欧洲文化入门(1)PPT课件
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欧洲文化入门中文版课件
第一章希腊罗马文化希腊罗马文化可以说是欧洲文明的起源，所以这一章节应该是比较重要的章节。
我们先看希腊的发展。
希腊文明分为几个时期，她形成于公元前800－500年，经历了古典时代（也就是公元前500到公元前336年）和希腊化时代（也就是公元前336年到公元前31年）。
希腊文明达到顶峰是公元前5世纪。
公元前146年，希腊被罗马攻克。
希腊文明也就被罗马文明所取代。
这段历史的重要大事有：1、公元前12世纪，随着特洛伊人的入侵，希腊堕入“黑暗时代”。
荷马史诗描述的正是希腊人与特洛伊人之间的战争（《以利亚特》和《奥得赛》）。
这里要注意的是，荷马史诗描述的时代并非荷马生活的时代。
荷马生活在公元前700年。
2、公元前6世纪，希腊世界开始有了全面改变，为后来的古典时代打开了通途。
其中两个重要的城邦国家是雅典和斯巴达。
雅典发展起一个完全不同类型的社会，公元前594年，梭伦成为雅典的首席执行官，他的贡献在于，在组织上为以后建立著名的雅典民主奠定了基础。
雅典之所以在当时拥有卓越的地位，是因为它在打败庞大的波斯帝国这场重大战争中起了最主要的作用。
历史之父希罗多德在他的历史书中进行了详尽的描述。
3、由于雅典的不断扩张引起了斯巴达的恐慌，因而在公元前431年爆发了伯罗奔尼撒战争。
战争最终以雅典的失败而告终。
修昔底得这位历史上最伟大的历史学家在其作品中，详尽描写了这一战争。
4、伯罗奔尼撒战争后，斯巴达专横跋扈，底比斯和雅典为求相互保护而结成新的联盟。
公元前371年，马其顿国王腓力二世打败了底比斯和雅典联军，他的闻名世界的儿子亚历山大大帝统治了希腊。
至此，古典时代结束，希腊化时代即将开始。
古典时代的希腊造就了一批哲学家和剧作家。
哲学家主要以苏格拉底、柏拉图和亚里士多德为代表。
苏格拉底提出自由辩论的重要性。
柏拉图的目标是要实现一个既能维持贵族特权，又可为贫苦阶级接受的社会，并构件了唯心主义的根基。
亚力士多德寻求自然界和人类社会各个方面的秩序。
欧洲文化入门第一章PPT课件
Drama developed in the 5th century B.C. Open-air theatres, stone benches,
looking down at the stage from three sides, actors with masks
11
a. Aeschylus (525-456 B.C.)
Games, revived in 1896
7
3. Homer
Homer (around 7th century B.C.) , author
of the ancient Greek epics—Iliad and Odyssey—the Trojan War in around 1200
B.C.荷马史诗，《伊利亚特》与《奥德 赛》，特洛伊战争
4
Greece and Troy
5
Rule of Alexander
Ancient Greek king of Macedon (336–323 BC)马其顿, ancient kingdom in the northern-most part of ancient Greece
Alexander fighting Persian king
3
Trojan War 特洛伊战争
In Greek mythology and in Iliad and Odyssey
by Homer About 1,200 B. C. War between Greece and Troy Fought over the beautiful Helen Lasted for 10 years Trojan horse, Laocoon(p33) Troy defeated
looking down at the stage from three sides, actors with masks
11
a. Aeschylus (525-456 B.C.)
Games, revived in 1896
7
3. Homer
Homer (around 7th century B.C.) , author
of the ancient Greek epics—Iliad and Odyssey—the Trojan War in around 1200
B.C.荷马史诗，《伊利亚特》与《奥德 赛》，特洛伊战争
4
Greece and Troy
5
Rule of Alexander
Ancient Greek king of Macedon (336–323 BC)马其顿, ancient kingdom in the northern-most part of ancient Greece
Alexander fighting Persian king
3
Trojan War 特洛伊战争
In Greek mythology and in Iliad and Odyssey
by Homer About 1,200 B. C. War between Greece and Troy Fought over the beautiful Helen Lasted for 10 years Trojan horse, Laocoon(p33) Troy defeated
(欧洲文化)PPT课件
（宗教精神）：宗教在人们的文化心理上，同时也是在西 方社会的整个文化价值体系中，起到了这样一些作用：一 是精神的寄托与安慰。人在来自自然与社会的生存压力下， 在异化的生存条件下，以此进行自我调节，缓解心理压力， 求得心理平衡。二是宗教的原罪与忏悔的观念，对上帝的 敬畏，使人对自己的行为进行自觉的自我约束规范，这与 法制制约恰好形成互补，有利于社会的稳定平衡。三是如 马克斯·韦伯在《新教伦理与资本主义精神》中所认为的， 新教伦理一方面适度肯定人的世俗生活享受和谋利行为， 以及追求财富的权力，使人具有创造财富的动力；另一方 面则又倡导敬业、勤勉、节俭精神，提倡理性的禁欲主义， 反对放纵享乐的恶行，则有利于积累资本发展生产，因此 宗教在资本主义发展中起过重要作用。 从总体上看，西 方文化在天人二分的哲学观念和分析思维的基础上，历来 是追求科学精神与人文精神的并行发展，从而形成了自身 特有的文化精神及其传统。
欧洲文化概况
姚素馨
联系方式: 62557090
主要内容
东西方文化的差异 西方文化的渊源 古希腊罗马文化对西方文化的影响 中世纪宗教文化 文艺复兴 近代资本主义文化
近代欧洲
学习欧洲文化的意义
认识世界、走向世界的最佳途径，就是学习其他 民族的文化与历史，借鉴他人所长，弥补自己所 短。
四、西方文化的宗教精神
西方文化传统中的一个重要方面和组成部分是宗教文化， 其中主要是基督教文化。历史上它曾占据过重要的社会 地位（如中世纪），后来西方的科学与民主精神不断发 展，但西方人仍然没有抛弃宗教，据有关资料显示现今 西方仍有35%的人信仰基督教，并仍呈蔓延之势。可以 说，在西方文化中，宗教文化不只是一种独立的文化形 态，同时它的精神也渗透到了整个西方文化之中。 过 去我们说宗教是麻醉和毒害人民的鸦片，这在人民革命 时代确实如此。但是从整个西方社会和文化的发展来看， 宗教为何盛行不衰？它有什么作用？确实值得研究。 西方宗教的产生和流行，我想还是与西方的整个文化传 统和思维方式有关。
欧洲文化入门 ppt课件
It was the morning那天早晨
It was the morning of that blessed day, 那一天，太阳也为哀悼上帝变得阴晦 Whereon the Sun in pity veiled his glare 我不曾抵抗就做了俘虏， For the Lord's agony, that, unaware, 因为，夫人，您那美丽的眼睛射出的无形视线 I fell a captive, Lady, to the sway 将我捆缚起来，如同囚犯一般。 Of your swift eyes; that seemed no time to stay 当时我没有意识到预防爱神的纠缠， The strokes of love: I stepped into the snare 依然若无其事、自信地迈步向前…… Secure, with no suspicion: then and there 殊不知就在此刻，我的感情之苦 I found my cue in man's most tragic play. 已经伴随着人间之痛一起涌起波涟。 Love caught me naked in his shaft, his sheaf, 在爱神面前我毫无防范， The entrance for his ambush and surprise 从眼睛到心灵全都门扉大开， Against the heart wide open through the eyes, 双眼变成热泪流淌的通道和源泉。 The constant gate and fountain of my grief 但我以为，此情此景之下 How craven so to strike me so, 用箭射中我并不是什么荣耀， Yet from you fully armed conceal his bow!因为对您，一个有防范的人，它从不会放箭。
It was the morning of that blessed day, 那一天，太阳也为哀悼上帝变得阴晦 Whereon the Sun in pity veiled his glare 我不曾抵抗就做了俘虏， For the Lord's agony, that, unaware, 因为，夫人，您那美丽的眼睛射出的无形视线 I fell a captive, Lady, to the sway 将我捆缚起来，如同囚犯一般。 Of your swift eyes; that seemed no time to stay 当时我没有意识到预防爱神的纠缠， The strokes of love: I stepped into the snare 依然若无其事、自信地迈步向前…… Secure, with no suspicion: then and there 殊不知就在此刻，我的感情之苦 I found my cue in man's most tragic play. 已经伴随着人间之痛一起涌起波涟。 Love caught me naked in his shaft, his sheaf, 在爱神面前我毫无防范， The entrance for his ambush and surprise 从眼睛到心灵全都门扉大开， Against the heart wide open through the eyes, 双眼变成热泪流淌的通道和源泉。 The constant gate and fountain of my grief 但我以为，此情此景之下 How craven so to strike me so, 用箭射中我并不是什么荣耀， Yet from you fully armed conceal his bow!因为对您，一个有防范的人，它从不会放箭。
欧洲文化入门ppt
id
The Gattamelata Equestrian Statue 格太梅拉达骑马像
Renaissance
• Giorgione乔尔乔内
(use of colour schemes配色)
Sleeping Venus
Tempesta：a group of pictures(scene before, in and after the storm)
Renaissance
(around1300-1650)
Renaissance
•我是人，人所具有的我无不具有。 —— 拉丁诗人 特伦斯（2 B.C.） •Renaissance(humanism) & CounterReformation 宗教改革→against the Middle Ages •The second half of the 15th century: modern time of the West(1492 for America) •The rise of Capitalism
Medieval architecture
• Between the time of Roman Architecture (30BC-300 AD) and the rebirth of Rome as the center of architecture during the Renaissance( 1400-1600), there were 4 overlapping, but distinctive periods of architecture: Early Christian, Byzantine, Romanesque and Gothic .The common belief in Christianity created an architectural and social unifying force. The great monuments of this period were all designed for the greater glorification of the Christian God.
The Gattamelata Equestrian Statue 格太梅拉达骑马像
Renaissance
• Giorgione乔尔乔内
(use of colour schemes配色)
Sleeping Venus
Tempesta：a group of pictures(scene before, in and after the storm)
Renaissance
(around1300-1650)
Renaissance
•我是人，人所具有的我无不具有。 —— 拉丁诗人 特伦斯（2 B.C.） •Renaissance(humanism) & CounterReformation 宗教改革→against the Middle Ages •The second half of the 15th century: modern time of the West(1492 for America) •The rise of Capitalism
Medieval architecture
• Between the time of Roman Architecture (30BC-300 AD) and the rebirth of Rome as the center of architecture during the Renaissance( 1400-1600), there were 4 overlapping, but distinctive periods of architecture: Early Christian, Byzantine, Romanesque and Gothic .The common belief in Christianity created an architectural and social unifying force. The great monuments of this period were all designed for the greater glorification of the Christian God.
欧洲文化入门中文版课件
第一章希腊罗马文化希腊罗马文化可以说是欧洲文明的起源，所以这一章节应该是比较重要的章节。
我们先看希腊的发展。
希腊文明分为几个时期，她形成于公元前800－500年，经历了古典时代（也就是公元前500到公元前336年）和希腊化时代（也就是公元前336年到公元前31年）。
希腊文明达到顶峰是公元前5世纪。
公元前146年，希腊被罗马攻克。
希腊文明也就被罗马文明所取代。
这段历史的重要大事有：1、公元前12世纪，随着特洛伊人的入侵，希腊堕入“黑暗时代”。
荷马史诗描述的正是希腊人与特洛伊人之间的战争（《以利亚特》和《奥得赛》）。
这里要注意的是，荷马史诗描述的时代并非荷马生活的时代。
荷马生活在公元前700年。
2、公元前6世纪，希腊世界开始有了全面改变，为后来的古典时代打开了通途。
其中两个重要的城邦国家是雅典和斯巴达。
雅典发展起一个完全不同类型的社会，公元前594年，梭伦成为雅典的首席执行官，他的贡献在于，在组织上为以后建立著名的雅典民主奠定了基础。
雅典之所以在当时拥有卓越的地位，是因为它在打败庞大的波斯帝国这场重大战争中起了最主要的作用。
历史之父希罗多德在他的历史书中进行了详尽的描述。
3、由于雅典的不断扩张引起了斯巴达的恐慌，因而在公元前431年爆发了伯罗奔尼撒战争。
战争最终以雅典的失败而告终。
修昔底得这位历史上最伟大的历史学家在其作品中，详尽描写了这一战争。
4、伯罗奔尼撒战争后，斯巴达专横跋扈，底比斯和雅典为求相互保护而结成新的联盟。
公元前371年，马其顿国王腓力二世打败了底比斯和雅典联军，他的闻名世界的儿子亚历山大大帝统治了希腊。
至此，古典时代结束，希腊化时代即将开始。
古典时代的希腊造就了一批哲学家和剧作家。
哲学家主要以苏格拉底、柏拉图和亚里士多德为代表。
苏格拉底提出自由辩论的重要性。
柏拉图的目标是要实现一个既能维持贵族特权，又可为贫苦阶级接受的社会，并构件了唯心主义的根基。
亚力士多德寻求自然界和人类社会各个方面的秩序。
欧洲文化入门Europe Culture 1 Greek Culture and Roman Culture
最後，奧德賽得神助，乘坐一艘在一夜之間可到達世界 各地的奇異船，在睡眠中回到故鄉伊他開。在那裡， 奧 德賽得到雅典娜女神的鼓勵，還有兒子和兩位忠實部下的 協助，並得知其妻對其的忠貞，從武器倉庫裡取出古時候 留傳下來的大弓箭，將那些惡劣的求婚者一一射殺。貝尼 蘿蓓亞以為奧德賽在特洛伊陣亡，見丈夫平安歸來驚喜萬 分，一家人終於團圓。
Athens was a democracy
Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”.
Athens was a democracy
Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”.
Athens was a democracy
Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”.
Greeks loved sports
Olympus Mountain---Olympic Games Modern Olympic Games revived in 1896 顾拜旦 （法国）
此時霍克得雖然擔心自己死後國家和妻子的命運，但為了名譽， 單獨出城和阿奇里斯決一死戰。最後，阿奇里斯有雅典娜女神 的幫忙，將霍克得殺死，達到報仇的心願。阿奇里斯並將霍克 得的屍體縛在戰車上拖著走。特洛伊的老王普利亞摩斯，為了 要回兒子的遺體，親自訪問阿奇里斯的營地，於是兩人共嘆命 運的悲哀。老王將兒子的遺體運回充滿悲傷的特洛伊城舉行葬 禮。
希臘方面為了奪回海倫，公元前1194年，亞該亞希臘人組織 一千艘的船對進攻特洛伊，以斯巴達王的長兄邁 錫尼王亞格門 能 (亞金面羅王) 為統帥。經過十年悠久歲月，仍然不能攻下 特洛伊城。「伊里亞德」就是歌 詠這十年當中最後數十天所發 生的事。
欧洲文化入门 PPT
Works: Dead Souls死魂灵
Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev 屠格涅夫(1818-1883)
Turgenev was the first Russion author to gain recognition in the West.
Works: A Hunter’s Sketches
Charterhouse of Parma)巴马修道院
Honore de Balzac 巴尔扎克 (1799-1850)
Balzac has been called “the French Dickens”.
Works: La Comedie Humaine
( the Human Comedy)人间喜剧, Eugenie Grandet欧也妮·葛朗台,
Background
The Historical Background
The realist movement was greatly influenced by the development of science in the 19th century. The age of realism was the age of railway, wireless telegraphy and countless other mechanical inventions that revolutionized the nature of society within a very short span of time.
Le Pere Goriot 高老头 La Cousine Bette贝蒂表妹
Gustave Flaubert福 楼拜 (1821-1880)
Flaubert is one of the great literary artist of the 19th century.
Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev 屠格涅夫(1818-1883)
Turgenev was the first Russion author to gain recognition in the West.
Works: A Hunter’s Sketches
Charterhouse of Parma)巴马修道院
Honore de Balzac 巴尔扎克 (1799-1850)
Balzac has been called “the French Dickens”.
Works: La Comedie Humaine
( the Human Comedy)人间喜剧, Eugenie Grandet欧也妮·葛朗台,
Background
The Historical Background
The realist movement was greatly influenced by the development of science in the 19th century. The age of realism was the age of railway, wireless telegraphy and countless other mechanical inventions that revolutionized the nature of society within a very short span of time.
Le Pere Goriot 高老头 La Cousine Bette贝蒂表妹
Gustave Flaubert福 楼拜 (1821-1880)
Flaubert is one of the great literary artist of the 19th century.
欧洲文化入门1PPT课件
• Kepler was the first important scientist after Copernicus to adopt the theory of the Sun Center.
• Kepler proved , developed and corrected Copernicus's idea and discovered three laws of planetary motion, collectively known as "Kepler's Laws."
• The combination of the two merits brought about fundamental changes in man's scientific and philosophical thinking.
第9页/共11页
谢谢您的观看
THANK YOU FOR YOUR WATCH
目录
CONCENT
01 ·Science 02 ·Philosophy,Politics and Literature in England
03 ·Descartes;French Classicism
04 ·Art
第1页/共11页
General Introduction
• In the 17th century Europe advanced from the Middle Ages to the modern times. This advance began in science ,in astronomy,physics and pure mathematics,oing to the work of Galileo,Keoler,Newton and Descartes.Their work helped to creat modern science and in a sense,the modern world.
• Kepler proved , developed and corrected Copernicus's idea and discovered three laws of planetary motion, collectively known as "Kepler's Laws."
• The combination of the two merits brought about fundamental changes in man's scientific and philosophical thinking.
第9页/共11页
谢谢您的观看
THANK YOU FOR YOUR WATCH
目录
CONCENT
01 ·Science 02 ·Philosophy,Politics and Literature in England
03 ·Descartes;French Classicism
04 ·Art
第1页/共11页
General Introduction
• In the 17th century Europe advanced from the Middle Ages to the modern times. This advance began in science ,in astronomy,physics and pure mathematics,oing to the work of Galileo,Keoler,Newton and Descartes.Their work helped to creat modern science and in a sense,the modern world.
欧洲文化入门一PPT课件
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4
The leader
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5
Old age life
.
6
Purpose for My Culture Class
Learning culture is not to recite numerous informations from textbook.
But to improve self-cultivation, to promote one’s thinking ability, then to probe our culture’s merits and defects from different culture, to think about what we should learn from others and what others should learn from ours. So that we could cultivate a habit of thinking and knowinghow to make life meaningful.
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15
2. Social and Political Structure
Democracy — the adult male citizens
Economy — slave labor (exploitation)
Sports
— Olympic Games
.
16
3. Homer
Homer 荷马 (around 700 B.C.) , epic 史诗
.
41
Democritus 德莫克里特
The earliest materiamlist. Get the English word atom
欧洲文化入门(精品英文PPT课件)
希腊艺术是理想主义的简朴的强调共性的典雅精致的一句话概括是高贵的单纯静穆的伟大当二次电子数最少为一个时可代替初始电子的作用继续不断从阴极发出电子形成不依赖外界因素的初始电子从而产生自持放电
Division one Greek culture and roman culture
I . Greek Culture
Group one
• Leader:胡锦璞 • Members:孙京、杨建勋、赵元硕、段娟娟
• • • • •
Part 1-3 Part 4-6 Part 7 Part 8 Part 9
胡锦璞 赵元硕 段娟娟 杨建勋 孙 京
1、The Historical Background
• TIME: around 1200B.C. • Establishment : after the war between Greece and Troy. • Cultural Significance: mark by the successful repulse of the Persian invasion . • Spread : Alexander and his armies conquered large areas of Europe Asia and Africa. • End: it was conquered by the Romans
• The Histories — his masterpiece and the only work he is known to have produced — is a record of his "inquiry" , being an investigation of the origins of the Greco-Persian Wars and including a wealth of geographical and ethnographical information. Although some of his stories were not completely accurate, he claimed that he was reporting only what had been told to him. Little is known of his personal history since ancient records are scanty, contradictory and often fanciful.
Division one Greek culture and roman culture
I . Greek Culture
Group one
• Leader:胡锦璞 • Members:孙京、杨建勋、赵元硕、段娟娟
• • • • •
Part 1-3 Part 4-6 Part 7 Part 8 Part 9
胡锦璞 赵元硕 段娟娟 杨建勋 孙 京
1、The Historical Background
• TIME: around 1200B.C. • Establishment : after the war between Greece and Troy. • Cultural Significance: mark by the successful repulse of the Persian invasion . • Spread : Alexander and his armies conquered large areas of Europe Asia and Africa. • End: it was conquered by the Romans
• The Histories — his masterpiece and the only work he is known to have produced — is a record of his "inquiry" , being an investigation of the origins of the Greco-Persian Wars and including a wealth of geographical and ethnographical information. Although some of his stories were not completely accurate, he claimed that he was reporting only what had been told to him. Little is known of his personal history since ancient records are scanty, contradictory and often fanciful.
欧洲文化入门 ppt课件
Greek Culture
Greek Culture
Lyric Poetry
Sappho (612-580 B.C.) woman poet - The most important lyric poet of ancient Greece - Noted for love poems of passionate intensity
Tragedy Tragedy
Euripides
Andromache, Medea, Tragedy
(484-406 B.C.) Trojan Women
Only two actors and a chorus; Written in verse
Vivid character portrayal and majestic poetry
European Culture: An Introduction
Textbook
《European Culture: An Introduction》 欧洲文化入门
主编：王佐良 祝珏 李品伟 高厚堃 外语教学与研究出版社
chronological
Contents
1. Greek Culture and Roman Culture 2. The Bible and Christianity 3. The Middle Ages 4. Renaissance and Reformation 5. The Seventeenth Century 6. The Age of Enlightenment 7. Romanticism 8. Marxism and Darwinism 9. Realism 10. Modernism and Other Trends 11. Review for Final Test
欧洲文化入门
❖ The sciences advanced in logical progression through modern history: first a breakthrough in physics and mathematics in the 17th century, followed by rapid developments in the field of chemistry in the 18th century and then advances in biology in the 19th century and psychology in the 20th century.
❖ The early modern era witnessed the beginnings of the European state system and the establishment of the fundamental political, economic, and cultural norms of European and, by extension, American life.
❖ Kepler’s Laws: ❖ 1. Each planet moves in an ellipse椭圆, not a perfect
circle, with the sun at one focus; ❖ 2. Each planet moves more rapidly when and Galileo
❖ Johannes Kepler: German mathematician, made detailed records of the planets’ movements which substantiated 证实the heliocentric以太阳为中心的 theory.
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THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
汇报人：KIRA LYNNE ZINA
.
1
目录
CONCENT
01 ·Science 02 ·Philosophy,Politics and Literature in England
03 ·Descartes;French Classicism
04 ·Art
idea and discovered
three laws of planetary
motion, collectively
known as "Kepler's
Laws."
.
5
Galileo Galilei
• Galileo's observations from the telescope confirmed Copernicus 'assumption.
• The new science and philosophy gave a great push to the political struggle waged by the newly emerged class,the bourgeoisie,and other classes.The seventeenth century saw the intense political struggle,shown in revolution in England and absolute monarchy in France ,which marked the growth of modern state power.
• The microscope was invented in 1590,the telescope was invented in 1608 by a Dutchman and the pendulum clock appeared in 1656.
.
9
Two Merits Shared by the Great Scientists of the 17th Century
• Second ,they all had immense patience in observation .They put their hypotheses to tests and drew conclusions on the basis of patient observation and careful collection of facts.
.
3
Science
From Copernicus to Kepler
Galileo Galilei
.
Sir Isaac Newton
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz
4
From Copernicus to Kepler
• Copernicus's "The Theory of Celestial Movement" marks the separation of natural sciences from theology.
.
6
Sir Isaac Newton
• Newton used Galileo's discovery to obtain the law of universal gravitation, which laid the foundation for the development of modern science.
• Galileo was the ancestor of dynamics in physics. He discovered the law of inertia and the law of falling bodies.
• He discovered the law of inertia and the law of falling bodies.
.
2
General Introduction
• In the 17th century Europe advanced from the Middle Ages to the modern times. This advance began in science ,in astronomy,physics and pure mathematics,oing to the work of Galileo,Keoler,Newton and Descartes.Their work helped to creat modern science and in a sense,the modern world.
• Kepler was the first important scientist after Copernicus to adopt the theory of the Sun Center.
• Kepler proved ,
developed and
corrected Copernicus's
• First,they showed boldness in farming hypotheses.they had the courage to challenge the deep-rooted beliefs and assume that what had been accepted as true since ancient times might be false.
• Newton and another important scientist, Leibniz, are the founders of calculus.
.
7
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz
• Leibniz divides human understanding into selfconsciousness, consciousness, and subconscious.
• This theory laid the foundation for Freud's psycnvention of New Instruments
• The 17th century was remarkable in many other ways connected with science.The invention of many scientific instruments was another great progress.
汇报人：KIRA LYNNE ZINA
.
1
目录
CONCENT
01 ·Science 02 ·Philosophy,Politics and Literature in England
03 ·Descartes;French Classicism
04 ·Art
idea and discovered
three laws of planetary
motion, collectively
known as "Kepler's
Laws."
.
5
Galileo Galilei
• Galileo's observations from the telescope confirmed Copernicus 'assumption.
• The new science and philosophy gave a great push to the political struggle waged by the newly emerged class,the bourgeoisie,and other classes.The seventeenth century saw the intense political struggle,shown in revolution in England and absolute monarchy in France ,which marked the growth of modern state power.
• The microscope was invented in 1590,the telescope was invented in 1608 by a Dutchman and the pendulum clock appeared in 1656.
.
9
Two Merits Shared by the Great Scientists of the 17th Century
• Second ,they all had immense patience in observation .They put their hypotheses to tests and drew conclusions on the basis of patient observation and careful collection of facts.
.
3
Science
From Copernicus to Kepler
Galileo Galilei
.
Sir Isaac Newton
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz
4
From Copernicus to Kepler
• Copernicus's "The Theory of Celestial Movement" marks the separation of natural sciences from theology.
.
6
Sir Isaac Newton
• Newton used Galileo's discovery to obtain the law of universal gravitation, which laid the foundation for the development of modern science.
• Galileo was the ancestor of dynamics in physics. He discovered the law of inertia and the law of falling bodies.
• He discovered the law of inertia and the law of falling bodies.
.
2
General Introduction
• In the 17th century Europe advanced from the Middle Ages to the modern times. This advance began in science ,in astronomy,physics and pure mathematics,oing to the work of Galileo,Keoler,Newton and Descartes.Their work helped to creat modern science and in a sense,the modern world.
• Kepler was the first important scientist after Copernicus to adopt the theory of the Sun Center.
• Kepler proved ,
developed and
corrected Copernicus's
• First,they showed boldness in farming hypotheses.they had the courage to challenge the deep-rooted beliefs and assume that what had been accepted as true since ancient times might be false.
• Newton and another important scientist, Leibniz, are the founders of calculus.
.
7
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz
• Leibniz divides human understanding into selfconsciousness, consciousness, and subconscious.
• This theory laid the foundation for Freud's psycnvention of New Instruments
• The 17th century was remarkable in many other ways connected with science.The invention of many scientific instruments was another great progress.