10月现代语言学自考试题(2)

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2020年年10月全国高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题

xx年10月全国高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830Ⅰ。

Directions：Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.Decidewhichoneoft hefourchoicesbestpletesthestatementandputtheletterA，B，CorDinthebrackets.（2%×10=20%）1.Chomskyusestheterm（）torefertotheactualrealizationofalanguageuser‘sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinlinguisticmunication.ngueB.petenceC.paroleD.performance2.Intermsoftheplaceofarticulation，thefollowingsounds[t][d][s][z][n]sharethefeatureof（）。

A.palatalB.alveolarC.bilabialD.dental3.TransformationalGenerativeGrammarwasintroducedby（）in1957.A.L.BloomfieldB.F.SaussureC.N.ChomskyD.M.A.K.Halliday4.Naturallanguagesareviewedtovaryaordingto（）setonUGprinciplestoparticularvalues.A.AdjacentConditionB.parametersC.CaseConditionD.Caserequirement5.Synonymsareclassifiedintoseveralkinds.Thekindtowhich “girl”and“lass”belongiscalled（）synonyms.A.stylisticB.dialectalC.emotiveD.collocational6.Theillocutionarypointof（）istoexpressthepsychologicalstatespecifiedintheutterance.A.representativesB.missivesC.expressivesD.declaratives7.ModernEnglishwordsman，woman，child，eat，fight，ect.originatefrom（）。

自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与(00830)_2

自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与（00830）自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与答案解析（00830）1.[单选题] In distinguishing competence and performance, Chomsky looks at language from a ____ point of view, and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.A.sociologicalB.psychologicalC.historicalD.cultural2.[单选题] Of the following speech sounds, is represented in narrow transcription.A.[i]B.[i:]C.D.[l]3.[单选题] All the following morphemes can be definitely regarded as derivational morphemes EXCEPT________.A.-iumB.-ingC.semi-D.-ly4.[单选题] In the X-bar theory, the head of the phrase “quite above the desk” is .A.quiteB.aboveC.theD.desk5.[单选题] If you say that there is no direct connection between a linguistic form and what it refers to, you hold a view of meaning study.A.namingB.conceptualistC.contextualD.behaviorist6.[单选题] The notion of________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.A.contextB.utteranceC.conversational implicatureD.speech act7.[单选题] During the Renaissance movement, many of _______words became part of the educated English lexicon.A.Germantin and GreekC.ItalianD.French8.[单选题] The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its ________.A.accentB.morphemese of wordse of structure9.[单选题] The case of Phineas Gage shows us that___________.A.human language ability is not located in the brain because Phineas’ brain was not so damaged that he could still speakB.human language ability is located in the right hemisphere of the brainC.if human language ability is located in the brain, it is situated right at the frontD.if human language ability is located in the brain, it is not situated right at the front10.[单选题] There are a number of factors pertaining to the learner that potentially influence the way in which a second language is acquired. Which of the following is NOT an individual learner factor? .A.InstructionB.MotivationC.PersonalityD.Age11.[案例题] A d ________study of language is a historical study, which studies the development of language over a period of time.12.[案例题] To describe the physical properties of speech sounds, a___ phoneticians use spectrographs to record the sound waves.13.[案例题] According to their position in the new words, a _______are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.14.[案例题] Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic c________?15.[案例题] According to the b____________ view of meaning study, the meaning of a linguistic form is the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.16.[案例题] According to Austin’s new model of speech act theory, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, i ______ act and pcrlocutionary act.17.[案例题] Sound a _______refers to the physiological effect of one sound on another.18.[案例题] Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard or v ______languages.19.[案例题] The c __________period hypothesis refers to a period in one's life experience extending from about age two to puberty, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language and language learning can proceed easily, swiftly, and without explicit instruction.20.[案例题] Although they lack grammatical morphemes, t _______sentences in the multiword stage are not simply words that are randomly strung together, but follow the principles of sentence formation.21.[案例题] Linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of any particular language such as English, Chinese and Latin.22.[案例题] Chinese is a typical tone language, which has four tones.23.[案例题] Semantically, the meaning of a compound is often the sum total of the meanings of its components.24.[案例题] Combinational rules are rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.25.[案例题] sense and reference are two important notions associated with lexical meaning.26.[案例题] What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use should be taken into consideration.27.[案例题] The division of English language into the periods of OldEnglish, Middle English and Modem English is nonconventional and not arbitrary.28.[案例题] language itself is not sexist, but it reflects sexism in society as it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism.29.[案例题] When we say that language provides a means for the expression or communication of thought, we mean that language is the only means of expressing thought.30.[案例题] Like overt teaching, imitation plays at best a very minor role in the child’s mastery of language.31.[案例题] arbitrariness32.[案例题] suprasegmental features33.[案例题] morphology34.[案例题] finite clause35.[案例题] stylistic synonyms36.[案例题] constatives37.[案例题] cognate38.[案例题] language planning39.[案例题] interpersonal communication40.[案例题] language acquisition41.[案例题] Which enjoys priority in modern linguistics, speech or writing? Why?42.[案例题] What are the four maxims under the cooperative principle? And illustrate with one example how the violation of the maxim of quality gives rise to conversational implicature.。

全国2008年10月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试卷

2008年10月全国高等教育自学考试现代语言学试卷Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)：1. The distinction between langue and parole was made by _______ early last century.( )A:American linguist N. ChomskyB:Swiss linguist F. de SaussureC:American linguist Edward SapirD:British linguist J. R. Firth答案：B2. The sounds that begin and end the words church and judge are voiceless and voiced _______, respectively.( )A:stopsB:fricativesC:affricatesD:plosives答案：C3. In the word unreliable, the prefix “un-” is a(n) _______ morpheme.( )A:freeB:boundC:rootD:inflectional答案：B4. Words in a sentence are organized into groups of lexical _______, commonly known as partsof speech.( )A:verbsB:nounsC: phrasesD:categories答案：D5. The words stationary and stationery are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning. They are _______.( )A:complete homonymsB:homographsC:hyponymsD:homophones答案：D6. The illocutionary point of _______ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.( )A:directivesB:expressivesC:commissivesD:representatives答案：B7. Grimm pointed out that certain phonological changes must have occurred early in the history of the Germanic languages, which did not take place in _______, Greek, or Latin.( )A:EnglishB:SanskritC:GermanD:Danish答案：B8. Language planning refers to any attempt by a government, etc. to choose a particular speech variety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation and spelling systems, across _______ boundaries.( )A: socialB:regionalC:culturalD:political答案：B9. The case of Phineas Gage showed us that _______.( )A:human language ability is not located in the brain because Phineas’ brain was so damaged and he could still speakB:human language ability is located in the right hemisphere of the brainC:if human language ability is located in the brain, it is not situated right at the backD:if human language ability is located in the brain, it is not situated right at the front答案：D10. The Chinese sound/d/in English interlanguage pronun ciation of “dat” for “that” belongs to _______ error.( )A: fossilizationB:transferC:interferenceD:overgeneralization答案：AII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%)：1. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d_______.答案：descriptive2. If you say door, new, two, senior, zoo, you will notice that the first sounds in all these words are a_______ sounds. The t and s are voiceless, and d, n and z are voiced. Only n is nasal.答案：alveolar3. The word snowfall is a word fo rmed by joining two separate words, i.e. “snow” and “fall.” This newly formed word is generally regarded as a c_______.答案：compound4. A c_______ sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as “and,” “but,” “or.”答案：Coordinate5. Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items are called r_______ opposites.答案：relational6. All the speech acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose or the same i_______ point, but they differ in their strength or force.答案：illocutionary7. The [d] of spindle is developed between an adjacent [n] and [l]. Such a process or change in which successive sounds are separated by an intervening segment is known as e_______.答案：epenthesis8. The two (or possibly more) groups use their native languages as a basis for a rudimentary language of few lexical items and “straightforward” grammatical rules. Such a m_______ language is called pidgin.答案：marginal9. The brain’s neurologi cal specialization for language is called linguisticl_______, which psycholinguists are particularly interested in.答案：lateralization10. Within the framework of C_______ Analysis, second language learning was believed to be a matter of overcoming the differences between L 1 and L2 systems.答案：ContrastiveIII. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)：1. ( ) The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.答案：T2. ( ) When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string, then the two words are called minimal pairs. Sip and zip are a minimal pair, as are fine and vine, and veal and leaf.答案：FSip and zip are minimal pairs，as are fine and vine , but veal [vi:l] and leaf [li:f] are not minimal paris because although only one sound differs in the two words , the [v] occurs initially and the [f]finally3. ( ) The meaning of a compound is the combination of the meanings of the words in the compound.答案：FThe meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its components , e.g.greenhouse which does not mean a house that is green in color , buta building of glass for growing delicate plants that need warmth .4. ( ) The structure that occurs after movement takes place is what we term as surface structure.答案：T5. ( ) The predication analysis of a sentence only applies to statements and interrogative forms.答案：FThe predication analysis applies to all forms of sentences , including statements , imperative and interrogative forms.6. ( ) Speech act theory was proposed by the British philosopher John Austin in the late 1950s.答案：T7. ( ) Derivation covers various processes of word formation by the addition of affixes, such as the creation of adjectives from nouns (professional < profession), nouns from verbs (computer < compute), adjectives from verbs (conceivable < conceive), and verbs from nouns (eulogize < eulogy).答案：T8. ( ) In Black English, when the verb is negated, the indefinite pronouns something, somebody, and some become the negative indefinites nothing, nobody, and none, such as He don’t know nothing. Such double negation constructions indicate that speakers of Black English are deficient because they use language “illogically.”答案：FSuch double negation constructions provide a very effective means of emphasizing the negative part of a message in Black English , indicating that Black English is as syntactically complex and logical as Standard American English .9. ( ) The right hemisphere controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from, the right side of the body.答案：FIn general , the right hemisphere controls voluntary movements of , and responds to signals from , the left side of the body whereas the left hemisphere controls voluntary movements of , and responds to signals from , the right side of the body .10. ( ) Language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the grammatical system of language.答案：T评分标准：答对得2 分;正误判断错误全扣分;正误判断正确，但改正出错酌情扣分。

全国自考《现代语言学》历年真题及详解【圣才出品】

全国⾃考《现代语⾔学》历年真题及详解【圣才出品】2015年10⽉全国⾃考《现代语⾔学》真题及详解课程代码：00830选择题部分I.Directions:Read each of the following statements carefully.Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(2%×10=20%)1.A study of the features of the English language used in Charles Dickens’time can be regarded as a _____study.A.diachronicB.prescriptiveC.synchronicD.historical【答案】C【解析】研究某⼀时期的语⾔特征属于共时研究，故选C项。

2.Of the following consonants,_____is dental.A.[t]B.[p]C.[?]D.[θ]【答案】D【解析】[θ]是⾆齿⾳，故D项正确。

[t]是齿龈⾳（alveolar），[p]爆破⾳（plosive），[?]是腭⾳（palatal）。

3.The inflectional morpheme in the word“deforestated”is_____.A.de-B.forestC.-ateD.-ed【答案】D【解析】曲折词素指的是不改变单词意思⽽改变单词词性的词素，-ed将单词由动词变为形容词，属于曲折词素，故D项正确。

de-和-ate是派⽣词素，forest是词根。

4.The syntactic rules of any language are_____in number,and yet there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.A.finiteB.non-finiteC.infiniteD.definite【答案】A【解析】任何语⾔的句法规则都是有限的，但是⼈们能够制造并理解⽆数句⼦，这是由语⾔的递归性和⼆重性决定的，故A项正确。

《现代语言学》试题

《现代语言学》试题2018年4月高等教育自学考试课程代码：00830I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which oneof theour choices best completes the statement and blacken the correspondingletter A, B, C orD on the ANSWER SHEET.1. Language is a system of arbitrary symbols used for humancommunication.A. visualB. vocalC. writtenD. spoken2. The English sounds [j] and [w] areA. liquidsB. glidesC. affricativesD. nasals3. The optimum age for second languageacquisition isA. early teenageB. 7 years oldC. 6 years oldD. 20 years old4. modify the meaning and in manycases change the part of speech of the original word.A. Prefixes 13. Roots C. Suffixes D. Stems5. Neurolinguists have concluded that threeareas of the left hemisphere are vital to language, namely, Broca's area, Wernicke's area andA. neuronsB. cerebral cortexC. Exner's areaD. the angular gyrus6. A clause that takes a subject and a finiteverb, and at the same time stands alone is known as a finite clause.A. semanticallyB. structurallyC. sociolinguisticallyD. phonologically7. is a linguistic situation in whichtwo standard languages are used by an individual or by a group of speakers,such as the inhabitants of aparticular region or a nation.A. CreoleB. VernacularC. BilingualismD. Diglossia8. The sense relation that holds between the twowords piece and peace isA. polysemyB. homonymyC. hyponymyD. synonymy9. As an important theory in the pragmatic studyof language, speech act theory was originated with in the late 50's of the 20thcentury.A. Paul GriceB. John SearleC. Noam ChomskyD. John Austin10. Ingeneral, linguistic change in the system and the vocabulary of a language is more noticeable than thatin other systems of the grammar.A. syntacticB. morphologicalC. soundD. semanticII.Directions: Fill in the blank on the ANSWER SHEET in each of the following statementswith one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note thatyou are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.11.According to Chomsky, a speaker has internalized a set of r about his language, which enableshim to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences.12. Englishvowels may be distinguished as front, c and back.13. B learning theory suggested that achild's verbal behavior was conditioned through association between a stimulusand the following response.14. I morphemes manifest variousgrammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree,and case.15. Thelocalization of cognitive and perceptual functions ina particular hemisphereof the brain is called I16.Syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledgeof a language speaker is known as linguisticc17. A p is a variety of language that isgenerally used by native speakers of other languages as a medium ofcommunication.18. S refers to the sameness or closesimilarity of meaning.19.According to J. Austin, a I actis the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveyingliteral meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.20. It isgenerally accepted that the history of the English language is divided into theperiods of Old English, M Englishand Modem English.IIIDirections: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false.Put a T for true or F for false on the ANSWER SHEET. If you think a statementis false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version.21. Modemlinguistics regards the written language as primary.22. [s] and[z] are two alveolar fricatives in English.23. Ingeneral, language learning refers to children's development of their firstlanguage.24. The wordupdate is formed by derivation.25. The caseof Genie demonstrates that the language facultyof an average human degeneratesafter the critical period.26.Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss ofgrammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.27. Of thetwo sounds/b/and/1/, children are more likely to acquire/1/first rather than/b/.28. Theconceptualist view of meaning was further strengthened by Bloomfield, who drew onbehaviorist psychology when trying to define the meaning of linguistic form.29.Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the abstractmeaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication.30. Language change is essentially a matter ofchange in the grammar.IV.Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustrationwhere appropriate.31.displacement32. phoneme33.interlanguage34. root35. thecritical period hypothesis36.Universal Grammar37. slang38. hyponymy39.perlocutionary act40. semanticchangeV.Directions: Answer the following questions.41.Linguistics is generally defined as "the scientific study oflanguage". Describe briefly the process of linguistic study.42. What isthe Cooperative Principle? Please make ananalysis of what maxim is violated byB and what implicature is produced in the following conversation.A: Thespeaker is an awful bore. Don't you think?B: Thelecture hall is spacious, isn't it?(This issaid when it is known to both A and B that it is entirely possible for B tomake a comment on the speaker. )2018年10月高等教育自学考试《现代语言学》试题课程代码：00830I. Directions: Read each of the following statementscarefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statementand blacken the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (2% ×10=20%)1. According to F.de Saussure, refers to theabstract linguistic system shared byall members ofa speech community.petenceB. performanceC. langueD. parole2. The Englishsound [u:] is aA. close vowelB. semi-close vowelC. semi-open vowelD. open vowel3. Which of thefollowing factors is NOT a learner factor?A.AcculturationB. PersonalityC. InteractionD. Motivation4. The words"take" and "table" are called because they can occur unattached.A. freemorphemesB. boundmorphemesC. formwordsD.inflectional morphemes5. What can bedrawn safely from the case of Genie is thatA. it confirmsthe critical period hypothesisB. human'slanguage acquisition device is independent of other intellectual abilitiesC. languagecannot be acquired at all after the critical periodD. the languagefaculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period and, asa result,most linguistic skills cannot develop6. Constituentsthat can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belongto the sameA. syntacticcategoryB.phonological categoryC.morphological categoryD.semantic category7. Sociolinguistics is primarily concerned with the social significance oflanguage and language usein different speech communities.A.variationB. changeC. structureD. form8. In semanticanalysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called , which is the abstraction of themeaning of a sentence.A.predicationB. predicateC. argumentD. sense9. The notion of is essential to the pragmatic studyof language.A.utteranceB. sentenceC. contextD. speech act10. The first and most widely investigated languagefamily of the world isA. theSino-Tibetan FamilyB. theIndo-European FamilyC. theAustronesian FamilyD. theAfroasiatic FamilyII. Directions: Fill in the blank on the ANSWER SHEET ineach of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which isalready given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and youare not allowed to change theletter given. (1% × 10=10%)11. Cultural t means that language can be passed on from one generation to the nextthrough teaching and learning, rather than by instinct.12. When pitch, stress, and sound length are tied to thesentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i13. Language acquisition is concerned with languaged in humans.14. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is often i , not always being the sum total ofthe meanings of its components.15. The relationship between the name and the meaning ofa word is quite .a16. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionallycalled t rules, whose operationmay change the syntactic representation of a sentence.17. A creole language is originally a p that has become established as anative language in some speech community.18. P refersto the phenomenon that the same word may have more than one meaning.19. If one contributes more information than is requiredin a conversation, he/she violates the maxim of q20. Many of the most basic terms in the English languageoriginate from O English.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the followingstatements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false on the ANSWERSHEET. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so andthen give the correct version. (2%~10=20%)21. The description of a language at some point in timeis adiachronic study.22. [0] and [6] are two dental fricatives in English.23. Although there are individual differences in onsetand rate of language development, children across cultures follow the sameorder of language development.24. "Plural" is a morpheme.25. Language is the only means for thought.26. Parameters are syntactic options of UG that allowgeneral principles to operate in one way or another and contribute tosignificant linguistic variations between and among natural languages.27. A regional dialect is usually spoken by a group ofpeople living in the same community.28. Contexualism is based on the presumption that one canderive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.29. The twosentences "Tom smokes." and "Tom is smoking." have the samepredication.30. Modemlinguistics regards the written language as primary, not the spoken.IV. Directions: Explain the followingterms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3% × 10=30%)31. duality32. word stress33. second language acquisition (SLA)34. stem35. cerebral plasticity36. AUX-movement37. speech community38. sense39. pragmatics40. historical linguisticsV. Directions: Answer the followingquestions. (10% × 2=20%)41. Name and describe 5 of the core branches oflinguistics.42. How are semantics and pragmatics related, and how dothey differ?2019年4月高等教育自学考试《现代语言学》试题课程代码：00830I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which oneof the four choices best completes the statement and blacken the correspondingletter A, B, C orD on the ANSWER SHEET. (2%×10=20%)1. Linguistics is generally defined as the study of language.A. synchronicB. scientificC. specificD. diachronic2. aimsto discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these soundsare used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. PhoneD. Phoneme3. The American SLA scholar proposed the distinction betweenacquisition and learning.A. F. de SaussureB.N. ChomskyC.S. KrashenD.B.F.Skinner4. The basic unit in the study of morphology isA. phoneB. wordC. phonemeD. morpheme5. One of major mental functions controlled bythe right hemisphere of the brain isA. temporal orderingB. holistic reasoningC. calculationD. analytic reasoning6. Traditionally the three major types ofsentences are , and sentences.A. full / partial / incompleteB. affirmative / interrogative /imperativeC. positive / negative / neutralD. simple / coordinate or compound /complex7. Insociolinguistics, the more standard variety is called the variety, which is used for more formalor serious matters, such as speeches made in government, the media, school, orchurch.A. IowB. highC. authoritativeD. official8. The sense relation that holds between the twowordsfiower and rose isA. polysemyB.homonymyC. hyponymyD. synonymy9. While the meaning of a sentence is abstract,and decontextualized, the meaning of a(n)is concrete,and context-dependent.A. wordB. phraseC. idiomD. utterance10. Historical linguistics is the subfield oflinguistics that studies language change, therefore, it mainly adopts a approach.A. diachronicB. synchronicC. descriptiveD. prescriptiveII.Directions: Fill in the blank on the ANSWER SHEET in each of the followingstatements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue.Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to changethe letter given. (1%×10=10%)11. D features refer to the definingproperties of humanlanguage that distinguish it from any animal system ofcommunication.12. Englishconsonants can be classified either in terms of m of articulation or in terms of placeof articulation.13. Languageacquisition is concerned with language d in humans.14. Boundmorphemes include two types: roots and a15. Thebrain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called h , one on the right and one on theleft.16. Thetheory of Case Condition accounts for the fact that n phrases appear only in subject andobject positions.17. Aparticular r may be used bya particular group of people, usually sharing the same occupation like doctors,teachers, and lawyers, or the same interests, such as stamp collectors,football fans.18. R means what a linguistic form refersto in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between thelinguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.19.According to John Austin, p weresentences that did not state a fact or describe a state and were notverifiable.20. It isgenerally accepted that the history of the English language is divided into theperiods of O English, MiddleEnglish and Modem English.III.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false.Put a T for true or F for false on the ANSWER SHEET. If you think a statementis false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version.(2%×10=20%)21.According to F. de Saussure, parole is concrete, while langue is abstract.22. Thereare two nasals in English: [m] [n].23. Studiesof the effect of formal instruction in general support the hypothesis that instructiondecides SLA.24. Since acompound is a word, its components cannot be written separately.25. For mostindividuals, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, regardless of handiness.26. Thearrangement of words in a linear sequence entails that sentences are simply linearly-structured.27. Aeuphemism is a mild, direct or less offensive word or expression substitutedwhen the speaker or writer fears more indirect wording might be harsh,unpleasantly offensive.28. When twowords are identical in spelling, they are homophones.29. If onesays what he believes to be false, he violates the maxim of quantity.30. The mostvigorous and on-going change in the historical development of a language is thechange in its vocabulary.IV.Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustrationwhere appropriate. (3%×10=30%)31. appliedlinguistics32.International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)33. languagetransfer34.inflectional affixes35.linguistic lateralization36.branching nodes37.semantics38.illocutionary act39.historical linguistics40. linguafrancaV.Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41. Of thetwo media of language, speech and writing, which is more basic in the view of modemlinguistics? Explain the reasons.42. What arethe major views concerning the study of meaning? Explain them briefly.2019年10月高等教育自学考试《现代语言学》试题课程代码：00830I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which oneof the fourchoices best completes the statementand blacken the corresponding letter A, B, C or D onthe ANSWER SHEET.1. provides speakers with anopportunity to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused byseparation in time and place.A. ArbitrarinessB. ProductivityC. DualityD. Displacement2. [ɜ:] [Ə] and [ʌ] are the vowels in English.A. frontB. semi-openC. centralD. back3. The root of the word carelessness isA. careB. carelessC. -lessD. -ness4. Syntax is a subfield of linguistics thatstudies the structure oflanguage.A. soundB. wordC. sentenceD. meaning5. The sense relation between the twowordsfiower and roseisA. antonymyB. hyponymyC. homonymyD. polysymy6. The study ofhow speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication iscommonly calledA. semanticsB. syntaxC. pragmaticsD. sociolinguistics7. Historical linguistics is the subfield oflinguistics that studies languageA. changeB. factC. grammarD. presence8. Variation in language use which is associatedwith the sex of individual speakers isA. ageB. genderC. registerD. slang9. The language center that is responsible forconverting a visual stimulus into an auditory form and vice versa is calleda(n)A. Broca's areaB. Wemicke's areaC. motor areaD. angular gyms10. Inlanguage learning, isdefined in terms of the learner's overall goal ororientation.A. motivationB. aptitudeC. acculturationD. personalityII.Directions: Fill in the blank on the ANSWER SHEET in each of the following statementswith one word, the first letter ofwhich is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fillin ONE word only, and you are notallowed to change theletter given.11. Chomskydefines p as the actualrealization of the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language inlinguistic communication.12. Thearticulatory organs of a human being are contained in three important areas or cavities:the pharyngeal cavity, the oral cavity and the n cavity.13.Morphemes that can not stand alone, but must be combined with other morphemesto form words are calledb morphemes.14.Normally, a sentence consists of at least a s and its predicate.15. The c view holds that there is no directlink between a linguistic form and what it refers to.16. If yousay what you believe to be false in a conversation, you violate the maxim of q17. Many of the most basic terms, such as man, eat andhouse in the English language originate from O English.18. Asociolinguistic situation in which two different varieties of language co-existin a speech communication, each with a distinct range of purely social functionand appropriate for certain situations, is called d19. Thebrain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called h , one on the right and one on theleft.20. Ingeneral, language acquisition refers tochildren's development of their f language.III.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false.Put a T fortrue or F for false on the ANSWERSHEET. If you think a statement is false, you mustexplain why you think so and then givethe correct version.21.Phonologists are interested in how sounds are put together and used to conveymeaning in communication.22. [p] [b][m] are the only three bilabial consonants in English.23.Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations.24. Move a(Alpha) means "move any word to any place."25. Referenceis the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.26. Aperlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker's intention; it is theact performed in saying something.27.Linguistic change occurs in all components of the grammar, including changes inthe sound, morphological, syntactic, lexical, and semantic systems.28. A creolelanguage is originally a pidgin that has become established as a nativelanguage in somespeech community.29. Cerebralcortex in the outside surface of the brain is the most important part of thebrain.30.According to Krashen, learning refers to the gradual and subconsciousdevelopment of ability in the first language by using it naturally in dailycommunicative situations.IV. Direetions: Explain the followingterms and give examples for illustration where appropriate.31. language32. broadtranscriptionpounding34. theX-bar theory35. synonymy36. speechact theory37.diachronic linguistics38.euphemism39. thecritical period hypothesis40.interlanguageV.Directions: Answer the following questions.41. What isthe deletion rule? Explain your answer with examples.42. What doyou think are the causes of language change? Explain your answer with examples.。

2020年10月全国现代语言学自考试题及答案解析

全国2019年10月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830Ⅰ.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)1.Chomsky uses the term ( ) to refer to the actual realization of a language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.A. langueB. competenceC. paroleD. performance2.In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of( ).A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental3.Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by ( ) in 1957.A. L. BloomfieldB. F. SaussureC. N. ChomskyD.M. A. K. Halliday4.Natural languages are viewed to vary according to ( ) set on UG principles to particular values.A. Adjacent ConditionB. parametersC. Case ConditionD. Case requirement5. Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which“girl”and“lass” belong is called ( ) synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialectalC. emotiveD. collocational6. The illocutionary point of ( ) is to express the psychological state specified in theutterance.A. representativesB. commissivesC. expressivesD. declaratives7. Modern English words man, woman, child, eat, fight, ect. originate from ( ).A. Middle EnglishB. Old EnglishC. FrenchD. Norman French8. In a diglossic country, the two diglossic forms of a language are generally two varieties of thesame language, but there are situations in which the H-variety may have no ( ) relationship with the L-variety.1A. geneticB. socialC. directD. close9.Many aphasics do not show total language loss. Rather, different aspects of language are impaired. Aphasics in ( ) area reveal word-finding difficulties and problems with syntax.A. Werniker’sB. visualC. motorD. Broca’s10. ( ) motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language in order tocommunicate with native speakers of the target language.A. InstrumentalB. FunctionalC. IntegrativeD. SocialⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1％×10=10％)11. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to bed .12. Stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, and glides all have some degree of o and aretherefore consonants.13. M is the smallest meaningful unit of language.14. A is the movement of an auxiliary verb to the sentence-initial position, such as “be”,“have”, “do” etc.15. R is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of therelationship between form and the reality.16. In Austin’s early speech act theory, c were statements that either state or describe,and were thus verifiable.17. In the process of first language acquisition, children usually construct their personal grammars,and their language develops in stages until it a the grammatical rules of the adult language.18. A s community is one group, all of whose members share the same language or atleast a single language variety.19. People may communicate their feelings or thoughts via n signals such as facialexpressions, gestures, postures, or proxemic space.20. Although the development of a communicative system is not unique to human beings, thenatural acquisition of l as a system of highly abstract rules and regulations for creative communication is what distinguishes humans from all other animal species.Ⅲ.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is2false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2％×10=20％) 21. ( ) The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech;thus there are still many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken, butnot written.22. ( ) In such sound combinations as /bi:p/, /geip/ and /su:p/, the voiceless stop /p/,occurring in the final position, is unaspirated, i.e. pronounced with the strong puffof air withheld to some extent.23. ( ) The part of speech of the compound is always determined by the part of speech ofthe second element, without exception.24. ( ) The relationship between the embedded clause and its matrix clause is one of a partto the whole.25. ( ) The contextualist view of meaning holds that meaning should be studied in termsof the situational context and linguistic context.26. ( ) Searle’s classification of illocutionary acts is based on the classification ofperformative verbs.27. ( ) One kind of language change results in an increase of the number of exceptional orirregular morphemes. This kind of change has been called internalborrowing—that is, we “borrow” from one part of the grammar and apply the rulegenerally.28. ( ) There are differences in the way people of various age categories speak. Thedifferences most easily noted by the layman are likely to be grammatical innature.29. ( ) The left hemisphere of the brain is superior to the right hemisphere because the lefthemisphere is language-dominant.30 ( ) A child born to a Chinese or English speaking family takes about the same numberof years to acquire their native tongue, regardless of their general intelligence. Ⅳ.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.(3％×10=30％)31. assimilation rule32. root33. bound morphemes34. surface structure35. grammaticality36. elaboration37. bilingualism38. creole339. the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis40. fossilizationⅤ. Answer the following questions.(10％×2=20％)41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are calledsuprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with examples how they function in the distinction of meaning.42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to theanalysis of phonemes into distinctive features.4。

现代语言学自考题-2

现代语言学自考题-2(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}PART ONE{{/B}}(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、{{B}}Ⅰ{{/B}}(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.A scientific study of language is conducted with reference to some ______ of language structure.∙ A. data∙ B. general theory∙ C. facts∙ D. hypotheses（分数：2.00）A.B. √C.D.解析：[解析] 对语言进行科学的研究最根本的，是要对语言材料进行系统的调查研究，并在语言结构的一般理论指导下进行。

2.______ phonetics looks at the sounds from the hearer's point of view and studies how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.∙ A. Articulatory∙ B. Auditory∙ C. Acoustic∙ D. Oral（分数：2.00）A.B. √C.D.解析：[解析] 语音学从三个既相互区别又相互联系的角度来审视语音现象，其中从听话者的角度来观察语音，研究声音是采用什么样的方式被听话者所接收的，叫做听觉语音学。

3."Words are further analyzable" means ______.∙ A. words can be broken down into 26 letters of English alphabet∙ B. words can be broken down into the components at the lowest level of word∙ C. words can be broken down into the smallest meaningful components∙ D. words can be broken down into smaller components（分数：2.00）A.B.C. √D.解析：[解析] 鉴于句子总是包含着并且经常被分析成单词的形式，所以单词一般被认为是语言中最小的单位。

2020年年10月全国高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题

xx年10月全国高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830Ⅰ。

2023年自考《现代语言学》复习题及答案

2023年自考《现代语言学》复习题及答案2023年自考《现代语言学》复习题及答案一、单项选择1. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop?A. [p]B. [b]C. [m]D. [t]2. The great source of modification of the air stream is found in the ______ cavity.A. nasalB. oralC. lungD. glottis3. ______ act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something.A. A locutionaryB. An illocutionaryC. A perlocutionaryD. A speech4. Once the notion of ______ was taken into consideration, semantics spilled into pragmatics.A. meaningB. contextC. formD. content5. Sense is concerned with the ______ meaning of the linguistic form.A. contextualB. realC. behavioristD. inherent6. Hyponyms of the same ______ are co-hyponyms.A. wordB. lexical itemC. superordinateD. hyponym7. Words that are opposite in meaning are ______.A. synonymsB. hyponymsC. antonymsD. homophones8. The word “modernizers” is posed of _____ morphemes.A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 69. According to F. de Saussure, _____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech munity.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. language10. Language is arbitrary in that there is no logical connection between meanings and ______.A. wordsB. soundsC. objectsD. ideasA. FreeB. BoundC. RootD. Affix12. The smallest meaningful unit of language is ______.A. rootB. affixC. stemD. morpheme13. _____ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite” society from general use.A. Linguistic tabooB. EuphemismC. Address termD. Slang14. Lying under the skull, the human brain contains an average of the ten billion nerve cells called ______.A. neuronsB. nerve systemC. nervesD. cerebral cortex15. ______ language belongs to the Sino-Tibetan Family.A. EnglishB. SpanishC. IndianD. Chinese参考答案：1--- 5ABCBD 6---10CCBCB 11---15BDAAD二、名词解释 (每个2分，共20 分)1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.3. Reference means what a linguistic form refersto in the real physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.4. An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intent ion; it is the act performing is saying something.5. Speech munity is thus defined as a group of people who form a munity (which may have few membersas a family or as many members as a country), andshare the same language or a particular variety of language.6. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human munication.7. Inflectional affixes or inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.8. Pragmatics is the study of how speakers of language use sentences to effect successful munication.9. Accent refers to a way of pronunciation which tells the listener something about the speaker’s regional or social background.10. A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a medium of munication among groups ofpeople from diverse linguistic backgrounds.三、简答题(每题5分，共20分)1. What is the distinction between petence and performance?petence and performance was proposed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in t he late 1950’s. Chomsky defines petence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic munication.2. What are the sense relations between sentences?Sense relations between sentences:1) X is synonymous with Y.2) X is inconsistent with Y.3) X entails Y.(Y is an entailment of X.)4) X presupposes Y. (Y is a prerequisite of X)5) X is a contradiction.6) X is semantically anomalous.3. What is idiolect?When an individual speaks, what is actually produced is a unique language system of the speaker, expressed within the overall system of a particular language. Such a personal dialect is referred to as idiolect.4. What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?四、阐述题(每题10分，共30分)1. What are the design features of language?Design features refer to the defining propertiesof human language that distinguish it from any animal system of munication.1) arbitrariness2) productivity3) duality4) displacement5) cultural transmission2. Draw a labeled constituent structure tree diagram for each of the following sentences:1) The student likes the new linguistics professor.2) John suggested Mary take the linguistics class.1. The student likes the new linguistics professor.2. John suggested (that) Mary take the linguistics class.3. What is the difference between acquisition and learning? Illustrate with exles.。

2018年10月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试00830现代语言学真题附答案

2018年10月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试现代语言学试卷（课程代码00830）本试卷共4页，满分100分，考试时间150分钟。

考生答题注意事项：1 •本卷所有试题必须在答题卡上作答。

答在试卷上无效，试卷空白处和背面均可作草稿纸。

2 •第一部分为选择题。

必须对应试卷上的题号使用 2B 铅笔将“答题卡”的相应代码涂黑。

3 .第二部分为非选择题。

必须注明大、小题号，使用 0. 5毫米黑色字迹签字笔作答。

4 .合理安排答题空间，超出答题区域无效。

第一部分选择题Directionst Read e^ch of the following statements carefully;which one of the four choices best completes the statement bhekea the corresponding tetter A, C or D on theANSWER SHEET (2%Xlfr=20%5 What can be drawn safely from theof Genie is that __________ . A- it confirms the critical period hypothesisB, homan's language acquisition device k independent of other intellectual abilities申C language cannot be acquired at 汨]after th* critic^ periodD. the language iaculty of an average human degenerates after (he critical period and, as a result, most linguistic skiUs cannot developI. 3. According to E de Saussure, ___________ refers to 曲匕 abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.A, competence B, performanceThe English sound [u:] is a _ _ .A. close vowel B ・ scnu<lose vowel C. semi-open vowelWhich of the following factors is NOT a learner factor?A, AccuituratiOfi B. PersonalityC. Interaction The words 、帕ku” HIK I :l tabJe w are calledC. langueD. parole D H open vowel A. free morphemesC. form wordsD. Motivation _____ because they can occur unattached. B. bound morphemes D. inflectional morphemes6. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticalitybelong to the same __________ •A. syntactic categoryB. phonological categoryC. morphological categoryD. semantic category7. Sociolinguistics is primarily concerned with the social significance of language and language usein different speech communities.A. variationB. changeC. structureD. form8. In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called __________________ , which is theabstraction of the meaning of a sentence・A. predicationB. predicate C・ argument D・ sense9. The notion of ___________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.A. utteranceB. sentence C・ context D・ speech act10. The first and most widely investigated language femily of the world is ________________ •A. the Sino-Tibetan FamilyB. the Indo-European FamilyC. the Austronesian Family D・ the Afroasiatic Family第二部分非选择题11. Directions: Fill in the bbink on the ANSWER SHEET in each of the following statements withone word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%X 10=10%)11. Cultural t ________ means that language can be passed on from one generation to thenext through teaching and leamin& rather than by instinct12. When pitch, stress, and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word inisolation, they are collectively known as i ____________ •13. Language acquisition is concerned with language d __________ in humans.14. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is often i . not always being the sumtotal of the meanings of its components.15. ______________________________________________________________________ The relationship between the name and the meaning of a word is quite a ___________________ .16. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called t ________________ rules, whoseoperation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.17. A creole language is originally a p ____________ that has become established as a nativelanguage in some speech community.】& E _____ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have more than one meaning.19. If one contributes more information than is required in a conversation, hc/she violates themaxim of a .20. Many of the most basic terms in the English language originate from Q ___________ English.UL Directions： Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false on the ANSWER SHEET. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. (2%X 10=20%)21. The description of a language at some point in time is a diachronic study.22. [0] and [d] are two dental fricatives in English・23. Although there are individual differences in onset and rate of language development, childrenacross cultures follow the same order of language development.24. “Plural” is a morpheme.25. Language is the only means for thought.26. Parameters are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way oranother and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among natural languages.27. A regional dialect is usually spoken by a group of people living in the same community.28. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaningto observable contexts.29. The two sentences u Tom smokes^ and ^Tom is smoking/ have the same predication.30. Modem linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the spoken・IV. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for iUustration where appropriate* (3% X 10=30% )31 ・ duality32. word stress33. second language acquisition (SLA)34. stem35・ cerebral plasticity36. AUX-movcment37. speech community38. sense39. pragmatics40. historical linguisticsV. Directions： Answer the following questions (10%X2=20%)41 • Name and describe 5 of the core branches of linguistics.42. How are semantics and pragmatics related, and how do they differ?现代语J 学试題答案及评分参子第I 页（共3 U （）绝密★启用前2018年10月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试现代语言学试题答案及评分参考（课程代码00830 ）I . Directions: Read each of the follouing statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices bestcompletes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A. B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.l.C 2. A 3.C 4. A Directions: Fill in the blank on the ANSWRR SHEET in each of (he ColloHinK statements with one word, the first letter of uhich is already given as a clue ・ Note that you are to fill in ONE v^ord only, and you are not allowed to change the letter 七iven. (1%X 10=10%)II. transmission12. intonation 13. development 15・ arbitrary17. pidgin19. quanlily 14. idiomatic 16. transformational 1X. Polysemy 20. Old 111. Directions ： Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or P forfalse on the ANS'、ER SHEET. If you think a statement h fal^ >ou must explain why you think so andthen give the correct version. (2%X 10=20%)21. FThe description of a language at sonu: point in time is a synchronic study.或者I he (lcscnption of a la as il changes ihrou 字h linx is a diachronic simly评分标准：答对得2分；正饯判断错I 吴扣全分。

【自考真题10套】00830现代语言学试题汇编(2013年10月-2020年10月)

B. allophoபைடு நூலகம்es
C. two phonemes
D. in phonemic contrast
3. The word “decentralize” contains ________ morphemes.
A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6
4. A ________ sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as “and,” “but,” “or.”
Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word on the
ANSWER SHEET, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to
A. speech act theory
B. principles of conversation
C. selectional restrictions
D. grammatical rules
6. The illocutionary point of the ________ is to commit the speaker to something’s being the case,
钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。
2．每小题选出答案后，用 2 B 铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，
用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。不能答在试题卷上。
Ⅰ. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four

10月全国语言学概论自考试题及答案解析

10月全国语言学概论自考试题及答案解析全国2019年10月高等教育自学考试语言学概论试题课程代码：00541一、单项选择题（本大题共26小题，每小题1分，共26分）在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。

错选、多选或未选均无分。

1.语言符号具有可变性的根本原因在于语言符号的（）A.任意性B.强制性C.离散性D.线性2.音高取决于（）A.发音体振动的振幅B.发音体振动的频率C.发音体振动的持续时间D.共鸣器的形状3.听觉上最自然、最容易分辨的最小语音单位是（）A.音素B.音位C.音渡D.音节4.就词重音而言，不能用来区别意义的是（）A.自由重音B.移动重音C.固定重音D.不固定重音5.北京话“慢”单念时读[man]，但“慢慢儿”却有人读做[mai mar]，前一音节的语流音变现象是（）A.同化B.异化C.弱儿D.增音6.“奥林匹克运动会”这个词包含的语素数量是（）A.2个B.3个C.4个D.7个7.英语“worker”中的“-er”是（）A.构词语素B.构形语素C.虚词语素D.词根语素8.下列汉语词语中的“儿”不属于词根语素（实义语素）的是（）A.健儿B.女儿C.少儿D.花儿9.整个语汇系统的核心和基础是（）A.通用语汇B.常用语汇C.一般语汇D.基本语汇10.一般语汇（非基本语汇）最重要的来源是（）A.古语词B.方言词C.新造词D.外来词11.词组的聚合关系分类是指把词组分成（）A.向心词组和离心词组B.联合词组和偏正词组C.基本词组和特殊词组D.简单词组和复杂词组112.把句子分成“单句”和“复句”，这种分类是（）A.句子的句型类B.句子的句式类C.句子的功能类D.句子的简繁类13.“吓唬”和“恐吓”在非理性意义上的主要差别是（）A.语气意义不同B.感情色彩不同C.语体色彩不同D.形象色彩不同14.下列关于词的本义和基本义关系的表述中，正确的一项是（）A.二者总是一致B.二者总是不一致C.基本义比本义更常用D.本义比基本义更常用15.下列各项词义引申中，采用比喻方式的一项是（）A.“锁”本指一种器具，后引申指凭借这一器具的行为B.“兵”本指兵器，后引申指使用兵器的人C.“南瓜”本指一种植物，后引申指这种植物的果实D.“后台”本指舞台的后面，后引申指在背后操纵、支持的人或集团16.下列关于等义词的表述中，正确的一项是（）A.等义词是理性意义和非理性意义都完全相同的词B.等义词一般都能够长期并存C.等义词在语言表达上有一定的积极意义D.同义词大多是等义词17.“老王说服了小李”中“老王”是行为的施事，“小李”是行为的受事，这种意义是（）A.语汇意义B.语法意义C.语境意义D.蕴含意义18.从现有文字史的资料来看，最早出现的字符大多是（）A.记号B.笔画C.音符D.意符19.世界上最早的表音文字是（）A.元音文字B.辅音文字C.意音文字D.全音位文字20.语言成分的借用，最常见、最突出的是（）A.词语的借用B.语音成分的借用C.词缀的借用D.语法结构的借用21.下列几种类型的社会方言中，具有排他性的是（）A.行话B.黑话C.官腔D.贵族语言22.以下对“思维”的表述中，正确的一项是（）A.思维既包括思维活动，也包括思维结果B.思维分为感性思维和抽象思维两类C.思维的形式就是概念、判断、推理D.思维必须以语言为工具23.人类开始制造工具这种行为意味着（）A.人类已经产生了语言2B.人类已经产生了思维C.人类已经同时产生了语言和思维D.人类既没有产生语言，也没有产生思维24.患“失语症”是因为（）A.大脑左、右半球的单侧化功能发生了改变B.大脑左半球的某个部位受到了损伤C.大脑的语言获得机制出现了遗传性障碍D.在语言临界期以前没有接触语言环境25.主要解释某个词语所代表事物的概念知识的一类词典是（）A.历史词典B.信息词典C.语言词典D.百科词典26.从翻译技术的平面看，机器翻译可以分为四个层级，从低到高的排序是（）A.单词、句法、语义、语境B.单词、语义、语境、句法C.单词、句法、语境、语义D.单词、语义、句法、语境二、多项选择题(本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分)在每小题列出的五个备选项中有二个至五个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。

全国高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题

全国2001年10月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题第一部分选择题一、单项选择题(本大题共10 小题，每小题2 分，共20 分)在每小题列出的四个选项中只有一个选项是符合题目要求的，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。

8.The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+last name, _______,and kin term.A.title+first nameB.title+titleC.title aloneD.first name+last name+titlenguage and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some parts. When anguage and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as "subvocal speech," and speech as "_______".( )A.vocal thoughtB.subvocal thoughtC.covert thoughtD.overt thought10.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition?_______.( )nguage acquisition is a process of habit formationnguage acquisition is the species-specific property of human beingsC.Children are born with an innate ability to acquire languageD.Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use第二部分非选择题二、填空题(本大题共10 小题，每小题1 分，共10 分。

10月全国现代语言学自考试题及答案解析

全国2019年10月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830I. Directions : Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1. Linguistics is the scientific study of __________.A. a particular languageB. the English languageC. human languages in generalD. the system of a particular language2. The consonant [f] in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features: __________.A. voiceless, bilabial, stopB. voiceless, labiodental, fricativeC. voiced, bilabial, stopD. voiced, labiodental, fricative3. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affi x “ed” in the word “learned” is known as a(n) __________.A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form4. In the phrase structure rule “S→NP VP”, the arrow can be read as __________.A. is equal toB. consists ofC. hasD. generates5. “I bought some roses” __________ “I bought some flowers”.A. entailsB. presupposesC. is inconsistent withD. is synonymous with6. Y’s utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of __________.X: Who was that you were with last night?Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner7. Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speakers of the language. This means that phonemes, __________, words and grammatical rules may be borrowed, added, lost or altered.A. phrasesB. sentencesC. morphemesD. utterances8. In a speech community people have something in common __________ -- a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it.A. sociallyB. linguisticallyC. culturallyD. pragmatically9. Which of the major mental functions listed below is not under the control of the left hemisphere1in most people? __________.A. language and speechB. visual and spatial skillsC. reading and writingD. analytic reasoning10. In general, the __________ stage begins roughly in the second half of the child’s second year.A. babblingB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multiwordⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11. As the first step of their scientific investigation of language, linguists have to observe and collect linguistic f before they can do anything else.12. Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s rules.13. An independent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is called a f___________ morpheme.14. A c sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as “and”, “but”, “or”.15. The study of the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called s .16. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the C principle proposed by J. Grice.17. In addition to social changes, one of the most pervasive sources of language change seems to be the continual process of cultural t across generations.18. Language itself is not sexist, but its use may reflect the s attitude connoted in the language that is sexist.19. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as “s speech,” and speech as “overt thought.” In such a case, speaking and thinking take place simultaneously.20. I is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA.Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false , you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%) 21. ( ) An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the “best authors” for language usage.22. ( ) In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied.23. ( ) We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts.24. ( ) Phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences and sentences with infinite length, due to their recursive properites.225. ( ) The conceptualist view of meaning holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and reference, i.e. between language and thought.26. ( ) Of the views concerning the study of semantics, the contextual view, which places the study of meaning in the context in which language is used, is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.27. ( ) In first language acquisition children’s grammar models exactly after the grammar of adult language.28. ( ) The sentences “He crazy” and “He be sick all the time” are both acceptable in Black English vernacular because copula deletion and habitual be are two famous features of Black English.29. ( ) Speakers of different languages are capable of distinguishing and recognizing experiences of the same objective world according to their respective different linguistic coding system.30. ( ) Instruction and correction are key factors in child language development.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)31. synchronic linguistics32. displacement33. a minimal pair34. derivational affixes35. syntax36. language transfer37. hyponymy38. sentence meaning39. lingua franca40. cerebral cortexⅤ. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner’s acquisition of a second language.3。

2016年10月全国自考现代语言学考前试题和答案00830

2016年10月全国自考现代语言学考前试题和答案00830一、Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)第1题 What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a ____system of grammatical knowledge.()A. phraseB. sentenceC. ruleD. symbol【正确答案】 C【你的答案】本题分数2分第2题 The goal of____is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among a variety of speech communities and in different social situations. ()A. psycholinguisticsB. sociolinguisticsC. historical linguisticsD. general linguistics【正确答案】 B【你的答案】本题分数2分第3题 A theory of grammar must provide a complete characterization of linguistic ____ that speakers implicitly consider well?formed, or grammatical sequences.()A. speechesB. utterancesC. eventsD. sentences【正确答案】 B【你的答案】本题分数2分第4题 ____ , the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.()A. OrthographicallyB. PhoneticallyC. SemanticallyD. Syntactically本题分数2分第5题 ____ is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language.()A. MorphologyB. SyntaxC. LexicologyD. Coordination【正确答案】 B【你的答案】本题分数2分第6题 If the meaning of sentence X is included in that of sentence Y, we say sentence X ____ sentence Y. ()A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes【正确答案】 C【你的答案】本题分数2分第7题 There is a gradation of ____ ranging along a continuum between two extremes of very formal and very informal.()A. registerB. domainC. contextD. variation【正确答案】 A【你的答案】本题分数2分第8题 Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called transformational rules, whose operation may change the ( )representation of a sentence. ( )A. syntacticB. generativeC. phrase structureD. base本题分数2分第9题 studies how sounds are put together to convey meaning in communication. ( )A. PhonologyB. MorphologyC. LexicologyD. Phonetics【正确答案】 A【你的答案】本题分数2分第10题 The ( ) approach was founded on the belief that it was possible to predict what problems learners of a particular second language would face and the errors they would make by establishing the linguistic differences between the native and target language systems. ( )A. error analysisB. contrastive analysisC. componentional analysisD. historical and comparative linguistics【正确答案】 B二、Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change第1题 Words and phrases are organized according to the syntactic c___.【正确答案】 categories【你的答案】修改分数本题分数1分你的得分第2题 Human capacity for language has a g___ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.【正确答案】 genetic【你的答案】本题分数1分修改分数你的得分第3题 F___ morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves.【正确答案】 Free【你的答案】修改分数本题分数1分你的得分第4题 ___【正确答案】 derivational【你的答案】本题分数1分修改分数你的得分第5题 One way out of the communication dilemma is language s___ known as language planning.【正确答案】 standardization【你的答案】本题分数1分修改分数你的得分第6题 The central characteristic of s___ comes from the motive for its use: a desire of novelty, for vivid emphasis, for membership in a particular group or class of people, etc.【正确答案】 slang【你的答案】修改分数本题分数1分你的得分第7题 The meaning of a word may deviate from its original d___ through the process of semantic broadening or narrowing.【正确答案】 denotation?【你的答案】修改分数本题分数1分你的得分第8题 When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i___.【正确答案】 intonation【你的答案】修改分数本题分数1分你的得分第9题 The long vowels are all t___ vowels and the short vowels are lax vowels.【正确答案】 tense?【你的答案】修改分数本题分数1分你的得分第10题D___ in Searle’s classifica tion of illocutionary acts refer to the attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do something by means of inviting, suggesting, requesting, advising, warning, threatening, etc.【正确答案】 Directives【你的答案】三、Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true orF for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you第1题 ()A creole language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech community.【正确答案】 T【你的答案】修改分数本题分数2分你的得分第2题 ()The structure of words is not governed by rules.【正确答案】 F(It is governed by rules.)【你的答案】本题分数2分修改分数你的得分第3题()Wernicke’s work strengthened Broca’s claim that left hemispheric structures are essential for speech.【正确答案】 T【你的答案】本题分数2分修改分数你的得分第4题 ()Language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for alllanguages.本题分数2分修改分数你的得分第5题()According to the Behaviorist learning theory, a child’s verbal behavior was conditioned through association between a stimulus and the following response.【正确答案】 T【你的答案】本题分数2分修改分数你的得分第6题 ()Researchers have proved the behaviourist learning theory in that correction and reinforcement are really key factors in child language development.【正确答案】 F(No,they are not.)【你的答案】本题分数2分修改分数你的得分第7题 ()General linguistics studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.【正确答案】 T【你的答案】本题分数2分修改分数你的得分第8题 ()Languages vary in the order of the subject, the verb and the object.我自考网【QQ905363546】本题分数2分你的得分修改分数第9题 ( ) We say sentence X entails sentence Y if sentence Y is a prerequisite of sentence X.【正确答案】 F (It does not.)?【你的答案】本题分数2分你的得分修改分数第10题 ( ) Case condition, like adjacency condition, is one of the general principles of universal grammar.【正确答案】 T?【你的答案】四、Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3% ×10=30%)第1题 euphemism【正确答案】 A euphemism is a word or expression that is thought to be mild, indirect,or less offensive and used as a polite substitute for the supposedly harsh andunpleasant word or expression. For example, pass away—die, in the familyway—pregnant, advanced in age— old.【你的答案】本题分数3分你的得分修改分数第2题 clipping【正确答案】 Clipping is a kind of abbreviation of otherwise longer words or phrases. For example, e?mail (electronic mail), hi?fi (high fidelity).【你的答案】本题分数3分你的得分修改分数第3题 language planning【正确答案】 Language planning means that certain authorities, such as thegovernment, or government agency of a country, choose a particular speech variety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation and spelling system, across regional boundaries. An example of language planning is the common speech of the Chinese language. Language planning, also called language standardization, is a way to solve the problem of communication dilemma caused by regional dialects.【你的答案】本题分数3分你的得分修改分数第4题 negative transfer【正确答案】 In learning a second language, learners subconsciously use their native language knowledge. This is known as language transfer. Transfer can be positive or negative. Negative transfer occurs when the first language pattern is different from the counterpart pattern of the target language. Negative transfer is commonly known as interference because it would lead to difficulties or errors in second language learning. For example, Chinese students, due to the interference of their mother tongue, often make mistakes like “ Although... but...”, “He cometomorrow.” and “I not want go.”【你的答案】本题分数3分你的得分修改分数第5题 ethnic dialect【正确答案】 An ethnic dialect or language variety is a social dialect of a language, often cutting across regional differences. An ethnic dialect is spoken mainly bya less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation,such as racial discrimination or segregation. The language of the American Indians may be an example of this dialect.【你的答案】本题分数3分你的得分修改分数第6题 acculturation【正确答案】 Acculturation is one of the individual learner factors, referring to the extent to which learners differ in the process of adapting to the new culture of the L2 community. According to the acculturation view, the acquisition of a second language involves, and depends on, the acquisition of the culture of the target language community. It has been hypothesized that successful language learning is more likely when learners succeeded in acculturating to the L2 society.【你的答案】本题分数3分你的得分修改分数第7题 clipping【正确答案】 Clipping is a kind of abbreviation of otherwise longer words or phrases. For example, gym (gymnasium), fridge (refrigerator), sci?fi (science fiction), hi?fi ( high fidelity).【你的答案】本题分数3分你的得分修改分数第8题 linguistic relativism【正确答案】 Linguistic relativism refers to the belief that speakers of different languages perceive and experience the world differently, that is, relative to their linguistic background. It is a hypothesis proposed by an American linguist Benjamin Lee Whorf concerning language and thought.【你的答案】本题分数3分你的得分修改分数第9题 semantic narrowing【正确答案】 Semantic narrowing is a process in which the meaning of a word becomes less general or inclusive than its historically earlier meaning. For example, “wife”and “girl” in Old English were used respectively for “any woman” and“a young female or a young male” but in Modern English, their meanings have narrowed down to refer only to “married female” and “a young female” respectively.【你的答案】本题分数3分你的得分修改分数第10题 holophrastic sentence【正确答案】Children’s one?word utterances are called holophrastic sentences, because they can be used to express a concept or prediction that would be associated with an entire sentence in an adult speech. Usually, one?word utterances serve a naming function to refer to familiar people, toys, pets, food and objects in the child’s environment (such as“Mama”, “Papa” etc.), indicate certain actions and demands (such as “More!”, “Up!” etc.), or convey emotion (such as “No!”).【你的答案】五、Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)第1题 What are suprasegmental features? How do the major suprasegmental features of English function in conveying meaning?【正确答案】 The phonological features that occur above the sound segmental levelare called suprasegmental features. The major suprasegmental features of Englishinclude word stress, sentence stress and intonation. The suprasegmental featuresdistinguish meaning.【你的答案】本题分数10分你的得分修改分数第2题 What is the difference between a pidgin and creole?【正确答案】 A pidgin is a variety of language that is generally used by native speakers of other languages as a medium of communication used for some practical purposes. It is a simplified language with reduced vocabularies, originating most often from the higher dominant language and an absence of grammatical features such as case, tense, mood and voice, etc. On the other hand, a creole language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech community. That is, when a pidgin comes to be adopted by a population as its primary language, and children learn it as their first language, then the pidgin language is called a creole. In contrast with a pidgin, creoles are fully developed languages as complete in every way as other languages. When a pidgin begins to play the role of a trade language, it undergoes considerable expansion of its vocabulary and grammar and begins to acquire rules comparable in nature and complexity with the rules of any other human natural languages, then it becomes a creole.【你的答案】。

自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与(00830)

自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与（00830）自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与答案解析（00830）1.[单选题] The distinction between langue and parole was made by_______early of the 20th century.A.ChomskyB.HockettC.SaussureD.Sapir2.[单选题] When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration,the sounds produced in such a condition are voiceless.Of the following consonants in English, _______ is voiceless.A.[f]B.[d]C.[g]D.[n]3.[单选题] In terms of morphemic analysis, _______can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words,and_______the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.pounding...derivationpoundingC.back-formation… . blendingD.coinage…clipping4.[单选题] A_______sentence contains two, or more,clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.A.simpleplexpoundD.coordinate5.[单选题] The sense relation between"furniture" and“desk"is _______.A.synonymyB.antonymyC.homonymyD.hyponymy6.[单选题] Speech act theory is an important theory in the_______study of language.A.lexicalB.semanticC.pragmaticD.syntactic7.[单选题] Thewordradariscreatedbythewordformationruleof_______,which means combining the initials of a number of words.A.clippingB.acronymC.abbreviationpounding8.[单选题] English has become a(n) _______ for international scientific journals and international scientific meetings,a common means of communication by which scientific results are presented.A.standard languageB.lingua francaC.official languageD.vernacular language9.[单选题] Both Broca's and Wernike's work indicated that the left hemisphere structures are essential for _______.A.hearingB.writingC.speechD.intelligence10.[单选题] After prelinguistic cooing,the normal route of language development for children follows the order of_______stages.A.one-word,babbling,two-word and multiwordB.one-word,two-word,babbling and multiwordC.one-word,two-word,multiword and babblingD.babbling,one-word,two-word and multiword11.[填空题] There is no intrinsic connection between the wordrose" and the flower that smells sweet, which shows the design feature of a_______of human language.12.[填空题] As two allophonesof thesame phoneme /p/,[p]and[p'],whichoccur indifferent phonetic environments,are said to be in c_______distribution.13.[填空题] Words,suchaswater,go,book,tree,whichcontainonlyonemorpheme,arecall ed f_______ morphemes.14.[填空题] A sentence is considered grammatical when it conforms to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of n_______ speakers.15.[填空题] Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable c_______.16.[填空题] Semantics and p_______are both linguistic studies of meaning.17.[填空题] Historical linguistics is the subfield of linguistics that studies l_______ changes.18.[填空题] A form of d_______ exists in most Arabic-speaking countries where the high variety is used in lectures,religious speeches and formal political speeches,while the low variety is the local dialect of colloquial19.[填空题] Language functions are believed to be lateralized in the l_______ hemisphere of the brain.20.[填空题] It is estimated that during the first two years,a child has a very limited v_______ ranging from 50 to 100 words.21.[判断题] The distinction between competence and performance was made by N.Chomsky in the late 1950's.A.对B.错22.[判断题] All vowels in English are voiced.A.对B.错23.[判断题] The morpheme“mate"in the word“classmate"is a bound morpheme.A.对B.错24.[判断题] The widely recognized and highly abstract X-bar schema is capable of reducing the redundancies of individual phrasal structure rules and may well capture certain basicproperties shared by all phrasal categories across the languages of the world.A.对25.[判断题] Componential analysis is a way to analyze sentence meaning.A.对B.错26.[判断题] Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the illocutionary act.A.对B.错27.[判断题] The Norman Conquest marked the dawning of the Middle English period.A.对B.错28.[判断题] All dialects of a language are equally effective in expressing ideas.A.对B.错29.[判断题] Language is always a necessary condition for thought.A.对B.错30.[判断题] Language acquisition is a genetically determined capacity that all normal human beings are born with.A.对31.[名词解释] cultural transmission32.[名词解释] phonetics33.[名词解释] suffixes34.[名词解释] parameters35.[名词解释] reference36.[名词解释] Cooperative Principle37.[名词解释] language family38.[名词解释] linguistic taboo39.[名词解释] linguistic determinism40.[名词解释] acculturation41.[问答题] “From now on I will consider language to be a set(finite or infinite)of sentences,eachfinite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.”Please comment on the above definition of language.42.[问答题] Enumerate three major causes that lead to the systematic occurrence of errors in second language acquisition.。

10月全国自考现代语言学试题及答案解析

全国2018年10月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830Ⅰ. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)1. The tone, defined as pitch variation, is an important suprasegmental feature of tone languagessuch as .A. ChineseB. EnglishC. Chinese and EnglishD. English and French2. V oicing as a quality of speech sounds is caused by the vibration of .A. the velumB. the vocal cordsC. the glottisD. the uvula3. The words that contain only one morpheme are called .A. bound morphemesB. affixesC. free morphemesD. roots4. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called .A. phase structure rulesB. syntactic rulesC. lexical rulesD. transformational rules5. The naming theory was proposed by .A. the Greek scholar PlatoB.C.K. Ogden and I.A. RichardsC. the British linguist J. FirthD. the American linguist L. Bloomfield6. Speech act theory was first proposed by .A. John AustinB. John SearleC. Noam ChomskyD. John Firth7. linguistics refers to the study of a language or languages at a single point in time,without reference to earlier or later stages.A. DiachronicB. SynchronicC. HistoricalD. Comparative8. Different functional speech varieties known as are expected in, say, a churchsermon, a diplomatic encounter, a family dinner, or a sports broadcast.A. registersB. stylesC. dialectsD. accents9. is the study of language in relation to the mind.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. LinguisticsD. Semantics10. In general, children’s holophrastic sentences begin .A. in the late part of the first year or the early part of the second year1B. in the second half of the second yearC. between two and three years oldD. between four and five years oldⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11. Language can be defined as a system of arbitrary v symbols used for humancommunication.12. To satisfy the needs of the phoneticians in the study of speech sounds, a set of symbols calledd are added to broad transcription to show the more subtle differences between similarsounds.13. The meaning of a compound is often i ,not always being the sum total of the meaningsof its components.14. The clause into which another clause is embedded is called a m clause.15. Componential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected intomeaning components, called s features.16. C is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by thespeaker and the hearer.17. The major phonological change in the history of English known as the Great V owel Shiftinvolves seven long, or t , vowels of Middle English.18. Certain words in all societies are considered t -- they are forbidden or to be avoided.19. It’s known that specialized linguistic and perceptual skills are each localized in a particularhemisphere of the brain. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called l .20. C speech refers to the simple, modified speech used by parents, baby-sitters, etc. whenthey talk to young children who are acquiring their native language.Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.(2%×10=20%) 21.( ) According to Chomsky, a speaker can produce and understand an unlimited numberof sentences because he possesses an internalized set of rules about his language. 22. ( ) Phonological rules are not language specific, i.e. once proved to be valid, they canbe applied to all languages.23. ( ) Under the Case Condition principle, when the Move αrule operates to change asentence from the active voice to the passive voice, it can move a noun phrase to anyCase receiving position.24. ( ) Lexical categories are generally known as parts of speech, and a language has majorand minor lexical categories of a finite set.25. ( ) A grammatically well-formed sentence is always semantically well-formed.26. ( ) All illocutionary acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose or thesame illocutionary point.227. ( ) Borrowing occurs when one language takes a word or morpheme from anotherlanguage and adds it to its lexicon.28. ( ) It is obvious that the standard variety of language is the correct form of language.29. ( ) Human linguistic ability largely depends on the structure of their vocal cords.30. ( ) According to Behaviorist learning theory, children are believed to gradually assumecorrect forms of the language of their community when their “bad” speech getscorrected and when their good speech gets positively reinforced.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.(3%×10=30%)31. cultural transmission (as a defining feature of human language)32. phoneme33. linguistic competence34. syntactic movement35. homonymy36. derivation37. idiolect38. the critical period hypothesis39. intrapersonal communication40. telegraphic speechⅤ. Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word, and modify the meaning of a stem, but usually donot change the part of speech of the original word. Do you think it is true? Support your answer with examples.42. What are the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle? Please give examples to show howthe flouting of these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature (Give at least two examples, each flouting a different maxim).3。

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2011年10月现代语言学自考试题全国2011年10月自考现代语言学试题课程代码:00830I .Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets.( 2% 10=20% )1.Often referred to as a design feature of language, ________ enables speakers to produce and understand an infinite number of sentences that they have neither spoken nor heard before. ( )A.dualityB.productivityC.displacementD.arbitrariness2.________ phoneticians study speech sounds from the speaker’s point of view.They study the process of how a speaker uses his/her speech organs to produce sounds.( )A.ArticulatoryB.AuditoryC.AcousticD.General3.Morphemes such as -er, -en, in-are all called ________.( )A.free morphemesB.inflectional morphemesC.affixesD.roots4.________ is of critical importance because it allows the grammar to generate an infinite number of sentences and sentences with infinite length.( )A.RecursivenessB.Phrase structureC.TransformationD.Movement5.Synonyms are classified into several kinds.The words such as start, begin, and commence can be called ________ synonyms.( )A.dialectalB.stylisticC.emotiveD.collocational6.Acco rding to John Austin’s speech act theory, a(n)________ act is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.( )A.prelocutionaryB.locutionaryC.illocutionaryD.perlocutionary7.Grimm’s Law can be expressed in terms of natura l classes of speech sounds: voiced aspirates become unaspirated; voiced stops become voiceless; voiceless stops become ________.( ) A.affricatesB.fricativesC.voicedD.aspirates8._________is characterized by the innovative, vivid andexpressive use of nonstandard vocabulary as well as newly coined words, but it has traditionally carried a negative connotation.( )A.Linguistic tabooB.EuphemismC.SlangD.Vernacular language9.Which of the following cases supports the idea that the language faculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period? ( )A.Gage.B.Genie.C.Broca.D.Wernicke.10.Apart from the biological predisposition for language acquisition, language ________ is required for successful language acquisition.( )A.instructionB.correctionC.imitationD.input and interactionII.Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.( 1% 10=10% ) nguage system is culturally transmitted, i.e.by teaching and learning, as opposed to g________inheritance.12.A set of symbols called d can be added to the letter-symbols such as those needed to indicate long vowels, nasalization to make finer distinctions than the letters alone make possible. 13.In terms of word endings, English is simpler than some other languages such as Russian and German, as in its historical development it has dropped quite a few of its i affixes.14.WH-movement is the proposed movement of wh-forms to the beginning of a clause or sentence.In English, WH-preposing is o when a sentence changes from affirmative to interrogative.15.In the study of meaning, two kinds of context are recognized: the s context and the linguistic context.16.The utterance meaning of a sentence varies with the c in which it is uttered.17.H refers to a process of sound assimilation in which one of two phonetically similar syllables within a word is lost.For example, the Old English w ord “Engla-land” (“the land of the Angles”) came to be pronounced “England”.18.Empirical studies of language use and conversation analysis indicate that in normal situations women tend to use more p forms than men.19.P is considered as the intersection of psychology and linguistics, drawing equally upon the language and the mind orbrain.20.In second language acquisition, the process of adapting to the new culture of the L2 community is called a .III.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false.Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version .( 2% 10=20% )21.( ) Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive, and prescriptive grammar is no longer used in current language teaching.22.( ) The nasal cavity is formed by the passage through the nose when the soft palate, the velum at the back of the mouth is lowered.The sounds thus produced are called nasals.In English there are three nasals: [m], [n] in man, and [ ] in cling.23.( ) From the orthographical point of view, a compound can be written as one word with or without a hyphen in between, or as two separate words, the choice of which is determined by conventions.24.( )In a tree diagram of sentence structures, S is the root of the tree, occupying the topmost position, from where itbranches into phrasal categories, which further branch into smaller syntactic units. The points at which the tree branches are located at various levels are known as branching nodes. A branching node is connected directly only to one lower node. 25.( ) Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items are called complementary opposites. 26.( ) If a speaker is saying something for which he or she lacks adequate evidence, he or she is violating the maxim of quantity.27.( ) Cognates may be defined as words that have developed from a common ancestor or common source.Work on the systematic form-meaning resemblance in cognates lies at the core of comparative reconstruction.28.( ) In medieval times, an agree-upon “common tongue” came into use in the eastern Mediterranean ports, which was called Lingua Franca.The term lingua franca cannot be generalized to other languages similarly used.Thus, not any language can be a lingua franca.29.( ) The fact that successful translation between languages can be made is one of the major arguments against the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.30.( ) Empirical studies show that interference from the mother tongue is the major source of errors in learning a secondlanguage.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. ( 3% 10=30% )31.synchronic linguistics32.liquidspounding34.embedded clause35.predication36.directives37.internal borrowing38.social dialects39.interpersonal communication40.fossilizationV. Directions: Answer the following questions. ( 10% 2=20% ) 41.Define with examples phonemic contrast, allophone and complementary distribution. What is the basic way to determine the phonemes of a language?42.Describe with examples the lexical loss which occurred in Old English and Middle English.Do you think the loss of words inevitable? What do you think ofthe process of lexical loss?。

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