［B］makes［C］sets［D］turns14.［A］binding［B］convincing［C］restraining［D］sustaining15.［A］authorized［B］credited［C］entitled［D］qualified16.［A］with［B］to［C］from［D］by17.［A］impact［B］incident［C］inference［D］issue18.［A］stated［B］remarked［C］said［D］told19.［A］what［B］when［C］which［D］that20.［A］assure［B］confide［C］ensure［D］guaranteePartIIReadingComprehensionDirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestionstherearefou ranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswert oeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondin gletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)Passage1Specialisationcanbeseenasaresponsetotheproblemofanincreasingaccumulationofs cientificknowledge.Bysplittingupthesubjectmatterintosmallerunits，onemancouldcontinuetohandletheinformationanduseitasthebasisforfurtherresearch.B utspecialisationwasonlyoneofaseriesofrelateddevelopmentsinscienceaffectingthepr ocessofcommunication.Anotherwasthegrowingprofessionalisationofscientificactivity.Noclear-cutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalsandamateursinscience:ex ceptionscanbefoundtoanyrule.Nevertheless,theword“amateur”doescarryaconnotatio nthatthepersonconcernedisnotfullyintegratedintothescientificcommunityand,inpart icular,maynotfullyshareitsvalues.Thegrowthofspecialisationinthenineteenthcentur y,withitsconsequentrequirementofalonger,morecomplextraining,impliedgreaterprobl emsforamateurparticipationinscience.Thetrendwasnaturallymostobviousinthoseareas ofsciencebasedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytraining,andcanbeillustrated intermsofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnitedKingdom.AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfreveals notsimplyanincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearch,butalsoachangingdefinitiono fwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.Thus,inthenineteenthcentury,localgeol ogicalstudiesrepresentedworthwhileresearchintheirownright;but,inthetwentiethcen tury,localstudieshaveincreasinglybecomeacceptabletoprofessionalsonlyiftheyincor porate,andreflecton,thewidergeologicalpicture.Amateurs,ontheotherhand,haveconti nuedtopursuelocalstudiesintheoldway.Theoverallresulthasbeentomakeentrancetoprof essionalgeologicaljournalsharderforamateurs,aresultthathasbeenreinforcedbythewi despreadintroductionofrefereeing,firstbynationaljournalsinthenineteenthcenturya ndthenbyseverallocalgeologicaljournalsinthetwentiethcentury.Asalogicalconsequen ceofthisdevelopment,separatejournalshavenowappearedaimedmainlytowardseitherprof essionaloramateurreadership.Arathersimilarprocessofdifferentiationhasledtoprofe ssionalgeologistscomingtogethernationallywithinoneortwospecificsocieties,wherea stheamateurshavetendedeithertoremaininlocalsocietiesortocometogethernationallyi nadifferentway.Althoughtheprocessofprofessionalisationandspecialisationwasalreadywellunder wayinBritishgeologyduringthenineteenthcentury,itsfullconsequenceswerethusdelaye duntilthetwentiethcentury.Insciencegenerally,however,thenineteenthcenturymustbe reckonedasthecrucialperiodforthischangeinthestructureofscience.21.Thegrowthofspecialisationinthe19thcenturymightbemoreclearlyseeninscienc essuchas_______.[AJsociologyandchemistry[B]physicsandpsychology[C]sociologyandpsychology[D]physicsandchemistry22. Wecaninferfromthepassagethat_______.[A]thereislittledistinctionbetweenspecialisationandprofessionalisation[B]amateurscancompetewithprofessionalsinsomeareasofscience[C]professionalstendtowelcomeamateursintothescientificcommunity[D]amateurshavenationalacademicsocietiesbutnolocalones23. Theauthorwritesofthedevelopmentofgeologytodemonstrate______.[A]theprocessofspecialisationandprofessionalisation[B]thehardshipofamateursinscientificstudy[C]thechangeofpoliciesinscientificpublications[D]thediscriminationofprofessionalsagainstamateurs24. Thedirectreasonforspecialisationis_______.[A]thedevelopmentincommunication[B]thegrowthofprofessionalisation[C]theexpansionofscientificknowledge[D]thesplittingupofacademicsocietiesPassage2Agreatdealofattentionisbeingpaidtodaytotheso-calleddigitaldivide-thedivisio noftheworldintotheinfo(information)richandtheinfopoor.Andthatdividedoesexisttod ay.MywifeandIlecturedaboutthisloomingdangertwentyyearsago.Whatwaslessvisiblethe n,however,werethenew,positiveforcesthatworkagainstthedigitaldivide.Therearereas onstobeoptimistic.Therearetechnologicalreasonstohopethedigitaldividewillnarrow.AstheInternetb ecomesmoreandmorecommercialized,itisintheinterestofbusinesstouniversalizeaccess -afterall,themorepeopleonline,themorepotentialcustomersthereare.Moreandmoregove rnments,afraidtheircountrieswillbeleftbehind,wanttospreadInternetaccess.Withint henextdecadeortwo,onetotwobillionpeopleontheplanetwillhenettedtogether.Asaresul t,Inowbelievethedigitaldividewillnarrowratherthanwidenintheyearsahead.Andthatis verygoodnewsbecausetheInternetmaywellbethemostpowerfultoolforcombatingworldpove rtythatwe’veeverhad.Ofcourse,theuseoftheInternetisn’ttheonlywaytodefeatpoverty.AndtheInterneti snottheonlytoolwehave.Butithasenormouspotential.Totakeadvantageofthistool,someimpoverishedcountrieswillhavetogetovertheirou tdatedanti-colonialprejudiceswithrespecttoforeigninvestment.Countriesthatstillt hinkforeigninvestmentisaninvasionoftheirsovereigntymightwellstudythehistoryofin frastructure（thebasicstructuralfoundationsofasociety）intheUnitedStates.WhentheUnitedStatesbuiltitsindustrialinfrastructure,itdidn’t havethecapitaltodoso.AndthatiswhyAmerica’sSecondWaveinfrastructure-includingro ads,harbors,highways,portsandsoon-werebuiltwithforeigninvestment.TheEnglish,the Germans,theDutchandtheFrenchwereinvestinginBritain’sformercolony.Theyfinancedt hem.ImmigrantAmericansbuiltthem.Guesswhoownsthemnow?TheAmericans.Ibelievethesam ethingwouldbetrueinplaceslikeBraziloranywhereelseforthatmatter.Themoreforeignca pitalyouhavehelpingyoubuildyourThirdWaveinfrastructure,whichtodayisanelectronic infrastructure,thebetteroffyou’regoingtobe.Thatdoesn'tmeanlyingdownandbecoming fooled,orlettingforeigncorporationsrununcontrolled.Butitdoesmeanrecognizinghowi mportanttheycanbeinbuildingtheenergyandtelecominfrastructuresneededtotakefullad vantageoftheInternet.25. Digitaldivideissomething_______.[A]gettingworsebecauseoftheInternet[B]therichcountriesareresponsiblefor[C]theworldmustguardagainst[D]consideredpositivetoday26. GovernmentsattachimportancetotheInternetbecauseit_______.[A]offerseconomicpotentials[B]canbringforeignfunds[C]cansoonwipeoutworldpoverty[D]connectspeopleallovertheworld27. ThewritermentionedthecaseoftheUnitedStatestojustifythepolicyof_______.[A]providingfinancialsupportoverseas[B]preventingforeigncapital’scontrol[C]buildingindustrialinfrastructure[D]acceptingforeigninvestment28.Itseemsthatnowacountry’seconomydepandsmuchon______.[A]howwell-developeditiselectronically[B]whetheritisprejudicedagainstimmigrants[C]whetheritadoptsAmerica’sindustrialpattern[D]howmuchcontrolithasoverforeigncorporationsPassage3WhydosomanyAmericansdistrustwhattheyreadintheirnewspapers?TheAmericanSociet yofNewspaperEditorsistryingtoanswerthispainfulquestion.Theorganizationisdeepint oalongself-analysisknownasthejournalismcredibilityproject.Sadtosay,thisprojecthasturnedouttobemostlylow-levelfindingsaboutfactualerro rsandspellingandgrammarmistakes,combinedwithlotsofheadscratchingpuzzlementabout whatintheworldthosereadersreallywant.Butthesourcesofdistrustgowaydeeper.Mostjournalistslearntoseetheworldthrough asetofstandardtemplates(patterns)intowhichtheyplugeachday’sevents.Inotherwords ,thereisaconventionalstorylineinthenewsroomculturethatprovidesabackboneandaread y-madenarrativestructureforotherwiseconfusionsnews.Thereexistsasocialandculturaldisconnectbetweenjournalistsandtheirreaderswhi chhelpsexplainwhythe“standardtemplates”ofthenewsroomseemalienmanyreaders.Inarecentsurvey,questionnairesweresenttorepor tersinfivemiddlesizecitiesaroundthecountry,plusonelargemetropolitanarea.Thenres identsinthesecommunitieswerephonedatrandomandaskedthesamequestions.RepliesshowthatcomparedwithotherAmericans,journalistsaremorelikelytoliveinu pscaleneighborhoods,havemaids,ownMercedeses,andtradestocks,andthey’relesslikel ytogotochurch,dovolunteerwork,orputdownrootsincommunity.Reporterstendtobepartofabroadlydefinedsocialandculturalelite,sotheirworkten dstoreflecttheconventionalvaluesofthiselite.Theastonishingdistrustofthenewsmedi aisn’trootedininaccuracyorpoorreportorialskillsbutinthedailyclashofworldviewsb etweenreportersandtheirreaders.Thisisanexplosivesituationforanyindustry,particularlyadecliningone.Hereisat roubledbusinessthatkeepshiringemployeeswhoseattitudesvastlyannoythecustomers.Th enitsponsorslotsofsymposiumsandacredibilityprojectdedicatedtowonderingwhycustom ersareannoyedandfleeinginlargenumbers.Butitneverseemstogetaroundtonoticingthecu lturalandclassbiasesthatsomanyformerbuyersarecomplainingabout.Ifitdid,itwouldop enupitsdiversityprogram,nowfocusednarrowlyonraceandgender,andlookforreporterswh odifferbroadlybyoutlook,values,education,andclass.29. Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?[A]needsofthereadersallovertheworld.[B]causesofthepublicdisappointmentaboutnewspapers.[C]originsofthedecliningnewspaperindustry.[D]aimsofajournalismcredibilityproject.30. Theresultsofthejournalismcredibilityprojectturnedouttobe______.[A]quitetrustworthy[B]somewhatcontradictory[C]veryilluminating[D]rathersuperficial31.Thebasicproblemofjournalistsaspointedoutbythewriterliesintheir______.[A]workingattitude[B]conventionallifestyle[C]worldoutlook[D]educationalbackground32.Despiteitsefforts,thenewspaperindustrystillcannotsatisfythereadersowing toits_______.[A]failuretorealizeitsrealproblem[B]tendencytohireannoyingreporters[C]likelinesstodoinaccuratereporting[D]prejudiceinmattersofraceandgenderPassage4Theworldisgoingthroughthebiggestwaveofmergersandacquisitionseverwitnessed.T heprocesssweepsfromhyperactiveAmericatoEuropeandreachestheemergingcountrieswith unsurpassedmight.Manyinthesecountriesarelookingatthisprocessandworrying:"Won'tt hewaveofbusinessconcentrationturnintoanuncontrollableanti-competitiveforce?"There'snoquestionthatthebigaregettingbiggerandmorepowerful.Multinationalcor porationsaccountedforlessthan20%ofinternationaltradein1982.Todaythefigureismore than25%andgrowingrapidly.Internationalaffiliatesaccountforafast-growingsegmento fproductionineconomiesthatopenupandwelcomeforeigninvestment.InArgentina,forinst ance,afterthereformsoftheearly1990s,multinationalswentfrom43%toalmost70%ofthein dustrialproductionofthe200largestfirms.Thisphenomenonhascreatedseriousconcernso vertheroleofsmallereconomicfirms,ofnationalbusinessmenandovertheultimatestabili tyoftheworldeconomy.IbelievethatthemostimportantforcesbehindthemassiveM&Awavearethesamethatunde rlietheglobalizationprocess:fallingtransportationandcommunicationcosts,lowertra deandinvestmentbarriersandenlargedmarketsthatrequireenlargedoperationscapableof meetingcustomers'demands.Allthesearebeneficial,notdetrimental,toconsumers.Aspro ductivitygrows,theworld'swealthincreases.Examplesofbenefitsorcostsofthecurrentconcentrationwavearescanty.Yetitishard toimaginethatthemergerofafewoilfirmstodaycouldre-createthesamethreatstocompetit ionthatwerefearednearlyacenturyagointheU.S.,whentheStandardOiltrustwasbrokenup. Themergersoftelecomcompanies,suchasWorldCom,hardlyseemtobringhigherpricesforcon sumersorareductioninthepaceoftechnicalprogress.Onthecontrary,thepriceofcommunic ationsiscomingdownfast.Incars,too,concentrationisincreasing-witnessDaimlerandCh rysler,RenaultandNissan-butitdoesnotappearthatconsumersarebeinghurt.Yetthefactremainsthatthemergermovementmustbewatched.Afewweeksago,AlanGreens panwarnedagainstthemegamergersinthebankingindustry.Whoisgoingtosupervise,regula teandoperateaslenderoflastresortwiththegiganticbanksthatarebeingcreated?Won'tmu ltinationalsshiftproductionfromoneplacetoanotherwhenanationgetstoostrictaboutin fringementstofaircompetition?Andshouldonecountrytakeuponitselftheroleof“defend ingcompetition”onissuesthataffectmanyothernations,asintheUS.vs.Microsoftcase?33.Whatisthetypicaltrendofbusinessestoday?[A]totakeinmoreforeignfunds.[B]toinvestmoreabroad.[C]tocombineandbecomebigger.[D]totradewithmorecountries.34. Accordingtotheauthor,oneofthedrivingforcesbehindM&Awaveis______[A]thegreatercustomerdemands.[B]asurplussupplyforthemarket.[C]agrowingproductivity.[D]theincreaseoftheworld'swealth.35. Fromparagraph4wecaninferthat______.[A]theincreasingconcentrationiscertaintohurtconsumers[B]WorldComservesasagoodexampleofbothbenefitsandcosts[C]thecostsoftheglobalizationprocessareenormous[D]theStandardOiltrustmighthavethreatenedcompetition36. Towardthenewbusinesswave,thewriter'sattitudecanhesaidtobe_______.[A]optimistic[B]objective[C]pessimistic[D]biasedPassage5WhenIdecidedtoquitmyfulltimeemploymentitneveroccurredtomethatImightbecomeap artofanewinternationaltrend.Alateralmovethathurtmyprideandblockedmyprofessional progresspromptedmetoabandonmyrelativelyhighprofilecareeralthough,inthemannerofa disgracedgovernmentminister,Icoveredmyexitbyclaiming“Iwantedtospendmoretimewit hmyfamily”.Curiously,sometwo-and-a-halfyearsandtwonovelslater,myexperimentinwhattheAme ricansterm“downshifting”hasturnedmytiredexcuseintoanabsolutereality.Ihavebeen transformedfromapassionateadvocateofthephilosophyof“havingitall”,preachedbyLindaKelseyforthepastsevenyearsinthepagesofShemagazin e,intoawomanwhoishappytosettleforabitofeverything.Ihavediscovered,asperhapsKelseywillafterhermuch-publicizedresignationfromth eeditorshipofSheafterabuild-upofstress,thatabandoningthedoctrineof“jugglingyou rlife”,andmakingthealternativemoveinto“downshifting”bringswithitfargreaterre wardsthanfinancialsuccessandsocialstatus.Nothingcouldpersuademetoreturntothekin doflifeKelseyusedtoadvocateandIonceenjoyed:12-hourworkingdays,pressureddeadline s,thefearfulstrainofofficepoliticsandthelimitationsofbeingaparenton“qualitytim e”.InAmerica,themoveawayfromjugglingtoasimpler,lessmaterialisticlifestyleisawe ll-establishedtrend.Downshifting-alsoknowninAmericaas“voluntarysimplicity”has ,ironically,evenbredanewareaofwhatmightbetermedanticonsumerism.Thereareanumbero fbestsellingdownshiftingself-helpbooksforpeoplewhowanttosimplifytheirlives;ther earenewsletter's,suchasTheTightwadGazette,thatgivehundredsofthousandsofAmerican susefultipsonanythingfromrecyclingtheircling-filmtomakingtheirownsoap;therearee vensupportgroupsforthosewhowanttoachievethemid-'90sequivalentofdroppingout.WhileinAmericathetrendstartedasareactiontotheeconomicdecline——afterthemassredundanciescausedbydownsizinginthelate’80s——andisstilllinkedtothepoliticsofthrift,inBritain,atleastamongthemiddle-classdown shiftersofmyacquaintance,wehavedifferentreasonsforseekingtosimplifyourlives.Forthewomenofmygenerationwhowereurgedtokeepjugglingthroughthe’80s,downshif tinginthemid-'90sisnotsomuchasearchforthemythicalgoodlife——growingyourownorganicvegetables,andriskingturningintoone——asapersonalrecognitionofyourlimitations.37.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoparagraph1?[A]Full-timeemploymentisanewinternationaltrend.[B]Thewriterwascompelledbycircumstancestoleaveherjob.[C]“Alateralmove”meanssteppingoutoffull-timeemployment.[D]Thewriterwasonlytooeagertospendmoretimewithherfamily.38.Thewriter’sexperimentshowsthatdownshifting____[A]enableshertorealizeherdream[B]helpshermoldanewphilosophyoflife[C]promptshertoabandonherhighsocialstatus[D]leadshertoacceptthedoctrineof She magazine39.“Jugglingone’slife”probablymeanslivingalifecharacterizedby_____.[A]non-materialisticlifestyle[B]abitofeverything[C]extremestress[D]anti-consumerism40.Accordingtothepassage,downshiftingemergedintheU.S.asaresultof_____[A]thequickpaceofmodernlife[B]man’sadventurousspirit[C]man’ssearchformythicalexperiences[D]theeconomicsituationPartIIIEnglish-ChineseTranslationDirections: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Y ourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Inlessthan30years’timetheStarTrekholodeckwillbeareality.Directlinksbetween thebrain’snervoussystemandacomputerwillalsocreatefullsensoryvirtualenvironment s,allowingvirtualvacationslikethoseinthefilmTotalRecall.41）There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.42）Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived.AccordingtoBT’sfuturologist,IanPearson,theseareamongthedevelopmentsschedul edforthefirstfewdecadesofthenewmillennium（aperiodof1,000years）,whensupercomputerswilldramaticallyaccelerateprogressina llareasoflife.43）Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.Someofthebiggestdevelopmentswillbeinmedicine,includinganextendedlifeexpec tancyanddozensofartificialorganscomingintousebetweennowand2040.Pearsonalsopredictsabreakthroughincomputer-humanlinks.“Bylinkingdirectlyto ournervoussystem,computerscouldpickupwhatwefeeland,hopefully,simulatefeelingtoo sothatwecanstarttodevelopfullsensoryenvironments,ratherliketheholidaysinTotalRe callortheStarTrekholodeck,”hesays.44）But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.”Throughhisresearch,Pearsonisabletoputdatestomostofthebreakthroughsthatcanbe predicted.However,therearestillnoforecastsforwhenfaster-than-lighttravelwillbea vailable,orwhenhumancloningwillbeperfected,orwhentimetravelwillbepossible.Buthe doesexpectsocialproblemsasaresultoftechnologicaladvances.Aboominneighborhoodsur veillancecameraswill,forexample,causeproblemsin2019,whilethearrivalofsyntheticl ifelikerobotswillmeanpeoplemaynotbeabletodistinguishbetweentheirhumanfriendsand thedroids.45）And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage.SectionVWriting46.Directions:Amongalltheworthyfeelingsofmankind,loveisprobablythenoblest,buteveryonehash is/herownunderstandingofit.Therehasbeenadiscussionrecentlyontheissueinanewspaper.Writeanessaytothenews paperto。

2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题及答案解析

2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题及答案解析供稿：万学海文教研中心英语教研室【答案及解析】Section I Use of English1、[答案]C。

Few [试题考点]词义辨析和上下文语境[解析]此题词义辨析和上下文语境。

首句为主题句：今天，我们生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上唾手可得的世界。

空格所在句指出：我们中_____在没有电话，个人GPS或其他导航工具的情况下直接走进树林。

本句有without与few构成双重否定表肯定，根据语义应该填入few（几乎没有人），符合文意。

2、[答案]C。

run [试题考点]词组搭配[解析]此题考查词组搭配。

run on battery表示手机用电池发动，运行。

其他选项：Put on （穿上；使运转）；take on （承担；呈现）；come on （快点；开始），语义不通顺。

故正确答案为[C] run。

3、[答案]B。

If [试题考点]逻辑关系[解析]此题考查逻辑关系。

空格所在句译文：____你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，____找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航____文明。

此处为假设的情况，故填入if （如果）符合上下文的表达。

其余选项：Since （因为；自从），though （虽然），until （直到）带入后，语义不通顺。

故正确答案为[B] If。

4、[答案]D。

literally [试题考点]词义辨析[解析]空格所在句译文：____你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，____找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航____文明。

此处literally表示确实地，真正地，带入原文语义通顺：你的确找不到北方。

其余选项：Formally （正式地），relatively（相对地），gradually（逐渐地）带入后，语义不通顺。

故正确答案为[D] literally。

5、[答案]A。

back [试题考点]词义辨析和上下文语境[解析]空格所在句译文：____你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，____找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航____文明。

2019年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)真题答案

(完整版)2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B,C orD on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. I of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize, 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 cant find north, a few tricks to help you navigate_5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land.When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water._9 ,if you head downhill, and follow any H20 you find, you should 10 see signs of people If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights-you may be 11how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 even in dense fores, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At mightcan the horizon for 17 light sources such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you're lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes tire tracks. and other features can 20 you to civilization.1.[A]Some [B]Most [C] Few [D] All2.[A]put [B]take [C] run [D] come3. [A]Since [B]If [C]Though [D] until4. [A]Formally [B]relatively [C] gradually [D] literally5. [A] back [B]next [C] around [D] away6. [A] onto [B]off [C]across [D] alone7. [A] unattractive [B]uncrowded [C]unchanged [D]unfamiliar8.[A] site [B]point [C]way [D] place9. [A] So [B]Yet [C]Instead [D] BesideslO. [A] immediately [B] intentionally [C] unexpectedly [D]eventually11.[A] surprised [B] annoyed [C] frightened [D]confused12.[A] problem [B]option [C]view [D] result13. [A] Above all [B] In contrast [C]On average [D] For example14. [A]bridge [B] avoid [C]spot [D] separate15. [A]form [B]through [C] beyond [D] Under16. [A] posts [B]links [C] shades [D]breaks17. [A] artificial [B] mysterious [C]hidden [D]limited18. [A] Finally [B]Consequently [C]Incidentally [D] Generally19. [A] memories [B]marks [C]notes [D]belongings20. [A]restrict [B]adopt [C] lead [D] exposeSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts, Answer the questions each text by choosing A B. C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (40 points)Text 1Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year. any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 1o years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this " clawback" rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk taking and to restore public trust in financial institution, Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banksbut by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies. says the Bank of England's top economist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a gaint of classical economics, Alfred Marshall in describing this financial impatience as acting like" Children whopick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain. he notes has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firms efforts to invest in lone-term researchor to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed "quarterly capitalism”．In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities quicker useof information, and thus shorters attention spans in financial markets. " There seems to be a predominance of short- term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Acl of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce"short-termism. " In its latest survey of CEO pay The Wall street Journal finds that"a substantial part"of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage "long-termism, such as changes in the tax codeand quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes can more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives tonew rule is think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders, Britain’ｓa reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance not just for the short termbut for the long term.21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is theA. enhance bankers' sense of responsibilityB help corporations achieve larger profitsC. build a new system of financial regulationD. guarantee the bonuses of top executives22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicateA. the conditions for generating quick profitsB. governments impatience in decision-makingC. the solid structure of publicly traded companiesD. "short-termism" in economic activities23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can beA. inditedB. adverseC. minimal D temporary24. The US and France examples and used to illustrateA. the obstacles to preventing "short-termism.B. the significance or long term thinking.C. the approaches to promoting long-termism.D. the prevalence of short-term thinking.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the textA. Failure of Quarterly CapitalismB. Patience as a Corporate VirtueC. Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD. Frustration of Risk-taking BankersText 2Grade inflation-the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past few decades-is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force -a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called grade forgiveness"- is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student's overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their gradation rates. When this practice fir started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and gradation without incurring a big penalty. "Untimely. "said Jack Mine, Ohio State University's registrar. "we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges own needs as well. For public institutions state finds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students who, at the end of the day are paying the bill-feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers' expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to tum out gradates who are as qualified as possible-orat least appear to be. On this, students' and colleges’ incentives seem to be aligned.26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A. The change of course catalogs.B. Students indifference to GPAS.C Colleges neglect of GPAS.D. The influence of consumer culture.27. What was the original purpose of grade forgivenessA. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.B. To maintain colleges graduation rates.C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D. To increase universities’ income from tuition.28. According to Paragraph 5. grade forgiveness enables collegesA. obtain more financial support.B. boost their student enrollments.C. improve their teaching quality.D. meet local governments’ needs.29. What does the phrase “to be aligned” (Line 5. Para. 6) most probably mean?A. To counterbalance each otherB. To complement each other.C. To be identical with each otherD. To be contradictory to each other.30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness byA assessing its feasibilityB.analyzing the causes behind it.C. comparing different views on it.D. listing its long-run effectsText 3This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein, or. The Modem Prometheus by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many chical questionsto be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (An) raises fundamental questions: "What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? what makes humans humans?What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the wayhumans think continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robotsthat would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popularsci-fi Tv series such as"Westworld and"Humans".Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist, "We are just in a situation where there areno good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”But that doesn't mean crucial ethical issues involving Al aren't at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles. for example poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimemake split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes.input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI "vision"today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginabledriving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data. "you quickly get into a lot of ethicalquestions, "notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of Al. Along with Singapore, othergovernments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain issetting up a data ethics center. India released its Al ethics strategy this spring.On June 7 Google pledged not to"design or deploy Ar" that would cause"overall harm, "orto develop Al-directed weapons or use Al for surveillance that would violate international norms.It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point, So does the idea that decisionsmade by Al systems should be explainable, transparent. and fair.To put it another way. How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.31. Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentioned becauseA. fascinates Al scientists all over the worldB.has remained popular for as long as 200 years.C. involves some concerns raised by Al todayD.has sparked serious ethical controversies32. In David Eagleman's opinion, our current knowledge of consciousnessA. helps explain artificial intelligence.B. can be misleading to robot makingC. inspires popular sci-fi TV seriesD.is too limited for us to reproduce it33.The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehiclesA. can hardly ever be found.B. is still beyond our capacityC. causes little public concernD.has aroused much curiosity34. The authors attitude toward Google’s pledges is one ofA. AffirmationB. skepticismC. contemptD. respect35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Al’s Future: In the Hands of Tech giantsB. Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AC. The Conscience of Al: Complex But InevitableD. AI Shall Be Killers once out of ControlText 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchasesunder a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.The Supreme Courts opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customers purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office. the business did 't have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren’t charged it, but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States." he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices, Kennedy wrote that the rule limited states ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usuallycollect sales tax on online purchases already Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where theyhadn't before, Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. Amazon. com. with its network of warehouses also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don 't have to.Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states Sellers that use eBay and Etsy. which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also hatcollecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass lawsout.. state sellers to collect the state's sales tax from customers and send it to the stale Retail trade groups praised the ruling. saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement "Smallbusinesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.36. The Supreme Court decision Thursday willA. Dette business relations with statesB. put most online business in a dilemmaC. make more online shoppers pay sules taxD. force some sates to ct sales tax37. It can be learned from paragraph 2 and 3 that the overruled decisionsA. have led to the domainance of e-commerceB. have cost consumers a lot over the yearsC. were widely criticized by online purchaseD. were consider unfavorable by states38. According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule hasA. hindered economic developmentB. brought prosperity to the countryC. harmed fair market competitionD. Boosted growth in states, revenue39. Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court rulingA. Internet entrepreneursB. Big- chair ownersB. Third-party sellersD. Small retailers40. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday the authorA. gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequencesB. describes the long and complicated process of its makingC. presents its main points with conflicting views on themD. cities some saces related to it and analyzes their implicationsPart BDirections.The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45. you are requiredto reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling then into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Markyour answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. These tools can help you win every argument- not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments-from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding-then we change the very nature of what it means to"win"an argument.B. Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to lean how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.C. None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.D. Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical tights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions like. Say, tennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments. especially about politics and religion.E. In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: "There isonly one way. to get the best of an argument-and that is to avoid it. " This aversion to arguments iscommon, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for ourpersonal and social lives- and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.F. These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight orcompetition. you can win by cheating as long as you don go caught. You will be happy toconvince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid or joke about how ignorantthey are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues thatdivide you, but they can help you win-in one way.G. There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wagein our state, and I do not. If you yell, "Yes, "and I yell. "No, "neither of us learns anything. Weneither understand nor respect each other. and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. Incontrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live inpoverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will forcebusinesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other's positionsand recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.41-42-F-43-44-C-45Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and begread scientific papers from beginning to end that I realized just how bad much of the medicalliterature frequency was, I came to recognize various sins of a bad paper: the kind ofpaper that purports to show that people who est more than one kilo of broccoli a weekwere 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life frompernicious anaemia. 46. There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medicaljournals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generate both healthscores and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled “The Naturalopen science website,published on the Royal Society’sSelection of Bad Science”,attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem isnot merely than people do bad science,but than out current system of career advancement positively encourages it.what is important is not truth, but inflationaryprocess at work: (47) Nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to havepublished twice the number of papers than would have been required for the samepost only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality,then count the number. (48)Attemptshave been made to curd this tendency,for example by trying to incorporate somemeasure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index,that is to say the number of times a paper has beenquoted else where in the scientific literature the assumption being that an importantpaper will be cited more often than one of small account. (49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientist can easily arrange to cite themselvesin their future publicat or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.output to simple metrics, such as number of Boiling down an individual’spublications or journal impacts,entails considerable saving in time,energy and ambiguity.Unfortunate the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics toassess r esearcher merit are likely to be quite great.(50) If we are serious aboutensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible ,we must ensure thatour institutions encourage that king of science.Section III: WritingPart ADirections:Suppose you are working for the “aiding Rural Primary School”project of your university. Write an email to answer the inquiry from an international student volunteer, specifying the details of the project.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEETDo not use your own name in the email , use “Li Ming” instead.(10 points)Part BDirections:Write an essay of 160-270 words based on the picture below. In your essay, youshould:(1)describe the picture briefly(2)Interpret the implied meaning, and(3)Give your commentsWrite your answer on the ANSWER SHEET(20 points)途中。

2019年全国研究生考试英语(一)真题及参考答案

2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Weighing yourself regularly is a wonderful way to stay aware of any significant weight fluctuations.1, when done too often, this habit can sometimes hurt more than it2.As for me, weighing myself every day caused me to shift my focus from being generally healthy and physically active to focusing3on the scale. That was had to my overall fitness goats. I had gained weight in the form of muscle mass, but thinking only of4the number on the scale, I altered my training program. That conflicted with how I needed to train to5my goals.I also found that weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate6of the hard work and progress I was making in the gym. It takes about three weeks to a month to notice any significant changes in your weight7altering your training program. The most 8 changes will be observed in skill level, strength and inches lost.For these9, I stopped weighing myself every day and switched to a bimonthly weighing schedule10. Since weight loss is not my goal, it is less important for me to11my weight each week. Weighing every other week allows me to observe and12any significant weight changes. That tells me whether I need to13my training program.I use my bimonthly weigh-in14to get information about my nutrition as well. If my training intensity remains the same, but I’m constantly15and dropping weight, this is a16that I need to increase my daily caloric intake.The17to stop weighing myself every day has done wonders for my overall health, fitness and well-being. I’m experiencing increased zeal for working out since I no longer carry the burden of a18morning weigh-in. I’ve also experienced greater success in achieving my specific fitness goals,19I’m training according to those goals, not the numbers on a scale.Rather than20over the scale, turn your focus to how you look, feel how your clothes fit and your overall energy level.1.[A]Besides [B]Therefore [C]Otherwise [D]However2.[A]helps [B]cares [C]warns [D]reduces3.[A]initially [B]solely [C]occasionally [D]formally4.[A]recording [B] lowering [C]explaining [D]accepting5.[A]modify [B]set [C]review [D]reach6.[A]definition [B]depiction [C]distribution [D]prediction7.[A]due to [B]regardless of [C]aside from [D]along with8.[A]orderly [B]rigid [C]precise [D]immediate9.[A]claims [B]judgments [C]reasons [D]methods10.[A]instead [B]though [C]again [D]indeed11.[A]track [B]overlook [C] conceal [D]report12.[A]depend on [B]approve of [C]hold onto [D]account for13.[A]share [B]adjust [C]confirm [D] prepare14.[A]results [B]features [C]rules [D]tests15.[A]bored [B]anxious [C]hungry [D]sick16.[A]principle [B]secret [C]belief [D]sign17.[A]request [B]necessity [C]decision [D]wish18.[A]disappointing [B]surprising [C]restricting [D]consuming19.[A]if because [B]unless [C]until [D]consuming20. [A]obsessing [B]dominating [C]puzzling [D]triumphingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child’s growing grasp of social and moral norms. Children aren’t born knowing how to say“I’m sorry”; rather, they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends—and their own consciences. This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing.In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It is deeply uncomfortable—it’s the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. Yet this understanding is outdated.“There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve,”says Amrisha Vaish, a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia, adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren’t binary—feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. Jealousy and anger, for example, may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities. Too much happiness can be destructive.And guilt, by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness, can encourage humans to make up for errors and fix relationships. Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together. It is a kind of social glue.Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti, a psychology professor at the University of Toronto, suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency. In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing. Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their nastier impulses. And vice versa: High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.In a 2014 study, for example, Malti looked at 244 children. Using caregiver assessments and the children’s self-observations, she rated each child’s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions. Then the kids were handed chocolate coins, and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child. For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty. The guilt-prone ones shared more, even though they hadn’t magically become more sympathetic to the other child’s deprivation.“That’s good news,”Malti says.“We can be prosocial because we caused harm and we feel regret.”21.Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help______.A)regulate a child's basic emotionsB)improve a child's intellectual abilityC)foster a child’s moral developmentD)intensity a child's positive feelings22.According to paragraph 2, many people still consider guilt to be______.A)deceptiveB)burdensomeC)addictiveD) deception23. Vaish hold that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that______.A)emotions are context-independentB)emotions are socially constructiveC)emotional stability can benefit healthD)an emotion can play opposing roles24. Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing _______.A. may help correct emotional deficienciesB. can result from either sympathy or guiltC. can bring about emotional satisfactionD. may be the outcome of impulsive acts25. The word “transgressions”(Line 4, Para.5) is closest in meaning to _______.A. teachingsB. discussionsC. restrictionsD. wrongdoingsText 2Forests give us shade, quiet and one of the larder callenges in the fight against climate change. Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a good share of the carbon dioxide we produce, we are threatening their ability to do so. The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.Thankfully, there is a way out of this trap-but it involves striking a subtle balance. Helping forests flourish as valuable “carbon sinks”long into the future may require reducing their capacity to absorb carbon now. California is leading the way, as it does on so many climate efforts, in figuring out the details.The state’s proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest. This temporarily lowers carbon-carrying capacity. But the remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture, so they grow and thrive, restoring the forest’s capacity to pull carbon from the air. Healthy trees are also better able to fend off insects. The landscape is rendered less easily burnable. Even in the event of a fine, fewer trees are consumed.The need for such planning is increasingly urgent. Already, since 2010, drought and insects have killed over 100 million trees in California, most of them in 2016 alone, and wildfires have burned hundreds of thousands of acres.California plans to treat 35,000 acres of forest a year by 2020, and 60,000 by 2030- financed from the proceeds of the state’s emissions-permit auctions. That’s only a small share of the total acreage that could benefit, about half a million acres in all, so it will be vital to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought.The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removed from the forests is locked away in the form of solid lumber or burned as biofuel in vehicles that would otherwise run on fossil fuels. New research on transportation biofuels is already under way.State governments are well accustomed to managing forests, but traditionally they’ve focused on wildlife, watersheds and opportunities for recreation. Only recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon. California’s plan, which is expected to be finalized by the governor next year, should serve as a model.26. By saying “one of the harder challenges,”the author implies that _______.A. global climate change may get out of controlB. people may misunderstand global warmingC. extreme weather conditions may ariseD. forests may become a potential threat27. To maintain forests as valuable “carbon sinks,”we may need to _______.A. preserve the diversity of species in themB. accelerate the growth of young treesC. strike a balance among different plantsD. lower their present carbon-absorbing capacity28. California’s Forest Carbon Plan endeavors to _______.A. cultivate more drought-resistant treesB. reduce the density of some of its forestsC. find more effective ways to kill insectsD. restore its forests quickly after wildfires29. What is essential to California’s plan according to Paragraph 5?A.To handle the areas in serious danger first.B.To carry it out before the year of 2020.C.To perfect the emissions-permit auctions.D.To obtain enough financial support.30. The author’s attitude to California’s plan can best be described as _______.A. ambiguousB. tolerantC. supportiveD. cautiousText 3American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years. The complaints are unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.Congress has obstructed efforts to create a more straightforward visa for agricultural workers that would let foreign workers stay longer in the U.S. and change jobs within the industry. If this doesn’t change, American businesses, communities, and consumers will be the losers.Perhaps half of U.S. farm laborers are undocumented immigrants. As fewer such workers enter the country, the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are changing. Today’s farm laborers, while still predominantly born in Mexico, are more likely to be settled rather than migrating and more likely to be married than single. They’re also aging. At the start of this century, about one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35. Now more than half are. And picking crops is hard on older bodies. One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as it’s been all along: Native U.S. workers won’t be returning to the farm.Mechanization isn’t the answer, either—not yer, at least. Production of corn, cotton, rice, soybeans, and wheat has been largely mechanized, but many high-value, labor-intensive corps,such as strawberries, need labor. Even dairy farms, where robots do a small share of milking, have a long way to go before they’re automated.As a result, farms have grown increasingly reliant on temporary guest workers using the H-2A visa to fill the gaps in the workforce. Starting around 2012, requests for the visas rose sharply; from 2011 to 2016 the number of visas issued more than doubled.The H-2A visa has no numerical cap, unlike the H-2B visa for nonagricultural work, which is limited to 66,000 a year. Even so, employers complain they aren’t given all the workers they need. The process is cumbersome, expensive, and unreliable. One survey found that bureaucratic delays led the average H-2A worker to arrive on the job 22 days late. The shortage is compounded by federal immigration raids, which remove some workers and drive others underground.In a 2012 survey, 71 percent of tree-fruit growers and almost 80 percent of raisin and berry growers said they were short of labor. Some western farmers have responded by moving operations to Mexico. From 1998 to 2000, 14.5 percent of the fruit Americans consumed was imported. Little more than a decade later, the share of imports was 25.8 percent.In effect, the U.S. can import food or it can import the workers who pick it.31. What problem should be addressed according to the first two paragraphs?A. Discrimination against foreign workers in the U.S.B. Biased laws in favor of some American businesses.C. Flaws in U.S. immigration rules for farm workers.D. Decline of job opportunities U.S. agriculture.32. One trouble with U.S. agricultural workforce is .A. the rising number of illegal immigrantsB. the high mobility of crop workersC. the lack of experienced laborersD. the aging of immigrant farm workers33.What is the much-argued solution to the labor shortage in U.S. farming?A. To attract younger laborers to farm work.B. To get native U.S. workers back to farming.C. To use more robots to grow high-value crops.D. To strengthen financial support for farmers.34. Agricultural employers complain about the H-2A visa for its .A. slow granting proceduresB. limit on duration of stayC. tightened requirementsD. control of annual admissions35. Which of the following could be the best title for this text?A. U.S. Agriculture in Decline?B. Import Food or Labor?C. America Saved by Mexico?D. Manpower vs. Automation?Text 4Amold Schwarzenegger. Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you. It’s easy to beat plastic. They’re part of a bunch of celebrities starring in a new video for World EnvironmentDay—encouraging you, the consumer, to swap out your single-use plastic staples like straws and cutlery to combat the plastics crisis.The key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do include a call for governments to enact legislation to curb single-use plastics. But the overarching message is directed at individuals.My concern with leaving it up to the individual, however, is our limited sense of what needs to be achieved. One their own, taking our own bags to the grocery store or quitting plastic straws, for example, will accomplish little and require very little of us. They could even be detrimental, satisfying a need to have “done our bit”without ever progressing onto bigger, bolder, more effective actions—a kind of“moral licensing”that allays our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge.While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility toward it remains centered on shopping hags and straws, we’re ignoring the balance of power that implies that as“consumers”we must shop sustainably, rather than as“citizens”hole our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change.It’s important to acknowledge that the environment isn’t everyone’s priority-or even most people’s. We shouldn’t expect it to be. In her latest book, Why Good People Do Bad Environmental Things. Wellesley College professor Elizabeth R. DeSombre argues that the best way to collectively change the behavior of large numbers of people is for the change to be structural.This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax that adds a cost to environmentally problematic action, or banning single-use plastics altogether. India has just announced it will “eliminate all single-use plastic in the country by 2022.”There are also incentive-based ways of making better environmental choices easier, such as ensuring recycling is at least as easy as trash disposal.DeSombre isn’t saying people should stop caring about the environment. It’s just that individual actions are too slow, she says, for that to be the only, or even primary, approach to changing widespread behavior.None of this is about writing off the individual. It’s just about putting things into perspective. We don’t have time to wait. We need progressive policies that shape collective action (and rein in polluting businesses), alongside engaged citizens pushing for change.36. Some celebrities star in a new video toA. demand new laws on the use of plasticsB. urge consumers to cut the use of plasticsC. invite public opinion on the plastics crisisD. disclose the causes of the plastics crisis37.The author is concerned that “moral licensing”mayA. mislead us into doing worthless thingsB. prevent us from making further effortsC. weaken our sense of accomplishmentD. suppress our desire for success38. By pointing out out identity “citizens”, the author indicates thatA. our focus should be shifted to community welfareB. our relationship with local industries is improvingC. We have been actively exercising our civil rightsD. We should press our government to lead the combat39. DeSombre argues that the best way for a collective change should beA. a win-win arrangementB. a self-driven mechanismC. a cost-effective approachD. a top down process40. The author concludes that individual effortsA.can be too aggressiveB. can be too inconsistentC. are far from sufficientD. are far from rationalPart BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph(41-45). Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points) Five ways to make conversation with anyoneIn choosing a new home, Camille McClain’s kids have single demand: a backyard.McClain’s little one aren’t the only kids who have an opinion when it comes to housing, and in many cases youngsters’views weigh heavily on parents’real estate decisions, according to a 2018 Harris Poll survey of more than 2,000 U.S. adults.While more families buck an older-generation proclivity to leave kids in the dark about real estate decisions, realty agents and psychologists have mixed views about the financial, personal and long-term effects kids’opinions may have.The idea of involving children in a big decision is a great idea because it can help them feel a sense of control and ownership in what can be an overwhelming process, said Ryan Hooper, clinical psychologist in Chicago.“Children may face serious difficulties in coping with significant moves, especially if it removes them from their current school or support system,”he said.Greg Jaroszewski, a real estate brokers with Gagliardo Realty Associates, said he’s not convinced that kids should be involved in selecting a home—but their opinions should be considered in regards to proximity to friends and social activities, if possible.Younger children should feel like they’re choosing their home—without actually getting a choice in the matter, said Adam Bailey, a real estate attorney based in New York.Asking them questions about what they like about the backyard of a potential home will make them feel like they’re being included in the decision-making process, Bailey said.Many of the aspects of homebuying aren’t a consideration for children, said Tracey Hampson, a real estate agent based in Santa Clarita, Calif. And placing too much emphasis on their opinions can ruin a fantastic home purchase.“Speaking with your children before you make a real estate decision is wise, but I wouldn’t base the purchasing decision solely on their opinions.”Hampson said.The other issue is that many children-especially older ones-may base their real estate knowledge on HGTV shows, said Aaron Norris of The Norris Group in Riverside, Calif.“They love Chip and Joanna Gaines just as much as the rest of us,”he said.“HGTV has seriouslychanged how people view real estate. It’s not shelter, it’s a lifestyle. With that mindset change come some serious money consequences.”Kids tend to get stuck in the features and the immediate benefits to them personally, Norris said. Parents need to remind their children that their needs and desires may change over time, said Julie Gurner, a real estate analyst with .“Their opinions can change tomorrow,”Gurner said.“Harsh as it may be to say, that decision should likely not be made contingent on a child’s opinions, but rather made for them with great consideration into what home can meet their needs best-and give them an opportunity to customize it a bit and make it their own.”This advice is more relevant now than ever before, even as more parents want to embrace the ideas of their children, despite the current housing crunch.A.remarks that significant moves may pose challenges to children.41.Ryan Hooper B.says that it is wise to leave kids in the dark about real estate decisions.42. Adam Bailey C. advises that home purchases should not be based only on children’s opinions.43. Tracey Hampson D. thinks that children should be given a sense of involvement in homebuying decisions.44. Aaron Norris E. notes that aspects like children’s friends and social activities should be considered upon homebuying.45.Julie Gurner F. believes that homebuying decisions should be based on children’s needs rather than their opinions.G. assumes that many children’s views on real estate are influenced by the media.Section ⅢTranslation46. Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)It is easy to underestimate English writer James Heriot. He had such a pleasant, readable style that one might think that anyone could imitate it. How many times have I heard people say “I could write a book. I just haven’t the time.”Easily said. Not so easily done. James Herriot, contrary to pupular opinion, did not find it easy in his early days of, as he put it,“having a go at the writing game”. While he obviously had an abundance of natural talent, the final, polished work that he gave to the world was the result of years of practising, re-writing and reading. Like the majority of authors, he had to suffer many disappointments and rejections along the way, but these made him all the more determined to succeed. Everything he achieved in life was earned the hard way and his success in the literary field was no exception.Section IV WritingPart A47. Directions: Suppose you have to cancel your travel plan and will not be able to visit professor Smith, write him an email toSuppose Professor Smith asked you to plan a debate on the theme of traffic. Write him an email to1) Suggest a specific topic with your reasons, and2) Tell him about your arrangements.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHETE.Do not use your one name. Use “Li Ming”instead. (10 points)Part B48. Directions: Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should1) interpret the chart, and2) give your commentsYou should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)某高校2013年和2018年本科毕业生去向统计Use of English1.[答案]【D】However2.[答案]【A】helps3.[答案]【B】solely4.[答案]【B】lowering5.[答案]【D】reach6.[答案]【B】depiction7.[答案]【A】due to8.[答案]【D】immediate9.[答案]【C】reasons10.[答案]【A】instead11.[答案]【A】track12.[答案]【D】account for13.[答案]【B】adjust14.[答案]【A】results15.[答案]【C】hungry16.[答案]【D】sign17.[答案]【C】decision18.[答案]【A】disappointing19.[答案]【A】because20.[答案]【A】obsessingText 121.【答案】[C]foster a child’s moral development22.【答案】[B]burdensome23.【答案】[D]an emotion can play opposing roles24.【答案】[B]can result from either sympahty or guilt25.【答案】[D]wrongdoingsText 226.【答案】[D]forests may become a potential threat27.【答案】[D]lower their present carbon-absorbing capacity28.【答案】[B]reduce the density of some of its forests29.【答案】[A]To handle the areas in serious danger first30.【答案】[C]supportiveText 331.【答案】[C]Flaws in U. S. immigratinon rules for farm workers.32.【答案】[D]the aging of immigrant farm workers33【答案】[B]To get native U.S. workers back to farming.34【答案】[A]slow graning procedures.35【答案】[B]Import Food or Labor?Text 436.【答案】B. urge consumers to cut the use of plastics37.【答案】B. prevent us from making further efforts38.【答案】D. We should press our governmental to lead the combat.39.【答案】D. a top down process40.【答案】C. are far from sufficientText541. [A] remarks that significant moves may pose challenges to children42. [D] thinks that children should be given a sense of involvement in homebuying decision43. [C] advises that home purchases should not be based only on children’s opinions44. [G] assumes that many children’s views on real estate are influenced by the media45. [F] believes that homebuying decisions should be based on children’s needs rather than their opinions.46.我们很容易低估英国作家吉米·哈利。

2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)参考答案

【答案来了】2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题参考答案Happy一.完型1.C(for)2.A(faith)3.D(price)4.B(Then)5.D(When)6.B(prod uces)7. C(connect)8.D(to)9. B(mood) 10.A(counterparts) 11. A(Lucky) 12.B(protect) 13.B(between) 14. A(introduced) 15.C(inside) 16. A(discovered) 17. C(fooled) 18. B(willing) 19. A(In contrast) 20.C(unreliable)二.阅读21.D (Middle-class workers)22.C (Issues arising from automation need to be tackled)23.A (creative potential)24.D (preventing the income gap from widening)25.B (possible solutions to it)26.D (social media as a reliable source of news)27.A (sharpen)28.B (verify news by referring to diverse sources)29.C (readers' misinterpretation) 30.A (A Rise in Critical Skillsfor Sharing News Online ) 31.B (It failed to pay due attention to patient’s rights.) 32.C (necessary adjustments.) 33.D (the valueof data comes from the processing of it)34.D (the monopoly of big data by tech giants.)35.B ( cautious. )36.B (its rigid management.) 37.A (the interference from interest groups.) 38.A (removing its burden of retiree health care.) 39.C (discontent.) 40.D (The Postal Service: Keep Away from My Cheese)41.E(The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands······) 42.G(The history of the EEOB began long······) 43.A(In December of 1869······) 44.B(Completed in 1875, the State Department's······ ) 45.D(Many of the most celebrated national figures······)三.翻译46.到他诞生之时，欧洲正经历宗教戏剧的过时，在古典悲剧和戏剧的刺激下催生了新的戏剧形式。

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)考试大纲(非英语专业)(2020年版)

I.考试性质英语(一)考试是为高等学校和科研院所招收硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国统一入学考试科目，其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生对英语语言的运用能力，评价的标准是高等学校非英语专业本科毕业生所能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平，并有利于各高等学校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。

II.考查目标考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能：(一)语言知识1.语法知识考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识。

2.词汇考生应能掌握5500左右的词汇以及相关附表中的内容(详见附录1、2)。

英语语言的演化是一个世界范围内的动态发展过程，它受到科技发展和社会进步的影响。

这意味着需要对本大纲词汇表不断进行研究和定期的修订。

此外，全国硕士研究生入学英语统一考试是为非英语专业考生设置的。

考虑到交际的需要，考生还应自行掌握与本人工作或专业相关的词汇，以及涉及个人好恶、生活习惯和宗教信仰等方面的词汇。

2.写作考生应能写不同类型的应用文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、报告等，以及一般描述性、叙述性、说明性或议论性的文章。

2010-2021英语一答案速查版合集【一键打印版】(pdf)

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题参考答案Section I Use of English1-5:A-B-C-B-C6-10:B-D-A-C-D11-15: C-A-A-D-B16-20: A-D-C-B-DSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21-25: B-A-D-A-B26-30: C-D-C-B-A31-35: B-D-A-C-C36-40: A-D-C-B-DPart B41-45: B-F-D-G-APart C46.科学家们赶紧用一些很明显没有说服力的事实证据来进行挽救，这个事实就是：假如鸟类无法控制昆虫，那么昆虫就会将我们人类吃光。

47.但是我们至少已经在逐渐承认不管鸟类相对于我们人类是否有经济价值，它们都应该因其自身内在的权利而继续存在。

48.曾经有段时间，生物学家或多或少滥用了一种证据，即这些生物通过杀死体弱者来保持群的健康，或者说它们仅仅捕食没有价值的物种。

49.在林业生态更为发达的欧洲，没有商业价值的树种被合理地看成是当地森林群落的成员，并得到相应的保护。

50.这个体系往往忽略，并因此最终消除陆地种群中许多物种，这些物种缺乏商业价值，但对整个种群的健康繁衍是必不可少的。

Section I: Use of English (10 points)1-5: C-D-B-B-A6-10: B-A-D-C-A11-15:B-C-D-C-B16-20:D-A-D-A-CSection II: Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points)21-25: C-B-D-B-A26-30: B-D-C-A-C31-35: D-C-B-A-A36-40: C-D-A-D-BPart B (10 points)41-45: B-D-A-C-FPart C (10 points)46.艾伦的贡献在于,他探讨了一个公认的假设“因为我们不是机器人，所以我们能够控制自己的想法”，并揭示了其错误的本质。

2020年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语一试题及答案

2020 年研究生入学统一考试试题（英语一）Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families are less likely to sit down to eat together than was once the case, millions of Britons willnone the less have partaken this weekend of one of the nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. __1__ a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can __2__it. Yet as we report now, the food police are determined that this__3__ should be rendered yet another guilty pleasure __4__ to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has __5__ a public warning about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked __6__ high temperatures.This means that people should __7__ crisping their roast potatoes, spurn thin-crust pizzas and only __8__ toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such alarmist advice? __9__ studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no __10__ evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is "__11__ to be carcinogenic" but have no hard scientific proof. __12__ the precautionary principle, it could be argued that it is __13__ to follow the FSA advice. __14__, it was rumored that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a __15__.Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be __16__ up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables,without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? __17__, the FSA says it isnot telling people to cut out roast foods __18__, but to reduce their lifetime intake. However, their __19__ risks coming across as exhortation and nannying. Constant health scares just __20__ with no one listening.1. A In B Towards C On D Till2. A match B express C satisfy D influence3. A patience B enjoyment C surprise D concern4. A intensified B privileged C compelled D guaranteed5. A issued B received C ignored D canceled6. A under B at C for D by7. A forget B regret C finish D avoid8. A partially B regularly C easily D initially9. A Unless B Since C If D While10. A secondary B external C inconclusive D negative11. A insufficient B bound C likely D slow12. A On the basis of B At the cost of C In addition to D In contrast to13. A interesting B advisable C urgent D fortunate14. A As usual B In particular C By definition D After all15. A resemblance B combination C connection D pattern16. A made B served C saved D used17. A To be fair B For instance C To be brief D in general18. A reluctantly B entirely C gradually D carefully19. A promise B experience C campaign D competition20. A follow up B pick up C open up D end upSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. （40 points）Text 1A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute aUK "town of culture" award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, whichwas held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for zozl. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in E220m of investment and an avalache of arts, out not to be confined to cities. Britain' town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Livorpool in 2008. A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever ofself-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for, the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knowsthat will follow- village of culture ? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run "year of culture" washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community . The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organizations. But it can be done : Glasgow' s year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A "town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town'speculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21.Cooper and her colleagues argue that a "town of culture" award could________[A]consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.[B] promote cooperation among Britain's towns.[C] increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.[D] focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22.According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as________[A] a sensible compromise.[B] a self-deceiving attempt[C]an eye-catching bonus.[D]an inaccessible target.23.The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it________[A] endeavours to maintain its image.[B] meets the aspirations of its people.[B]brings its local arts to prominence.[D] commits to its long-term growth.24.Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present________[A] a contrasting case.[B]a supporting example.[C]a background story,[D] a related topic.25.What is the author's attitude towards the proposal ?[A] Skeptical[B] Objective[C]Favourable[D] CriticalText 2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money. Scientists need joumals in which to publishtheir research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialisedwork of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only fnd a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers produced in the world,made profitsof more than ￡210m in 2016 to enable researchers 900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than ￡to access their own publicly funded research; both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies. In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms: either freely available from the moment of publication, or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparingan article. These range from around ￡500 to $5,000. A report last year pointed out that the costs both of article preparation costs’’had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation. In some subscriptions and of these’’ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet: labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.26.Scientific publishing is seen as“a licence to print money" partly because________[A]its funding has enjoyed a steady increase[B]its marketing strategy has been successful.[C]its payment for peer review is reduced.[D]its content acquisition costs nothing.27.According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have________[A]thrived mainly on university libraries.[B]gone through an existential crisis.[C]revived the publishing industry.[D] financed researchers generously.28.How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub?[A]Relieved.[B]Puzzled.[C]Concerned[D]Encouraged.29.It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms________[A]allow publishers some room to make money.[B]render publishing much easier for scientists.[C]reduce the cost of publication substantially.[D]free universities from financial burdens.30.Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?[A] Trial subscription is offered.[B] Labour triumphs over status.[C] Costs are well controlled.[D] The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and doeslittle to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government boards are less than 40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admittedthat the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the pereentage of women in the general population, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Wrting in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a"golden skirt "phenomenon, where the same clite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity, remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feel good but do litle to help average women.31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad wills________[A]help little to reduce gender bias.[B]pose a threat to the state government.[C]raise women's position in politics.[D]greatly broaden career options.32.Which of the following is true of the California measure?[A]It has irritated private business owners.[B]It is welcomed by the Supreme Court,[C]It may go against the Constitution.[D]It will settle the prior controversies.33.The author mentions the study by Catalyst to ilustrate____[A]the harm from arbitrary board decision.[B]the importance of constitutional guaranees.[C]the pressure on women in global corporations.[D]the needlessness of government interventions.34.Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to____[A]the underestimation of elite women's role.[B]the objection to female participation on boards.[C]the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D]the growing tension between labor and management.35.Which of the following can be inferred from the text?[A]Women's need in employment should be considered.[B]Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.[C]Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.[D]Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.Text 4Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new taxon large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such servces. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a “ GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google, Apple, Facebook and Amazon- in other words, multiational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks. But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies, which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.6The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead, the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax), Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union, Spain, Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax, even if international tax rules do notgrant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep ;up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach a consensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization' s work, but France's digital servicestax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.France‘s planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxesfrom dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.36.The French Senate has passed a bill to_____[A] regulate digital services platforms.[B] protect French companies' interests .[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.[D] curb the influence of advertising.37.It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax _____[A]may trigger countermeasures against France.[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.[C]aims to ease international trade tensions.[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38.The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that _____[A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39.It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work_____[A]is being resisted by US companies.[B]needs to be readjusted immediately.[C]is faced with uncertain prospects.[D]needs to in involve more countries.40.Which of the following might be the. best title for this text?[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax[C] France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital EconomyPart BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41 -45, choose the most suitable one7from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any ofthe gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A]Eye fixactions are brief[B]Too much eye contact is instinetively felt to be rude[C]Eye contact can be a friendly social signal[D]Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact[E]Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated[F]Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers[G]Eye contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way. Butit can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate tums toward their competitor during a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility. Here 's what hard science reveals about eye contact:41. _________C_______We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back . This mutualgaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In adulthood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence,a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.42.____E____Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer during a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also foundin high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond during direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.43.______G__With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concludedthat eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages, depending on the situation While eye contact may bea sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance OF intimidation in adversarial situations. Whether you're a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep 'in mindthat trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you're trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.44.____A____When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.45._____D___In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance, according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues. Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ-" A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.Part BPart C TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Following the explosion of creativity in Florence during the 14th century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17th century, with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among thosewith a more logical disposition. 46.With （the gap between） the church's teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the Renaissance, the gap between the medieval and modern periods had been bridged, leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. 47. Before each of their revelations, many thinkers atthe time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking, including the geocentric view that the Earth was at thecentre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that in actual fact, all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory during a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy,and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death. Galileo was excommunicated by the Church and imprisoned for life for his astronomical observations andhis support of the heliocentric principle.48.Despite attempts by the Church to strong-arm this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made,and at a rate that the people-including the Church-could no longer ignore. It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church's long-standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. Thisvery fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe during most of the 17th century. 49. As many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world. The Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The 17th and 18th centuries were times of radical change and curiosity. Scientific method,reductionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. 50. Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase'sapere aude'or 'dare to know', after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay An Answer to the Question: Whatis Enlightenment? It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, whichthey believed to be founded in knowledge.46：文艺复兴是教会的交易与思维方式黯然失色，弥合了中世纪与现代之间的鸿沟，导致出现了新的从未开发的知识领域。

考研英语(一)历年真题(1990-2019)

1990年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyIn each question,decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked.Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.(15points) EXAMPLE:I was caught________the rain yesterday.[A]in[B]by[C]with[D]atANSWER:[A]1.Those two families have been quarrelling________each other for many years.[A]to[B]between[C]against[D]with2.There are many things whose misuse is dangerous,bur it is hard to think of anything thatcan be compared________tobacco products.[A]in[B]with[C]among[D]by3.“How often have you seen cases like this?”one surgeon asked another.“Oh,________times,I guess,”was the reply.[A]hundred of[B]hundreds[C]hundreds of[D]hundred4.Give me your telephone number________I need your help.[A]whether[B]unless[C]so that5.You sang well last night.We hope you’ll sing________.[A]more better[B]still better[C]nicely[D]best6.Those people________a general understanding of the present situation.[A]lack of[B]are lacking of[C]lack[D]are in lack7.Alone in a deserted house,he was so busy with his research work that he felt________lonely.[A]nothing but[B]anything but[C]all but[D]everything but8.Grace________tears when she heard the sad news.[A]broke in[B]broke into[C]broke off[D]broke through9.She refused to________the car keys to her husband until he had promised to wear hissafety belt.[A]hand in[B]hand out[C]hand down[D]hand over10.Michael found it difficult to get his British jokes________to American audiences.[A]around[B]over[C]across11.The book contained a large________of information.[A]deal[B]amount[C]number[D]sum12.Nowadays advertising costs are no longer in reasonable________to the total cost of theproduct.[A]proportion[B]correlation[C]connection[D]correspondence13.When she saw the clouds she went back to the house to________her umbrella.[A]carry[B]fetch[C]bring[D]reach14.We must________that the experiment is controlled as rigidly as possible.[A]assure[B]secure[C]ensure[D]issue15.He was knocked down by a car and badly________.[A]injured[B]damaged[C]harmed[D]ruinedSection II Reading ComprehensionEach of the three passages below is followed by some questions.For each question there are four answers.Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.(20points)Text1In May1989,space shuttle“Atlantis”released in outer space the space probe“Megallan,”which is now on her15-month and one-billion-kilometer flight to Venus.A new phase in space exploration has begun.The planet Venus is only slightly smaller than Earth;it is the only other object in the solar system,in fact,that even comes close to earth’s size.Venus has a similar density,so it is probably made of approximately the same stuff,and it has an atmosphere,complete with clouds. It is also the closest planet to earth,and thus the most similar in distance from the sun.In short, Venus seems to justify its long-held nickname of“earth’s twin.”The surface temperature of Venus reaches some900F.Added to that is an atmospheric pressure about90times Earth’s:High overhead in the carbon dioxide(CO2)that passes for air is a layer of clouds,perhaps10to20miles thick,whose little drops consist mostly of sulfuric acid (H2SO4).Water is all but nonexistent.Born with so many fundamental similarities to earth,how did Venus get to be so radically different:It is not just an academic matter.For all its extremes,Venus is a valuable laboratory for researchers studying the weather and climate of earth.It has no earth’s oceans,so the heat transport and other mechanisms are greatly simplified.In addition,the planet Venus takes243 earth-days to turn once on its axis,so incoming heat from the sun is added and distributed at a more leisurely,observable pace.16.Venus is similar to Earth in________.[A]size and density[B]distance from the sun[C]having atmosphere[D]all of the above17.The greatest value in studying Venus should be to________.[A]allow us to visit there[B]understand Earth better[C]find a new source of energy[D]promote a new space program18.The main idea of this passage is about________.[A]problems of space travel[B]scientific methods in space exploration[C]the importance of Venus to Earth[D]conditions on VenusText2Tourists were surprised to see a woman driving a huge orange tractor down one of Rome’s main avenues.Italy’s political leaders and some of its male union chiefs are said to have beeneven more puzzled to see that the tractor was followed by about200,000women in a parading procession that took more than three hours to snake through central Rome.Shouting slogans,waving flags and dancing to drumbeats,the women had come to the capital from all over Italy to demonstrate for“a job for each of us,a different type of job,and a society without violence.”So far,action to improve women’s opportunities in employment has been the province of collective industrial bargaining.“But there is a growing awareness that this is not enough,”says a researcher on female labor at the government-funded Institute for the Development of Professional Training for Workers.Women,who constitute52per cent of Italy’s population,today represent only35per cent of Italy’s total workforce and33per cent of the total number of Italians with jobs.However,their presence in the workplace is growing.The employment of women is expanding considerably in services,next to the public administration and commerce as their principal workplace.Official statistics also show that women have also made significant strides in self-employment.More and more women are going into business for themselves.Many young women are turning to business because of the growing overall in employment.It is also a fact that today many prejudices have disappeared,so that banks and other financial institutes make judgments on purely business considerations without caring if it is a man or a woman.Such changes are occurring in the professions too.The number of women doctors,dentists, lawyers,engineers and university professors increased two to three fold.Some of the changes are immediately visible.For example,women have appeared on the scene for the first time as state police,railway workers and street cleaners.However,the present situation is far from satisfactory though some progress has been made.A breakthrough in equal opportunities for women is now demanded.19.The expression“snake through central Rome”probably means“to move________[A]quietly through central Rome.”[B]violently through central Rome.”[C]in a long winding line through central Rome.”[D]at a leisurely pace through central Rome.”20.Which of the following statements is NOT true?[A]There are more women than men in Italy.[B]In Italy,women are chiefly employed in services.[C]In Italy,women are still at a disadvantage in employment.[D]In Italy,about two-thirds of the jobs are held by men.21.About200,000women in Rome demonstrated for________.[A]more job opportunities[B]a greater variety of jobs[C]“equal job,equal pay”[D]both A and B22.The best title for this passage would be________.[A]The Role of Women is Society[B]Women Demonstrate for Equality in Employment[C]Women as Self-employed Professionals[D]Women and the Jobs MarketText3The old idea that talented children“burn themselves out”in the early years,and,therefore, are subjected to failure and at worst,mental illness is unfounded.As a matter of fact,the outstanding thing that happens to bright kids is that they are very likely to grow into bright adults.To find this out,l,500gifted persons were followed up to their thirty-fifth year with these results:On adult intelligence tests,they scored as high as they had as children.They were,as a group,in good health,physically and mentally.84per cent of their group were married and seemed content with their lives.About70per cent had graduated from college,though only30per cent had graduated with honors.A few had even dropped out,but nearly half of these had returned to graduate.Of the men,80per cent were in one of the professions or in business management or semiprofessional jobs.The women who had remained single had office,business,or professional occupations.The group had published90books and1,500articles in scientific,scholarly,and literary magazines and had collected more than100patents.In a material way they did not do badly either.Average income was considerably higher among the gifted people,especially the men,than for the country as a whole,despite their comparative youth.In fact,far from being strange,most of the gifted were turning their early promise into practical reality.23.The old idea that talented children“burn themselves out”in the early years is________.[A]true in all senses[B]refuted by the author[C]medically proven[D]a belief of the author24.The survey of bright children was made to________.[A]find out what had happened to talented children when they became adults[B]prove that talented children“burn themselves out”in the early years[C]discover the percentage of those mentally ill among the gifted[D]prove that talented children never burn themselves out25.Intelligence tests showed that________.[A]bright children were unlikely to be mentally healthy[B]between childhood and adulthood there was a considerable loss of intelligence[C]talented children were most likely to become gifted adults[D]when talented children grew into adults,they made low scoresSection III Cloze TestFor each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labeled[A],[B],[C], and[D].Choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.Read the whole passage before making your choice.(10points)No one knows for sure what the world would be like in the year2001.Many books have been written26the future.But the19th-century French novelist Jules Verne may becalled a futurologist in the fullest27of the word.In his fantastic novels“A Trip to the Moon”and“80Days Around the World,”he described with detail the aeroplane and even thehelicopter.These novels still have a great attraction28young readers of today because of their bold imagination and scientific accuracy.Below is a description of what our life will be in the year2001as predicted by a29 writer.In2001,in the home,cookers will be set so that you can cook a complete meal at the touch of a switch.Television will provide information on prices at the30shops as well as news andentertainment.Videophones will bring pictures as well as31to telephone conversations.Machines will control temperature,lighting,entertainment,security alarms,laundry and gardening.Lighting will provide decoration as well as wallpaper.At work,robots will take32most jobs in the manufacturing industries.Working hours will fall to under30hours a week.Holidays will get longer;six weeks will be the normal annual holiday.Men and women will retire at the same age.Our leisure will be different too.The home will become the center of entertainment throughtelevision and electronic games.More people will eat out in restaurants33they dotoday;also they will have a much wider variety of food available.There will be a change of tastetowards a more savoury-flavored menu.New synthetic foods will form a34part of people’s diets.Foreign travel will35;winter holidays will become more popular than summer ones.Also non-stop flights from Britain to Australia and New Zealand will be easily available and much cation will become increasingly more important than ever before.26.[A]in[B]of[C]about[D]for27.[A]sense[B]meaning[C]detail[D]implication28.[A]for[B]of[C]on[D]towards29.[A]today[B]nowadays[C]present-day[D]present30.[A]near[B]nearby[C]nearly[D]nearer31.[A]noise[B]sound[C]tone[D]tune32.[A]to[B]away[C]off[D]over33.[A]than[B]as[C]when[D]while34.[A]usual[B]popular[C]daily[D]regular35.[A]add[B]increase[C]raise[D]ariseSection IV Error-detection and CorrectionEach of the following sentences has four underlined parts.These parts are labeled[A],[B],[C], and[D].Identify the part of sentence that is incorrect and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.Then,without altering the meaning of the sentence,write down your correction on the line in the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)EXAMPLE:You have to hurry up if you want to buy something becauseA there’sBhardly somethingCleftD.ANSWER:[C]anything36.Alice was havingA trouble to controlBthe children because there wereCso manyDof them.37.We were very much surprisedA that theBvillage was suchClong way fromDthe road.38.John’s chance of being electedA chairmanBof the committee is farCgreater than DickD.39.“We have wonA aBgreat victory onCour enemyD,”the captain said.40.There are many valuable servicesA which the public are willing to pay forB,but whichdoes not bringC a return in moneyDto the community.41.The law I am referringA requires that everyoneBwho ownsCa car haveDaccident insurance.42.“I considered itA a honorBto be invited to addressCthe meeting of world-famousDscientists,”said Professor Leacock.43.He was seeingA somebody creepingBinto the house throughCthe openDwindow last night.44.The reason forA all theBchanges being madeChas not explainedDto us yet.45.Even thoughA the children pretended asleepB,the nurses were not deceivedCwhenDthey cameinto the room.Section V Verb FormsFill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the verbs given in the brackets.Put your answers in the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)EXAMPLE:It is highly desirable that a new president________(appoint)for this college.ANSWER:(should)be appointed46.Buying clothes________(be)very time-consuming as you rarely find things that fit younicely.47.They keep telling us it is of utmost importance that our representative________(send)tothe conference on schedule.48.I must call your attention to the directions.Read them carefully and act as________(instruct).49.Emma said in her letter that she would appreciate________(hear)from you soon.50.I________(call)to make an airline reservation,but I didn’t.51.If Greg had tried harder to reach the opposite shore,we________(not have)to pick him upin the boat.52.After twenty years abroad,William came back only________(find)his hometown severelydamaged in an earthquake.53.The lecture________(begin),he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that hisleaving disturbed the speaker.54.The children were surprised when the teacher had them________(close)their booksunexpectedly.55.A new road will be built here,and therefore a number of existing houses________(have todestroy).Section VI Chinese-English TranslationTranslate the following sentences into English(15points)56.你应该仔细核对全部资料，以避免严重错误。

2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)真题+解析答案

2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）（科目代码: 201)考生注意事项1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。

2.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题纸指定位置的边框区域内，写在其它地方无效。

3.填(书)写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔或钢笔书写，涂写部分必须使用2B 铅笔填涂。

4.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册一并装入试题袋中交回。

SeCtiOn I USe Of EngIiShDireCtions: Read the following text. ChoOSe the best WOrd(S) for each numbered blank and mark A, B. COrD On the ANSWER SHEET. (10 POmtS)FIllid intelligence is the type Of intelligence that has to do With ShOrt-term memory and theand abstractly in Order to SOlVe new PrOblems. It _1_ in young ability to think quickly, IOgiCaIly5adulthood. IeVelS OUt for a PeriOd Of time, and then _2_ StartS to SIOWly decline as We age. BUt _3_ aging is inevitable, SCientiStS are finding that Certain ChangeS in brain function may not be.One StUdy found that muscle IOSS and the _4_ Of body fat around the abdomen are associated With a decline in fluid intelligence・ ThiS SUggeStS the _5_ that IifeStyIe factors Inight help PreVent Or _6_ this type Of decline・The researchers IOOked at data that _7_ measurements Of Iean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle-to-older-aged men and WOmen and _8_ that data to reported ChangeS in fluid intelligence OVer a six-year PeriOd・They found that middle-aged PeOPle _9_ higher measures Of abdominal fat _10_ WOrSe On measures Of fluid intelligence as the years _11_・FOr women, the association may be _12_ to ChangeS in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune SyStem did not appear to be _13_・ It is hoped that future StUdieS COUld _14_ these differences and PerhaPS Iead to different —15_ for men and women.—16_ there are StePS you Can _17_ to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain Iean muscle mass as you age in Order to PrOteCt both your PhySiCal and mental _18_・The two highly recommended IifeStyle approaches are maintaining Or increasing your —19_ Of aerobic exercise and following Mediterranean-Style _20_ that is high in fiber and eliminates highly PrOCeSSed foods.1. [A] PaUSeS [B] returns [C] PeakS [D] fades2. [A] alternatively [B] formally [C] accidentally [D] generally3. [A] While [B] SinCe [C] OnCe [D] Until4. [A] detection [B] accumulation・[C] COnSUmPtiOn [D] SeParatiOn5. [A] POSSibility [B] decision [C] goal [D] requirement6. [A] delay [B] ensure [C] Seek [D] UtiliZe7. [A] modified [B] SUPPOrted [C] included [D] PrediCteCi8. [A] devoted [B] COmPared [C] COnVerted [D] applied9. [A] With [B] above [C] by [D] against10. [A] IiVed [B] managed [C] SCOred [D] PIaYed11. [A] ran OUt [B] Set Off [C] drew in [D] Went by12. [A] SIIPenOr [B] attributable [C] Paranel [D] resistant13. [A] restored [B] isolated [C] involved [D] COntrOlled14. [A] alter [B] SPread [C] remove [D] explain15. [A] COmPenSatiOn [B] SymPtOmS [C] demands [D] treatments16. [A] LikeWiSe [B] MeanWhiIe [C] TherefOre [D] InSteaCI17. [A] Change [B] WatCh [C] COUnt [D] take18. [A] WelI-being [B] PrOCeSS [C] formation [D] COOrdinatiOn19. [A] IeVel [B] IOVe [C] knowledge [D] SPaCe20. [A] design [B] routine [C] diet [D] PreSCriPtiOn SeCtiOn II Reading COmPrehenSiOnPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. AnSwer the questions below each text by ChooSiHg A, B, C Or D. Mark your answers On the ANSWER SHEET. (40 POintS)TeXt 1HOW Can the train OPeratOrS POSSiblyjUStify yet another increase to rail PaSSenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every JanUary the COSt Of travelling by train rises, imposing a SignifiCant extra burden On those WhO have no OPtiOn but to USe the rail network to get to WOrk Or OtherWiSe・ ThiS years rise, an average Of 2.7 Per cent, may be a fraction IOWer than IaSt years, but it is Stiil Well above the OffiCial COnSUmer PriCe IndeX (CPr) measure Of inflation ・SUCCeSSiVe governments have Permitted SUCh increases On the grounds that the COSt Of investing in and ∏jnning the rail network ShOuld be borne by those WhO USe it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, ShOUId a car-driving PenSiOner from LinCOlnShire have to SUbSidiSe the daily COnImUte Of a StOCkbrOker from Surrey? EqUany there is a SenSe that the travails Of COmmUterS in the SOUth East, many Of WhOm Will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention COmPared to those WhO must endure the relatively POOr infrastructure Of the MidlandS and the NOrth・However, OVer the PaSt 12 months, those COnImUterS have also experienced SOnIe Of the WOrSt rail StrikeS in years・ It is all Very Wen train OPeratOrS trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but PaSSengerS ShOUld be able to expect a basic IeVel Of SerViCe for the SUbStantial SUmS they are now Paying to travel. The responsibility for the IateSt WaVe Of StrikeS rests On the unions. However, there is a StrOng CaSe that those WhO have been WOrSt affected by industrial action ShOUId receive COmPenSatiOn for the CliSrUPtiOn they have Suffered・The GOVernment has PIedged to Change the IaW to introduce a minimum SerViCe requirement SO that, even When StrikeS occur, SerViCeS Can COntinUe to OPerate・ ThiS ShOUId form Part Of a Wider PaCkage Of measures to address the IOng-running PrObIemS On BritainS railways. Yes, more investment is needed, but PaSSengerS Will not be Wining to Pay InOre indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, UnreIiable services, PUnCtUated by regular ChaOS When timetables are changed, Or Planned maintenance is Inanaged incompetently. The threat Of nationalisation may have been Seen Off for now, but it Will return With a VengeanCe if the justified anger Of PaSSengerS is not addressed in ShOrt order.21 ・ The author holds that this year,s increase in rail passengers* fares ___________ ・[A]Win ease train OPeration,s burden.[B]has kept PaCe With inflation.[C]is a big SUrPriSe to COmmUterS・[D]remains an UnreaSOnable measure・22. The StOCkbrOker in ParagraPh 2 is USed to Stand for _____________ ・[A]Car drivers[B]rail travelers[C]IOCal investors[D]Ordinary taxpayers23・ It is indicated in ParagraPh 3 that train OPeratOrS _________ ・[A]are Offering COmPenSatiOnS to COmmUterS・[B]are trying to repair relations With the UniOnS・[C]have failed to PrOVide an adequate SerViCe・[D]have SUffered huge IOSSeS OWing to the strikes.24. If Unable to Calm down PaSSengers, the railways may have to face ________________ ・[A]the IOSS Of investment.[B]the COnaPSe Of operations.[C] a reduction Of revenue[D] a Change Of OWnerShiP・25・ WhiCh Of the following WOUId be the best title for the text?[A]WhO Are to BIame for the Strikes?[B]COnStant COmPlaining DOeSn,t WOrk[C]Can NatiOnaliZatiOn Bring Hope?[D]EVer-rising FareS Aren,t SUStainableTeXt 2LaSt year marked the third year in a row Of When IndOneSias bleak rate Of deforestation has SIOWed in PaCe・ One reason for the turnaround may be the COUntry,s antipoverty PrOgram.In 2007, IndOneSia Started PhaSing in PrOgram that gives money to its POOreSt residents Under Certain conditions, SUCh as requiring PeOPIe to keep kids in SChOOl Or get regular medical Care・Caned COnditiOnal CaSh transfers Or CCTs, these SOCial assistance PrOgramS are designed to reduce inequality and break the CyCle Of POVerty. They,re already USed in dozens Of COUntrieS WOrldWide・In Indonesia, the PrOgram has PrOVided enough food and medicine to SUbStantially reduce SeVere growth PrObIemS among Childre n.BIlt CCT PrOgramS don't generally COnSider effects On the environment. In fact, POVerty alleviation and environmental PrOteCtiOn are Often VieWed as COnfliCting goals, SayS PaUl Ferraro, an economist at JOhnS HOPkinS UniVerSity.Thats because economic growth Can be COrrelated With environmental degradation, WhiIe PrOteCting the environment is SOmetimeS COrreIated With greater POVerty. However, those COrrelatiOnS don,t PrOVe CaUSe and effect. The Only PreViOUS StUdy analyzing causality, based On an area in MeXiCO that had instituted CCTs, SUPPOrted the traditional VieW・ There, as PeOPIe got more money, SOme Of them may have more Cleared Iand for Cattle to raise for meat, FerrarO SayS・SUCh PrOgramS do not have to negatively affect the environment, though・ FerrarO Wanted to See if IndOneSiaS POVerty-alleviation PrOgram WaS affecting deforestation. IndOneSia has the third-largest area Of tropical forest in the WOrId and One Of the highest deforestation rates.FerrarO analyzed Satenite data ShOWing annual forest IOSS from 2008 to 2012- including during IndOneSiaS PhaSeOf the antipoverty PrOgram-in 7, 468 forested VinageS across 15 PrOVinCeS and multiple islands・The duo SeParated the effects Of the CCT PrOgram On forest IOSS from Other factors, Iike Weather and macroeconomic Changes, WhiCh Were also affecting forest loss. With that, H We See that the PrOgram is associated With a 30 PerCent reduction in deforestation/1 FerrarO SayS ・ThatS Iikely because the ιβural POOr are USing the money as InakeShift insurance POliCieS against inclement weather, FerrarO SayS・ Typically, if rains are delayed, PeOPle may Clear Iand to Plant more rice to SUPPlement their harvests・ With the CCTs, individuals instead Can USe the money to SUPPIement their harvests.Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody's guess・ FerrarO SUggeStS the importance Of growing rice and market access・ And regardless Of transferability, the StUdy ShOWS that WhatS good for PeOPIe may also be good for the VaIUe Of the avoided deforestation just for CarbOn dioxide emissions alone is more than the PrOgram costs.26.ACCOrding to the first two paragraphs, CCT PrOgramS aim to ________________・[A]facilitate health Care reform.[B]help POOr families get better off.[C]improve IOCal education systems.[D]IOWer CiefOreStatiOn rates.27.The StUdy based On an area in MeXiCO is Cited to ShOW that _____________ ・[A]Cattle rearing has been a major means Of IiVeIihOOd for the poor.[B]CCT PrOgramS have he helped PreSerVe traditional lifestyles.[C]antipoverty efforts require the PartiCiPatiOn Of IOCal farmers.[D]economic growth tends to CaUSe environmental degradation・28.In his StUdy about Indonesia, FerrarO intends to find OUt ___________ ・[A]its acceptance IeVel Of CCTS・[B]its annual rate Of POVerty alleviation・[C]the relation Of CCTS to its forest loss.[D]the role Of its forests in CIimate Change・29.ACCOrding to Ferraro, the CCT PrOgram in IndOneSia is most ValUabIe in that _______________ .[A]it Will benefit Other ASian countries.[B]it Will reduce regional inequality.[C]it Can PrOteCt the environment.[D]it Can boost grain PrOdUCtiOn.30.What is the text Centered on?[A]The effects Of a PrOgram・[B]The debates OVer a PrOgram・[C]The PrOCeSS Of a StUdy・[D]The transferability Of a StUdy.TeXt 3AS a historian who,s always SearChing for the text Or the image that makes US reevaluate the past, Γve become PreOCCUPied With IOOking for PhOtOgraPhS that ShOW OUr ViCtOrian ancestors SmiIing (What better Way to Shatter the image Of 19th-century PnIdery?). Γve found quite a few, an d—SinCe I Started POSting them On TWitter—they have been CaUSing quite a stir. PeOPle have been SurPriSed to See evidence that ViCtOrianS had fun and could, and did, laugh. They are noting that the ViCtOrianS SUddenly Seem to become InOre human as the hundred-or-so years that SeParate US fade away through OUr COmmOn experience Of IaUghter.Of course, I need to COnCede that my COneCtiOn Of 1Smiling Victorians* makes UP OnIy a tiny PerCentage Of the VaSt CataIOgUe Of PhOtOgraPhiC POrtraitUre Created between 1840 and 1900, the majority Of WhiCh ShOW SitterS POSing miserably and Stiffly in front Of Painted backdrops, Or Staring absently into the middle distance. HOW do We explain this trend?DUring the 1840s and 1850s, in the early ClayS Of photography, exposure times Were notoriously long: the daguerreotype PhOtOgraPhiC method (PrOdUCing an image On a SilVered COPPer Plate) COllld take SeVeral minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as SitterS Shifted POSitiOn Or adjusted their limbs. The thought Of holding a fixed grin as the CanIera PerfOrmed its magical duties WaS too much to COntemPlate, and SO a non-committal blank Stare became the norm・But exposure times Were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction Of the BOX BrOWnieand Other POrtabIe CameraS meant that, though SlOW by today,s digital Standards, the exposure WaS almost instantaneous. SPOntaneOUS SmileS Were relatively easy to CaPtllre by the 1890s, SO We must IOOk elsewhere for an explanation Of Why ViCtOrianS Still hesitated to Smile・One explanation might be the IOSS Of dignity displayed through a CheeSy grin. H NatUre gave US IiPS to COnCeal Our teeth/ ran One POPUlar ViCtOrian maxim, alluding to the fact that before the birth Of PrOPer dentistry, InOUthS Were Often in a ShOCking State Of hygiene・ A flashing Set Of healthy and clean, regular PearIy whites* WaS a rare Sight in ViCtOrian society, the PreSerVe Of the SUPer-rich (and even then, dental hygiene WaS not guaranteed)・A toothy grin (especially When there Were gaps Or blackened teeth) IaCked class: drunks, tramps, PrOStitUteS and buffoonish music hall PerfOrmerS might gurn and grin With a SInile as Wide as LeWiS CarrOIrS gum-exposing CheShire Cat, but it WaS not a becoming IOOk for PrOPerIy bred PerSOnS・ EVen Mark Twain, a man WhO enjoyed a hearty laugh, Said that When it CanIe to PhOtOgraPhiC POrtraitS there COUId be H nOthing more damning than a silly, foolish SnIile fixed foreverπ.31 ・ ACCOrding to ParagraPh 1, the authors POStS On TWitter _____________[A]Changed PeOPle,s impression Of the Victorians.[B]highlighted SOCial media s role in ViCtOrian studies.[C]re-evaluated the Victorians1 notion Of PUbIiC image.[D]illustrated the development Of ViCtOrian PhOtOgraPhy.32.What does author Say about the ViCtOrian POrtraitS he has collected?[A]They are in POPUIar USe among historians.[B]They are rare among PhOtOgraPhS Of that age.[C]They mirror 19th-century SOCial COnVentions.[D]They ShOW effects Of different exposure times.33.What might have kept the ViCtOrianS from Smiling for PiCtUreS in the 1890s?[A]Their inherent SOCial SenSitiVeneSS・[B]Their tension before the Camerae[C]Their CliStnJSt Of new inventions・[D]Their UnheaIthy dental COnditiOn・34.Mark TWain is quoted to ShOW that 什Ie disapproval Of SmileS in PiCtUreS WaS _____________ .[A] a deep-root belief.[B] a misguided attitude・[C] a COntrOVerSial VieW.[D] a thought-provoking idea・35・ WhiCh Of the following questions does the text answer?[A]Why did most ViCtOrianS IOOk Stern in photographs?[B]Why did the ViCtOrianS Start VieW photographs?[C]What made PhOtOgraPhy develop SlOWIy in the ViCtOrian period?[D]HOW did Smiling in PhOtOgraPhS become a POSt-ViCtOrian norm?TeXt 4FrOm the early days Of broadband, advocates for COnSUmerS and Web-based COmPanieS WOrried that the Cable and PhOne COmPanieS Selling broadband COnneCtiOnS had the POWer and incentive to favor affiliated WebSiteS OVer their rivals. That,s Why there has been SUCh a StrOng demand for rules that WOUld PreVent broadband PrOViderS from PiCking WinnerS and IOSerS online. PreSerVing the freedom and innovation that have been the IifeblOOd Of the internet.Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill—in Part because Of PUShbaCk from broadband providers, anti-regulatory COnSerVatiVeS and the courts. A federal appeals COUrt Weighed in again Tuesday, but instead Of PrOViding badly needed resolution, it OnIy PrOlOnged the fight. At issue before 什W U. S. COUrt Of APPealS for the DiStriCt Of COlUmbia CirCUit WaS the IateSt take Of the Federal COmmUniCatiOnS COmnIiSSiOn (FCC) On net neutrality, adopted On a Party-Iine VOte in 2017・The RePUbliCan-Penned Ord er not Only eliminated the StriCt net neutrality ∏jles the FCC had adopted When it had a DemOCratiC majority in 2015, but rejected the COmmiSSiOnS authority to require broadband PrOViderS to do much Of anything. The Order also declared that State and IOCal governments couldn't regulate broadband PrOViderS either・The COmnIiSSiOn argued that Other agencies WOUId PrOteCt against anti-competitive behavior, SUCh as a broadband-providing COnglOmerate Iike AT&T favoring its OWn VideO-Streaming sen r ice at the expense Of NetfliX and APPIe TV. Yet the FCC also ended the investigations Of broadband PrOViderS that imposed data CaPS On their rivals* Streaming SerViCeS but not their OWn・On Tuesday, the appeals COUrt UnanimOUSly IIPheId the 2017 Order deregulating broadband providers, Citing a SUPreme COUrt ruling from 2005 that UPheId a SinIiIarly dereguIatory move・ BUt JUdge PatriCia Minett rightly argued in a COnCUrring OPiniOn that πthe result is Unhinged from the realities Of modern broadband service/ and Said COngreSS Or the SUPreme COUrt COUld intervene to H aVOid trapping Internet regulation in technological anachronism/*In the meantime, the COUrt threw OUt the FCCs attempt to block all State rules On net neutrality, While PreSerVing the COmnIiSSion,s POWer to PreenIPt individual State IaWS that Undermine its order. That means more battles Iike the One now going On betweenthe JUStiCe DePaIiment and California, WhiCh enacted a tough net neutrality IaW in the Wake Of the FCC,s abdication・The endless Iegal battles and back-and∙fo"h at the FCC Cry OUt for COngreSS to act. It needs to give the COmmiSSiOn explicit authority OnCe and for all to bar broadband PrOViderS from meddling in the traffic On their network and to Create CIear rules PrOteCting OPenneSS and innovation Online.36.There has IOng been COnCern that broadband PrOViderS WOUld ________________ ・[A]bring web-based firms Under COntrOL[B]SIOW down the traffic On their network・[C]ShOW PartiaIity in treating clients.[D]intensify COmPetitiOn With their rivals.37.FaCed With the demand for net OeUtrality rules, the FCC _____________ ・[A]StiCkS to an OUt-Of-date order.[B]takes an anti-regulatory StanCe・[C]has issued a SPeCiaI resolution.[D]has allowed the StateS to intervene・3& What Can be Iearned about AT&T from ParagraPh 3?[A]It PrOteCtS against Unfair COmPetitiOn.[B]It engages in anti-competitive PraCtiCeS・[C]It is IInder the FCCS investigation.[D]It is in PUrSUit Of quality SerViCe・39.JUdge PatriCia Minett argues that the appeals court's decision ____________ ・[A]focuses On trivialities.[B]COnVeyS an ambiguous message.[C]is at OddS With its eaιβlier rulings.[D]is OUt Of touch With reality.40.What does the author argue in the IaSt Paragraph?[A]COngreSS needs to take action to ensure net neutrality.[B]The FCC ShOUId be PUt Under StriCt SUPerViSiOn.[C]RUIeS need to be Set to diversify OnIine services.[D]BrOadband providers1 rights ShOUlCl be PrOteCted・1() / 19PartBDireCtions: In the following text, SOmeSentenCeS have been removed. FOr questions 4]- 45, ChOOSethe most SHitable One from the IiStA-G to fit into each Ofthe numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, WhiClI do Uotfit in any Ofthe gaps. Mark your answers On ANSWER SHEET. (IOpOintS) In the movies and On television, artificial intelligence is typically depicted as SOmething SiniSter that Will UPend OUr Way Of life. When it COmeS to Al in business, We Often hear about it in relation to automation and the impending IOSS Of jobs, but in What WayS is Al Changing COnIPanieS and the Iarger economy that don,t involve doom-and- gloom mass IInemPIOylnent PrediCtions?A recent SUrVey Of manufacturing and Sen r iCe industries from Tata COnSUItanCy SerViCeS found that COInPanieS CUrrently USe Al InOre Often in COmPUter-to-computer activities than in automating human activities. One COmmOn application? PreVenting electronic SeCUrity breaches, which, Kuher than eliminating IT jobs, actually makes those PerSOnnel more Vaklable to employers, because they help firms PreVent hacking attempts.Here are a few Other WayS Al is aiding COnIPanieS WithOUt replacing employees:Better hiring PraCtiCeSCOnIPanieS are USing artificial intelligence to remove SOme Of the UnCOnSCiOUS bias from hiring decisions. M There are experiments that ShOW that, naturally, the results Of interviews are much more biased than What Al does/' SayS PedrO Domingos, author Of The MaSter Algorithm: HOW the QUeSt for the UltiInate Learning MaChine Will Remake OlIr WOrId and a COmPUter SCienCe PrOfeSSOr at the UniVerSity Of WaShingtOn・(41) ・OIW COmPany that,s doing this is Caned BIendOor. It USeS analytics to help identify Where 什Iere may be bias in the hiring PrOCeSS・MOre effective marketingSOme Al SOftWare Can analyze and OPtimiZe marketing email SUbjeCt IineS to increase OPen rates. One COmPany in the UK, Phrasee. ClaimS their SOftWare Can OUtPerfOrm humans by UP to 10 PerCent When it COmeS to email OPen rates・ ThiS Can mean millions more in revenue・(42) ・There are H tOOIS that help PeOPIe USe data,not a replacement for people/ SayS PatriCk H. Winston, a PrOfeSSOr Of artificial intelligence and COinPUter SCienCe at MIT・SaVlng CUStOmerS moneyEnergy COmPanieS Can USe AI to help CUStOInerS reduce their electricity bills SaVing them money WlIile helping the environment. COmPanieS Can also OPtimiZe their OWn energy USe and CUt down On the COSt Of electricity. InSUranCe COmPanieS meanwhile, Can base their PrenIiUmS On Al modelsthat more accurately access risk. "Before, they might not insure the OneS WhO felt Iike a high risk Or Charge them too much,” SayS DOmingos, (43),, .,'InIPrOVed accuracyH MaChine Iearning Often PrOVideS a InOre reliable form Of StatiStics, WhiCh makes data more valuable/ SayS WinStOn・ It M heIPS PeOPIe make SInarter decisions/1 (44)PrOteCting and maintaining infrastructureA number Of companies, PartiCUlarIy in energy and transportation, USe Al image PrOCeSSing technology to inspect infrastructure and PreVent equipment failure Or IeakS before they happen・"If they fail first and then you fix them, its Very expensive/1 SayS DOmingos. (45) ・[A]Al replaces the boring PartS Of your job・ If you're doing research, you Can have Al go OUtand IOOk for relevant SOUrCeS and information that OtherWiSe you just WOIlldrft have time for.[B]One accounting firm, EY, USeS an Al SyStem that helps review COntraCtS during an audit. ThiSprocess, along With employees reviewing the contracts, is faster and more accurate・[C]There are also COmPanieS Iike Acquisio, WhiCh analyzes advertising PerfOrmanCe across multipleBing and SOCial media and makes adjustments Or SUggeStiOnS about Where ChanneIS Iike Adwords5advertising funds Wiil yield best results.[D]YOll Want to PrediCt if SOmething needs attention now and POint to Where it,s USefUl foremployees to go to.[E]Before, they might not insure the OneS WhO felt Iike a high risk Or Charge them too much, Orthey WOUld Charge them too Iittle and then it WOuld COSt [the company] mone y.[F]Were also giving OUr CUStOmerS better ChannelS VerSUS PiCking UP the PhOne to accomplishSOmething beyond human SCale・[G]Al IOOkS at resumes in greater numbers than humans WOUld be able to, and SeIeCtS the InOrePrOmiSing CandidateS・PartCDireCtions: Read the following text CarefIlIIy and then translate the Imderlmed SegmentS into Chinese. YOUr translation ShOlIld be Wntten neatly On the ANSWER SHEET. (10 POmtS) WOrId War II WaS the WaterShed event for higher education in modern WeStern societies. (46) ThOSe SOCietieS Came OUt Of the WJr With IeVelS Of emollment that had been roughly COnStQnt at 3・5% Of the relevant age groups during the decides before the war. BUt after the war, great SOCial and POlitiCal ChangeS arising OUt Of the SUCCeSSfUl War against FaSCiSIn Created a growing demandin EUrOPean and AmeriCan economies for increasing numbers Of graduates With more than a SeCOndary SChOOl education. (47) And the demand thcιt rose in those SOCietieS for entry to higher education extended to groups and SOCiaI ClaSSeS that had not thought Of attending a ImiVerSity before the war. TheSe demands resulted in a Very rapid expansion Of the SyStemS Of higher education, beginning in the 1960s and developing Very rapidly (though UneVenly) during the 1970s and 1980s.The growth Of higher education manifests itself in at IeaSt three quite different ways, and these in turn have given rise to different SetS Of PrOblems. There WaS first the rate Of growth: (48) in many COllrnieS Of WeStem Europe, the numbers Of StlldentS in higher education doubled Within five∙yeαr periods during the 196OS and doubled “gain in SeverL eight or 10 yenrs by the middle Of the 1970s. SeCOnd growth ObViOUSIy affected the absolute SiZe both Of SyStemS and individual institutions. And third growth WaS reflected in ChangeS in the PrOPOrtiOn Of the relevant age group enrolled in institutions Of higher education ・EaCh Of these manifestations Of growth Carried its OWn PeCUIiar PrOblemS in its Wake・ FOr example, a high growth rate PlaCed great StrainS On the existing StnJCtUreS Of governance, Of administration, and above all Of SOCialiZatiOn・ When a faculty Or department grows from, say, five to 20 members Within three Or four years, (49) Cmd when the new Staff PIedOminιmtly young men and women fresh from POStgInduate study、they largely define the norms Of JCJdemiC Iife in that faculty. And if the POStgradUate StUdent POPUIatiOn also grows rapidly and there is IOSS Of a CIOSe apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and students, the StUdent CUItUre becomes the Chief SOCialiZing force for new POStgradUate students, With COnSeqUenCeS for the intellectual and academic Iife Of the institution-this WaS Seen in AmeriCa as Wen as inFrance, Italy, WeSt Germany, and Japan. (50) High growth rates increased the ChanCeS for academic innovation, they also Weakened the forms and PrOCeSSeS by WhiCh teachers Jnd StlIdCntS Jre admitted into a COmmlmity Of SCholarS during PeriOdS Of StabiIity Or SIOW growth. In the 1960s and 1970s, EUrOPean UniVerSitieS SaW marked ChangeS in their governance arrangements, With empowerment Of junior faculty and to SOme degree Of StUdentS as WeILSeCtiOn IiI WritingPart A51. DireCtiOnSA foreign friend Of yours has recently graduated from COnege and intends to find a job in China・Write hin√her an email to make SOme SUggeStions.YOU ShOuId Write about IOO WOrdS On ANSWER SHEET 2.DO not Sign your OWn name at the end. USe H Li Ming M instead.YOU do not need to Write the address・Part B52∙ DireCtIons:Write an essay Of 160-200 WOrdS based On the following PiCtUre・ In your essay, you ShOUId1) describe the PiCtUre briefly,2)interpret the intended meaning, and3)give your COmmentSYOU ShOuld Write neatly On the ANSWER SHEET. (20 POintS)2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）参考答案SeCtiOn □ USe Of EngliSh1.[C] PeakS2.[D] generally3.[A] WhiIe4.[B] accumulation5.[A] POSSibiIity6.[A] delay7.[C] included& [B] COnIPared9.[A] With10.[C] SCOred11.[D] Went by12.[BJattributable13.[C] involved14.[D] explain15.[D] treatments16.[B] MeanWhiIe17.[D] take18.[A] well-being19.[A] IeVel20.[C]dietSeCtiOn □ Reading COmPrehenSiOn Part ATeXt 121 ・[D] remains an UnreaSOnabIe measure・22.[B] rail travelers23.[C] have failed to PrOVide an adequate SerViCe・24.[D] a Change Of OWnerShiP・25.[D] Ever-rising FareS Aren,t SUStainabIeTeXt 226.[B] help POOr families get better off.27.[D] economic growth tends to CaUSe environmental degradation. 2& [C] the relation Of CCTS to its forest loss.29.[C] it Can PrOteCt the environment.30.[A] The effects Of a PrOgram.TeXt 331 ・[A] Changed PeOPIe,s impression Of the Victorians.32.[B] They are rare among PhOtOgraPhS Of that age.33.[D] Their Unhealthy dental COnditiOn・34.[A] a deep-root belief.35.[A] Why did most ViCtOrianS IOOk Stern in photographs?TeXt 436.[C] ShOW PIlrtiality in treating ClientSe37.[B] takes an anti-regulatory StanCe・38.[B] It engages in anti-competitive practices.39.[D] is OUt Of touch With reality.40.[A] COngreSS needs to take action to ensure net neutrality・。

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题(含答案)

（三份试卷）全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题1Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding “yes!” 1 helping you feel close and 2 to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a 3 of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you 4 getting sick this winter.In a recent study 5 over 400 health adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs 6 the participants’ susceptibility to developing the common cold after being 7 to the virus .People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come 8 with a cold, and the researchers 9 that the stress-reducing effects of hugging 10 about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. 11 among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe 12 .“Hugging protects people who are under stress from the13 risk for colds that’s usually14 with stress,” notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. H ugging “is a marker of intimacy and helps15 the feeling that others are there to help 16 difficulty.”Some experts 17 the stress-reducing , health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called “the bonding hormone”18 it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mother and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain, and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it 19 in the brain, where it 20 mood, behavior and physiology.拥抱可以使医生远离我们吗？答案也许是响亮的“是的”。

2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题

2019英语硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题及答案

2020年 英语(一)全国硕士研究生招生考试参考答案及解析

2019年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)真题答案

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)考试大纲(非英语专业)(2019 年版)

2019年考研英语真题答案及解析

2023年考研英语(一)答案解析

2022年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英一答案

卓顶精文2019年考研英语真题及解析(黄皮书)

2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题及答案解析

2019年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)真题答案

(完整版)2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

2019年全国研究生考试英语(一)真题及参考答案

2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)参考答案

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)考试大纲(非英语专业)(2020年版)

2010-2021英语一答案速查版合集【一键打印版】(pdf)

2020年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语一试题及答案

考研英语(一)历年真题(1990-2019)

2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)真题+解析答案

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题(含答案)

2020年英语(一)全国硕士研究生招生考试参考答案及解析