初中被动语态详细讲解
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语法专练---被动语态
一、语态概述
我吃了一个苹果,那现在苹果怎样了?苹果被我吃了。正如汉语中的被字句,英语中的“被字句”我们称之为被动语态。英语中有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。巧记为:主动、主动、主去动。例如:Many people speak English. 谓语:speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,即行为动作的对象。巧记为:被动、被动、主被动。例如:English is spoken by many people.主语English是动词speak的承受者。
例如:He opened the door.他开了门。(主动句) The door was opened.门被开了。(被动句)
二、被动语态的构成
被动语态由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。不及物动词本身没有被动语态。
及物动词---本身意义不完整,后必须带宾语,有些还可以带双宾。
不及物动词---本身意义完整,不需要带宾语,如带宾语必须通过介词。
人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以eat为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。
一般现在时:am/is/are+eaten 一般过去时:was/were+eaten
一般将来时:will/shall/be going to be+eaten 过去将来时:would/should/be going to be+eaten
现在进行时:am/is/are being+eaten 过去进行时:was/were being+eaten
现在完成时:have/has been+eaten 过去完成时:had been+eaten
歌诀是:被动语态be字变,过去分词跟后面。
三、被动语态的用法
(1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。
例如:some new computers were stolen last night. 一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的) This book was published in 1981.这本书出版于1981年。(没有必要或说出出版者)
(2)强调动作的承受者,而不强调动作的执行者。
例如:The window was broken by mike.窗户是迈克打破的。This book was written by Lunxun.这本书是他写的。
Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.每天8小时睡眠必须得到保证。
歌诀:谁做的动作不知道,说出谁做的没有必要;动作承受者需强调,被动语态运用到。
(3) 为了更好地安排句子。
例The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. (一个主语就够了)
四、主动语态变被动语态的方法
(1)把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
(2)把谓语变成被动结构(be+过去分词)
(根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数,以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式)。
(3)把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语,将主格改为宾格。例如:
All the people laughed at him. ---- He was laughed at by all people.
They make the bikes in the factory. ----The bikes are made by them in the factory.
歌诀是:宾变主,主变宾,by短语后面跟。谓语动词变被动,be后“过分”来使用。
五、含有情态动词的被动语态
含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时,由“情态动词+be+过去分词”构成,原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。歌诀是:情态动词变动,情态加be加“过分”。例如:
we can repair this watch in two days. --This watch can be repaired in two days.
We must finish this work soon. --This work must be done soon.
六、主动语态变被动语态需要注意的几个问题.
(1)时态保持一致。I have repaired my computer.---My computer has been repaired.
(2)谓语为动词短语的被动语态不能丢掉动词短语的介词或副词。
His best friend often looks after him. --He is often looked after by his best friend.
(3)主动语态中若有双宾语,将其中一个宾语变为被动句的主语,另一个宾语不变。动词make/buy//get用for;动词give//send/lend/take用to)
Vivian gave me a book. (双宾语,人间物直,me为间接宾语,a book 为直接宾语) -- I was given a book by Vivian.
--A book was given to me by Vivian.(直接宾语提前时,要在间接宾语前加介词)
(4)主动语态若有复合宾语,(即句子结构为主+及物动词+宾+宾补),将主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语,宾补不变。 They call him Louis. --He is called Louis.
(5)当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时,将宾语变为被动结构中的主语,其余不动。
例Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.(6)主动语态句中动词make, have, let(使sb做sth), notice. see. watch, look at, hear, listen to, feel 等变成被动语态时,后面的不定式需要加上to.
Mr. Lee made him wash the dishes. --He was made to wash the dishes.
(7)有些相当于及物动词的动词词组,如“动词+介词”,“动词+副词”等,也可以用于被动结构,但要把它们看作一个整体,不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。
例The meeting is to be put off till Friday.
(8)非谓语动词的被动语态v.+ing 形式及不定式to do 也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态) 。
例I don't like being laughed at in the public.
(9)It is said that+从句及其他类似句型
一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“It+be+过去分词+that从句”或“主语+be+过去分词+to do sth.”。有:It is said that… 据说,It is reported that…据报道,It is believed that…大家相信,It is hoped that…大家希望,It is well known that…众所周知,It is thought that…大家认为,It is suggested that…据建议。
例It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. (=The boy is said to have passed the national exam. )
七、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义
1、(1).英语中有很多动词如break,catch,clean,drive,lock,open,sell,read,write,wash 等,当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时,常用其主动形式表达被动意义,主语通常是物。
例This kind of cloth washes well.
注意:主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征,而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。
试比较:The door won't lock.(指门本身有毛病)
The door won't be locked.(指不会有人来锁门, 指“门没有锁”是人的原因)