英语作文中逻辑词的使用问题

英语作文中逻辑词的使用问题
英语作文中逻辑词的使用问题

. 逻辑连接词的定义和分类

逻辑连接词(logical conjunction) 又名信号词,在衔接手段中是比较复杂的一种,它标示着一种只能通过参照其它部分才能完全理解篇章的关系, 因而是一种衔接。信号词对于文章过程的连贯起到了作用, 它也是英语写作中众多过渡手段之一。Quick(1973)将连词、连接副词、介词、介词短语等语篇连接词归入逻辑词范畴。这些起桥梁作用的过渡词语(TransitionalWords\Phrases)把语篇有条理的衔接起来,使整篇文章流畅自然、语义连贯。从形式上看,逻辑连接词可以由词、短语、从句三类语言单位充当(刘庆元,2000);从意义上看,逻辑连接词可以表示多种不同的语义关系。近年来,许多语言学家对逻辑连接词的分类都发表了自己的见解,没有一个统一的标准,但有一方面是可以肯定的,它们所表示的语义关系是多种多样的。最常见的分类方式如下:

(1)表示增补,如:and, also, too, in addition, moreover, besides,furthermore, not only———but also, abov e all, as well as, togetherwith, along with, next, what’s more.(2)表示时间,如after, before, soon, when, until, during, immediately,then.(3)表示举例,如for example, for instance, such as, that is, inother words, in fact.(4)表示相同即第二个观点在某些方面和第一个观点相似。如:Like, as, similarly, in the some way, as well, too, equally, likewise.(5)表示不同,即观点和我们所期望的观点不同。读者需要对下一句的意思转换做好准备。如:Unlike, in contrast with\to,whereas, on the contrary, on the other hand, instead, but, however,yet, although, nevertheless, even though, in spite of, despite, ratherthan.(6)表示因果:since, because, due to, owing to, for, as, becauseof, on account of, as a result, therefore, thus, hence, so, consequently,so—that.(7)表示目的:in order to, in the hope that, so as to, so that, in thehope of.(8)表示总结:in a word, in conclusion, on the whole, in short,to conclude, to sum up, finally, at last.(9)表示顺序:first, then, next, after that, finally, last of all, at thebeginning, one ,another, still, soon, later, initially.(10)表示条件:if, unless, on condition that, as long as, in case,suppose.(11)表示空间:above, across, beyond, in front of , next, adjacentto, to the left.(12)表示强调:chiefly, especially, indeed, in fact, actually.

2. 写作中逻辑连接词的使用情况

根据近几年学生作文情况来看,大部分学生都开始有意识的使用连接词来达到语篇的连贯,但在使用上仍存在问题。

(1)有的逻辑连接词使用错误是因为对词语的意义把握偏差导致错用。如on the contrary 和in contrast; on the other hand 和otherwise; above all和firstly; at last和later.

(2)有的学生滥用逻辑连接词。他们在主观上想尽量多用连接词语,以加强句际衔接,但结果是连接词语过分堆积,造成多余。如: In the eyes of our parents and teachers, campus loveshouldn’t appear among college students. But gradually at last it becom esthe admission and popularity to college students.虽然中国学生在有意识地通过特定的手段来表现内容是一个可喜的现象, 但中国学生过多地使用连接词也是一个不容忽视的问题。通过研究学者发现我们大学生在常写的议论文和说明文中,最常见的是表示举例、结果、转折等关系的逻辑连接词。一些学者在使用Wordsmith 统计每种连接词出现的频率,用卡方检验, 再通过Excel记录整理, 用SPSS 进行分析的研究发现:中国大学生对表述“空间”的接词总体上用的较少,表示“增补”

的连接词尤其多,表示“总结”的词特别多,且在使用表示各种情况的连接词时,使用的简单词比较多,如:中国学生在使用表示“强调”的连接词时用especially, in fact, above all,国外学生在使用表示“强调”的连接词多用indeed, particularly;表示“转折”的词,中国学生用on the contrary, on the other hand,而国外学生用yet表示举例的词, 还有一些中国学生比较常用的词如so,firstly, because, also, in a word, thus, therefore, above,这说明学生对逻辑连接词的掌握不够多样化,仅局限于少数常用的表达上。运用逻辑连接词对于组织英语语篇固然重要,然而,这些连接词语应尽量简练而不引起人的注意。连接词语的过渡使用会分散读者对整篇文章意思的注意力。

(3)文化干扰对逻辑连接词的影响。

由于语言与文化之间的密切联系, 中国学生在英语写作时不可避免地把中国传统思维习惯、价值观念等带入到作文中去,从而形成了干扰,而这一干扰也体现在对连接词的使用上。①有些时候, 尽管有的句子语法是正确的, 而单个句子的语义也是正确的, 但如果未能用一些过渡连接词适当的把这些句子连接起来, 就不能体现出句子间的逻辑关系。如: They (College students)can talk with each other, play witheach other, help each other, learn from each other. They can get o lotof happiness. 这两个句子在意义上实质上是关联的, 即恋爱的快乐来自于彼此的交流。这两个句子如果加上适当的逻辑过渡词就会更符合逻辑。以上两个句子可以修改为:They (College students)can talk with each other, play with each other, help each other,learn from each other, from which they can get o lot of happiness.②我们在汉语中, 当要转换话题的时候, 不需要任何的连接词,可以直接从一个话题转到另一个话题。但在英语中, 要转换话题时必须有适当的连接词, 否则的话,有时要出现病句即逗号错接句。只有加上适当的连接词才能保证句子的语法、语义的正确。如:周末时,有的学生学习, 有的学生逛街。这个句子如果写成:Some students studies, some students goes shopping onweekend.就是个病句。句子间缺少了逻辑连接词就造成了英语中的病句。正确的句子为:Some students studies, while some studentsgoes shopping on weekend.③有时由于英汉思维的差别, 受汉语的影响, 学生在英语中使用连接词时也会受其影响。如汉语中可以说“因为他们花费在恋爱上的时间太长,所以就没时间学习”。但英语中就不能译成Because they spend too much time on love, so they can’t concentrateon their study.因为英语中because 和so 不能在同一句子中使用。

中国哲学、艺术和语言注重的是心理时空, 尤其偏重于时间的逻辑事理性。因此, 中国人在用语言表达一些较复杂的思想时, 往往按照动作发生的顺序或逻辑顺序逐步交代,从而形成一种“流水句”式的时间型样态;另一方面, 中国人强调直觉和普遍联系, 轻视分析,因此有些句子中的必然联系就被忽略了。

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