不定式用法归纳全
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另外:
There is no time to lose/to be lost. There are some apples to choose from/ to be chosen from. (以上两句是there be 结构,to do/to be done是前面名词的定语) There is no need to tell him.
一、作主语
• (1)动词不定式作主语时,谓语动词用单数。 To do morning exercises is useful for our health. 做早操有利于我们的健康。
• (2)如果动词不定式太长,常常用 it 作形式主语, 而将真正的主语——动词不定式后置。
It took me half an hour to walk there.
•
to be lost. (强调物)(谁 lost time不明确)。
• B ,There is nothing to do now. (=We have nothing to do now. ) 现在没事干(强调人)。
There is nothing to be done. (=We can do nothing now. ) 现在没办法了(强调物)。
• Have you anything to be taken to your parents? 你有要带给你父母的东西吗? (take这个词不是you发出的)
• 再如:
• Please get me something to read. (read的发出者是me,已提到)
• He'll show you the right path to take. (take的发出者是you,已提到)
prepare to do
pretend(假装) to do,
promise to do
refuse to do
wish to do
• would like/love to do
• 但 finish, enjoy, miss, appreciate, mind, advise, suggest 等 动词后面通常只能接动名词作宾语。例如:
• She enjoys reading very much.她非常喜欢读书。
• The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
(2)动词不定式做宾语,可此宾语后还有宾语补足语的,通常要 用 it 作形式宾语,而将真正的宾语——动词不定式后置。(前 页中无宾补)例如:
• (1)I have some work to do
•
I have a letter to be typed.
to do是前面一个名词(常是人)发出的动作;
to be done不是前面名词(人) 发出的动作,是句子外的 其他人发出的动作。
• 试比较:
Have you anything to do this afternoon? 今天下午你有事要做吗?(to do是由you发出的)
• 动词不定式在句中不定式从时间上是前面谓语动词的目的、结果, 如,I hope to do… (特殊时不表目的,但也要用to do,如happen to do(碰巧);seem to do好像。。
• To do,do根据语境有各种时态和语态,时态就要与不定式前面的动 词对比了,是在之前?后?还是正在或同时 如,to do/to be done/ to have been done等(后面会具体讲)
• The next train to arrive was from Seattle. (To arrive 和train是主动关系,都不存在需用被动了 ).
• Do you have anything interesting to read? (to read与anything是主动表被动,因为是句子主语you发出的; 且放在anything的后置定语之一“interesting”之后).
(2)能带宾补的动词还有 consider sth/sb to be(宾补), expect sb to do, tell sb to do, want sb to do, warn sb not to do, wish sb to do, invite sb to do等。
区别 I have some work to do(定语,后讲). (去掉不定式对句义影响不大) The manager get him to finish the task on
因为其他动词的意思不一样,虽有时形式是一样,但分析句子成分是,就不一样 了,常是动+宾.+to do/doing作定语;或动词+to do作目的/结果状语。 技巧:即把特殊的几个动词记住即可,有时若觉分析句子成分很难,但知道怎么
四、作定语
(1)不定式作定语用来修饰名词或代词,置于它所修饰的名词后; 若该名词还有其他后置定语,不定式就放在其他后置定语的后(如下例子)。 同时与它所修饰的名词或代词形成逻辑上的主动或被动关系。
不定式的构成及意义
• 动词不定式是由“to+动词原形”构成 (有时可以不带to)。
• 其否定形式是“not+动词不定式”.
• 它是非谓语动词的形式的一种,在句子中不能充当谓语,可作主语、 宾语、补足语、表语、定语及状语等成分。
• 但它可以保留动词的性质,其本身可以带宾语或状语等附加成分(不 定式和其附加成分称为不定式短语)。
(四看) look at,see,watch,notice
不带to的不定式作宾语补足语,强调动作的完成过程.
(变成被动时,to要补上,
如:
I heard her sing today=She was heard to sing today.(强调整个 过程)
• I heard her singing at that time.(我听到她正在唱歌)
• 五、作表语 • (一)
(1)动词不定式往往放在系动词be(,become, sound, taste 等 系动词后面一般不接不定式)的后面作表语,表示将来的情况, 说明主语的内容。 例如: My wish is to become a teacher.我的愿望是当一名教师。 Your job today is to clean the playground. 你今天的工作是打扫操场。
• 再如: It is an easy sentence to translate. 这个句子很容易翻译。
(3) There +be +n. +to do/ be done 用主动式作定语, 重点在人, 用被动式作定语, 重点在物。
例如: 没有时间可以耽误。可译成:
• A,There is no time to lose( to lose之前可加for sb(us) to lose,强调人);
time(宾补). (去掉不定式,句义不完整)
(区别以下例子) consider doing (只有宾语) expect to do (只有宾语)
want to do (只有宾语)
wish to do (只有宾语)
区别 I go to see my teacher(目的状语).
总之: 能带不定式作宾语或宾补的动词,只是一些固定的动词(再把以上两页复习)。
• (2) only to do sth. only doing sth. 都可作表示结果的状语,
区别: only to do sth. 表示一个与主语愿望相反的或出乎主语意料的 结果, only doing sth. 表示谓语动词本身的动作造成的结果(没有出乎 预料的意思)。 例如:
I worked hard, only to fail at last. 我努力工作,结果最后却是失败(出乎预料)。 He died, only leaving nothing but debts. 他死了,只留下一身债(无出乎意料之义)
• He has no money and no place to live (in). • The time to arrive (at) is 8 o’clock. • I think the best way to travel (in) is on foot.
补充(难点) to do在什么时候下用主动形式表被动
• (二)、在某些“形容词+不定式”的结构中, 不定式要 用主动形式表被动。
• 其句型有: • 1)n. +be+adj. +to do
The question was very difficult to answer. 这问题很难回 答。 • The job is very easy to do. 这工作很容易做。
如,
• He always has a lot of meetings to attend. 不定式to attend 和名词meetings 是主动表被动,表示attend这个 词是句子主语he发出的,若用to be done,表动作是除主语外的其 他人发出的。如,I have a letter to be typed.
• (2)如果系动词后的动词说明主语的性质,特征,相当于形容 词。这时就要用现在分词作表语,而不用不定式。 例如: He said that the story was interesting.他说这则故事很有趣 Nurse’s responsibility is taking care of patients.
(2)(不定式前有性质形容词:难易(easy、 difficult),轻重(light,heavy)、兴趣(interesting)、 可能(possible)、安危(safe,dangerous)
• 例如: This is a difficult question to answer. to answer可改为 for me to answer。
三、作宾语补足语 (注:不是做宾语哟)
(1)能带宾语补足语动词有,
(一感) feel sb do/doing
(二听) listen to sb do/doing hear sb do/doing
(三让) let sb do/doing
make sb do/doing
have sb do/doing
(2)如果作定语用的不定式是不及物动词,就要加上介 词,使被修饰的这个词成为这个介词的逻辑宾语。
• He is looking for a room to live in. • Please pass me some paper to write on. • (对比下上一页的)
(3)上述不定式后加介词时,不能省略介词, 但当修饰place,time,way时,介词可以省略。
It is no use to do.这个句子中,to do不能做定语,所以是真正主语, it 是形式主语,不能用there 替换)
• 四、作状语 • ⑴动词不定式作状语可表示目的、原因及结果等,例如:
Come to see me again soon. (表目的)。 You couldn‘t 来自百度文库o that to save your life. (表目的)
二、作宾语
• (1)能够接动词不定式作宾语的有(固定结构)
• agree to do determine to do
beg to do(请求做…) decide to do
fail to do
hope to do
manage to do(通过努力成功过了…)
offer to do
• plan to do
• we think it important to obey the laws. √ • we think to obey the laws important. ×
(3)不定式作介词宾语 • 当介词but、except、besides前面有行为动词do及其各种形式
时,介词后面的不定式可以省略to,否则不省略。 What do(助动词不算) you like to do besides play football? We have no choice but to wait. The boy has him own idea of how to finish it.