英文期刊Acknowledgments常用语

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科技英语写作(10)—Acknowledgement

How to Write and Publish 10） Scientific Papers in English （10）
——Acknowledgement
ZHAO Jianping Nanjing University of Technology
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致谢的写作
致谢的写作要点基金资助项目的英文表达 SCI高被引论文致谢案例分析
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论文致谢案例分析
Acknowledgments The authors thank David Hill and Marilee Burrell for preparing the mouse antisera to WAF1. This work was supported by the Preuss Foundation, the Clayton Fund, and National Institutes of Health grants CA09071 and CA-43460. 作者们感谢了 David Hill 和 Marilee Burrell 在实验材料准备方面的帮助，并给出了三种来源4项基金资助信息 Title: WAF1, A POTENTIAL MEDIATOR OF P53 TUMOR SUPPRESSION （WAF1:p53肿瘤抑制作用的一个可能介导因子） Source: CELL 75 (4): 817-825 NOV 19 1993 SCI被引5174次
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论文致谢案例分析
作为“致谢”的一部分形式注明基金资助项目的案例：被引4327次 Acknowledgments My work was supported by National Institutes of Health grants CA31798, CA31799, A131921, DK45104, and HL48675. Many references had to be deleted to shorten this review, and I apologize to authors and readers for work that could not be cited. I thank Andrew and Tom Issekutz, Alf Hamann, Eugene Butcher, Mike Brenner, lan Colditz, Adrienne Brian, Ronen Alon,Doug Ringlet, Michelle Cart, and Stephen Roth for sharing preprints or unpublished data and David Chang, Chades Mackay,Walter Newman,and Fred Rosen for critical reviews. 见： Cell,1994,76(2):301-314 Title: TRAFFIC SIGNALS FOR LYMPHOCYTE RECIRCULATION AND LEUKOCYTE EMIGRATION - THE MULTISTEP PARADIGM （淋巴细胞再循环和白细胞迁移中的路径信号——多步骤范例）这是一个唯一作者发表的论文，因而以个人名义表示感谢相关基金资助（ My work was supported by…… ）本文是一篇14页的综述有105篇参考文献，作者可能应编辑要求删除了部分参考文献，因而为此向读者和被删除了文献的相关作者表示歉意。作者还感谢数位同行或朋友让其分享尚未公开发表的文献或数据，并感谢Fred Rosen 的批评性审阅。

英文审稿人常用语大全

英文审稿人常用语大全英文审稿人在审阅稿件时常用的一些语言包括：1. "The manuscript is well-written and the arguments are clearly presented."2. "The author has effectively addressed the reviewers' comments and concerns."3. "The paper would benefit from a more thorough discussion of the methodology."4. "The conclusions drawn in the manuscript are well supported by the data."5. "The author should consider revising theintroduction to provide a clearer context for the study."6. "The language and grammar used in the manuscript need to be improved for clarity."7. "The paper would benefit from additional referencesto support the arguments."8. "The results presented in the manuscript are consistent with previous findings in the field."9. "The manuscript would benefit from a more in-depth analysis of the results."10. "The organization of the paper could be improved to enhance the flow of the arguments."这些是审稿人在审阅稿件时常用的一些语言，用于表达对文章内容、结构、语言表达等方面的评价和建议。

提供帮助的句子英文 acknowledgments-概述说明以及解释

提供帮助的句子英文acknowledgments1.I would like to express my deepest gratitude to...2.Special thanks to all those who supported me during this project.3.I am extremely grateful to...4.I want to acknowledge the invaluable contributions of...5.A heartfelt thank you to everyone who helped make this possible.6.I am truly thankful for the guidance provided by...7.I want to extend my appreciation to...8.I am grateful for the assistance of...9.I would like to thank all those who believed in me and my work.10.Special recognition to those who went above and beyond to assist me.11.I am indebted to...12.I want to recognize the unwavering support of...13.My sincere thanks to everyone who played a part in this endeavor.14.I am thankful for the encouragement of...15.I want to acknowledge the patience and understanding of...16.I am grateful for the unwavering support of...17.Special thanks to those who dedicated their time and effort to help me.18.I would like to express my appreciation to...19.I am thankful for the expertise provided by...20.I am deeply grateful for the generosity of spirit shown by all those involved.21.I am grateful for the unwavering support and encouragement from my family.22.A heartfelt thank you to my friends for their constant motivation during this journey.23.I would like to express my appreciation to my mentors for their valuable guidance.24.Special thanks to my colleagues for their collaboration and teamwork.25.I am thankful for the constructive feedback and suggestions from my reviewers.26.I appreciate the assistance and resources provided by the research team.27.Thank you to the participants who volunteered their time and insights for this project.28.I am grateful for the funding and grants that made this research possible.29.Special recognition to the experts in the field who shared their expertise and knowledge.30.I would like to acknowledge the contributions of the technical support team.31.I am thankful for the patience and understanding of everyone involved in this project.32.A big thank you to the editors and proofreaders who helped polish this manuscript.33.I appreciate the support and encouragement from the academic community.34.Special thanks to the organizations that provided access to their facilities for this research.35.I am grateful for the inspiration and motivation from the works of other researchers.36.Thank you to the administrative staff for their assistance in organizing this project.37.I would like to extend my gratitude to the participants who shared their personal experiences.38.I appreciate the dedication and hard work of everyone involved in this project.39.Special thanks to the conference organizers for the opportunity to present this research.40.I am thankful for the guidance and advice from my collaborators.41.Special thanks to all the volunteers who dedicated their time and efforts to make this project a success.42.I would like to express my gratitude to my family for their unwavering support and encouragement throughout this journey.43.Thank you to my colleagues for their invaluable feedback and insights that helped shape this project.44.I am grateful to my mentor for guiding me and providing constructive criticism that pushed me to do better.45.I want to acknowledge the support of my friends who stood by me through the ups and downs of this endeavor.46.A big thank you to the experts in the field who generously shared their knowledge and expertise with me.47.I appreciate the understanding and patience of those who had to make sacrifices in order to accommodate my schedule.48.Thanks to the sponsors who believed in this project and invested their resources to help bring it to life.49.I am grateful for the kindness and generosity of strangers who offered their assistance when I needed it most.50.Acknowledgment to the community for their continuous support and encouragement throughout this project.51.Special thanks to my significant other for being my pillar of strength and source of inspiration.52.I extend my gratitude to the library staff for their assistance in providing me with the necessary resources for this project.53.Thank you to the IT team for their technical support and expertise in troubleshooting any issues that arose.54.I appreciate the guidance and mentorship provided by my professors and teachers throughout this endeavor.55.Acknowledgment to the project team for their hard work and dedication in bringing this vision to fruition.56.I want to express my gratitude to the event organizers for their impeccable planning and execution of this project.57.A big thank you to the survey respondents who participated in providing valuable feedback and insights.58.I am grateful for the hospitality and warmth of the host community during the data collection phase of this project.59.Thank you to the anonymous donors who contributed towards the funding and sustainability of this project.60.Acknowledgment to the editorial team for their meticulous attention to detail and commitment to excellence in reviewing this document.61.Special thanks to our families for their unwavering supportthroughout this project.62.We appreciate the guidance and expertise provided by our mentors.63.Thank you to our colleagues for their collaboration and encouragement.64.We are grateful for the kindness and generosity of our friends.65.Thank you to everyone who contributed their time and effort to make this project a success.66.We extend our sincere gratitude to all the volunteers who helped out along the way.67.Special thanks to the individuals who believed in our vision and supported us along the way.68.We would like to express our appreciation to the community for their support and involvement.69.Thank you to the experts who shared their knowledge and insights with us.70.We are thankful for the contributions of everyone who played a part in this project.71.Special thanks to the donors who made this project possible with their generous contributions.72.We are grateful for the encouragement and motivationprovided by our coaches.73.Thank you to the organizations that provided resources and assistance for this project.74.We appreciate the feedback and suggestions from our peers that helped improve our work.75.Special thanks to the teachers who inspired us to pursue this project.76.We extend our gratitude to the staff members who provided logistical support for this project.77.Thank you to the experts who reviewed and provided feedback on our work.78.We are thankful for the support and understanding of our supervisors.79.Special thanks to the volunteers who dedicated their time and energy to help us with this project.80.We would like to express our appreciation to everyone who believed in us and our project.81.I am grateful for the support and guidance from my colleagues throughout this project.82.Special thanks to my mentor for always providing valuable feedback and encouragement.83.I would like to acknowledge the contribution of the technicalteam for their expertise and dedication.84.I am thankful for the patience and understanding of my family during this challenging time.85.A big thank you to the research participants for their cooperation and willingness to share their experiences.86.I appreciate the assistance of the administrative staff in handling logistics and paperwork.87.Special mention to the funding agency for their financial support that made this work possible.88.I am indebted to the library staff for their help in accessing relevant literature and resources.89.I would like to thank the reviewers for their insightful comments and suggestions for improvement.90.I am grateful for the encouragement and motivation provided by my friends and well-wishers.91.I acknowledge the contribution of the volunteers who dedicated their time and effort to this project.92.A special shoutout to the graphic designer for creating visual content that enhanced this work.93.I appreciate the support of the IT team in resolving technical issues and maintaining the project website.94.I am thankful for the collaboration with external partnersthat enriched the scope and outcomes of this project.95.Special thanks to the event organizers for providing a platform to showcase this work.96.I am grateful for the collaboration with fellow researchers that led to valuable insights and discoveries.97.I acknowledge the contribution of the translators for making this work accessible to a wider audience.98.I appreciate the guidance and mentorship of senior colleagues in shaping my research journey.99.I am thankful for the networking opportunities provided by professional organizations in this field.100.Special mention to the proofreaders for their meticulous review and corrections to improve the quality of this work.101.I am incredibly grateful to all those who supported me throughout this project.102.I would like to express my sincere appreciation to everyone who contributed to the success of this endeavor.103.Special thanks to my family for their unwavering support and encouragement.104.I want to acknowledge the hard work and dedication of all the team members involved in this project.105.I am grateful to my mentors for their guidance and wisdomin shaping this work.106.A heartfelt thank you to all the participants who generously shared their time and expertise.107.I extend my gratitude to all the individuals who provided valuable feedback and suggestions.108.Thank you to everyone who believed in me and my vision for this project.109.I am thankful for the opportunity to collaborate with such talented and passionate individuals.110.I appreciate the support and understanding of my friends during the challenging times of this project.111.Special recognition to the donors who generously contributed to this cause.112.I would like to acknowledge the contributions of all the volunteers who dedicated their time and effort to this project.113.Thank you to the sponsors for their generous support and commitment to this initiative.114.I am grateful to the experts who provided valuable insights and expertise throughout this project.115.Special appreciation to the community members who showed their support and belief in this work.116.I extend my gratitude to the leaders who providedguidance and mentorship during this endeavor.117.Thank you to the organizations that collaborated with us to make this project a reality.118.I want to express my heartfelt thanks to all those who played a part in making this project successful.119.I appreciate the patience and understanding of everyone involved during the challenges we faced.120.Special thanks to all the supporters who stood by us every step of the way.121.I am grateful for the unwavering support and encouragement from my family.122.Special thanks to my mentors for their guidance and wisdom throughout the journey.123.I appreciate the patience and understanding of my friends during this challenging time.124.To all the volunteers who dedicated their time and energy to help, thank you.125.I want to express my gratitude to the experts who provided valuable feedback and insights.126.Thank you to everyone who believed in me and my ability to make a difference.127.I am thankful for the opportunity to work with suchdedicated and talented individuals.128.Special recognition to the donors who made this project possible through their generosity.129.I owe a debt of gratitude to all those who supported me emotionally and mentally.130.To my colleagues, thank you for your collaboration and teamwork in achieving our goals.131.I appreciate the kindness and compassion shown by those who offered assistance in times of need.132.Thank you to the community for rallying together to support a common cause.133.I am grateful for the sacrifices made by those who went above and beyond to help others.134.Special thanks to the organizers who worked tirelessly to bring everyone together for a common purpose.135.I want to acknowledge the dedication and hard work of all those involved in this project.136.Thank you to the countless individuals who contributed in big and small ways to the success of this endeavor.137.I am humbled by the outpouring of support and kindness from those who believed in the mission.138.To the unsung heroes who quietly helped behind thescenes, your efforts have not gone unnoticed.139.I am forever grateful for the love and encouragement from those who stood by me through thick and thin.140.Thank you to each and every person who played a part in making this dream a reality.。

Acknowledgement(论文英文致谢)之欧阳治创编

Many people have offered me valuable help in my thesis writing, including my tutor, my classmates and my parents.Firstly, I would like to give my sincere gratitude to Prof. Mu Jinjiang, my tutor who, with extraordinary patience and consistent encouragement, gave me great help by providing me with necessary materials, advice of great value and inspiration of new ideas. It is his suggestions that draw my attention to a number of deficiencies and make many things clearer. Without his strong support, this thesis could not been the present form. My heartfelt thanks also go to Prof. Xia hou, my teacher of thesis writing course , for his help in the making of this thesis as well as his enlightening lectures from which I have benefited a great deal.Then, I pleased to acknowledge my classmates for their invaluable assistance throughout the preparation of the original manuscript. They graciously make considerable comments and sound suggestions to the outline of this paper.Besides, I am extremely grateful for my roommates for their cooperation, comments, and wise advice, although their advice is not always taken, where faults and infelicities remain.Finally, in particular, I would like to express my gratitude to my parents for their support; they provided the computers for me to search for information. It is of great help for me to finish this thesis successfully.I would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis.My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Professor Zhou Yanxia, my tutor, for his constant encouragement and guidance. He has walked methrough all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without his consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its present form.Second, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Professor Wang Jinsheng, who led me into the world of translation. I am also greatly indebted to the professors and teachers at the Department of English: Ms. Wu Qing, Feng Shaozhong and Han Xiaoya, who have instructed and helped me a lot in the past two years.Last my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence in me all through these years. I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis.例子3AcknowledgmentsI would like to express my gratitude to all those ------ helped me during the writing of this thesis. I ------ acknowledge the help of my supervisor, Ms. Sun Yanlan, who has offered me -------- suggestions in academic studies. In the preparation of the thesis，she has spent much time reading through each draft and provided me with -------- advice. Without her patient -------, insightful criticism and expert guidance, the completion of this thesis would not ------ possible.I also ----- a special debt of gratitude to all the professors in Foreign Languages Institute, from ------- devoted teaching and enlightening lectures I have benefited a lot and have -------- prepared for the thesis.I should finally like to express my gratitude to my beloved parents who have always been helping me out of difficulties and supporting me without a word of complaint.例子4AcknowledgmentsI would like to express my gratitude to all those who have helped me during the writing of this thesis. I gratefully acknowledge the help of my supervisor Professor Zhu Jimei. I do appreciate her patience, encouragement, and professional instructions during my thesis writing. Also, I would like to thank Miss Wen Pingzhen and Miss Li Wenying, who kindly gave me a hand when I was making the questionnaire among the college English learners.Last but not the least, my gratitude also extends to my family who have been assisting, supporting and caring for me all of my life.例子5AcknowledgmentsI am greatly indebted to my supervisor, Professor Wang Shuting, for his valuable instructions andsuggestions on my thesis as well as his careful reading of the manuscript.I feel grateful to all the teachers in the College of Foreign Languages of China University of Petroleum who once offered me valuable courses and advice during my study. My sincere thanks are also given to Pro. Dai Ruiliang and Pro. Sun Chengrong. from whose lectures I benefited greatly.Last but not least, I owe much to my friends and classmates for their valuable suggestions and critiques which are of help and importance in making the thesis a reality.例子6AcknowledgmentsGrateful acknowledgment is made to my supervisor Mr. Chen Fang who gave me considerable help by means of suggestion, comments and criticism. His encouragement and unwavering support has sustainedme through frustration and depression. Without his pushing me ahead, the completion of this thesis would be impossible. In addition, I deeply appreciate the contribution to this thesis made in various ways by my friends and。

acknowledgments写法

主题：致谢的正确写法和要点致谢在学术论文、演讲稿以及其他文献中具有重要意义，它不仅可以展示作者的礼貌和谦逊，还可以向帮助作者完成工作的人们表示感激之情。

正确的致谢写法不仅可以凸显作者的修辞和表达能力，还可以展现出作者的学术素养和品德修养。

一、致谢的基本要素致谢的基本要素包括感谢的对象、具体原因、具体内容。

在具体内容中，可以描述感谢对象为作者提供的资源、技术支持、研究思路等，并表示自己的感激之情。

二、致谢的具体写法1. 表达真诚的谢意致谢中要表达出作者的真诚感激之情，可以用“衷心感谢”、“对……的无尽感激”等词语来表达。

2. 列举感谢的对象可以列举所有给予作者帮助的对象，不仅包括指导老师、合作伙伴，还可以感谢提供技术、资源支持的单位或组织。

3. 说明感谢的原因在致谢中要说明感谢的具体原因，可以是提供实验设备、提供资金支持、提供指导等。

4. 注意礼貌用语在致谢中要使用礼貌用语，表达感谢和尊重之情，如“特此谨呈敬意”、“特向......表示衷心谢意”等。

三、致谢的写作技巧1. 简洁明了致谢不宜过长，要力求简洁明了，避免重复和啰嗦，防止读者审美疲劳。

2. 注意名人院士的称谓如果向名人院士、科研领军人物等表示感谢，要注意使用尊称，并简要说明其对自己工作的帮助和影响。

3. 慎用感伤语言在致谢中不宜使用太过感伤的语言，应该遵循客观、中肯、热情的原则，表达真挚的谢意。

四、致谢中的应避免的错误1. 忽略感谢在论文中不应忽略对帮助自己完成工作的人员和单位的感谢，这显得不够礼貌和不够谦逊。

2. 冗长致谢在致谢中不宜过分冗长，应力求言简意赅，突出对关键帮助者的感谢。

3. 空泛致谢不应在致谢中使用空泛的语言，应该具体描述受益者的帮助和对自己工作的贡献。

在进行致谢的写作时，要把握好致谢的基本要素和写作技巧，体现出真诚感激之情，展现出作者的研究素养和人文关怀，在表达感谢的也为自己的工作增添了温暖的人文关怀。

五、致谢的情感表达致谢不仅仅是一种礼貌，更是一种情感表达。

Acknowledgement(英文致谢)

Many people have offered me valuable help in my thesis writing, including my tutor, my classmates and my parents.Firstly, I would like to give my sincere gratitude to Prof. Mu Jinjiang, my tutor who, with extraordinary patience and consistent encouragement, gave me great help by providing me with necessary materials, advice of great value and inspiration of new ideas. It is his suggestions that draw my attention to a number of deficiencies and make many things clearer. Without his strong support, this thesis could not been the present form. My heartfelt thanks also go to Prof. Xia hou, my teacher of thesis writing course , for his help in the making of this thesis as well as his enlightening lectures from which I have benefited a great deal.Then, I pleased to acknowledge my classmates for their invaluable assistance throughout the preparation of the original manuscript. They graciously make considerable comments and sound suggestions to the outline of this paper.Besides, I am extremely grateful for my roommates for their cooperation, comments, and wise advice, although their advice is not always taken, where faults and infelicities remain.Finally, in particular, I would like to express my gratitude to my parents for their support; they provided the computers for me to searchfor information. It is of great help for me to finish this thesis successfully.I would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis.My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Professor Zhou Yanxia, my tutor, for his constant encouragement and guidance. He has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without his consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its present form.Second, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Professor Wang Jinsheng, who led me into the world of translation. I am also greatly indebted to the professors and teachers at the Department of English: Ms. Wu Qing, Feng Shaozhong and Han Xiaoya, who have instructed and helped me a lot in the past two years.Last my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence in me all through these years. I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis.例子3AcknowledgmentsI would like to express my gratitude to all those ------ helped me during the writing of this thesis. I ------ acknowledge the help of my supervisor, Ms. Sun Yanlan, who has offered me -------- suggestions in academic studies. In the preparation of the thesis，she has spent much time reading through each draft and provided me with -------- advice. Without her patient -------, insightful criticism and expert guidance, the completion of this thesis would not ------ possible. I also ----- a special debt of gratitude to all the professors in Foreign Languages Institute, from ------- devoted teaching and enlightening lectures I have benefited a lot and have -------- prepared for the thesis.I should finally like to express my gratitude to my beloved parents who have always been helping me out of difficulties and supporting me without a word of complaint.例子4AcknowledgmentsI would like to express my gratitude to all those who have helped me during the writing of this thesis. I gratefully acknowledge the help of my supervisor Professor Zhu Jimei. I do appreciate her patience, encouragement, and professional instructions during my thesis writing.Also, I would like to thank Miss Wen Pingzhen and Miss Li Wenying, who kindly gave me a hand when I was making the questionnaire among the college English learners.Last but not the least, my gratitude also extends to my family who have been assisting, supporting and caring for me all of my life.例子5AcknowledgmentsI am greatly indebted to my supervisor, Professor Wang Shuting, for his valuable instructions and suggestions on my thesis as well as his careful reading of the manuscript.I feel grateful to all the teachers in the College of Foreign Languages of China University of Petroleum who once offered me valuable courses and advice during my study. My sincere thanks are also given to Pro. Dai Ruiliang and Pro. Sun Chengrong. from whose lectures I benefited greatly.Last but not least, I owe much to my friends and classmates for their valuable suggestions and critiques which are of help and importance in making the thesis a reality.例子6AcknowledgmentsGrateful acknowledgment is made to my supervisor Mr. Chen Fang who gave me considerable help by means of suggestion, comments and criticism. His encouragement and unwavering support has sustained me through frustration and depression. Without his pushing me ahead, the completion of this thesis would be impossible. In addition, I deeply appreciate the contribution to this thesis made in various ways by my friends and。

英语学术论文常用词汇与短语

英语学术论文常用词汇与短语差别：gaps between, differentiate between, discrepancies，no intergroup difference存在，出现：occurred, occurrence ,existed, existence, presence, present多数，少数：the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases ，a marked majority, handful 方法：approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, tools发生率：Incidence, frequency, prevalence发现，阐明，报道，证实：verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize, clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observ e, illuminate, illustrate，demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal, display, manifest，suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply, disclose，report, describe，facilitate the identification of ，screening ，isolation改变：change, alteration高，增加：high, enhanced, elevated, increased, forced降，少，缺：decrease, reduction, reduced, diminish, loss, suppression, deficient, low, weak, faint, light, absenc e, absent, undetectable, lack ,defective, negative, poor,impaired, greatly reduced or completely absent, frequently lost or down-expressed各种，多种：in multiple types of, in various types of, in a variety of关系，相关，参与：closely involved in, associated广泛的：in an extensive survey执行：perform, carry out角色，起作用：role, part （limited, potential, early, possible role）可能性：feasibility密切地：intimately难理解的，似谜的：enigmatic (x remains enigmatic)潜在假定的：potential, candidate, putative缩写：abbreviations识别，辨别：discernment提供，帮助：provide, supply, help (to), contribute to, offer, allow, dedicate, devote, assist in调节（失调，上调，下调）：dis-regulation, dys-regulation, up-regulation, up-expression, over-expression, down-expression, down-regulation推测： presume,speculate ,confer, conjecture ,guess, deduce，deduction显著,优先的:prominent, pronounced, obvious, marked, predominant, strong, striking ,notable, Conspicuously, re markably，significant, preferential, prevalence, prevalent相同，同等并列：with a similar pattern to协同，加强：synergize with研究:analysis, survey, study, research, investigation, experiments, trial, observations, assessment, inqui ry, examinations ,pursue investigation into, analyze, detect, determinate, be focused on, measure, examine, test, assess, evaluate, explore一致：which is in accord with the results,which corroborated the results which supported the results优缺点：merits and drawbacks，beneficial and detrimental异常：aberration, abnormality重要：crucial, key, important, major, be of critical importance相反：On the contrary, In contrary,but quite on the contrary，in sharp contrast, contrary to what would be expected，Contrary to the expectation that 与一起：in combination with, coupled with由于、鉴于：In light of，In view that。

期刊论文英文摘要格式

期刊论文英文摘要格式（Title）应简洁、明确，并准确反映论文的核心内容。

使用主动语态，并避免使用缩写、行话或术语。

作者信息（Author Information）在下方，列出所有作者的姓名、所属机构及联系信息。

确保所有作者都同意在论文中列出。

摘要（Abstract）摘要应提供论文的简要概述，包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论。

确保摘要不超过250字，并使用第三人称。

关键词（Keywords）在摘要下方，列出35个关键词，这些关键词应与论文内容紧密相关，并有助于读者在数据库中找到您的论文。

引言（Introduction）引言部分应简要介绍研究背景、目的和意义。

确保这部分内容与摘要相呼应，并为读者提供足够的背景信息。

方法（Methods）方法部分应详细描述您的研究方法、实验设计、数据收集和分析方法。

确保这部分内容足够详细，以便其他研究人员能够重复您的实验。

结果（Results）结果部分应报告您的实验结果，并使用图表、表格和图像等视觉元素来支持您的发现。

确保结果部分与摘要中的结果相一致。

讨论（Discussion）讨论部分应解释您的研究结果，并将其与现有文献进行比较。

确保这部分内容深入分析结果，并指出研究的局限性和未来研究方向。

结论（Conclusion）致谢（Acknowledgments）附录（Appendices）在致谢下方，提供任何额外的材料，如原始数据、代码或额外的图表。

确保附录部分与内容相一致。

期刊论文英文摘要格式（Title）是论文的“门面”，应简洁明了，直接反映论文的核心内容。

避免使用缩写、行话或术语，以便所有读者都能理解。

通常使用主动语态，这样可以更直接地传达信息。

作者信息（Author Information）在下方，列出所有作者的姓名、所属机构及联系信息。

确保所有作者都同意在论文中列出，并且按照贡献大小排序。

联系信息应包括电子邮件地址，以便读者与作者联系。

摘要（Abstract）摘要应提供论文的简要概述，包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论。

英语论文Acknowledgements

ContentsAcknowledgements (i)Abstract (ii)Abstract(Chinese) (iii)Introduction (1)Chapter One Reasons for Mr Holden’s Degeneration (2)1.1 The Social Reason (2)1.2 The School Reason (4)1.3 The Family Reason (5)1.4 The Reason of Mr Holden (6)Chapter Two W ays to Solve These Problems (7)2.1 Social Responsibility (8)2.2 School Responsibility (8)2.3 Family Responsibility (9)2.4 Y oung People’s Own Responsibility (10)Conclusion (11)Notes (13)Bibliography (14)AcknowledgementsDuring the months of research, which led to this paper, I wished to express my appreciation to someone for the help. First, I have my deepest gratitude to Professor Sun Hongyan, my supervisor, for her constant encouragement and valuable instruction, for her insightful lectures, which inspire me to compose this thesis. She has helped me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Her great patience and stimulating supervision played a vital part in the completion of the study. Without her consistentand illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its present form.Second, I am also greatly indebted to the professors and teachers at the School of Foreign Language: Professor Wei Xiaohong, Professor Shi Yunxia, who have instructed and helped me a lot in the past years. I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Mr. Cai Qilun, who gave me help and some advices at the early stage of my research.Third, my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence in me all through these years. I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis.AbstractThe essay is mainly divided into three parts. The first part is about the reasons for Mr Holden’s degeneration. It describes four reasons for the hero’s degeneration in the process of his growing. The first reason is the social reason. The second is about the school reason. The third one is the family reason, while the last one is the hero himself. After these reasons, the next part is about how to solve these problems. The conclusion is the reasons for the hero’s degeneration and the ways how to solve thesepromlems. The essay mainly uses two ways. They are the methods of analysis and comparison. Mr. Holden is just an example. Nowadays most of teen boys and girls might face the problems as Mr. Holden. School and society should pay more attention to the problems and do some help to the young. Parents should learn some methods on how to educate their children in order to let them avoid degeneration. Y oung people should also reinforce their own physical and psychology study to avoid self-degeneration.Key Words:young people degeneration reasons ways on solving the problems摘要本篇论文主要分为三部分，第一部分主要描述了霍尔顿堕落的原因。

论文写作与发表6 (unit 9)

References
As writers, you must indicate the sources of all information and ideas from existing work that you use in your writing, whether you use the source’s words or your own. The information that is assumed to be general knowledge in your field or to come directly from yourself is not referenced. If you neglect to reference someone else’s work, then you commit plagiarism, which is a serious academic offence. Therefore, always remember to use quotations and paraphrase with proper referencing.
2.
参考文献的格式规范
3.芝加哥大学的 CMS 格式 (芝加哥格式)常用于人文科学和社会科学领域。 Corresponding item in references: 1. Louise M. Rosenblatt, “ The Transactional Theory：Against Dualisms,” College English 54 (1993)：380.

Paraphrasing
refers to putting an author’s ideas or information into your words. For example: Original: “This has led to the conclusion that, out of the nation’s population, 85% watch television to excess.” (Liu, 2002: 67) Paraphrased: Liu (2002)argues that 85%of people in this nation watch too much television.

英语论文Acknowledgements模板

英语论文Acknowledgements模板1. AcknowledgementsMy deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Professor xxx , my supervisor, for her/his constant encouragement and guidance. She/He has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without her/his consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its present form.Second, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Professor xxx, who led me into the world of translation. I am also greatly indebted to the professors and teachers of the Foreign Language School, who have instructed and helped me a lot in the past years.Last my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence in me all through these years. I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis.2. AcknowledgementsIn writing this paper, I have benefited from the presence of my teachers and my classmates. They generously helped me collect materials I needed and made many invaluable suggestions. I hereby extend my grateful thanks to them for their kind help, without which the paper would not have been what it is.Particularly, I am deeply indebted to Professor xxx, my supervisor, who guided me throughout my writing of this thesis. He carefully read the whole draft and offered painstaking and precious criticism. His standards of academic excellence havemade my revision and exciting and gratifying experience. I also wish to sincerely thank my classmates and friends xxx and xxx, whose brilliant ideas and perceptive observations have proved immensely constructive.My parents took good care of my life and gave me a lot of encouragement when I was working at this thesis. They always share my weal and woe. I feel much grateful and heartily owe my achievement to them.Furthermore, none of this would have been possible without the help of those individuals and organizations hereafter mentioned with gratitude: our school library and its staff, the library of Beihai University and its staff.3.AcknowledgementsThis thesis would not have been possible without the consistent and valuable reference materials that I received from my supervisor, whose insightful guidance and enthusiastic encouragement in the course of my shaping this thesis definitely gain my deepest gratitude.My heartfelt thanks also go to for his instructive suggestions and expert advice in the field of ……I would also avail myself of this opportunity to extend my sincere thanks to the other teachers, from whose teaching and instruction I obtained lifetime.Last but not least, I am much indebted to my family, without whose affection and support this thesis could not have appeared in its final form.4. AcknowledgementsFirst and foremost, I would like to avail myself of the opportunity to express my gratitude to …, my tutor, who has taken her precious time off from her tight schedule, reading mythesis carefully and offering me constant encouragement, valuable suggestions and enlightening instructions, which contribute to the completion of my thesis.I would also like to acknowledge my indebtedness to …and many others who have contributed their time, thoughts, skills and encouragement to this thesis.I am also grateful to all the classmates and friends who have given me generous support and helpful advice in the past few years.Finally, I wish to devote this paper to my beloved family, who have given me life and love, and have been supporting me since 22 years ago.5.AcknowledgementsI would like to extend my heartfelt thanks to a host of people，without whose assistance the accomplishment of this thesis would have been impossible.First and foremost, I am deeply indebted to my supervisor,… for his patient guidance and constant encouragement during the writing of this thesis as well as in the course of my undergraduate studies.I am also grateful to…, and many other instructors, whose valuable instruction has benefited me a great deal.I owe a lot to my parents as well for their consistent support and encouragement.6. AcknowledgementsFor the completion of my B. A thesis, first, I wish to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Prof. Ladusaw, who has given me the most valuable suggestions and advice, and made necessary corrections. Then I am greatly indebted to Prof. Sung Lyeen for his advice on the format and help with mycomputerization and I also owe a lot to Prof.Boas, who has shown much consideration for my composition and has provided me with some useful materials. Finally, I would like to express my thanks to my colleagues Messrs Jason, Sabastian and Yokosima, who have generously offered their help with my computerization.7.AcknowledgementsFirst of all, I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Zhang Hong, for her instructive advice and useful suggestions on my thesis. I am deeply grateful of her help in the completion of this thesis.High tribute shall be paid to Ms. Geng Li, whose profound knowledge of English triggers my love for this beautiful language and whose earnest attitude tells me how to learn English.I am also deeply indebted to all the other tutors and teachers in Translation Studies for their direct and indirect help to me.Special thanks should go to my friends who have put considerable time and effort into their comments on the draft.Finally, I am indebted to my parents for their continuous support and encouragement. Acknowledgements8、I would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis.My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Professor Zhou Yanxia, my supervisor, for his constant encouragement and guidance. He has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without his consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its present form. Second, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Professor Wang Jinsheng, who led me into the world of translation. I am also greatly indebted to the professors and teachers at the Department of English: Ms. Wu Qing, Feng Shaozhong and HanXiaoya, who have instructed and helped me a lot in the past two years. Last my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence in me all through these years. I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis.例子9AcknowledgementsI would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis. I gratefully acknowledge the help of my supervisor, Ms. Sun Yanlan, who has offered me valuable suggestions in the academic studies. In the preparation of the thesis，she has spent much time reading through each draft and provided me with inspiring advice. Without her patient instruction, insightful criticism and expert guidance, the completion of this thesis would not have been possible.I also owe a special debt of gratitude to all the professors in Foreign Languages Institute, from whose devoted teaching and enlightening lectures I have benefited a lot and academically prepared for the thesis.I should finally like to express my gratitude to my beloved parents who have always been helping me out of difficulties and supporting without a word of complaint.例子10AcknowledgementsI would like to express my gratitude to all those who have helped me during the writing of this thesis. I gratefully acknowledge the help of my supervisor Professor Zhu Jimei. I do appreciate her patience, encouragement, and professionalinstructions during my thesis writing. Also, I would like to thank Miss Wen Pingzhen and Miss Li Wenying, who kindly gave me a hand when I was making the questionnaire among the college English learners.Last but not the least, my gratitude also extends to my family who have been assisting, supporting and caring for me all of my life.例子11AcknowledgementsI am greatly indebted to my supervisor, Professor Wang Shuting, for his valuable instructions and suggestions on my thesis as well as his careful reading of the manuscript.I feel grateful to all the teachers in the College of Foreign Languages of China University of Petroleum who once offered me valuable courses and advice during my study. My sincere thanks are also given to Pro. Dai Ruiliang and Pro. Sun Chengrong. from whose lectures I benefited greatly.Last but not least, I owe much to my friends and classmates for their valuable suggestions and critiques which are of help and importance in making the thesis a reality.例子12Grateful acknowledgement is made to my supervisor Mr. Chen Fang who gave me considerable help by means of suggestion, comments and criticism. His encouragement and unwavering support has sustained me through frustration and depression. Without his pushing me ahead, the completion of this thesis would be impossible. In addition, I deeply appreciate the contribution to this thesis made in various ways by my friends and classmates13.AcknowledgementsFirst and foremost, I am most grateful to my supervisor, Professor XXX, whose useful suggestions, incisive comments and constructive criticism have contributed greatly to the completion of this thesis. She devotes a considerable portion of her time to reading my manuscripts and making suggestions for further revisions. Her tremendous assistance in developing the framework for analysis and in having gone through the draft versions of this thesis several times as well as her great care in life deserve more thanks than I can find words to express.I am also greatly indebted to all my teachers who have helped me directly and indirectly in my studies. Any progress that I have made is the result of their profound concern and selfless devotion. Among them the following require mentioning: Professor XXX, Mr. XXX, and Mr. XXX.AcknowledgementsI am greatly indebted to my thesis supervisor, Mr. XXX. Without his patientassistance and friendly encouragement, it would not be possible for me to complete this thesis in such a short period of time without reducing its scholarly quality. His willingness to give me his time so generously has been much appreciated. Truly, without his painstaking efforts in revising and polishing my drafts, the completion of the present thesis would not have been possible.My sincere thanks should also go to all my teachers for their scholarly advice and generous help during my study in Foreign Language School of Linyi Normal University. Any progress that I have made is the result of their profound concern and selfless devotion. Among them the following requires mentioning: Professor XXX, Professor XXX, and Mr. XXX.。

新闻报道常用英语词汇

英语新闻词汇大全accredited journalist n. 特派记者advertisement n．广告．advance n．预发消息；预写消息affair n．桃色新闻；绯闻anecdote n．趣闻轶事assignment n．采写任务attribution n. 消息出处，消息来源back alley news n. 小道消息backgrounding n．新闻背景Bad news travels quickly. 坏事传千里。

banner n．通栏标题beat n．采写范围blank vt. "开天窗"body n. 新闻正文boil vt．压缩(篇幅)box n. 花边新闻brief n. 简讯bulletin n．新闻简报byline n. 署名文章caption n．图片说明caricature n．漫画carry vt．刊登cartoon n．漫画censor vt. 审查(新闻稿件)，新闻审查chart n．每周流行音乐排行版clipping n．剪报column n．专栏；栏目columnist n．专栏作家continued story 连载故事;连载小说contributing editor 特约编辑contribution n．(投给报刊的)稿件;投稿contributor n．投稿人copy desk n．新闻编辑部copy editor n．文字编辑correction n．更正(启事)correspondence column读者来信专栏correspondent n.驻外记者；常驻外埠记者cover vt．采访;采写cover girl n. 封面女郎covert coverage 隐性采访;秘密采访crop vt．剪辑(图片)crusade n．宣传攻势cut n．插图vt．删减(字数)cut line n．插图说明daily n．日报dateline n．新闻电头deadline n．截稿时间dig vt．深入采访；追踪(新闻线索)；“挖”(新闻)digest n．文摘editorial n．社论editorial office 编辑部daily 日报morning edition 晨报evening edition 晚报quality paper 高级报纸popular paper 大众报纸evening paper 晚报government organ 官报party organ 党报trade paper 商界报纸Chinese paper 中文报纸English newspaper 英文报纸vernacular paper 本国文报纸Japanese paper 日文报纸political news 政治报纸Newspaper Week 新闻周刊the front page 头版，第一版bulldog edition 晨版article 记事headline 标题banner headline 头号大标题byline 标题下署名之行dateline 日期、发稿地之行big news 头条新闻hot news 最新新闻exclusive news 独家新闻scoop 特讯feature 特写，花絮criticism 评论editorial 社论review,comment 时评book review 书评topicality 时事问题city news 社会新闻column 栏letters 读者投书栏general news column 一般消息栏cartoon,comics 漫画cut 插图weather forecast 天气预报serial story 新闻小说obituary notice 讣闻public notice 公告advertisement 广告calssified ad 分类广告flash-news 大新闻extra 号外the sports page 运动栏literary criticism 文艺评论Sunday features 周日特刊newsbeat 记者采访地区news blackout 新闻管制press ban 禁止刊行yellow sheet 低俗新闻tabloid 图片版新闻"Braille" edition 点字版newspaper office 报社publisher 发行人proprieter 社长bureau chief, copy chief 总编辑editor-in-chief 总主笔editor 编辑, 主笔newsman, newspaperman, journalist 新闻记者cub reporter 初任记者reporter 采访记者war correspondent, campaign badge 随军记者columnist 专栏记者star reporter 一流通讯员correspondent 通讯员special correspondent 特派员contributor 投稿家news source 新闻来源informed sources 消息来源newspaper campaign 新闻战free-lancer writer 自由招待会press box 记者席news conference, press conference 记者招待会International Press Association 国际新闻协会distribution 发行circulation 发行份数newsstand, kiosk 报摊newspaper agency 报纸代售处newsboy 报童subscription (rate) 报费newsprint 新闻用纸Fleet Street 舰队街acredited journalist n. 特派记者advertisment n．广告．advance n．预发消息；预写消息affair(e) n．桃色新闻；绯闻anecdote n．趣闻轶事assignment n．采写任务attribution n. 消息出处，消息来源back alley news n. 小道消息backgrounding n．新闻背景Bad news travels quickly. 坏事传千里。

英文期刊发表文章格式

英文期刊发表文章格式As a Baidu Wenku document creator, I will provide a sample of an article on the format for publishing an article in an English journal.Title: Format for Publishing an Article in an English Journal。

When submitting an article to an English journal for publication, it is essential to adhere to the specific format and guidelines set by the journal. The following guidelines outline the standard format for publishing an article in an English journal.1. Title and Author Information:The title of the article should be concise, informative, and accurately reflect the content of the research. The author's name, affiliation, and contact information should be clearly stated below the title.2. Abstract:The abstract is a brief summary of the article, highlighting the purpose, methodology, key findings, and conclusions. It should not exceed 250 words and should be written in a clear and concise manner.3. Keywords:Provide a list of 3-5 keywords that accurately reflect the content of the article. These keywords will help index the article and make it more discoverable to readers.4. Introduction:The introduction should provide background information on the topic, clearly state the research question or hypothesis, and outline the objectives of the study. It should also include a brief literature review to contextualize the research within the existing body of knowledge.5. Methodology:Detail the research methods and procedures used in the study. This section should be sufficiently detailed to allow other researchers to replicate the study. Include information on the study design, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques.6. Results:Present the findings of the study in a clear and organized manner. Use tables, figures, and graphs to effectively communicate the results. Ensure that the results are directly related to the research question and are presented without interpretation.7. Discussion:Interpret the results and discuss their implications in the context of existing literature. Address the significance of the findings, limitations of the study, and potential areas for future research. Avoid repeating the results but instead, provide a critical analysis of the findings.8. Conclusion:Summarize the main findings of the study and reiterate their importance. Emphasize the contribution of the study to the field and suggest practical implications. Avoid introducing new information in the conclusion.9. References:List all the sources cited in the article using the appropriate citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago). Ensure that the references are accurate, complete, and consistently formatted.10. Acknowledgments:If applicable, acknowledge individuals or organizations that have contributed to the research or provided support for the study.In conclusion, adhering to the standard format for publishing an article in an English journal is crucial for ensuring the quality and credibility of the research. By followingthese guidelines, authors can effectively communicate their findings to a wider audience and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in their respective fields.。

Acknowledgement(论文英文致谢)_New

Acknowledgement(论文英文致谢)_NewAcknowledgement(论文英文致谢)Many people have offered me valuable help in my thesis writing, including my tutor, my classmates and my parents.Firstly, I would like to give my sincere gratitude to Prof. Mu Jinjiang, my tutor who, with extraordinary patience and consistent encouragement, gave me great help by providing me with necessary materials, advice of great value and inspiration of new ideas. It is his suggestions that draw my attention to a number of deficiencies and make many things clearer. Without his strong support, this thesis could not been the present form. My heartfelt thanks also go to Prof. Xia hou, my teacher of thesis writing course , for his help in the making of this thesis as well as his enlightening lectures from which I have benefited a great deal.Then, I pleased to acknowledge my classmates for their invaluable assistance throughout the preparation of the original manuscript. They graciously make considerable comments and sound suggestions to the outline of this paper.Besides, I am extremely grateful for my roommates for their cooperation, comments, and wise advice, although their advice is not always taken, where faults and infelicities remain.Finally, in particular, I would like to express my gratitude to my parents for their support; they provided the computers for me tosearch for information. It is of great help for me to finish this thesis successfully.I would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis.My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Professor Zhou Yanxia, my tutor, for his constant encouragement and guidance. He has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without his consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its present form.Second, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Professor Wang Jinsheng, who led me into the world of translation. I am also greatly indebted to the professors and teachers at the Department of English: Ms. Wu Qing, Feng Shaozhong and Han Xiaoya, who have instructed and helped me a lot in the past two years.Last my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence in me all through these years. I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis.例子3AcknowledgmentsI would like to express my gratitude to all those ------ helped me during the writing of this thesis. I ------ acknowledge the help of my supervisor, Ms. Sun Yanlan, who has offered me -------- suggestions in academic studies. In the preparation of the thesis，she has spent much time reading through each draft and provided me with -------- advice. Without her patient -------, insightful criticism and expert guidance, the completion of this thesis would not ------ possible. I also ----- a special debt of gratitude to all the professors in Foreign Languages Institute, from ------- devoted teaching and enlightening lectures I have benefited a lot and have -------- prepared for the thesis.I should finally like to express my gratitude to my beloved parents who have always been helping me out of difficulties and supporting me without a word of complaint.例子4AcknowledgmentsI would like to express my gratitude to all those who have helped me during the writing of this thesis. I gratefully acknowledge the help of my supervisor Professor Zhu Jimei. I do appreciate her patience, encouragement, and professional instructions during my thesis writing. Also, I would like to thank Miss Wen Pingzhen and Miss Li Wenying, who kindly gave me a hand when I was making the questionnaire among the college English learners.Last but not the least, my gratitude also extends to my family who have been assisting, supporting and caring for me all of my life.例子5AcknowledgmentsI am greatly indebted to my supervisor, Professor Wang Shuting, for his valuable instructions and suggestions on my thesis as well as his careful reading of the manuscript.I feel grateful to all the teachers in the College of Foreign Languages of China University of Petroleum who once offered me valuable courses and advice during my study. My sincere thanks are also given to Pro. Dai Ruiliang and Pro. Sun Chengrong. from whose lectures I benefited greatly.Last but not least, I owe much to my friends and classmates for their valuable suggestions and critiques which are of help and importance in making the thesis a reality.例子6AcknowledgmentsGrateful acknowledgment is made to my supervisor Mr. Chen Fang who gave me considerable help by means of suggestion, comments and criticism. His encouragement and unwavering support has sustained me through frustration and depression. Without his pushing me ahead, the completion of this thesis would be impossible. In addition, I deeply appreciate the contribution to this thesis made in various ways by my friends and。

英文报刊常用术语

英文报刊常用术语英文报刊常用术语accredited journalist n. 特派记者advertisement n．广告．advance n．预发消息；预写消息affair n．桃色新闻；绯闻anecdote n．趣闻轶事assignment n．采写任务attribution n. 消息出处，消息来源back alley news n. 小道消息backgrounding n．新闻背景Bad news travels quickly. 坏事传千里。

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

ABSTRACTTHOMAS, STEPHEN MICHAEL. Using Automated Fix Generation to Mitigate SQL Injection Vulnerabilities. (Under the direction of Dr Laurie Williams.)Since 2002, over 10% of total cyber vulnerabilities were SQL injection vulnerabilities (SQLIVs). Since most developers are not experienced software security practitioners, a solution for correctly removing SQLIVs that does not require security expertise is desirable. In this paper, a prepared statement replacement algorithm for removing SQLIVs by replacing SQL statements with prepared SQL statements is described. Prepared SQL statements have a static structure and take type-specific input parameters, which prevents SQL injection attack input from changing the structure and logic of a statement. The prepared statement replacement algorithm is evolved over the course of preparing for and analyzing the results of four formative and evaluative case studies. Each algorithm version was tested by converting projects and testing the projects with for security, functional equivalency, logical equivalency of the SQL statements. The converted applications were found to be secure, functionally equivalent, and logically equivalent in comparison to the original application. Additionally, the final algorithm version was implemented by an automated fix generation code generator, which converted the last two case study projects without direct developer intervention. Finally, the assumptions and limitations of the final algorithm as well as the fix generation code generator are detailed.Using Automated Fix Generation to Mitigate SQL Injection VulnerabilitiesbyStephen M. ThomasA thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty ofNorth Carolina State UniversityIn partial fulfillment of theRequirements for the degree ofMaster of ScienceComputer ScienceRaleigh, NC2007Approved by:Dr. Rada Chirkova Dr. Laurie WilliamsChair of Advisory Committee Dr. Tao XieBIOGRAPHYStephen Thomas is from Raleigh, North Carolina. He received his Bachelors of Science in Computer Science attending North Carolina State University from 2003 to 2006. In 2005 Stephen began taking graduate classes and in 2005 he enrolled in the Accelerated Bachelors/Masters program, seeking a Master of Science degree in Computer Science. He will receive his Master of Science degree in December, 2007.iiACKNOWLEDGMENTSI would first like to thank Dr. Laurie Williams, whose support and guidance helped me complete my thesis. I would also like to thank my thesis committee members Dr. Rada Chirkova and Dr. Tao Xie who gave useful input while I was working on my thesis research. The Realsearch group worked with me both formally and informally on my research and provided valuable support and guidance. I would like to thank North Carolina State University for providing me the rich and constructive environment to pursue my research interests.iiiTABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF TABLES (vi)LIST OF FIGURES (vii)1 Introduction (1)2 Background (5)2.1 SQL Injection Vulnerabilities (SQLIVs) (5)2.2 SQL Injection Attacks (SQLIAs) (5)2.3 Prepared Statements (6)2.4 SQL Structure (8)2.5 Automated Fix Suggestion (9)3 Related Work (10)3.1 SQLIA Mitigation Solutions (10)4 Prepared Statement Replacement Algorithm (13)4.1 Algorithm Target Environment (13)4.2 Algorithm Evolution (13)4.2.1. SQLIVF-Algorithm v1 (14)4.2.2. SQLIVF-Algorithm v2 (15)4.3 SQLIVF-Algorithm v3 (20)4.3.1. Generated Code Structure (20)4.3.2. SQLIVF-Algorithm v3 Details (26)4.3.3. SQLIVF-Algorithm v3 Implementation (34)4.4 Assumptions and Limitations (36)5 Empirical Case Studies (38)5.1 Testing Frameworks (38)5.2 SQLIA Types (39)5.3 Study One: Initial Formative Case Study (42)5.3.1. Case Study Setup (43)5.3.2. Generated Code Analysis (43)5.4 Study Two: Formative Empirical Case Study (45)5.4.1. Case Study Setup (45)5.4.2. Equivalency and Security Unit Testing (46)5.4.3. Secure System Testing (48)iv5.5 Study Three: Evaluative Empirical Case Study (50)5.5.1. Case Study Setup (52)5.5.2. Equivalency and Security Unit Testing (52)5.5.3. SQL Statement Logical Equivalency (54)5.6 Study Four: Repeat Evaluative Empirical Case Study (54)5.6.1. Case Study Setup (56)5.6.2. Equivalency and Security Unit Testing (57)6 Conclusion (59)7 References (61)Appendix (63)vTable 1: Code Challenges for SQLIVF-Algorithm Versions (14)Table 2: SQLIVF-Algorithm v1 Category Breakdown of Toy Java Applications (43)Table 3: Summary of the Results of the Initial Formative Case Study (44)Table 4: SQLIVF-Algorithm v2 Category Breakdown of iTrust (45)Table 5: Summary of the Results of the Formative Empirical Case Study (50)Table 6: SQLIVF-Algorithm v3 Category Breakdown of Nettrust (51)Table 7: Summary of the Results of the Evaluative Empirical Case Study (54)Table 8: SQLIVF-Algorithm v3 Category Breakdown of iTrust (56)Table 9: Summary of the Results of the Repeat Evaluative Empirical Case Study (58)viFigure 1: PS String and assistant vector creation and use example code (17)Figure 2: Creation and propagation of the PreparedStatement example code (19)Figure 3: Example Code of a PS String and Assistant Vector (21)Figure 4: Conditional Vector Trees (23)Figure 5: Recursive Method traverseInputTree Traverses Vector Trees at Runtime (24)Figure 6: Transversal of a Vector Tree (24)Figure 7: Initial source code analysis (26)Figure 8: Initial steps of separateStrings (27)Figure 9: Initial analysis of a mixed string token (28)Figure 10: Separation of input variables and recursive separation of Strings (31)Figure 11: Finish of separateStrings and assignment of bind variables (33)Figure 12: Insert traverseInputTree method and return converted Java file (34)Figure 13: Arguments to SQLIVF-Generator to convert Nettrust and iTrust (35)Figure 14: Conditional where injection vulnerability (40)Figure 15: Conditional Order Keyword Injection Vulnerability (42)Figure 16: SQLIVF-Algorithm v2 pseudo code (64)Figure 17: Example SQLIVF-Algorithm v3 vector tree (66)Figure 18: FindBugs™ iTrust Bugs (67)Figure 19: FindBugs Nettrust Bugs (69)Figure 20: Generated separateStrings Code Example (72)Figure 21: SQLIVF-Algorithm v3-Generated PreparedStatement Preparation and Execution Code Inserted into Existing Code (73)viiUsing Automated Fix Generation to Mitigate SQL Injection Vulnerabilities1IntroductionSQL injection vulnerabilities (SQLIVs) have accounted for 20% of input validation vulnerabilities and 10% of total cyber vulnerabilities since 2002 [18]. Vulnerable SQL statements send statement structure and input in a combined request to the database, instead of distinguishing statement structure from input in the request. In Java, Statement objects include input before the statement structure is determined and therefore are the major creators of SQLIVs. Developers can use PreparedStatement objects to prevent SQLIVs since PreparedStatement s allow the developer to distinguish between statement structure and input. Using PreparedStatement s is one technique of defending against SQL injection attacks (SQLIAs) [15]. However, malformed PreparedStatement s can also contain SQLIVs, which is why good coding practices need to be followed when creating PreparedStatement s [12]. Since many developers are not experienced software security practitioners [3], many SQLIVs will not be fixed. Therefore, a solution that removes SQLIVs without requiring secure software development experience from the developer is desirable.An automated fix suggestion solution would allow both experienced and inexperienced developers to remove SQLIVs in a consistent manner. Automated fix suggestion uses automated fix generation, a type of automated code generation. Automated code generation is “a technology for generating software …with little, if any, human intervention” [2]. The requirement of “little, if any, human intervention” is what allows automated fix generation to1create a fix that is then suggested to a developer as replacement code. When a vulnerable SQL statement is discovered, either through code inspection and/or through a static analysis tool, an automated fix suggestion solution would suggest code that would replace the vulnerable code with functionally-equivalent secure code.The objective of this research is to propose a prepared statement replacement algorithm for removing SQL injection vulnerabilities from vulnerable SQL statements by replacing them with secure prepared SQL statements. The prepared statement replacement algorithm, SQLIV Fix Algorithm (SQLIVF-Algorithm), can be used with automated fix suggestion to gather information from a source code file containing a vulnerable SQL statement, generates functionally-equivalent, secure, prepared SQL statement code, and suggest the replacement code to remove the SQLIV.In this thesis, the SQLIVF-Algorithm and the SQLIV Fix Generator (SQLIVF-Generator), an automated code generator implementing the SQLIVF-Algorithm to remove SQLIVs, will be described. The SQLIVF-Algorithm was designed to gather information from a source file containing a SQLIV, generate equivalent prepared SQL statement code, and insert and use the generated code in place of the vulnerable code. The intent behind creating the SQLIVF-Algorithm is to gain the benefits of a standardized process of creating prepared statement code out of SQLIVs that can be used with automated fix suggestion. The evolution of the SQLIVF-Algorithm, the results of the formative case studies conducted using the SQLIVF-Algorithm as it evolved, and the results of the evaluative empirical case studies used to evaluate the SQLIVF-Algorithm’s final form will be discussed.2In the first formative case study, the SQLIVF-Algorithm v1 was ran on five toy Java applications and the SQLIVF-Algorithm v1 replaced the seeded SQLIVs in each Java application with the source code generated by SQLIVF-Algorithm v1. The functional equivalency and security of the code generated by SQLIVF-Algorithm v1 was tested with unit tests.SQLIVF-Algorithm v1 evolved into SQLIVF-Algorithm v2 to handle simple conditional code; to handle dynamically-constructed SQL statement structure; to treat different types of queries all the same; to differentiate between SQL statement structure and input; and to allow for an undetermined number and types of inputs to the prepared SQL statement. For the second formative empirical case study, SQLIVF-Algorithm v2 was ran on a role-based, web-based, open-source healthcare application, iTrust1, written in Java. The FindBugs™ [14] static analyzer was ran on iTrust and found 24 vulnerable SQL statements. SQLIVF-Algorithm v2 was run on the application and replaced the vulnerable SQL statements with the SQLIVF-Algorithm v2- generated PreparedStatement s. The functional equivalency and security of the code generated by SQLIVF-Algorithm v2 was tested with unit and system level tests.SQLIVF-Algorithm v2 evolved into SQLIVF-Algorithm v3 to handle complex dynamic code compilation; to treat conditional and non-conditional code in a standardized manner; to allow for instance variables that contain SQL statement structure; and to allow for SQL structure String variables to be declared and assigned in an order, regardless of the order they appeared in the execute method for the SQL statement. For the evaluative empirical case study, SQLIVF-Algorithm v3 was ran on the Java server code of an open source trust1iTrust can be obtained at: /iTrust/3management application called Nettrust2. The FindBugs™ static analyzer was ran on iTrust and found 31 vulnerable SQL statements. The SQLIVF-Generator, an automation tool that uses SQLIVF-Algorithm v3, was used on the application. The SQLIVF-Generator replaced the vulnerable SQL statements with the SQLIVF-Algorithm v3-generated PreparedStatement s. The functional equivalency, query execution equivalency, and security of the code generated by SQLIVF-Algorithm v3 was tested with unit test suites. Additionally, the formative empirical case study on iTrust was re-run as an evaluative empirical case study using SQLIVF-Algorithm v3 and the SQLIVF-Generator. The functional equivalency and security of the code generated by SQLIVF-Algorithm v3 was tested with the same unit level tests used in the formative empirical case study.The remainder of this thesis is organized as follows: Chapter 2 contains background information on SQLIVs and the proposed solution; Chapter 3 examines related work; Chapter 4 describes the evolution of the SQLIVF-Algorithms; Chapter 5 discusses the case studies and findings; and Chapter 6 presents the conclusions.2Nettrust can be obtained at: /p/nettrust/42BackgroundIn this chapter, background on SQL injection vulnerabilities, SQL injection attacks, PreparedStatement s, SQL structure, and automated fix suggestion is provided.2.1SQL Injection Vulnerabilities (SQLIVs)A SQLIV is a vulnerability that is caused by not keeping SQL statement structure and input separate. A SQL statement is vulnerable to having the structure and logic of the statement changed by input at runtime when the structure of the statement is grouped together in the query that is sent to the database. A SQLIV is caused by dynamic SQL statement construction combined with inadequately-verified input, which allows the input to change the structure and logic of a SQL statement [10, 15]. For example, a vulnerable SQL statement looks like this:SELECT password FROM users WHERE userName = ‘” + inputUserName + “’ In the above example, the vulnerable statement concatenates the input inputUserName with the statement structure before sending the statement to the database, which allows inputUserName to change the WHERE clause and the ending of the statement.2.2SQL Injection Attacks (SQLIAs)A SQLIA is an attempt to input SQL characters and/or keywords into the input of a SQL statement and modify the statement structure [10]. If inputUserName for the statement: SELECT password FROM users WHERE userName = ‘” + inputUserName + “’ is:111’ OR true#, the statement would be:5SELECT password FROM users WHERE userName = ‘111’ OR true#’. When the database executes this query, the WHERE clause would always be true and the structure of the statement would effectively be changed to: “SELECT password FROM users”. The SQLIA is able to remove the where clause from the previous statement since the single quote SQL character ‘ escapes out of the variable inputUserName, the keyword OR makes the where clause conditional, the keyword true makes the conditional always true, and the character #comments out of the rest of the statement. The result of executing the modified SQL statement would be the entire password column from the users table, regardless of inputUserName.2.3Prepared StatementsPrepared statements are SQL statements that separate statement structure from statement input. Prepared statements have a static structure when they are executed and take type-specific input parameters. When prepared statements are created and the statement structureis explicitly set before runtime, the statement structure cannot be changed by input variables and the statement is secured from SQLIVs. A prepared SQL statement is “prepared” by declaring the structure of the statement and putting bind variables in the places where inputwill go at a later time [15]. When a prepared SQL statement is “prepared”, the structure ofthe statement with the bind variables included is sent to the database, which compiles and saves the statement structure for future execution with input variables. For example, in Java PreparedStatement s and Statement s are the objects that contain prepared SQL statements and plain text SQL statements respectively. A prepared SQL statement may look like this:6SELECT password FROM users WHERE userName = ?where the question mark (?) is the bind variable. A bind variable is set by a setter method that does strong type checking and will nullify the effect of invalid characters, such as single quotes in the middle of a string. The setter method, setString(index, input), sets the bind variable in the SQL structure indicated by the index to input. Additionally, the setter method setObject(index, input)will call the appropriate setter method based on the object type of the input. After the SQL statement has been prepared, one setter method is used per bind variable to fill the bind variable with input. The static nature of a prepared SQL statement’s structure is the characteristic that prevents SQLIVs. PreparedStatement s were originally added to Java 1.1 for efficiency, not security, purposes, since PreparedStatement s allow for the execution of the same statement multiple times while only compiling and caching the statement structure once, a feature that plain text SQL statements do not have [5]. Additionally, since PreparedStatements can be compiled once and executed multiple times, PreparedStatements are used for security and efficiency [8].While the static structure characteristic of PreparedStatement s enables PreparedStatement s to avoid SQLIVs, PreparedStatement s can be created that have SQLIVs if they are not developed carefully [17]. If a developer uses input literal strings as part of the structure of a prepared SQL statement, then the input literals change the structure and nature of the statement before it is “prepared” and the PreparedStatement would reflect the changes. However, once a PreparedStatement is prepared, the7statement structure is static and input cannot change the logic of the structure and can only be set to the bind variables.2.4SQL StructureThroughout the discussion of SQLIVs and prepared statements, the difference between a statement’s structure and variables will continually be referred to. A SQL statement’s structure is the SQL code that contains the logical purpose of the statement. The statement’s structure can contain the following elements:•clauses, such as SELECT, FROM, WHERE;•identifiers, such as table and attribute names; and•comparators, such as equals (=), AND, OR, LIKE.A SQL statement’s variables are the variables that are commonly used with attribute identifiers and comparators to create conditionals or are used as the values used to set the result set order. A SQL statement’s variables are not considered part of the structure of the statement. SQL variables are commonly used in:•VALUES clause: The new inserted values in an INSERT clause;•SET clause: What an attribute is set to;•WHERE clause: The values that the comparators are compared to; and•ORDER BY clause: The attribute that the result set is ordered by.For example, the SQL statement:SELECT password FROM users WHERE userName = ‘user1’has the clauses: SELECT, FROM, and WHERE; the identifiers: password, users, and username; the comparator: =; and the variable: ‘user1’.82.5Automated Fix SuggestionAutomated fix suggestion suggests replacement code, created by automated fix generation, as a fix for code containing faults or vulnerabilities. Automated fix generation, a type of automated code generation, is explained by Davison et al. when they describe that "The basis for automatic code generation is to read in your project artifacts…and turn them into meaningful and correct source code" [6]. Expanding on Davison et al., the basis for automated fix generation is to read in project artifacts related to faults and generate fault free replacement code. The benefit of automated fix generation is that the generators “deliver a predictable, consistent and repeatable process” and “relieve humans from manually performing tedious and error-prone actions” [2, 4].Automated fix suggestion can be incorporated into development tools. For example, the Eclipse3 Integrated Development Environment (IDE) has “Quick Fixes” for several of the problem warnings that the Java compiler creates during compilation. The “Quick Fixes” in the Eclipse IDE include adding types to raw type data, removing unused local variables, and changing non-static access to static members to static references. A “Quick Fix” creates and suggests functionally-equivalent replacement code for code generating a problem warning and replaces the problematic code with the generated code [7]. The “Quick Fixes” allow the developer to remove the issue causing a warning without manually editing the problem code. FindBugs™ [14] also offers “Quick Fixes” for several of the FindBugs™ bug types.3 Eclipse can be found at: 93Related WorkOther solutions to mitigate the effects of SQLIAs are reviewed in this chapter.3.1SQLIA Mitigation SolutionsSu and Wassermann [19] mitigate SQLIAs by doing static analysis of a SQL statement’s parse tree, generating custom input validation code, and wrapping the statement in the validation code. Su and Wassermann create a SQL parse tree by parsing a SQL statement into its grammatical parts and arranging it into a tree to reveal the structure of the statement. They use the revealed structure to determine how to filter input and generate the input validation code. They conducted a study using five open-source Web application projects on , the same five projects used by Haliford and Orso [10], and applied their SQLCHECK wrapper to each application. They found that their wrapper stopped all 18424 SQLIAs in their attack suite without generating any false positives. While their wrapper was effective in preventing their SQLIA attack suite, they noted that their attack suite was created by independent researchers, and it may not contain all possible attacks. The solution proposed in this thesis shifts the focus from the structure of the attacks and to the preventative removal of the SQLIVs .Huang et al. [16] secure potential vulnerabilities by combining static analysis with runtime monitoring. Their WebSSARI solution statically analyzes source code, finds potential vulnerabilities, including SQLIVs, and inserts runtime guards into the source code, which sanitizes input. They conducted a study using 230 open-source Web application projects on and applied their WebSSARI solution to each application. They found security vulnerabilities in every application. While their solution is able to prevent10general input manipulation attacks through sanitizing input, removing the SQLIVs is a more efficient and secure solution to mitigating SQLIAs since it does not focus on white and black listing input and focuses on keeping the SQL structure and SQL input separate.Buehrer et al. [5] secure vulnerable SQL statements by comparing the parse tree of a SQL statement at runtime with the parse tree of the original statement and only allow a SQL statements to execute if the parse trees match. They conducted a study using one student-created web application and applied their SQLGuard solution to the application. They found that their solution stopped the four SQLIA types they described in their paper without generating any false positives. The computational overhead of dynamic statement validation are avoided in the solution outlined in this thesis by having the database keep the statement structure and input separate.Haliford and Orso [10, 11] secure vulnerable statements by combining static analysis with statement generation and runtime monitoring. Their AMNESIA solution analyzes the vulnerable SQL statement, generates a generalized SQL statement structure model for the SQL statement, and allows or denies each statement based on how it compares to the model at runtime. Their solution throws an exception for each SQLIA, which the developer handles and builds in attack recovery logic. They conducted a study using five open-source Web application projects on and two student-created web applications and applied their AMNESIA solution to each application. They found that their solution stopped all of the SQLIAs in their attack set, a set ranging from 140 to 280 elements for each application, without generating any false positives. While their solution was successful in stopping all attacks, their solution added in a process into the runtime environment that has to be properly11integrated with the existing runtime environment processes. Adding a process into the runtime environment is potentially dangerous since it relies on the developer to properly integrate the new process into the environment. If the developer does not integrate the process properly with the runtime environment, the application would remain vulnerable when it is assumed to be secure. Additionally, while their solution stopped current attacks, Anley claims that dynamically determining whether a statement is valid or not is a difficult problem since new attack techniques are created frequently [1]. The problem of dynamically determining statement validity can be avoided by separating the statement structure from input through separate compilation of the structure. Further, their solution uses exceptions to indicate potential attacks, which is a developer overhead the solution outlined in this thesis avoids by rendering the attacks harmless by keeping the SQL structure separate from the SQL input.The SQLIA mitigation solutions discussed in this section have mitigated SQLIAs by cleansing input before it is put into vulnerable SQL statements or by runtime monitoring of potential compromised SQL statements [5, 10, 11, 16, 19]. These solutions have had positive results in stopping the attack methods known at the time of the case studies. However, these approaches are designed to fortify against SQLIAs while the solution outlined in this thesis is designed to preventatively remove the SQLIVs.124Prepared Statement Replacement Algorithm The environment that SQLIVF-Algorithm v3 is assumed to work in, the evolution of theSQLIVF-Algorithms, and the insights that were gained between each version of the algorithm are outlined in this chapter. The SQLIVF-Algorithm v3, the process it goes through to remove SQLIVs, and the limitations of SQLIVF-Algorithm v3 in its current form are discussed in this chapter. 4.1 Algorithm Target Environment SQLIVF-Algorithm v3 is targeted to the environment where there is existing source code that contains SQLIVs that need to be removed. SQLIVF-Algorithm v3 allows the environment to be a repository of legacy code; a repository of code that is not fully understood by the debugging developer; and/or a repository of code that is being debugged by a developer who does not know how to correctly remove SQLIVs. 4.2 Algorithm Evolution The SQLIVF-Algorithms evolved over the course of preparing for and reviewing four case studies. Throughout the evolution of SQLIVF-Algorithm, SQLIVF-Algorithm existed in three versions. Each version generated prepared statement replacement code by analyzing SQLIVs, however, each version expanded on the set of SQLIVs that the previous version could convert. The SQLIV code challenges and which challenges each version could handle can be seen in Table 1. Each algorithm version will now be discussed.13: ersions Table 1: Code Challenges for SQLIVF-Algorithm Version SQLIV Code Challenge Static SQLIV Structure Simple Dynamic SQLIV Structure Complex Dynamic SQLIV Structure Conditional SQL input Java file scope knowledge Manually determines Java Objects Manually separates SQL structure/input Standardized treatment of all SQL structure types Standardized treatment of conditional and non-conditional code Instance Variables containing SQL structure SQL Structure containing Strings declared and assigned in any order Batch queries Non-explicit setting of SQL structure explicit Non-string containing SQL structure string Project level knowledge SQL structure Version 1 Version 2 Version 34.2.1. SQLIVF-Algorithm v1 Algorithm The SQLIVF-Algorithm v1 was formed during an initial formative case study done on Algorithm five toy Java applications. SQLIVF SQLIVF-Algorithm v1 initially started as a way to analyze simple SQLIVs; to parse a vulnerable statement to separate that statement structure from input; and statement; to gather the needed Java objects to create and propagate the equivalentPreparedStatement object. SQLIVF-Algorithm v1 first gathered the SQL statement, the Statement or Connection object, and the execution method call. The Java AST was assumed to provide the needed Java objects and a SQL parse tree was assumed to be needed to separate the SQL structure from the input. SQLIVF-Algorithm v1 would then use14。

Acknowledgement(论文英文致谢)之欧阳地创编

Many people have offered me valuable help in mythesis writing, including my tutor, my classmates and my parents.Firstly, I would like to give my sincere gratitude to Prof. Mu Jinjiang, my tutor who, with extraordinary patience and consistent encouragement, gave me great help by providing me with necessary materials, advice of great value and inspiration of new ideas. It is his suggestions that draw my attention to a number of deficiencies and make many things clearer. Without his strong support, this thesis could not been the present form. My heartfelt thanks also go to Prof. Xia hou, my teacher of thesiswriting course , for his help in the making of this thesis as well as his enlightening lectures from which I have benefited a great deal.Then, I pleased to acknowledge my classmates for their invaluable assistance throughout the preparation of the original manuscript. They graciously make considerable comments and sound suggestions to the outline of this paper. Besides, I am extremely grateful for my roommates for their cooperation, comments, and wise advice, although their advice is not always taken, where faults and infelicities remain.Finally, in particular, I would like to express my gratitude to my parents for their support; they provided the computers for me to search for information. It is of great helpfor me to finish this thesis successfully.I would like to express my gratitude to allthose who helped me during the writing of this thesis.My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Professor Zhou Yanxia, my tutor, for his constant encouragement and guidance. He has walked me through all the stages of thewriting of this thesis. Without his consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its present form. Second, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Professor Wang Jinsheng, who led me into the world of translation. I am also greatly indebted to the professors and teachers at the Department of English: Ms. Wu Qing, Feng Shaozhong and Han Xiaoya, who have instructed and helped me a lot in the past two years.Last my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence in me all through these years. Ialso owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me theirhelp and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis.例子3AcknowledgmentsI would like to express my gratitude to all those ------ helped me during the writing of this thesis. I ------ acknowledge the help of my supervisor, Ms. Sun Yanlan, who has offered me -------- suggestions in academic studies.In the preparation of the thesis， she has spent much time reading through each draft and provided me with -------- advice. Without her patient -------, insightful criticism and expert guidance, the completion of this thesis would not ------ possible. I also ----- a special debt of gratitude to all theprofessors in Foreign Languages Institute,from ------- devoted teaching and enlightening lectures I have benefited a lot and have -------- prepared for the thesis.I should finally like to express my gratitude to my beloved parents who have always been helping me out of difficulties and supporting me without a word of complaint.例子4AcknowledgmentsI would like to express my gratitude to all those who have helped me during the writing of this thesis. I gratefully acknowledge the help of my supervisor Professor Zhu Jimei. I do appreciate her patience, encouragement, and professional instructions during my thesis writing. Also, I would like to thank Miss Wen Pingzhen and Miss Li Wenying, who kindly gave me a hand when I was making the questionnaire among the college English learners.Last but not the least, my gratitude also extends to my family who have been assisting, supporting and caring for me all of my life.例子5AcknowledgmentsI am greatly indebted to my supervisor, Professor Wang Shuting, for his valuable instructions and suggestions on my thesis as well as his careful reading of the manuscript.I feel grateful to all the teachers in the College of Foreign Languages of China University of Petroleum who once offered me valuable courses and advice during my study. My sincere thanks are also given to Pro. Dai Ruiliang and Pro. Sun Chengrong. from whose lectures I benefited greatly.Last but not least, I owe much to my friends and classmates for their valuable suggestionsand critiques which are of help and importance in making the thesis a reality.例子6AcknowledgmentsGrateful acknowledgment is made to my supervisor Mr. Chen Fang who gave me considerable help by means of suggestion, comments and criticism. His encouragement and unwavering support has sustained me through frustration and depression. Without his pushing me ahead, the completion of thisthesis would be impossible. In addition, I deeply appreciate the contribution to this thesis made in various ways by my friends and。

外文期刊常用语句100条

1.So far he has had mixed success.2.The American government is notoriously stingy with its foreign aid.3.America still falls near the bottom of the rich-nation pack in generosity tothose abroad.4．And with the deaths concentrated in the working-age population, each new case adds to a widening circle of economic hardship. 5．“Unemployment”, Mr de Villepin declared, is “the true French disease”. 6．He is pinned into an uncomfortably tight corner7．On domestic front, things picked up a bit.8．To win, one needs a winner's mindset.9. Science was the favourite child in the hands of the government.10．John Sweeney--gave a very downbeat assessment of the forum's dedication to a real adjustment of policy.11. Like the other online giants, Google, Yahoo! and Amazon, eBay is the survivor of a brutal shake-out.12. Sport may be an unfailing cause of ill-will.13. Mr Abe seems keen on a more assertive role for Japan internationally. 14．Allegations of vote-buying in the Brazilian Congress are no novelty15．There's plenty of scope for argument about the economics of nuclear power generation16. But the economic case is not as clear-cut as it seems.17．There has always been a rift in the Republican coalition.18．That suggests there are reservoirs of support.19. They have managed to leave all the other rivals in dust.20. Oil exports are now nearly on a par with those of Saudi Arabia.21．European integration has reached a stable plateau.22．Many people protest that house prices are less vulnerable to a meltdown.23. But when the technology bubble burst in 2001, thousands of firms were swept away.24．Various scenarios are envisioned by Grant.25. America will funnel more money towards Africa.26. The intense international scrutiny may have moderated the response.27. Personal and economic freedoms in this country have multiplied.28. Access to more customers allows exporters to exploit economies of scale.29. Some developing countries—in Latin America, especially Brazil, and in Africa too—are furious that a deal slipped away.30. Ministers picked a poor time to fail.31. Nothing is agreed until everything is agreed.32. Support for both main parties continues to ebb.33. Chinese central government made a wise decision to scrap the ancient agricultural tax.34. These results seem to have silenced predictions.35．We need to market Europe as an answer to globalization.36. These countries have agreed on a firm line on Iran and sent Tehran a focused, concerted, unified message.37. The U.S. and German leaders are still nursing a relationship bruised by the Iraq war.38．Opinion on Iraq reflects, as well as contributes to, the malaise.39．The decline in support could be explained away as part of a wider outbreak of second-term blues.40. He is a pragmatic conservative who has relaunched himself as a cautious reformist.41．The impression of incompetence will linger.42．So far no dazzling synergies have emerged.43. The most pressing problem is the dismal state of Germany’s public finances. 44．His postal-reform bill squeezed through the lower house of parliament 45．In a banking system that is plagued by bad loans, fears persist.46. Psychological scars take longer to heal than physical ones.47. Earlier scandals had already begun to tarnish the Party’s holier-than-thou image.48. The president will now have to move quickly to form alliances and to apply balm to the wounds he has opened. If not, he will have only himself to blame.49. If they negotiated as a block, they could drive a harder bargain.50. For Kyoto Protocol, it’s hard to solve the difficulty of getting America on board.51. Underpinning this festival of commerce is the symbiotic relationship between sport and the media.52. New features and new strategies are being embraced as these firms fighteach other, and a horde of others, for the e-commerce pie.53．What people today want is a Europe that delivers useful benefits: jobs, a clean environment, a foreign policy success on Iran54．You can't rouse people's passions for something that is 50 years old.55．Many people in Western Europe still feel that the union's recent eastward expansion has invited the unwanted consequences of globalization onto the continent.56．In that sense Europe is pioneering a new world order: a multi-network Europe within a common institutional framework."57．Even more embarrassingly, the gluttonous United States has outperformed its oil-sipping peers.58. High oil prices have had little noticeable impact on world demand—even for oil itself—leaving analysts scrambling for an explanation.59. Foreigners’ frustration at not being able to grab a bigger slice of the industry is understandable.60．Not only has this provided a healthy stream of income for Russia’s government, which takes a big chunk of oil revenues in taxes, but it has made its oil a vital foreign-policy tool.61．The global housing boom is the biggest financial bubble in history article. The bigger the boom, the bigger the eventual bust.62．Europe, in particular, is struggling with its cosseted and deeply entrenched farm lobby. Disputes over the CAP（common agriculture policy）are still acrimonious63．T he Bush administration is still trying to cobble together a deal palatable to both its own producers and those in Brazil.64．In Europe, attitudes on Turkey's bid for European Union membership were shaped strongly by attitudes on immigration.65. From its findings in the Western world, the new report sketched more sharply some of the fault lines in nations where Muslims and others coexist. 66．It offers an unusually broad look at Muslim attitudes, and at Western attitudes on a range of Muslim issues.67. Amid the mounting safety and security concerns, Western sponsors are trying to accelerate the disposal of the Ukraine's arms burden.68. That makes it harder to cure Brazil's Stockholm syndrome, a love for a state that holds the economy hostage.69. Mr Berlusconi’s oddly precise promise to round up jobless foreigners was no accident. One of the few legal grounds for expelling foreigners from another EU nation is to show they have no means of support.70. Globalisation started long before enlargement, but enlargement has crystallised public fears about it, often setting one corner of Europe against another.71. This complex history is what lured Mr Baker. His goal, he says, is to nurture understanding and, one day, healing.72．Having portrayed itself for so long as owning a monopoly on virtue in political life, the fall from grace of Brazil’s governing, left-wing Workers’ Party (PT) has been spectacular.73. A large number of educated, intelligent and underemployed people in their 30s and 40s with little prospect of moving up the career ladder provided a perfect milieu for brewing liberal ideas.74．Mr Mack will probably be able to quell the turmoil that has engulfed the bank, but that will still leave him facing some daunting strategi c challenges.75．Mr Purcell’s tenure was plagued by disappointing performance, a lingering rift between the Morgan Stanley and Dean Witter.76．But as the controversy fed on itself, institutional investors got on theanti-Purcell bandwagon.77．The insurgency was in its “last throes”. The administration's pattern of overselling achievements—remember “Mission accomplished”?—has probably made public opinion more nervous and volatile than it would otherwise be.78．The current structure of agricultural protections not only hurts poor African farmers, but also, by levying disproportionate tariffs on many processed goods such as ground coffee, helps keep poor countries selling low on the value chain. This leaves their already-weak economies extremely vulnerable to swings in raw commodity prices.79. Businesspeople and academics mused on how to deal with new risks--you can't hedge against bioterrorism in the futures markets. Economists debated which letter would best describe the US economy--a V (sharp fall followed by a quick recovery), a U with a saggy right tail (long stagnation, weak recovery) or, most appropriate, a W (false recovery followed by a fresh downdraft). The consensus leaned away from the V toward the saggy U, with the W not to be ruled out.80．Given the seismic shock waves from French and Dutch voters' rejection of the proposed European constitution, the tightening of the European Union's economic andpolitical ties is unlikely to proceed as quickly as in the past, but is equally unlikely to be reversed.81. We hold that one who distributes a device with the object of promoting its use to infringe copyright, as shown by the clear expression or other affirmative steps taken to foster infringement, is liable for the resulting acts of infringement by third parties.82．J ust as the upswing in house prices has been a global phenomenon, so any downturn is likely to be synchronised, and thus the effects of it will be shared widely. The housing boom was fun while it lasted, but the biggest increase in wealth in history was largely an illusion.83．Stories of prisoner abuse would really make a difference, though, if they significantly dented Americans' image of themselves as the good guys abroad. So far, they have not done that. By a wide margin, people believe the reports are isolated incidents.84．Mr Bush has staked his presidency on success in Iraq. It would take a huge backlash to force him to accept anything that smacks of failure or defeat, and the decline in public support is nowhere near strong enough to make him contemplate such a course.85．A few, it seems safe to predict, will become the giant-killers of tomorrow. For managers of any business, the lessons of eBay are both exhilarating and daunting: the prizes offered by the internet are dazzling by any measure, but only those who can satisfy the demanding and changing tastes of consumers, the internet's true sovereigns, will survive to enjoy them.86．This was the culmination of a months-long battle between Mr Purcell and a coterie of former Morgan Stanley bankers, k nown as the “group of eight”, who waged a fierce public battle to unseat him after he engineered a management shake-up that resulted in the departure of a number of senior executives.87. That is why Mr Koizumi had to compromise on the timetable and will not get to see full privatisation until 2017—a long way off, even in a country where moving reform up to a snail’s pace would count as reckless acceleration.88．Works council denied newspaper reports that VW managers had bought off s enior union leaders, for instance with trips to Brazil Hence the excitement now gripping Germany over an unfolding bribery scandal at VW.89. Paris thinking of its no vote on a European constitution, its failed candidacy as 2012 Olympic host, and its sense of going nowhere as a wannabeworld-player. Rather, the issue is large parts of a leadership caste, so tuned only to itself, so played out, so fearful of saying we've got to change our act, that it approaches autism.90. Mr Saakashvili’s fear is that developments far away in the Balkans could permanently stymie his hopes of glueing his country back together again. The west has encouraged Mr Saakashvili’s hopes of a permanent shift for his country, by agreeing to accelerate Georgia’s progress towards NATO.91. The labour market is too regulated, taxes are too complex and too high, the public sector is bloated and unresponsive, the education and health systems need a shake-up.92. The purpose of Sir Nicholas’s report is to deal with the argument of people who accept that climate change is happening, but who say that trying to do anything about it would be a waste of money. This argument is heard occasionally in Europe and frequently in America, where, for added potency, it is combined with the notion that European attempts to tax carbon are part of a conspiracy by socialists determined to undermine the American way of life.93. That gloomy view rests on an overly optimistic premise. However enthusiastic the West is about Mr. Yushchenko, EU membership was always along way off. Relations with Russia, meanwhile, have been civil but fragile. If some of the disappointments of Mr Yushchenko's short tenure can be put down to inflated expectations after last year's drama, others stem from the exigencies of the revolution. Various bits of the alliance that propelled Mr Yushchenko to the presidency had to be paid back with government offices.94. Despite this, at the start of the year Ms Merkel looked surprisingly good. Her early foreign-policy forays, especially to Washington, DC, and Brussels, were glittering successes that drew a favourable contrast with her Social Democratic predecessor, Gerhard Schröder. The economy was at last picking up some momentum. Business confidence was high. Her party was even gaining ground with the electorate.95. India’s willingness to open its economy in reality is in lamentable contrast to its inability to commit itself at the WTO. Its stubbornness is explained by the ferocity of India’s politics on this subject and the desperate, even suicidal, poverty of many of its farmers.96. Healthcare has long seemed one of the most local of all industries. Yet beneath the bandages, globalization is thriving. The outsourcing of record keeping and the reading of X-rays is already a multi-billion-dollar business. The recruitment of doctors and nurses from the developing world by rich countries is also common, if controversial. The next growth area for the industry is the flow of patients in the other direction—kno wn as “medical tourism”—which is on the threshold of a dramatic boom.97. Russian society, exhausted by preceding tension and failures, is in a state of some numbness and apathy, spiritual disjunction and depression…Russian literature is flooded by a muddy wave of pornography and sensationalism. 98. The foreign-exchange markets have sensed a change in the weather. Over the past week, the dollar has swiftly gained ground against the euro and the pound. The thinking in the foreign exchanges is that it makes less sense to punish the dollar if other economies are doing so badly. The fear of a dollar rout, which has long stalked financial markets and even prompted the FederalReserve chief to talk up the currency as recently as June, now seems to have evaporated.99. Presidential elections usually whip up global interest, reasonably so given the president’s dominance of foreign policy. The congressional poll, in contrast, provokes mostly yawns. This time, with Democrats apparently poised to make big gains partly because of foreign affairs, there may be more reason than usual for outsiders to pay attention.100. The coming boom has its critics. Some worry that a flood of foreigners into developing countries will divert money and expertise from state health systems that are already overwhelmed—an internal brain drain that will worsen care for ordinary people. Others decry it as a distraction from the need to cut costs and improve quality in rich-world health systems.。