翻译-(终稿)

合集下载

翻译实践反思与总结

终稿：日本官方已在福岛第一核电站以及附近的另一核电站周围分别建立起20千米和10千米的隔离区。
三、政治类
Those results challenge what's known as the Standard Model, a mathematical theory Greene says has been able to describe "every single result from any experiment from any accelerator around the world for decades.”
译本一：标准普尔公司或许提不出什么新的东西。但美国的政治家们没理由也无视它。
译本二：标准普尔公司可能也无话可说了。美国的政治家们也不在有理由忽视它。
1
2
参考译本：标准普尔的话也许是老生常谈，但是美国政治家们没理由对美国债务问题漠然处之。
终稿：标准普尔公司或许没提出什么新的东西。但没理由美国的政治家们也无视它。
译本二：一双强劲的手把他转了个身，快速而又悄无声息的把他推到人行道上去，避免了那只险招毒手的野鸭不光彩的命运。
03
译本一：他被强壮的手推得转过身去，倏地一下就被扔到了人行道上，悄无声息地。受到威胁的野鸭得以逃过一劫。
02
Standard & Poor's may not have said anything new. That's no reason for American politicians to ignore it.
1
译本一：那些研究结果挑战了“标准模型”的权威，格林说这个数学理论可以被描述为“每一个从加速器上的实验得到的结果都可以维持数十年。

声色词的译法[终稿]

声色词是拟声词（onomatopoetic words）和色彩词（color words）的合称。

前者模仿人、动物、自然现象、机器或工具等物品或动作所产生的各种声响，后者表现客观世界展现在我们眼前的各种色彩。

声色词具有独特的修辞效果，运用得当会使语言表达生动活泼、引人入胜。

翻译这两类词语一定要注意英汉两种语言之间的差异，细心推敲，尽可能再现原文中所描绘的客观世界里的声音和色彩。

拟声词一、英汉拟声词比较英语和汉语中的拟声词都很丰富，但是大部分的拟声词在发音上相差甚远。

这是因为拟声词是按照某种语言的语音系统对客观世界的声音加以模拟改造的结果，所以不可避免地带有该语言的发音特征。

因此，英语和汉语中的拟声词之间既存在相同之处又存在不同之处。

它们大体可以归纳为以下三点：A. 同一声音在英语和汉语中用不同的拟声词来表示：***-a-doodle-do──喔喔喔clip-clop──（马蹄）得得声tick-tack──（钟表）滴答声hoot（toot）──嘟嘟dub-a-dub──（鼓）咚咚声jingle-jangle──玎玲当啷A horse neighs/whinnies/nickers.马嘶/马鸣/马萧萧。

A dog barks/yaps/yelps/bays/snarls/growls/howls.狗汪汪叫/犬吠。

A fly hums/buzzes/drones.苍蝇嗡嗡/哼哼叫。

A mosquito hums /buzzes/drones.蚊子哼哼/嗡嗡叫。

A pig grunts/squeals. 猪咕噜咕噜/哼哼叫。

B. 同一声音在英语和汉语中用相同的拟声词来表达：meow（或meou）──喵hiss──嘶嘶（作声）dingdong──丁冬（声），叮当（声）ping──乒giggle──咯咯（地笑）pit-a-pat──劈劈啪啪（地）cuckoo──咕咕A cow moos.母牛哞哞叫。

A pigeon coos.鸽子咕咕叫。

[终稿]EN12329的翻译

To 管燕强************from 今创集团潘晓雨Fax：************共2页EN 12329 :2000前言镀锌层可以进行铬酸盐处理以阻止在镀锌层表面因暴露于腐蚀环境中产生腐蚀物。

当防腐是主要的目的时，一般的做法是在镀锌层表面再形成一层铬酸层。

这可有效阻止白色腐蚀物（指镀锌层的腐蚀）的产生。

1、适用范围描述了在铁或钢上具有辅助处理的镀锌之要求。

对于镀层只用来加强油漆的黏附力，该欧洲标准不适用。

注：该标准并不能单独使用，它是EN 1403 的补充。

采购者必须指定与EN 1403中设计相符的镀锌层。

2、设计2.1 通则设计必须符合产品所必须经受的环境。

2.2 辅助处理铬酸盐处理的代码件附录B。

3、热处理任何释放氢脆变的热处理应该在铬酸盐处理后进行，热处理应该尽快进行，在任何情况下，都应在4小时内进行。

4、要求4.1 通则所有的试验应该在铬酸盐处理后的24小时以后进行。

注意：铬酸盐层会随着水分的失去逐渐变硬，在处理后的24小时内应该小心搬运。

4.2 外观在所有的可见表面，镀件应该没有明显可见的缺陷，如气泡、坑点、粗糙、裂纹或未处理表面。

4.3 厚度4.3.1 最小厚度当镀件面积大于100mm2时，4.3.2 平均厚度当镀件的面积小于100mm2时，最小厚度可认为是由附录D的方法所测定的最小平均值。

4.4 黏附力4.4.1 镀锌层的黏附力4.4.2 铬酸盐层的黏附力4.5 抗腐蚀力当根据表1表2进行盐雾试验，测试的表面用裸眼看必须没有红色（见表1）及白色（见表2）腐蚀物，容许轻微的脏污。

测试表面由客户指定。

表1：镀锌层和铬酸盐层的抗腐蚀力表2：在镀锌层腐蚀前铬酸盐层的抗腐蚀力附录A铬酸盐层A.1 通则染色溶液通常为酸性的，并且包含六价铬盐及其他盐类，通过这些盐的变化可以影响膜的外观和硬度。

表A.1给出了单位面积铬酸盐层的适当重量。

表A.1 铬酸盐层的类型外观及单位面积重量为更好地防止腐蚀，铬酸盐层可利用有机密封剂来进行后处理。

BSEN12245翻译终稿

BSEN12245翻译终稿可移动气瓶—全缠绕复合气瓶BS EN 12245：2002目录页码1.范围 (1)2.引用标准 (1)3.术语，定义和象征符号 (3)4.设计和制造 (4)5.气瓶及材料试验 (8)6.合格评估 (27)7.标志 (27)附录A（标准的附录）型式试验，设计变更试验和生产试验 (28)附录B（提示的附录）型式批准和生产试验证书示例 (40)参考书目 (46)1 范围该欧洲标准规定了可充装压缩气体，液化气体和溶解气体的容积小于等于450 L 复合气瓶在材料，设计，建造，型式试验和例行制造检验方面的最低要求。

注：基于本标准需要，“气瓶”一词也包括容积小于450 L的圆柱形容器。

本标准适用于以缠绕复合材料增强的金属内胆（焊接或无缝）或非金属材料（或它们的混合物）气瓶。

缠绕复合材料由嵌入在基体中的玻纤、碳纤或芳纶纤维（或它们的混合物）组成。

本标准同样适用于无内胆复合气瓶。

本标准不适用于纤维部分缠绕通称为“环向缠绕”的气瓶。

环向缠绕复合气瓶可参见EN 12257。

注：本标准不包括可活动保护套的设计，安装和性能。

如安装保护套须另行考虑。

2 引用标准本欧洲标准通过注明日期或未注明日期引用，收编了其它出版物的条款。

这些引用标准在本标准的适当部分加以引用，并在其后列出该出版物。

对于注明日期的引用，只有在收编修改或修订版的情况下，随后对出版物的修改或修订才适用于本标准。

对于未注明日期的引用，出版物的最新版本（包括修改）同样适用。

EN 720-2 可移动气瓶——气体和气体混合物——第二部分：气体和气体混合物的易燃性和氧化性测定EN 1089-1 可移动气瓶——气瓶标识（液化石油气除外）——第一部分：印花标记EN 1964-1 可移动气瓶——容积由0.5升到150升（包括150升）的可再填充可运输钢质无缝气瓶的设计和制造规范——第1部分：R m值小于1100MPa的钢质无缝钢瓶prEN 1964-2 可移动气瓶——容积由0.5升到150升（包括150升）的可再填充可运输钢质无缝气瓶的设计和制造规范——第2部分：抗张强度（R m max）≥1100MPaEN 1964-3 可移动气瓶——容积从0.5升到150升（包括150升）可再填充可运输钢质无缝气瓶的设计和制造规范——第3部分：不锈钢瓶EN 1975 可移动气瓶——容积为0.5 L～150 L可重复充装移动式铝和铝合金无缝气瓶的设计和制造规范EN 12862 可移动气瓶——可填充移动式焊接铝合金气瓶prEN 13322-1 可移动气瓶——可填充移动式焊接钢瓶——第1部分：焊接钢prEN 13322-2 可移动气瓶——可填充移动式焊接不锈钢瓶——第2部分：焊接不锈钢EN ISO 11114-1 可移动气瓶——气瓶和瓶阀材料与盛装气体的相容性——第1部分：金属材料（ISO 11114-1：1997）EN ISO 11114-2 可移动气瓶——气瓶和瓶阀材料与盛装气体的相容性——第2部分：非金属材料（ISO 11114-2：2000）EN ISO 11114-3 可移动气瓶——气瓶和瓶阀材料与盛装气体的相容性——第3部分：氧环境中自燃试验（ISO 11114-3：1997）EN ISO 11120 气瓶——容积150升～3000升用于压缩气体运输的可重复充装无缝钢管——设计、结构和试验（ISO 11120：1999）EN ISO 13341 气瓶阀的装配（ISO 13341：1997）ISO 75-1 塑料——负荷变形温度的测定——第一部分：一般试验方法ISO 75-3 塑料——负荷变形温度的测定——第三部分：高强度热固性层压和长纤维增强塑料ISO 175 塑料——液体化学物质（包括水）影响的测定ISO 527-l 塑料——拉伸性能的测定——第一部分：总则ISO 527-2 塑料——拉伸性能的测定——第二部分：模塑和挤塑塑料的试验条件ISO 1133 塑料——热塑性塑料熔体质量流动速率（MFR）和熔体体积流动速率（MVR）的测定ISO 1183 塑料——非泡沫塑料密度和相对密度的测定方法ISO 1628 塑料——粘数和极限粘数的测定——第三部分：聚乙烯和聚丙烯ISO 2884 色漆和清漆——用旋转粘度计测定粘度——第1部分:高剪切速率的锥形和板式粘度计ISO 3146 塑料——测定半晶状聚合物的熔化性能（熔化温度或熔化区域）ISO 10156 气体和气体混合物——选择气瓶阀口时对潜在燃烧性和氧化能力的测定ISO 15512 塑料——水含量的测定ASTM D 2196-86 旋转（布鲁克菲尔德）粘度计测定非牛顿材料流变性能的试验方法ASTM D 2290-92 用切片法测定环形或管形塑料制品和增强塑料制品表面抗拉强度的试验方法ASTM D 2291-98 玻璃树脂用环状试验样品规定ASTM D 2343-95 增强塑料用玻璃纤维原丝、纱和无捻粗纱拉伸性能的测试方法ASTM D 2344-84 用短梁法测定平行纤维组合材料表观层间剪切强度试验方法ASTM D 4018-99 碳和石墨连续纤维丝束抗张性能试验方法3 术语、定义和象征符号基于本欧洲标准考虑，应用以下的术语，定义和象征符号。

训学斋规[终稿]

（二）训学斋规【原文】大抵观书先须熟读，使其言皆出于吾之口；继以精思，使其意皆若出于吾之心，然后可以有得尔。

……古人云，“读书千遍，其义自见。

”谓读得熟，则不待解说，自晓其义也。

余尝谓，读书有三到，谓心到，眼到，口到。

心不在此，则眼不看仔细，心眼既不专一，却只漫浪①诵读，决不能记，记亦不能久也。

三到之中，心到最急②。

心既到矣，眼口岂不到乎? ——《训学斋规》【注】：①漫浪：随随便便。

②急：要紧。

【翻译】：凡是读书必须先要熟读，让里面的话都好像出自于我的嘴巴。

进一步就仔细的思考，使它的意思好像都出自于我的心里所想的，然后可以有所心得。

至于那些对于文章意思有疑惑的，大家的言论纷乱错杂的，就也要静下心来仔细思考，不要匆忙急促地在当中取舍。

先把其中的一篇自己单独列为一说，顺着文章的思路去想，来验证它思路的通畅和阻塞，那么那些特别没有明显含义和道理的，不等到和其他的学说相比较道理就已经自动屈服了。

再用大家的言论互相诘问反驳，然后寻求它的道理的稳妥，来考证它的正确或错误，好像是对其实是错的，也将被公众承认的说法所否定而不能成立。

一般情况下慢慢地停下来看，处理静止状态观察动态的，像攻击坚硬的木头，先攻击它的容易的地方而再攻击它的关键之处；像解开缠乱在一起的绳子，地方有所不通就暂且放在那儿慢点去处理它。

这就是看书的方法。

【阅读】1.．解释词语。

（4分）（1）可以有得。

得：心得（2）其义自见。

见：“现”出现2．翻译下面句子大抵观书先须熟读，使其言皆出于吾之口凡是读书必须先要熟读，让里面的话都好像出自于我的嘴巴3.给文中划线句子划分节奏谓读得熟|则不待解说|自晓其义也4. 作者在这段话中要表达的意思是什么?请用自己的话概括。

(15字内)（3分）.意思：读书要熟读，要做到“三到”（读到弄懂其真正含义为止。

5读书要分哪两步进行?怎样才算达到了要求呢?(请用文章原句回答)（2分）.步骤：（1）.大抵观书先须熟读（2）.继以精思要求：（1）.使其言皆出于吾之口（2）.使其意皆若出于吾之心6．作者在“三到”中，强调了的重要，这是因为。

泰伯效应的简单原理（翻译）[终稿]

泰伯效应的简单原理一个众所周知的光学现象，发现新的应用在新兴领域，包括光学计算和光学测量。

泰伯效应，自成像时，它是由一个单色平面波照射光栅，在大约100年前发现的。

最近的研究表明，一些简单的原则支配的泰伯效应。

它们包括对称规则，定期重排相邻的相律和素数分解规则。

这些简单的规则为我们提供的望着这可能导致与区域实际应用，包括光互连，光计算和光学测量新的衍射光学元件设计中的泰伯效应的新途径。

一些相关的历史最早是由英国科学家亨利·福克斯塔尔博特（1800年至1877年）观察到的大约一个世纪前的Talbot效应。

发现效果塔尔博特，这是在大学文本作为菲涅耳衍射的示例一般地描述，被认为是最基础的光学现象之一。

该泰伯效应已收到持续关注，因为它是第一个描述，这不仅是因为理解它，而且它的广泛应用领域，包括光学测量，光学阵列照明，光学互连和物质，因为这是一光学自成像为更笨的研究。

泰伯自成像效应是在所谓的泰伯距离为Z = NZT，其中ZT=2D2/ K，K是入射光的波长观察，d是该期间光栅和n是正整数。

自成像的任何类型的光栅的泰伯距离可以由菲涅耳方程的方法进行说明。

什么一直困扰光学科学家直到最近一直有否规管在衍射分数泰伯距离或者换句话说简单的原则，在位于整数泰伯距离之间的距离。

最近的研究表明，在某些分数泰伯距离，也可以得到所述频率增加自成像效应。

现在的问题是，是否有这些复杂的光学衍射模式之间简单的关系，不仅包括强度图案也是相位差。

一个光场可以充分特征在于它的振幅和相位。

由于我们的眼睛般的CCD摄像头，可以感知的对象，它具有强度差，但不相位差，普通人通常没有意识到光的相位变化。

在光学实验室，当然，相位必须始终考虑。

丹尼斯·伽柏（1900年-1979年）被授予诺贝尔经济学奖的全息术的发明和发展，重建的方法的波阵面，或者换句话说，光场前的同相。

弗里茨泽尔尼克（1888年-1966年）被授予诺贝尔文学奖，他用于检测透明的生物物体，有一个纯相位变化的相位对比法的发明。

[终稿]韩老师三级笔译实务第一讲文稿

韩老师三级笔译实务第一讲文稿三级笔译实务第一讲文稿一、翻译鉴赏部分：汉英：中国古人说：“君子爱财，取之有道。

”这种“道”，在今天看来就是：互利共赢。

在全球化的格局下，中欧双方的市场应当是彼此开放的，搞保护、靠垄断没有出路，中欧双方企业应当在竞争中达到“水涨船高”，在合作中实现利益分享。

另一方面，企业与社会同样需要互利共赢，即企业履行社会责任，造福当地社会；当地社会积极容纳、支持企业发展。

China has an age-old saying:"A gentlemen makes money in a right way". Such a right "way", in today's context, must be mutual benefit.In a globalised world, Chinese and European markets should be open to each other. Protectionism and market monopoly are not viable options.Only healthy competition can set higher bars for Chinese and European businesses. Only cooperation can generate a win-win scenario for both of us.In both China and Europe, governments, corporations and society need to pay greater attention to corporate social responsibility. Companies should give back to local communities. In turn society and the public should accommodate and support enterprises.今年是中国党和国家非常重要的一年。

学术英语社科课文翻译[终稿]

学术英语课文翻译Unit1人们如何做出决策理性的人认为在保证金1.经济学家通常假设人是理性的。

理性的人们系统地,有目的地做最好的,他们可以实现他们的目标,考虑到可用的机会。

当你学习经济学,你会遇到公司决定雇佣多少工人,有多少他们的产品生产和销售利润最大化。

你也会遇到那些决定花多少时间工作和买什么商品和服务产生的收入来实现最高水平的满意度。

2.人们会对激励做出反应6.激励是诱发一个人采取行动,如惩罚或奖励的预期。

因为理性的人们通过比较成本和效益做出决定,他们会对激励做出反应。

你会发现激励在经济学的研究中发挥核心作用。

一位经济学家甚至认为整个字段可以简单地总结:“人们会对激励作出反应。

其余的评论。

”11.考虑一下安全带法律改变司机的coat-benefit计算。

安全带使得事故成本更低,因为他们减少受伤或死亡的可能性。

换句话说,安全带减少缓慢而谨慎驾驶的好处。

人们应对安全带,因为他们将改善路况,驾驶速度更快,不仔细。

安全带带法的结果,因此,大量的事故。

安全驾驶的下降有一个明确的,行人造成负面的影响,他们更有可能发现自己在一次事故中但(与驱动程序)没有添加保护的利益。

12.起初,这个讨论的激励和安全带似乎是闲置的猜测。

然而在1975年的一个经典研究,经济学家萨姆peltznab汽车安全法认为,有许多这样的效果。

根据贝特兹曼的证据,这些法律产生了每次车祸的死亡事故。

他的结论是,最终的结果是小司机死亡人数的变化,增加行人死亡的数量。

13.peltman对汽车安全的分析是一个另类的一般原则的例子,人们会对激励作出反应。

在分析任何政策时,我们必须考虑不仅直接影响还不太明显的间接影响,通过激励工作。

如果政策改变了激励,它会使人们改变他们的行为。

Unit21.每个研究领域都有它自己的语言和思考方式。

数学家谈论定理、积分以及向量空间。

心理学家谈本能、以及认知的不一致。

律师谈论犯罪地点、侵权行为以及约定的禁止翻供。

2.经济学家也一样。

翻译终稿

1、嘉德引年祺佑善人Virtue contributes to prolonging life,and lucky continues to blessing descendants.2、品鉴嘉和温度悦动天地大美Tasting the Beauty and harmony of the world,showing the elegant and pleasant of the nature.3、从这里开始未来没有边际It is from here that there is no boundary in the future.4、没有什么能够阻挡因为远方就在那里Nothing can stop going forward, because the success is in far future.5、上善若水润泽天下The highest good is like water, which benefits to the world.6、拓跋峰顶方知何为宽广Learn the immensity of the world only after trekking up to the pinnacle.7、厚德之土根植大爱无疆T he soil with moral integrity, rooted in great love.8、红了山花绿了翠柳为你而来桃花源Red flowers and green willows bring you to the Peach Garden.9、藏世于千年耀世于永恒Hid in the world for a thousand years,but shining through all eternity.10、谋定而动江山于胸Planning and then acting with confident.11、撷山水之灵孕日月昭彰In the spirit of the notorious pregnancy landscape,the sun and the moon are brilliant12、道法自然天清地宁It is better to follow Natural rule, so the world will be more peaceful.13、大格局大手笔一切唯心唯量Generous trend and achievement are all in the mind.14、价值绚烂于高瞻远瞩V alue is splendid to show great foresight.15、何谓大美大羊为美What is beautiful?The big sheep is the most beautiful object of all according to the traditional Chinese idea.16、山已成峰云端有我When mountains have peaks,I success above the cloud.17、通达你我之界天涯近在咫尺Link up the world between you and me,the skyline will be near the hand.18、层级不在实力的掣肘身未动境已成Power, are not in powerful constraints, and Coming to power naturally.19、无需选择只因本然如此No need to choose as it is the nature.20、何者为大因你而大What is powerful because of you making powerful.。

植物大战僵尸25个成就中文翻译[终稿]

植物大战僵尸25个成就中文翻译植物大战僵尸25个成就中文翻译1 完成冒险模式2用土豆炸掉一个僵尸3用樱桃一次炸掉10个僵尸（要完全版的不要小僵尸那种）4收集完全部49钟植物5不用射手完成一次白天的泳池关6在保龄球关里一个坚果撞5个僵尸7在屋顶关里不用投手过关8发现雪人僵尸9在一关里收集30个硬币不让一个消失10收集8000的阳光11用玉米加农炮消灭2个巨人12只用蘑菇和咖啡斗搞定一个白天关卡13不用蘑菇搞定一个晚上的关卡st Mown Standing：用割草机杀死最后一个僵尸（这个非常简单，玩保龄球的那关即可，剩下最后一个僵尸的时候，让割草机撞上就行了）15.20 Below Zero：用一个冰蘑菇冻住20个僵尸（用大土豆和大南瓜一直挡住，不要用植物打僵尸，如果是在晴天的话，记得冰冻蘑菇要+上咖啡豆才能生效哟！）16.Flower Power：在一关中让10个双向日葵存活（用大土豆+大南瓜一直耗时间，直到10个双向日葵全部完成）17.Pyromanic：仅仅用爆炸性的植物（樱桃和辣椒）完成一关（用大土豆+大南瓜挡住僵尸，然后等僵尸多了再用樱桃和辣椒炸）wn Mower Man：用一个割草机杀死十个僵尸（用大土豆和大南瓜在任意一行一直挡着僵尸，直到有10个或者10个以上，然后挖掉土豆和南瓜，让僵尸走到后面去，割草机就能解决10个僵尸了！）19.Chill Out：感受旋律，感受旋律，好像意思是用红辣椒杀红色滑冰僵尸（这关比较麻烦，滑冰僵尸要等雪橇僵尸开过去一段距离后，把雪橇僵尸解决掉，然后过一会儿滑冰僵尸才会出现！单单打掉雪橇僵尸是没用的！记住开白色和蓝色车的是雪橇僵尸，滑冰僵尸是开红色滑冰车的！别搞错了！）20.Decorn 5：在一关里种植5个玉米加农炮（用大土豆+大南瓜挡着，由于玉米加农炮蓄力比较慢，可以剩下一个僵尸的时候，用一直大土豆挡着，不要打僵尸，直到5个玉米加农炮全部弄好了）21.Monster Mash：用一个窝瓜压死五个僵尸（用大土豆挡着，当有5个僵尸在挖大土豆的时候，立即用铲子挖掉土豆，然后马上放上倭瓜就行了）22.Blind Faith：在最后的浓雾关中，不使用三叶花盒和路灯的情况下完成一关（首先是浓雾的最后一关，有弹跳僵尸的那关，其他浓雾关卡没用！然后建议使用玉米+三头绿豆花。

英文翻译终稿

The Integrated CircuitDigital logic and electronic circuits derive their functionality from electronic switches called transistor. Roughly speaking, the transistor can be likened to an electronically controlled valve whereby energy applied to one connection of the valve enables energy to flow between two other connections.By combining multiple transistors, digital logic building blocks such as AND gates and flip-flops are formed. Transistors, in turn, are made from semiconductors. Consult a periodic table of elements in a college chemistry textbook, and you will locate semiconductors as a group of elements separating the metals and nonmetals.They are called semiconductors because of their ability to behave as both metals and nonmetals. A semiconductor can be made to conduct electricity like a metal or to insulate as a nonmetal does. These differing electrical properties can be accurately controlled by mixing the semiconductor with small amounts of other elements. This mixing is called doping. A semiconductor can be doped to contain more electrons (N-type) or fewer electrons (P-type). Examples of commonly used semiconductors are silicon and germanium. Phosphorous and boron are two elements that are used to dope N-type and P-type silicon, respectively.A transistor is constructed by creating a sandwich of differently doped semiconductor layers. The two most common types of transistors, the bipolar-junction transistor (BJT) and the field-effect transistor (FET)are schematically illustrated in Figure 2.1.This figure shows both the silicon structures of these elements and their graphical symbolic representation as would be seen in a circuit diagram. The BJT shown is an NPN transistor, because it is composed of a sandwich of N-P-N doped silicon. When a small current is injected into the base terminal, a larger current is enabled to flow from the collector to the emitter.The FET shown is an N-channel FET, which is composed of two N-type regions separated by a P-type substrate. When a voltage is applied to the insulated gate terminal, a current is enabled to flow from the drain to the source. It is called N-channel, because the gate voltage induces an N-channel within the substrate, enabling current to flow between the N-regions.Another basic semiconductor structure is a diode, which is formed simply by a junction of N-type and P-type silicon. Diodes act like one-way valves by conducting current only from P to N. Special diodes can be created that emit light when a voltage is applied. Appropriately enough, these components are called light emitting diodes, or LEDs. These small lights are manufactured by the millions and are found in diverse applications from telephones to traffic lights.The resulting small chip of semiconductor material on which a transistor or diode is fabricated can be encased in a small plastic package for protection against damage and contamination from the out-side world.Small wires are connected within this package between thesemiconductor sandwich and pins that protrude from the package to make electrical contact with other parts of the intended circuit. Once you have several discrete transistors, digital logic can be built by directly wiring these components together. The circuit will function, but any substantial amount of digital logic will be very bulky, because several transistors are required to implement each of the various types of logic gates.At the time of the invention of the transistor in 1947 by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, the only way to assemble multiple transistors into a single circuit was to buy separate discrete transistors and wire them together. In 1959, Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce independently invented a means of fabricating multiple transistors on a single slab of semiconductor material. Their invention would come to be known as the integrated circuit, or IC, which is the foundation of our modern computerized world. An IC is so called because it integrates multiple transistors and diodes onto the same small semiconductor chip. Instead of having to solder individual wires between discrete components, an IC contains many small components that are already wired together in the desired topology to form a circuit.A typical IC, without its plastic or ceramic package, is a square or rectangular silicon die measuring from 2 to 15 mm on an edge. Depending on the level of technology used to manufacture the IC, there may be anywhere from a dozen to tens of millions of individualtransistors on this small chip. This amazing density of electronic components indicates that the transistors and the wires that connect them are extremely small in size. Dimensions on an IC are measured in units of micrometers, with one micrometer (1mm) being one millionth of a meter. To serve as a reference point, a human hair is roughly 100mm in diameter. Some modern ICs contain components and wires that are measured in increments as small as 0.1mm! Each year, researchers and engineers have been finding new ways to steadily reduce these feature sizes to pack more transistors into the same silicon area, as indicated in Figure 2.2.When an IC is designed and fabricated, it generally follows one of two main transistor technologies: bipolar or metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS). Bipolar processes create BJTs, whereas MOS processes create FETs. Bipolar logic was more common before the 1980s, but MOS technologies have since accounted the great majority of digital logic ICs. N-channel FETs are fabricated in an NMOS process, and P-channel FETs are fabricated in a PMOS process. In the 1980s, complementary-MOS, or CMOS, became the dominant process technology and remains so to this day. CMOS ICs incorporate both NMOS and PMOS transistors.集成电路（译文）数字逻辑和电子电路由称为晶体管的电子开关得到它们的（各种）功能。

转录和翻译--终稿

mRNA通过核孔进入细
胞质中，开始它新的历程— —翻译。
翻译: 遗传学上把以信使RNA为模板，合成具有一定氨基酸顺序的蛋白质的过程叫做翻译。
碱基与氨基酸之间的对应关系……
组成蛋白质的氨基酸：20种信使RNA的碱基： 4种 4种碱基如何决定蛋白质的20种氨基酸呢？一个碱基决定一个氨基酸，只能决定基酸二个碱基决定一个氨基酸，只能决定基酸；三个碱基决定一个氨基酸，能够决定氨基酸
（１）转录的定义：在细胞核中以DNA的一条链为模
板,按碱基互补配对原则，合成 mRNA的过程
（２）转录的场所：细胞核（３）转录的模板： DNA的一条链（４）转录的原料：四种核糖核苷酸(A、G、C、U）（５）转录的条件：需要酶和ATP （６）转录时的碱基配对: 碱基互补配对原则
（A=U，G=C）
GGU甘氨酸 GGC甘氨酸 GGA甘氨酸 GGG甘氨酸
U C A G
运载工具：转运 RNA（tRNA)
天冬氨酸
CUA
反密码子
注意：一种tRNA只能携带一种氨基酸
亮氨酸
天冬酰胺
异亮氨酸
U U A GA U
mRNA
亮氨酸天冬酰胺
AU C
异亮氨酸
A A U
CU A
UA G
DNA(基因)
转录
RNA
UCU丝氨酸 UCC丝氨酸 UCA丝氨酸 UCG丝氨酸
CCU脯氨酸 CCC脯氨酸 CCA脯氨酸 CCG脯氨酸 ACU苏氨酸 ACC苏氨酸 ACA苏氨酸 ACG苏氨酸
UAU酪氨酸 UAC酪氨酸 UAA终止信号 UAG终止信号
CAU组氨酸 CAC组氨酸 CAA谷氨酰胺 CAG谷氨酰胺 AAU天冬酰胺 AAC天冬酰胺 AAA赖氨酸 AAG赖氨酸

欧美经典歌曲英汉对照翻译[终稿]

昨日重现英文歌词及翻译When I was young 当我年轻时I'd listen to the radio 我喜欢听收音机Waiting' for my favorite songs 等待我最喜爱的歌When they played I'd sing along 我常随着一起清唱It made me smile. 笑容满面Those were such happy times 那段多么快乐的时光And not so long ago 并不遥远How I wondered where they'd gone 我是多么想知道他们去了哪儿But they're back again 但是它们又回来了Just like a long lost friend 像一位久未谋面的旧日朋友All the songs I loved so well. 那些歌我依旧喜欢Every Sha-la-la-la每一声Sha-la-la-la Every Wo-o-wo-o每一声Wo-o-wo-o Still shines 仍然闪亮Every shing-a-ling-a-ling每一声shing-a-ling-a-lingThat they're starting' to sing's 当他们开始唱时So fine. 如此欢畅When they get to the part 当他们唱到Where he's breakin' her heart 他让她伤心的那一段时It can really make me cry 我真的哭了Just like before 一如往昔It's yesterday once more. 这是昨日的重现（Shoobie do lang lang) （Shoobie do lang lang)Lookin' back on how it was 回首过去的In years gone by 那些时光And the good times that I had 我曾有过的欢乐Makes today seem rather sad 今天似乎更加悲伤So much has changed.一切都变了It was songs of love that 这就是那些跟着唱过的I would sing to then 旧情歌And I'd memorize each word 我会记住每个字眼Those old melodies 那些古老旋律Still sound so good to me 对我仍然那么动听As they melt the years away. 可以把岁月融化Every Sha-la-la-la 每一声Sha-la-la-la Every Wo-o-wo-o 每一声Wo-o-wo-oStill shines 依然闪亮Every shing-a-ling-a-ling 每一个shing-a-ling-a-lingThat they're startin' to sing's 当他们开始唱时So fine. 如此欢畅All my best memories 我所有的美好回忆Come back clearly to me 清晰地浮现在眼前Some can even make me cry. 有些甚至让我泪流满面Just like before一如往昔It's yesterday once more. 这是昨日的重现Every Sha-la-la-la 每一声Sha-la-la-la Every Wo-o-wo-o 每一声Wo-o-wo-o Still shines 依然闪亮Every shing-a-ling-a-ling 每一个shing-a-ling-a-ling That they're startin' to sing's当他们开始唱时So fine. 如此欢畅Every Sha-la-la-la 每一声Sha-la-la-laEvery Wo-o-wo-o 每一声Wo-o-wo-oStill shines 依然闪亮Every shing-a-ling-a-ling 每一个shing-a-ling-a-lingThat they're startin' to sing's当他们开始唱时So fine. 如此欢畅My Heart Will Go On（爱无止境/心与你相依）电影《泰坦尼克号》的插曲歌手:Celine Dion（席琳·迪翁）词作：由韦尔·杰宁斯（Will Jennings ）翻译：当代童话作家王雨然My Heart Will Go On我心依旧Every night in my dreams夜夜在我梦里I see you I feel you见到你，感觉你That is how I know you go on这就是我为何懂你Far across the distance and spaces between us跨越我们心灵的空间和距离You have come to show you go on向我显现你的来临Near far wherever you are无论你在哪里I believe that the heart does go on我坚信那心已在一起Once more you opened the door再一次，敞开你心扉And you're here in my heart在这里，在我心里And my heart will go on and on我心将与你相偎依Love can touch us one time我们被爱触动And last for a lifetime直到生命的最终And never let go till we're gone都不会与我们离弃Love was when I loved you爱是当我爱你One true time I hold you真正的拥有你In my life we'll always go on我们就会永远相依Near far wherever you are无论你在哪里I believe that the heart does go on我深信那心已在一起Once more you opened the door再一次，敞开你心扉And you're here in my heart在这里，在我心里And my heart will go on and on我心就与你相偎依You're here there’s nothing I fear有你我无所畏惧And I know that my heart will go on我知道我心若与你相依We'll stay forever this way就能永远在一起You are safe in my heart平安地住我心里And my heart will go on and on我心就与你相偎依。

英文文献翻译(终稿)

毕业论文英文文献翻译学生姓名:系别: 中国语言文学系专业: 汉语言文学年级:学号: 200940101021指导教师: 王文征The Big Secret of Dealing with PeopleDale Carnegie There is only one way under high heaven to get anybody to do anything. Did you ever stop to think of that? Yes, just one way. And that is by making the other person want to do it.Remember, there is no other way.Of course, you can make someone want to give you his watch by sticking a revolver in his ribs. You can make your employees give you cooperation - until your back is turned - by threatening to fire them. You can make a child do what you want it to do by a whip or a threat. But these crude methods have sharply undesirable repercussions.The only way I can get you to do anything is by giving you what you want.What do you want?Sigmund Freud said that everything you and I do springs from two motives: the sex urge and the desire to be great.John Dewey, one of America’s most profound philosophers, phrased it a bit differently. Dr. Dewey, said that the deepest urge in human nature is “the desire to be important.” Remember that phrase: “the desire to be important.” It is significant. You are going to hear a lot about it in this book. What do you want? Not many things, but the few that you do wish, you crave with an insistence that will not be denied. Some of the things most people want include:1. Health and the preservation of life.2. Food.3. Sleep.4. Money and the things money will buy.5. Life in the hereafter.6. Sexual gratification.7. The well – being of our children.8. A feeling of importance.Almost all these wants are usually gratified –all except one. But there is one longing – almost as deep, almost as imperious, as the desire for food or sleep – which isseldom gratified. It is what Freud calls “the desire to be great.” It is what Dewey calls the “desire to be important.”Lincoln once began a letter saying: “Everybody likes a compliment.” William James said: “The deepest principle in human nature is the craving to be appreciated.”He didn’t speak, mind you, of the “wish”or the “desire”or the “longing” to be appreciated. He said the “craving” to be appreciated.Here is a gnawing and unfaltering human hunger, and the rare individual who honestly satisfies this heart hunger will hold people in the palm of his or her hand and “even the undertaker will be sorry when he dies.”The desire for a feeling of importance is one of the chief distinguishing differences between mankind and the animals. To illustrate: When I was a farm boy out in Missouri, my father bred fine Duroc – Jersey hogs and pedigreed white – faced cattle. We used to exhibit our hogs and white –faced cattle at the country fairs and live –stock shows throughout the Middle West. We won first prizes by the score. My father pinned his blue ribbons on a sheet of white muslin, and when friends of visitors came to the house, he would get out the long sheet of muslin. He would hold one end and I would hold the other while he exhibited the blue ribbons.The hogs didn’t care about the ribbons they had won. But Father did. These prizes gave him a feeling of importance.If our ancestors hadn’t had this flaming urge for a feeling of importance, civilization would have been impossible. Without it, we should have been just about like animals.It was this desire for a feeling of importance that led an uneducated, poverty –stricken grocery clerk to study some law books he found in the bottom of a barrel of household plunder that he had bought for fifty cents. You have probably heard of this grocery clerk. His name was Lincoln.It was this desire for a feeling of importance that inspired Dickens to write his immortal novels. This desire inspired Sir Christopher Wren to design his symphonies in stone. This desire made Rockefeller amass millions that he never spent! And this same desire made the richest family in your town build a house far too large for its requirements.This desire makes you want to wear the latest styles, drive the latest cars, and talk about your brilliant children.It is this desire that lures many boys and girls into joining gangs and engaging in criminal activities. The average young criminal, according to E.P. Mulrooney, onetime police commissioner of New York, is filled with ego, and his first request after arrest is for those lurid newspapers that make him out a hero. The disagreeable prospect of serving time seems remote so long as he can gloat over his likeness sharing space with pictures of sports figures, movie and TV stars and politicians.The difference between appreciation and flattery? That is simple. One is sincere and the other insincere. One comes from the heart out; the other from the teeth out. One is unselfish; the other selfish. One is universally admired; the other universally condemned.I recently saw a bust of Mexican hero General Alvaro Obregon in the Chapultepec palace in Mexico City. Below the bust are carved these wise words from General Obregon’s philosophy: “Don’t be afraid of enemies who attack you. Be afraid of the friends who flatter you. ”No! No! No! I am not suggesting flattery! Far from it. I’m talking about a new way of life. Let me repeat. I am talking about a new way of life.King George V had a set of six maxims displayed on the walls of his study at Buckingham Palace. One of these maxims said: “Teach me neither to proffer nor receive cheap praise.” That’s all flattery is – cheap praise. I once read a definition of flattery that may be worth repeating: “Flattery is telling the other person precisely what he thinks about himself.”“Use what language you will,”said Ralph Waldo Emerson, “you can never say anything but what you are.”If all we had to do was flatter, everybody would catch on and we should all be experts in human relations.When we are not engaged in thinking about some definite problem, we usually spend about 95 percent of our time thinking about ourselves. Now, if we shop thinking about ourselves for a while and begin to think of the other person’s good points, we won’t have to resort to flattery so cheap and false that it can be spotted almost before it is out of the mouth.One of the most neglected virtues of out daily existence is appreciation. Somehow, we neglect to praise our son or daughter when he or she brings home a good report card,and we fail to encourage our children when they first succeed in baking a cake or building a birdhouse. Nothing pleases children more than this kind of parental interest and approval.The next time you enjoy filet mignon at the club, send word to the chef that it was excellently prepared, and when a tired salesperson shows you unusual courtesy, please mention it.Every minister, lecturer and public speaker knows the discouragement of pouring himself or herself out to an audience and not receiving a single ripple of appreciative comment. What applies to professionals applies doubly to workers in offices, shops and factories and our families and friends. In our interpersonal relations we should never forget that all our associates are human beings and hunger for appreciation. It is the legal tender that all souls enjoy.Try leaving a friendly trail of little sparks of gratitude on your daily trips. You will be surprised how they will set small flames of friendship that will be rose beacons on your next visit. Pamela Dunham of New Fairfield, Connecticut, had among her responsibilities on her job the supervision of a janitor who was doing a very poor job. The other employees would jeer at him and litter the hallways to show him what a bad job he was doing. It was so bad, productive time was being lost in the shop.Without success, Pam tried various ways to motivate this person. She noticed that occasionally he did a particularly good piece of work. She made a point to praise him for it in front of the other people. Each day the job he did all around got better, and pretty soon he started doing all his work efficiently. Now he does an excellent job and other people give him appreciation and recognition. Honest appreciation got results where criticism and ridicule failed.Hurting people not only does not change them, it is never called for. There is an old saying that I have cut out and pasted on my mirror where I cannot help but see it every day:I shall pass this way but once; any good therefore, that I can do or any kindness that I can show to any human being, let me do it now. Let me not defer nor neglect it, for I shall not pass this way again.Emerson said: “Every man I meet is my superior in some way. In that, I learn ofhim.”If that was true of Emerson, isn’t it likely to be a thousand times more true of you and me? Let’s cease thinking of our accomplishments, our wants. Let’s try to figure our other person’s good points. Then forget flattery. Give honest, sincere appreciation. Be “hearty in your approbation and lavish in your praise,”and people will cherish your words and treasure them and repeat them over a lifetime – repeat them years after you have forgotten them.From:Dale Carnegie.How To Stop Worrying And Start Living［M］．Beijing:ChinaMaterial Press，2005.和人交往的一大秘诀戴尔·卡耐基天底下只有一个方法，可以让任何一个人去做任何一件事。

新视野大学英语4第五单元课文翻译[终稿]

新视野大学英语4第五单元课文翻译选择独处事实如此，我们孤独无依地生活着。

据最近的统计，共有2,200万人独自生活在自己的住所里。

其中有些人喜欢这种生活，有些却不喜欢。

有些离了婚，有些鳏寡无伴，也有些从未结过婚。

孤独或许是这里的一种民族弊病，我们羞于承认它，甚于其他任何罪恶。

而另一方面，刻意选择独处，拒绝别人的陪伴而非为同伴所弃，却是美国式英雄的一个特点。

孤独的猎人或探险者去鹿群和狼群中冒险，征服广袤的荒野时，并不需要有人陪伴。

梭罗独居在湖畔的小屋，有意疏离城市生活。

现在，你应有这样的个性。

独处的灵感是诗人和哲学家们最有用的东西。

他们都赞成独处，都因能够独处而自视甚高，至少在他们匆忙赶回家喝茶之前的一两个小时之内是这样。

就拿多萝西·华兹华斯来说吧，她帮哥哥威廉穿上外衣，为他找到笔记本和铅笔，向他挥手告别，目送他走进早春的阳光去独自对花沉思。

他写道：“独处多么优雅，惬意。

”毫无疑问，如果自愿独处，感觉要好得多。

看看弥尔顿的女儿们：她们为他准备好垫子和毯子，然后蹑手蹑脚地走开，以便他能创作诗歌。

然而他并不自己费神将诗歌写下来，而是唤回女儿们，向她们口述，由她们记下来。

也许你已经注意到，这些艺术家类型的人，大多是到户外独处，而家里则自有亲人备好了热茶，等着他们回家。

美国的独处代表人物是梭罗。

我们钦佩他，并非因为他能自力更生，而是因为他孤身一人在瓦尔登湖畔生活，他喜欢这样──独居在湖畔的树林中。

实际上，他最近的邻居离他只有一英里，走路也就20分钟；铁路离他半英里；交通繁忙的大路距他300码。

整天都有人进出他的小屋，请教他何以能够如此高洁。

显然，他的高洁之处主要在于：他既没有妻子也没有仆人，自己动手用斧头砍柴，自己清洗杯碟。

我不知道谁为他洗衣服，他没说，但他也肯定没提是他自己洗。

听听他是怎么说的：“我从未发现比独处更好的伙伴。

”梭罗以自尊自重为伴。

也许这里的启示是：自我意识越强，就越不需要其他的人在周围。

非文学翻译

请将下面的广告和学术语篇翻译成汉语，然后写一篇1-2千汉字的点评和分析。

1．七喜广告：Fresh-up with Seven-up.初稿：喝七喜，神清气爽！润色稿：喝七喜，真给力！终稿：畅饮七喜，倍添活力！2．百威啤酒广告：Budweiser. True.初稿：百威啤酒，真正的（味道）。

润色稿：百威啤酒，喝的就是美国味。

终稿：百威啤酒，地道美国味儿！When you say Budweirser, you’ve said it all.初稿：当你说出“百威”，你已经说了它包含的一切意义。

润色稿：百威出口，百味尽有。

终稿：百威啤酒，百味人生。

For all you do, this Bud’s for you.初稿：为了（回报）你的付出，给你来罐百威啤酒。

润色稿：真心付出，百威来报。

终稿：真心付出，百威懂你。

The genuine article.初稿：如假包换。

润色稿：百威啤酒，真材实料。

终稿：真材实料，好味道。

The King of beers.初稿：啤酒之王。

润色稿：王者风范。

终稿：百威啤酒，啤酒之王。

Where there’s life, there’s Bud.初稿：哪里有生活（人），哪里就有百威。

/有百威者，事竟成。

润色稿：享受生活，享受百威。

终稿：今天你百威了么？3．大地鞋(Earth shoes) 广告：Earth. Different. Like you.初稿：大地鞋，与众不同，和你一样。

润色稿：大地鞋，卓尔不凡，一如你。

终稿：大地鞋，前所未有的体验，一如你。

4．欧洲飞机上向乘客卖水的广告：Stay hydrated, arrive refreshed.初稿：保持水分，到达时就会重提精神。

润色稿：机上多饮水，倦容一扫光。

终稿：机上多饮水，抵达无倦容。

Moreover, the nature of the enlightened type of rationality was furthered by and developed in order to suit scientific activity. Notions such as experiment, method, measurement, demonstration and evidence which have been linked with the idea of a systematic, quantitative and objective type of knowledge played an important role in the conception of the modern scientific mind. Reality was thus objectified, reified and organized in order to favor the analysis of its functioning. This model, exemplified by the natural sciences, has since been applied to every other field of knowledge.The application of method to reasoning was decisive in the development of science itself and to the evolution of modern society on both economic and political levels. The scientific method became a link between opposing tendencies such as capitalism and socialism, who took it for granted as well as exploited the implications it has for the development of the industrial world. Scientific reasoning developed then into instrumental reason in that it tends to isolate and control, split fact from value, and, as a consequence, treat people and environment as instruments.初稿：此外，启蒙的理性主义的性质被促进，并得到发展，为的是与科学活动相适应。

终稿-英语词汇-中频词汇

中频词汇 Unit 11 实战演练Unit_11(共4题)1 【真题例句4】 1999年语法38The movement of the moon conveniently provided the unit of month, which was________ from one new moon to the next.•[A] measured•[B] reckoned•[C] judged•[D] assessed选择答案： A B C D正确答案：B试题解析：B参考翻译：月亮的运动很便捷的提供了“月”这个单位，它是基于一个新月到下一个新月而测算出来的。

答案解析：measure 测量，丈量，一般用来衡量长度或行为；reckon测算，指计算数字、时间等；judge判定；assess估价，评估2 【真题例句1】 1996 语法38. Since it is too late to change my mind now, I am ________ to carrying out the plan.•[A] obliged•[B] committed•[C] engaged•[D] resolved选择答案： A B C D正确答案：B试题解析：B参考译文: 由于一切都太晚而来不及更改想法，我只有全身心投入计划的实施了解析：[A] be obliged to do sth. 有义务做…的[B] be committed to doing sth. 全身心投入做…, 这里的to 是个介词，后面只能跟名词性质的词和表达，因此动词要加ing[C] be engaged to sb. 与…订婚；be engaged to do sth. 致力于做…[D] sb. resolve to do sth. 某人决心做某事。

这个词组没有被动3 【真题例句7】 2006年完型Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are __17__ programs that address the many needs of the homeless.•[A] complex•[B] comprehensive•[C] complementary•[D] compensating选择答案： A B C D正确答案：B试题解析：B参考译文：《波士顿环球邮报》的记者克里斯•雷迪指出，只有通过全面规划来解决无家可归者的各种需求，这种局面才能够有所改善。

2023 ICH_Q9(R1)中文翻译稿

人用药品注册技术要求国际协调会（ICH）ICH协调指导原则质量风险管理Q9(R1)终稿2023年1月18日正式通过本指南由相应的ICH专家工作组制定，并按照ICH程序对各监管机构征询了意见。

在ICH大会一致通过后，ICH建议其成员国监管主体施行该指南草案的最终定稿。

Q9(R1)文件历史Q9Q9修订法律声明：本文受版权保护，除了ICH标志外，在始终承认ICH版权的前提下，基于公共许可可以使用、复制、在其他作品中引用、改编、修改、翻译或传播。

如对本文件进行改编、修正或翻译，必须采取合理措施来清晰地标识、区分或以其他方式标记对文件进行的修改。

必须避免任何对原始文件的改编、调整或翻译是由ICH认可或发起的印象。

本文件根据现有内容提供，不附带任何保证。

ICH或本文件的作者在任何情况下均不对使用本文件产生的任何索赔、损失或其他责任负责。

上述许可不适用于由第三方提供的内容。

ICH 三方协调指导原则质量风险管理Q9(R1)ICH一致性意见指导原则目录1.前言 (1)2.范围 (2)3.质量风险管理的原则 (2)4.质量风险管理基本流程 (2)4.1职责 (3)4.2启动风险管理流程 (4)4.3风险评估 (4)4.4风险控制 (5)4.5风险沟通 (5)4.6风险回顾(Risk Review) (6)5.风险管理方法学 (6)5.1 质量风险管理的正式性 (7)5.2 基于风险的决策 (8)5.3管理并最大程度地降低主观性 (9)6.质量风险管理在制药行业和监管机构的应用 (9)7.术语 (11)8.参考文献 (12)附录Ⅰ:质量风险管理方法与工具 (14)1风险管理的基本方法 (14)2失效模式与影响分析(FMEA) (14)3失效模式、影响与关键性分析(FMECA) (14)4故障树分析(FTA) (15)5危害源分析及关键控制点(HACCP) (15)6危害源及可操作性分析(HAZOP) (16)7初步危害源分析(PHA) (16)8风险排序及筛选 (16)9支持性统计学工具 (17)附录Ⅱ:质量风险管理的潜在应用 (18)1整体质量管理中的质量风险管理 (18)2监管活动中的质量风险管理 (19)3药品研发中的质量风险管理 (19)4厂房设施、设备和公用系统中的质量风险管理 (20)5物料管理中的质量风险管理 (21)6药品生产中的质量风险管理 (21)7实验室控制和稳定性研究中的质量风险管理 (22)8包装和贴签中的质量风险管理 (22)9供应链控制中的质量风险管理 (22)1.前言风险管理的原则已有效应用于众多的商业领域和政府部门，包括金融、保险、职业安全、公共健康、药物警戒，以及这些行业的监管机构。