平狄克微观经济学答案第14-16章
平狄克微观经济学第九本课后习题答案笔记
平狄克微观经济学第九版课后习题答案与笔记内容简介本书遵循平狄克《微观经济学》（第9版）教材的章⽬目编排，共分4篇19章，每章由三部分组成：第⼀一部分为复习笔记，总结本章的重难点内容；第⼆二部分为课（章）后复习题详解，对第9版的所有课（章）后复习题都进⾏行行了了详细的分析和解答；第三部分为课（章）后练习题详解，对第9版的所有课（章）后练习题都进⾏行行了了详细的分析和解答。
作为该教材的学习辅导书，本书具有以下⼏几个⽅方⾯面的特点：（1）整理理名校笔记，浓缩内容精华。
每章的复习笔记以平狄克所著的《微观经济学》（第9版）为主，并结合国内外其他微观经济学经典教材对各章的重难点进⾏行行了了整理理，因此，本书的内容⼏几乎浓缩了了经典教材的知识精华。
（2）解析课后习题，提供详尽答案。
本书参考⼤大量量经济学相关资料料对平狄克所著的《微观经济学》（第9版）的课（章）后习题进⾏行行了了详细的分析和解答，并对相关重要知识点进⾏行行了了延伸和归纳。
（3）补充相关要点，强化专业知识。
⼀一般来说，国外英⽂文教材的中译本不不太符合中国学⽣生的思维习惯，有些语⾔言的表述不不清或条理理性不不强⽽而给学习带来了了不不便便，因此，对每章复习笔记的⼀一些重要知识点和⼀一些习题的解答，我们在不不违背原书原意的基础上结合其他相关经典教材进⾏行行了了必要的整理理和分析。
⽬目录第1篇 导论：市场与价格 第1章 绪 论 1.1 复习笔记 1.2 课后复习题详解 1.3 课后练习题详解 第2章 供给与需求的基本原理 2.1 复习笔记 2.2 课后复习题详解 2.3 课后练习题详解第2篇 ⽣产者、消费者与竞争性市场 第3章 消费者⾏为 3.1 复习笔记 3.2 课后复习题详解 3.3 课后练习题详解 第4章 个⼈需求与市场需求 4.1 复习笔记 4.2 课后复习题详解 4.3 课后练习题详解 第4章附录 需求理论：⼀种数学的处理⽅法 第5章 不确定性与消费者⾏为 5.1 复习笔记 5.2 课后复习题详解 5.3 课后练习题详解 第6章 ⽣ 产 6.1 复习笔记 6.2 课后复习题详解 6.3 课后练习题详解 第7章 ⽣产成本 7.1 复习笔记 7.2 课后复习题详解 7.3 课后练习题详解 第7章附录 ⽣产与成本理论：⼀种数学的处理⽅法 第8章 利润最⼤化与竞争性供给 8.1 复习笔记 8.2 课后复习题详解 第9章 竞争性市场分析 9.1 复习笔记 9.2 课后复习题详解 9.3 课后练习题详解第3篇 市场结构与竞争策略 第10章 市场势⼒：垄断与买⽅垄断 10.1 复习笔记 10.2 课后复习题详解 10.3 课后练习题详解 第11章 有市场势⼒的定价 11.1 复习笔记 11.2 课后复习题详解 11.3 课后练习题详解 第11章附录 纵向联合⼚商 第12章 垄断竞争与寡头垄断 12.1 复习笔记 12.2 课后复习题详解 12.3 课后练习题详解 第13章 博弈论与竞争策略 13.1 复习笔记 13.2 课后复习题详解 13.3 课后练习题详解 第14章 投⼊要素市场 14.1 复习笔记 14.2 课后复习题详解 14.3 课后练习题详解 第15章 投资、时间与资本市场 15.1 复习笔记 15.2 课后复习题详解第4篇 信息、市场失灵与政府的⾓⾊ 第16章 ⼀般均衡与经济效率 16.1 复习笔记 16.2 课后复习题详解 16.3 课后练习题详解 第17章 信息不对称的市场 17.1 复习笔记 17.2 课后复习题详解 17.3 课后练习题详解 第18章 外部性与公共物品 18.1 复习笔记 18.2 课后复习题详解 18.3 课后练习题详解 第19章 ⾏为经济学 19.1 复习笔记 19.2 课后复习题详解 19.3 课后练习题详解附录 指定平狄克《微观经济学》教材为考研参考书⽬目的院校列列表1.2. 课后习题详解1 ⼈人们常说，⼀一个好的理理论是可以⽤用实证的、数据导向的研究来加以证伪的。
平狄克《微观经济学》（第7版）习题详解（第14章-投入要素市场）
平狄克《微观经济学》（第7版）习题详解（第14章-投⼊要素市场）平狄克《微观经济学》（第7版）第14章投⼊要素市场课后复习题详解跨考⽹独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这⾥查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少⾛弯路，躲开⼀些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考⽹独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学⼀对⼀在线咨询进⾏咨询。
1．为什么当⼚商在产品市场具有垄断势⼒时，它对劳动⼒的需求曲线⽐⼚商是竞争性⽣产时弹性⼩？答：⼚商在产品市场具有垄断势⼒时，它对劳动⼒的需求曲线⽐⼚商是竞争性⽣产时弹性⼩，其原因在于：（1）⼚商对劳动的需求曲线是由劳动的边际收⼊产出L MRP 决定的。
L MRP 指在其他⽣产要素的投⼊量固定不变时追加⼀单位的劳动⼒要素投⼊所带来的收益。
它等于边际物质产品（L MP ）与边际收益（MR ）的乘积，即·L L MRP MP MR =。
（2）在完全竞争市场上，边际收益曲线具有完全弹性并且等于价格P ，故·L L MRP MP P =。
在垄断市场上，边际收益曲线是向下倾斜的，弹性较⼩。
通过边际收⼊产出L MRP 的表达式可以看出，当⼚商在产出品市场具有垄断势⼒时，对劳动的需求曲线⽐⼚商是竞争性⽣产时弹性⼩。
2．为什么劳动供给曲线可能是向后弯曲的？答：劳动供给曲线是⼈们提供的劳动和对劳动所⽀付的报酬之间关系的表现形式。
假设劳动的供给只取决于⼯资，则劳动供给曲线可⽤图14-4表⽰。
此图是向后弯曲的劳动供给曲线。
这是因为，当⼯资较低时，随着⼯资的上升，消费者为较⾼的⼯资所吸引，将减少闲暇，增加劳动供给量。
在这个阶段，劳动供给曲线向右上⽅倾斜。
但是，⼯资上涨对劳动供给的吸引是有限的。
当⼯资涨到⾜够⾼（例如0W ）时，消费者的劳动供给量达到最⼤，此时，如果继续增加⼯资，劳动供给量不会继续增加，反⽽会减少，如当⼯资从0W 提⾼到1W 时，劳动供给则从0L 减少到1L 。
平狄克《微观经济学》(第8版)笔记和课后习题详解复习答案
平狄克《微观经济学》（第8版）笔记和课后习题详解完整版>精研学习䋞>无偿试用20％资料全国547所院校视频及题库全收集考研全套>视频资料>课后答案>往年真题>职称考试第1篇导论：市场和价格第1章绪论1.1复习笔记1.2课后复习题详解1.3课后练习题详解第2章供给和需求的基本原理2.1复习笔记2.2课后复习题详解2.3课后练习题详解第2篇生产者、消费者与竞争性市场第3章消费者行为3.1复习笔记3.2课后复习题详解3.3课后练习题详解第4章个人需求和市场需求4.1复习笔记4.2课后复习题详解4.3课后练习题详解第4章附录需求理论——一种数学的处理方法第5章不确定性与消费者行为5.1复习笔记5.2课后复习题详解5.3课后练习题详解第6章生产6.1复习笔记6.2课后复习题详解6.3课后练习题详解第7章生产成本7.1复习笔记7.2课后复习题详解7.3课后练习题详解第7章附录生产与成本理论——一种数学的处理方法第8章利润最大化与竞争性供给8.1复习笔记8.3课后练习题详解第9章竞争性市场分析9.1复习笔记9.2课后复习题详解9.3课后练习题详解第3篇市场结构与竞争策略第10章市场势力：垄断和买方垄断10.1复习笔记10.2课后复习题详解10.3课后练习题详解第11章有市场势力的定价11.1复习笔记11.2课后复习题详解11.3课后练习题详解第11章附录纵向联合厂商第12章垄断竞争和寡头垄断12.1复习笔记12.2课后复习题详解12.3课后练习题详解第13章博弈论与竞争策略13.1复习笔记13.2课后复习题详解13.3课后练习题详解第14章投入要素市场14.1复习笔记14.2课后复习题详解14.3课后练习题详解第15章投资、时间与资本市场15.1复习笔记15.2课后复习题详解15.3课后练习题详解第4篇信息、市场失灵与政府的角色第16章一般均衡与经济效率16.1复习笔记16.2课后复习题详解16.3课后练习题详解第17章信息不对称的市场17.1复习笔记17.2课后复习题详解17.3课后练习题详解第18章外部性和公共物品18.1复习笔记18.2课后复习题详解附录指定平狄克《微观经济学》教材为考研参考书目的院校列表。
平狄克《微观经济学》课后习题-第16章 一般均衡与经济效率【圣才出品】
第16章 一般均衡与经济效率16.1 课后复习题详解1．为什么反馈效应能使一般均衡分析与局部均衡分析发生很大的差异？答：（1）局部均衡分析主要研究的是一个市场上供给和需求的相互影响，它忽略了其他市场如替代品、互补品、要素投入市场对单一产品市场的供给和需求的影响。
一般均衡分析则是考虑反馈效应，同时决定所有市场的价格和数量。
反馈效应是指某一个市场的价格和数量调整所导致的相关市场的价格或数量调整。
（2）忽略反馈效应可能导致对单一市场上的变动的预测不准确。
需求在单一市场上的移动可能导致其他相关市场上的需求移动，最终又导致原市场上需求的再次移动。
局部均衡分析停留在初始移动，而一般均衡分析则根据反馈效应继续分析相关市场的需求变动情况，并最终反馈到原市场，对初始的需求曲线发生影响。
由此可知，反馈效应能使得一般均衡分析与局部分析发生很大的差异。
（3）考察录像带租赁和影剧院门票这两个竞争市场。
这两个市场有紧密的联系，现在假定政府对购买每一张电影票征收1美元的税。
这一税收的局部均衡效应就是使对电影的需求曲线向上提高1美元。
因为电影和录像是替代品，一般均衡分析则认为电影税会提高录像的需求，录像市场受到影响后，又通过反馈效应进一步影响电影票价格，结果必然同时决定电影和录像两者的均衡价格和均衡数量，与局部均衡分析的结果存在很大差异。
2．解释埃奇沃思盒形图中的一点是如何同时代表两个消费者所拥有的商品配置的。
答：假定两种产品分别为和，其既定数量为和，两个消费者分别为A和B，如图16－1所示的埃奇沃思盒形图，盒子的水平长度表示整个经济中的第一种产品的消费量，盒子的垂直长度表示第二种产品的数量，表示第一个消费者A 的原点，表示第二个消费者B 的原点，从水平向右测量消费者A 对第一种商品的消费量，垂直向上测量它对第二种商品的消费量；从水平向左测量消费者B 对第一种商品的消费量，垂直向下测量消费者B 对第二种商品的消费量。
现在考虑盒中的任意一点，对应于消费者A的消费量和消费者B 的消费量，这样，。
平狄克微观经济学(第7版)习题详解(第16章一样均衡与经济效率)
平狄克《微观经济学》（第7版）第4篇信息、市场失灵和政府的角色第16章一样均衡与经济效率课后温习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您能够在那个地址查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研体会，从先辈中取得的体会对初学者来讲是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
1．什么缘故反馈效应能使一样均衡分析与局部均衡分析发生专门大的不同？答：（1）局部均衡分析要紧研究的是一个市场上供给和需求的彼此阻碍，它忽略了其他市场如替代品、互补品、要素投入市场对单一产品市场的供给和需求的阻碍。
一样均衡分析那么是考虑反馈效应，同时决定所有市场的价钱和数量。
反馈效应是指某一个市场的价钱和数量调整所致使的相关市场的价钱或数量调整。
（2）忽略反馈效应可能致使对单一市场上的变更的预测不准确。
需求在单一市场上的移动可能致使其他相关市场上的需求移动，最终又致使原市场上需求的再次移动。
局部均衡分析停留在初始移动，而一样均衡分析那么依照反馈效应继续分析相关市场的需求变更情形，并最终反馈到原市场，对初始的需求曲线发生阻碍。
由此可知，反馈效应能使得一样均衡分析与局部份析发生专门大的不同。
（3）考察录像带租赁和影剧院门票这两个竞争市场。
这两个市场有紧密的联系，此刻假定政府对购买每一张电影票征收1美元的税。
这一税收的局部均衡效应确实是使对电影的需求曲线向上提高1美元。
因为电影和录像是替代品，一样均衡分析那么以为电影税会提高录像的需求，录像市场受到阻碍后，又通过反馈效应进一步阻碍电影票价钱，结果必然同时决定电影和录像二者的均衡价钱和均衡数量，与局部均衡分析的结果存在专门大不同。
2．说明埃奇沃思盒形图中的一点是如何同时期表两个消费者所拥有的商品配置的。
平狄克《微观经济学》(第9版)章节题库-第16章 一般均衡与经济效率【圣才出品】
第16章 一般均衡与经济效率一、选择题1．一般均衡理论试图说明的问题是（ ）。
A．单个产品或单个要素市场的均衡B．劳动市场的均衡C．产品市场和货币市场的均衡D．所有产品市场和要素市场的均衡【答案】D【解析】一般均衡是将所有相互联系的市场看成一个整体来加以研究，每个商品的需求和供给不仅取决于该商品本身的价格，还与其他相关商品的价格有关。
只有当整个经济中所有商品的供给和需求相等时，市场才达到一般均衡。
2．要使整个经济体系处于一般均衡状态，就必须使（ ）。
A．所有的商品市场同时达到均衡B．所有的要素市场同时达到均衡C．所有的商品市场和要素市场同时达到均衡D．要素市场和商品市场相互独立【答案】C【解析】一般均衡是指在一个经济体系中，所有的供给和需求同时达到均衡的状态，即所有的商品市场和要素市场同时达到均衡。
3．在研究某一市场的均衡时，所使用的分析方法通常是（ ）。
A．静态均衡分析B．一般均衡分析C．动态均衡分析D．静态均衡分析和比较静态均衡分析【答案】D【解析】研究单一市场均衡的方法主要是静态均衡分析和比较静态均衡分析，静态分析是考察在既定条件下某一经济事物在经济变量的相互作用下所实现的均衡状态，比较静态分析是考察当原有的条件或外生变量发生变化时，原有的均衡状态会发生什么变化，并比较分析新旧均衡状态。
4．一般均衡理论认为，每一种产品的市场供给是（ ）。
A．该商品价格的函数B．由该商品成本所决定的C．整个价格体系的函数D．由其他商品价格决定的【答案】C【解析】一般均衡是将所有相互联系的市场看成一个整体来加以研究，每个商品的需求和供给不仅取决于该商品本身的价格，还与其他相关商品的价格有关。
即每个商品的供给和需求都取决于整个商品价格体系。
5．下面哪种情况是帕累托最优？（ ）A．收入分配公平B．不使社会中的某些成员福利变差就无法使其他成员福利改善C．企业内部化其所有外部性D．不损害他人福利而改善部分人的福利【答案】B【解析】如果对于某种既定的资源配置状态，所有的帕累托改进均不存在，即在该状态上，任意改变都不可能使至少有一个人的状况变好而又不使其他任何人的状况变坏，则称这种资源配置状态为帕累托最优状态。
平狄克《微观经济学》(第7版)习题详解(第14章-投入要素市场)
平狄克《微观经济学》（第7版）第14章 投入要素市场课后复习题详解 跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
1．为什么当厂商在产品市场具有垄断势力时，它对劳动力的需求曲线比厂商是竞争性生产时弹性小？答：厂商在产品市场具有垄断势力时，它对劳动力的需求曲线比厂商是竞争性生产时弹性小，其原因在于：（1）厂商对劳动的需求曲线是由劳动的边际收入产出L MRP 决定的。
L MRP 指在其他生产要素的投入量固定不变时追加一单位的劳动力要素投入所带来的收益。
它等于边际物质产品（L MP ）与边际收益（MR ）的乘积，即·L L MRP MP MR =。
（2）在完全竞争市场上，边际收益曲线具有完全弹性并且等于价格P ，故·L L MRP MP P =。
在垄断市场上，边际收益曲线是向下倾斜的，弹性较小。
通过边际收入产出L MRP 的表达式可以看出，当厂商在产出品市场具有垄断势力时，对劳动的需求曲线比厂商是竞争性生产时弹性小。
2．为什么劳动供给曲线可能是向后弯曲的？答：劳动供给曲线是人们提供的劳动和对劳动所支付的报酬之间关系的表现形式。
假设劳动的供给只取决于工资，则劳动供给曲线可用图14-4表示。
此图是向后弯曲的劳动供给曲线。
这是因为，当工资较低时，随着工资的上升，消费者为较高的工资所吸引，将减少闲暇，增加劳动供给量。
在这个阶段，劳动供给曲线向右上方倾斜。
但是，工资上涨对劳动供给的吸引是有限的。
当工资涨到足够高（例如0W ）时，消费者的劳动供给量达到最大，此时，如果继续增加工资，劳动供给量不会继续增加，反而会减少，如当工资从0W 提高到1W 时，劳动供给则从0L 减少到1L 。
平狄克微观经济学课件第14章
投入品个供应~边际支出
X数量 8 9 X价格 10 10.5 X成本 80 94.5 X边际成本 14.5
10
11 12 13 14
11
11.5 12 12.5 13
110
126.5 144 162.5 182
15.5
16.5 17.5 18.5 19.5
投入品的边际支出大于其价格，只有当价格增加才 能带来供应量的增加，投入品每增加一单位，全部 投入品都必须支付更高价格
AC AVC P0 MC
准租金
G O
B
Q
Q0
如果价格下降，准租金可能不足以弥补固定成 本，企业经济利润也可能为负
移民对美国有益吗？
移民进入导致劳动力 的总供应由L1增加到 L2，工资由W1降低到 A W2 非移民劳动力总工资 W1 减少W1W2GC 资本所有者和其他非 W 2 劳动资源收入增加 W1W2EC 资本所有者和其他非 劳动资源收入增加>非 O 移民劳动力的损失
L2 L1 L0
ME SL=AE
DL MR
思考
中小民营企业信贷需求~垄 断势力强大的国有商业银行
SK
r* rc
MR K* K
DK=M RPK
MR为单位资金增加给资金提供者带来的收益
例1:假定厂商的生产函数是Q=12L-L2，L=0~6，其 中L是每天的劳动投入，Q是每天的产出。如果产出 品在竞争性市场以10美元出售，导出并画出厂商的 劳动需求曲线。当工资率为每天30美元时，厂商将 雇佣工人？60美元？ 这里的劳动力市场为竞争
效率损失：
SL
单位要素厂商的评 价值MRPL<社会评 价值P•MPL 单位要素厂商的边 际成本W<它为社 会创造的收益 P•MPL
平狄克《微观经济学》第9版笔记和课后习题详解(一般均衡与经济效率)【圣才出品】
平狄克《微观经济学》第9版笔记和课后习题详解第16章一般均衡与经济效率16.1复习笔记【知识框架】【考点难点归纳】考点一：一般均衡分析★★★局部均衡是指在假设其他市场不变的情况下，某一特定产品或要素市场的市场均衡。
一般均衡是指在一个经济体系中，所有市场的供给和需求同时达到均衡的状态。
一般均衡分析从微观经济主体行为的角度出发，考察每一种产品和每一个要素的供给和需求同时达到均衡状态所需具备的条件和相应的均衡价格以及均衡供销量应有的量值，并把反馈效应考虑在内（某一个市场的价格和数量调整所导致的相关市场的价格或数量调整）。
1．两个相互依赖的市场——向一般均衡移动当市场相互依赖时，所有产品的价格必须同时决定。
影响某一市场的价格政策也会影响另一个市场，而该市场的变化又会对第一个市场产生反馈效应，可以用一般均衡分析来进一步考察。
2．一般均衡的实现经济社会是由相互联系的各个局部组成的体系，当消费者偏好、要素供给和生产函数为已知时，就能从数学上论证所有商品市场和要素市场可以同时达到均衡状态，即整个经济可以处于一般均衡状态。
在这种状态下，所有商品和要素的价格和数量都有确定的量值，均衡条件是消费者的效用最大化和生产者的利润最大化，所有市场的供需总量相等。
考点二：交换的效率★★★★一个不受管制的竞争性市场是有效率的，使消费者和生产者的剩余达到最大。
在商品的帕累托有效配置下，没有人能够在不使其他人受损的情况下使自己得益，即不存在同时增进两人福利的可能（如果增进一个人的福利，一定是以另一个人的福利减少为代价），但达到帕累托有效的配置并不能保证能够使得两人相加的福利最大化。
1．贸易的好处一般来说，两个人或两个国家之间自愿的贸易总是互利的。
只有当商品的分配使任何两种商品的边际替代率对于所有的消费者都相等时，商品的配置才是有效率的。
2．埃奇沃思盒状图埃奇沃思盒状图是20世纪初的英国经济学家埃奇沃思最先创造的一种分析方法，用以分析交换过程和消费活动的情况。
微观经济学第四版课后习题答案
平狄克《微观经济学》课后习题答案（一）(2009-05-08 17:38:55)转载标签：平狄克《微观经济学》课后习题答案教育分类：考研心记第一章复习题1．市场是通过相互作用决定一种或一系列产品价格的买卖双方的集合，因此可以把市场看作决定价格的场所。
行业是出售相同的或紧密相关的产品的厂商的集合，一个市场可以包括许多行业。
2．评价一个理论有两个步骤：首先，需要检验这个理论假设的合理性；第二，把该理论的预测和事实相比较以此来验证它。
如果一个理论无法被检验的话，它将不会被接受。
因此，它对我们理解现实情况没有任何帮助。
3．实证分析解释“是什么”的问题，而规范分析解释的是“应该是什么”的问题。
对供给的限制将改变市场的均衡。
A中包括两种分析，批评这是一种“失败的政策”——是规范分析，批评其破坏了市场的竞争性——是实证分析。
B向我们说明在燃油的配给制下总社会福利的被损坏——是实证分析。
4．由于两个市场在空间上是分离的，商品在两地间的运输是套利实现的条件。
如果运输成本为零，则可以在Oklahoma购买汽油，到New Jersey出售，赚取差价；如果这个差价无法弥补运输成本则不存在套利机会。
5．商品和服务的数量与价格由供求关系决定。
鸡蛋的实际价格从1970年至1985年的下降，一方面是由于人们健康意识的提高而导致鸡蛋需求的减少，同时也因为生产成本的降低。
在这两种因素下，鸡蛋的价格下降了。
大学教育的实际价格的升高，是由于越来越多的人倾向于获得大学教育而导致需求提高，同时教育的成本也在升高。
在这两方面因素作用下，大学教育费用提高了。
6．日圆相对美圆来说，价值升高，升值前相比，兑换同样数量的日圆需要付出更多的美圆。
由汇率的变化引起购买力的变化，在日本市场出售的美国汽车，由于美圆贬值日圆升值，持有日圆的消费者将较以前支付较底的价格；而在美国市场出售的日本汽车，由于日圆升值美圆贬值，持有美圆的消费者将面对较以前提高的价格。
(NEW)平狄克《微观经济学》(第7、8版)章节习题精编详解
目 录第1篇 导论：市场和价格第1章 绪 论第2章 供给和需求的基本原理第2篇 生产者、消费者与竞争性市场第3章 消费者行为第4章 个人需求和市场需求第5章 不确定性与消费者行为第6章 生 产第7章 生产成本第8章 利润最大化与竞争性供给第9章 竞争性市场分析第3篇 市场结构与竞争策略第10章 市场势力：垄断和买方垄断第11章 有市场势力的定价第12章 垄断竞争和寡头垄断第13章 博弈论与竞争策略第14章 投入要素市场第15章 投资、时间与资本市场第4篇 信息、市场失灵与政府的角色第16章 一般均衡与经济效率第17章 信息不对称的市场第18章 外部性和公共物品附 录 指定平狄克《微观经济学》教材为考研参考书目的院校列表第1篇 导论：市场和价格第1章 绪 论一、单项选择题1．经济学可以被定义为（ ）。
A ．政府对市场制度的干预B ．企业赚取利润的活动C ．研究稀缺资源如何有效配置的问题D ．个人的生财之道2．经济物品是指（ ）。
A ．有用的东西B ．稀缺的物品C ．要用钱购买的物品D ．有用且稀缺的物品C【答案】经济学是研究人们和社会如何做出选择，来使用可以有其他用途的稀缺的经济资源在现在或是将来生产各种物品，并把物品分配给社会的各个成员或集团以供消费之用的一门社会科学。
【解析】D【答案】现实世界中绝大多数的物品都是不能自由取得的，因为资【解析】3．一个经济体必须作出的基本选择是（ ）。
A ．生产什么B ．生产多少，何时生产C ．为谁生产D ．以上都是4．宏观经济学与微观经济学的关系是（ ）。
A ．相互独立的B ．两者建立在共同的理论基础上C ．两者既有联系又有矛盾D ．毫无联系源是稀缺的，要获得这些有限的物品就必须付出代价，这种物品就被称为“经济物品”。
D【答案】经济学所要解决的问题包括：①生产什么；②如何生产；③为谁生产；④何时生产。
【解析】C【答案】宏观经济学所研究的总量经济特征正是由经济体系中无数微观主体（家庭和厂商）的经济行为所决定的，因而微观经济主体的决策行为就构成了宏观经济分析的基础，宏观经济学需要构建自己的微观基础。
最新平狄克微观经济学答案第14-16章
平狄克微观经济学答案第14-16章第十四章生产性要素市场习题简解１、答：在竞争性要素市场有ＭＲＰL=ＭＰL*Ｐ，在垄断市场有P>MR，所以ＭＰL*Ｐ>ＭＲＭ*ＰL，劳动的需求曲线是关于要素价格W，要素需求L是要素价格的涵数。
于是其弹性为Ｅdl＝dL/dW*W/L，厂商为了追求利润最大化总有MRP=W，而垄断厂商的ＭＲＰ（垄）<ＭＲＰ（竞），所以ＭＲＰ（垄）雇用工人的工资W小于竞争性厂商雇用工人的工资，即所以它比竞争性生产时弹性小。
２、我们知道劳动的供给曲线是向后弯曲的，它表示劳动的供给量起初随工资率的提高而增加，而工资率提高到一定程度后，供给量会随W提高而减少，从而使供给曲线呈后弯曲形状。
下面我们可以用收入效应和替代效应对此种情况加以分析，我们将一天分成工作时间和闲瑕时间，随着工资率的提高，闲瑕的价格也提高。
替代效应是因为较高的闲瑕价格鼓励工人用工作代替闲瑕。
收入效应是因为较高的工资率提高了工人的购买力。
用下图分析为：Ｒ（其中替代效应小于收入效应，向后弯曲）ＰＨ３、（1）何为引致需求，厂商对生产要素的需求是从消费者对产品的直接需求中派生出来的，即派生需求或引致需求。
（2）电脑公司的主要任务是销售电脑以获得利润，而在销售电脑时，售后服务也是同样重要的。
必须为客户组装各种程序，即软件系统需要雇用电脑编程人员。
因此，电脑公司对电脑编程人员的需求是引致需求。
４、垄断性雇主即买方垄断，也就是说厂商在要素市场（作为要素的买方）是垄断者，但在产品市场上是完全竞争者，ＭＥ为边际支出，ＭＥ＝ＭＣ*ＭＰ，在完全竞争市场中ＭＥ＝Ｗ且Ｗ（Ｌ）＝Ｗ为要素的供给的曲线，ＭＥ＝ＭＲＰ为买方垄断厂商的要素使用原则，从而Ｅ点为垄断厂高均衡点，Ｂ点为完全竞争市场的均衡点。
由图可知：Ｌ0<Ｌ1，Ｗ0<Ｗ2，买方垄断厂商无需求曲线，所以Ｗ0为均衡价格。
所以，竞争性雇主雇用较多的工人且支付较多的工资。
WMEW1 EW2 W(L)W0 A BMRP=DL0 L1 L５、摇滚乐手的供给是缺乏弹性的，各个摇滚乐手的演唱风格不同，消费者独特的喜好，对于摇滚乐手的票价的不同其消费数量的变化不大，所以，摇滚乐手的演唱属于缺乏弹性的产品。
平狄克《微观经济学》(第8版)配套题库(下册)-章节题库-投入要素市场【圣才出品】
第14章投入要素市场一、单项选择题1．完全竞争条件下，厂商使用要素的边际收益是指（）。
A ．边际产品价值B ．边际产品C ．产品价格D ．边际产品与要素价格之积【答案】A【解析】边际产品价值（VMP ）是指在完全竞争条件下，厂商增加一单位要素投入所增加的产量的销售值，是一种特殊的边际收益产品。
2．在产品市场与要素市场均为完全竞争的企业内，工人工资率为10，边际产量为5，则产品价格为（）。
A ．2.0B ．0.5C ．1.0D ．5.0【答案】A【解析】完全竞争厂商的利润最大化条件为MP P W ⨯=，即有510P ⨯=，可得产品价格为2。
3．完全竞争厂商对要素的需求曲线可以用（）表示。
A．VMP曲线B．MPP曲线C．MFC曲线D．以上都不是【答案】A【解析】完全竞争厂商对要素的需求曲线可以用W VMP MP P==⨯表示，由利润最大化条件可知，在VMP曲线上，工资W和价格P存在一一对应关系，因而可以用来表示要素需求曲线。
4．在不完全竞争的产品市场和完全竞争的要素市场中，若一种要素可变，则该厂商对要素的需求曲线由（）给出。
A．VMP曲线B．MPP曲线C．MFC曲线D．MRP曲线【答案】D【解析】在不完全竞争的产品市场和完全竞争的要素市场中，该厂商对要素的需求曲线就是边际收益产品曲线。
5．完全竞争产品市场的生产要素需求曲线与不完全竞争产品市场的生产要素需求曲线相比（）。
A．两者重合B．更加陡峭C．更加平坦D．无法确定【答案】C【解析】完全竞争市场的生产要素需求曲线为W VMP MP P==⨯，垄断市场的生产要素需求曲线为W MRP MR MP==⨯，由于边际收益小于市场价格且向右下方倾斜，因此完全竞争市场的生产要素需求曲线比垄断市场更为平坦。
6．表示要素边际生产力的边际收益产品等于（）。
A．边际产品与产品价格之积B．边际产品与边际收益之积C．边际收益与产品价格之积D．边际产品价值【答案】B【解析】边际收益产品是指在其他生产要素的投入量固定不变时追加一单位的某种生产要素投入所带来的收益。
平狄克《微观经济学》(第7版)笔记和课后习题详解(第16章~附录)【圣才出品】
平狄克《微观经济学》（第7版）笔记和课后习题详解第16章一般均衡与经济效率16.1复习笔记1．一般均衡分析局部均衡是指在假设其他市场不变的情况下，某一特定产品或要素市场的市场均衡。
一般均衡指在一个经济体系中，所有市场的供给和需求同时达到均衡的状态。
一般均衡分析从微观经济主体行为的角度出发，考察每一种产品和每一个要素的供给和需求同时达到均衡状态所需具备的条件和相应的均衡价格以及均衡供销量应有的量值。
（1）两个相互依赖的市场——向一般均衡移动录像带租赁和影剧院门票这两个竞争性市场存在紧密的联系，因为录像机的普遍拥有使大多数顾客可以选择在家而不是去影剧院看电影。
影响某一市场的价格政策变动也会影响另一个市场，而该市场的变化又会对第一个市场产生反馈效应。
可以用一般均衡分析来进一步考察：①电影税对录像市场的影响；②录像市场对电影市场是否有反馈效应。
（2）一般均衡的实现经济社会是由相互联系的各个局部组成的体系，当消费者偏好、要素供给和生产函数为已知时，就能从数学上论证所有商品市场和要素市场可以同时达到均衡状态，即整个经济可以处于一般均衡状态。
在这种状态下，所有商品和要素的价格和数量都有确定的量值，均衡条件是消费者的效用最大化和生产者的利润最大化，所有市场的供需总量相等。
2．交换的效率一个不受管制的竞争性市场是有效率的，因为它使消费者和生产者的剩余达到最大。
（1）贸易的好处：商品在两个消费者之间分配的原则只有当商品的分配使任何一对商品的边际替代率对所有消费者都相同时，这些商品的配置才是有效率的。
（2）埃奇沃思盒形图埃奇沃思盒形图是20世纪初的英国经济学家埃奇沃思最先创造的一种分析方法。
这种“盒形图”在于表示两种经济活动的交互作用，其中假设，在这种活动中所消费的产品或所投入的生产要素在数量上是固定的，这个假设是这种分析工具的一个很大的限制条件。
埃奇沃思盒形图用以分析交换过程和消费活动的情况。
其主要特点是，这种长方形“盒形图”的长度和宽度代表消费者双方共有的两种商品的总量，而在“方盒”内的每一点则代表这两种商品的总供给量在这两个消费者之间的分配。
平狄克微观经济学第六版第十四章课后答案
CHAPTER 14MARKETS FOR FACTOR INPUTSThe following two chapters examine the markets for labor and capital. Although the discussion in this chapter is general, most of the examples refer to labor as the only variable input to production, wi th the exception of Example , which discusses “The Demand for Jet Fuel” by airlines. Labor demand and supply are discussed in the first section, and the competitive factor market equilibrium and economic rent are discussed in the second section. Section explores the factor market structure for the case where the buyer has monopsony power, and section explores the case of monopoly power on the part of the seller of the factor.An understanding of this chapter relies on concepts from Chapters 4 through 8 and 10. If you have just covered Chapters 11-13, you might begin by reviewing marginal product, marginal revenue, and cost minimization. You should then discuss marginal revenue product and= w. Explain why we are only interested in the portion of the profit-maximizing condition MRPLthe MP curve below the average product curve (the downward-sloping portion). The derivation of the firm’s demand curve for labor is straightforward when labor is the only factor, but becomes more complicated when there are several variable inputs. In particular, you might curve shifts as the firm substitutes one input for another in production explain why the MRPLin response to a price change by noting that the MRP L curve is drawn for a fixed level of the other variable input.When presenting the market labor demand curve, explain that since the input prices change as more inputs are demanded, the market demand curve is not simply the summation of individual demand curves. You can extend the presentation of price elasticity of input demand (see Example by discussing the conditions leading to price sensitivity. Elasticity is greater (1) when the elasticity of demand for the product is higher, (2) when it is easy to substitute one input for another, and (3) when the elasticity of supply is higher for other inputs. Elasticity of supply, which was discussed in Chapter 2, is reintroduced in Example . You should also distinguish between short-run and long-run elasticity (see Figure .If you have already covered substitution and income effects, the students will be ready for the derivation of the backward-bending supply curve for labor. Although Figure is a straightforward application of these tools, students are often confused by the plotting of income against leisure. Point out that this is just another type of utility maximization problem where the two goods are leisure and income. Income can be thought of as the consumption of goods other than leisure, in that more income buys more goods. You can also implicitly assume that the price of other goods is $1 and the price of leisure is the wage. The supply of labor curve is derived by changing the wage and finding the new level of hours worked. An individual’s supply curve of labor is backward bending only when the inc ome effect dominates the substitution effect and leisure is a normal good. Show typical supply curves for each group in Table . For an experimental study of the labor-leisure trade-off see Battalio, Green, and Kagel, “Income-Leisure Tradeoff of Animal Wo rkers,” American Economic Review (September 1981).Section brings together labor demand and supply for both competitive and monopolistic product markets. Although economic rent was presented in Chapter 8, it is reintroduced with more detail here. In Section , carefully explain why the marginal expenditure curve is above the average expenditure curve for a monopsonist (see Figure . You can discuss how a monopsonist would price discriminate, ., pay a different wage rate to each employee. With perfect price discrimination, the marginal revenue expenditure curve would coincide with the average expenditure curve. Although monopsony exists in some markets, the exercise of monopsony power is rare because of factor mobility. However, the employment of athletes by the owners of professional teams provides a good example (see Example “Monopsony Power in the Market for Baseball Players”). On this same topic, see Sommers and Quinton, “Pay and Performance inMajor League Baseball: The Case of the First Family of Free Agents,” Journal of Human Resources (Summer 1982). Section discusses the case of unions to explore monopoly power on the part of the seller of the input.1. Why is a firm’s demand for labor curve more inelastic when the firm has monopoly power in the output market than when the firm is producing competitivelyThe firm’s demand curve for labor is determined by the incremental revenue fromhiring an additional unit of labor known as the marginal revenue product oflabor: MRPL = (MPL)(MR), the additional output (“product”) that the last workerproduced, times the additional revenue earned by selling that output. In acompetitive industry, the marginal revenue curve is perfectly elastic and equalto price. For a monopolist, marginal revenue is downward sloping. As morelabor is hired and more output is produced, the monopolist will charge a lowerprice and marginal revenue will diminish. All else the same, marginal revenueproduct will be smaller for the monopolist. This implies that the marginalrevenue product for the monopolist is more inelastic than for the competitivefirm.2. Why might a labor supply curve be backward bendingA backward-bending supply curve for labor may occur when the income effect of anincrease in the wage rate dominates the substitution effect. Labor supplydecisions are made by individuals choosing the most satisfying combination ofwork and other (leisure) activities. With a larger income, the individual canafford to work fewer hours: the income effect. As the wage rate increases, thevalue of leisure time (the opportunity cost of leisure) increases, thus inducingthe individual to work longer hours: the substitution effect. Because the twoeffects work in opposite directions, the shape of an individua l’s labor supplycurve depends on the individual’s preferences for income, consumption, andleisure.3. How is a computer company’s demand for computer programmers a derived demandA computer company’s demand for inputs, including programmers, depends on howmany computers it sells. The firm’s demand for programming labor depends on(is derived from) the demand it faces in its market for computers. As demandfor computers shifts, the demand for programmers shifts.4. Compare the hiring choices of a monopsonistic and a competitive employer of workers. Which will hire more workers, and which will pay the higher wages Explain.Since the decision to hire another worker means the monopsonist must pay ahigher wage for all workers, and not just the last worker hired, its marginalexpenditure curve lies above the input supply curve (the average expenditurecurve). The monopsonist’s profit-maximizing input demand, where the marginalexpenditure curve intersects the marginal revenue product curve, will be lessthan the competitor’s profit-maximizing input choice, where the averageexpenditure curve intersects the demand curve. The monopsonist hires less labor,and the wage paid will be less than in a competitive market.5. Rock musicians sometimes earn over $1 million per year. Can you explain such large incomes in terms of economic rentEconomic rent is the difference between the actual payment to the factor ofproduction and the minimum amount that the factor is willing to accept. In thiscase, you might assume that there are a limited number of top-quality rockmusicians who will continue to play rock music no matter what they are paid.This results in a perfectly inelastic supply curve, or something close to it.Given the high demand for rock music, the wage will be very high and there willbe a lot of economic rent. If there was a larger supply of top-quality rockmusicians, or a more elastic supply, then the economic rent would be smaller.6. What happens to the demand for one input when the use of a complementary input increasesIf the demand for the complementary input increases, the demand for the giveninput will increase as well. When demand for the complementary input increases,there is an increase in the quantity hired and possibly the price paid. Both ofthese changes will increase the MRP of the given input, and hence will increasethe quantity hired and possibly the price paid. Whether the prices of theinputs increases depends on the degree of monopsony power on the part of thefirm.7. For a monopsonist, what is the relationship between the supply of an input and the marginal expenditure on itThe decision to increase employment means the monopsonist must pay all units thehigher price, and not just the last unit hired. Therefore, its marginalexpenditure curve lies above the input supply curve (the average expenditurecurve). Hiring more labor will increase the marginal expenditure, which willincrease the average expenditure. If the average expenditure is increasing,then the marginal expenditure must be greater than the average expenditure.8. Currently the National Football League has a system for drafting college players by which each player is picked by only one team. The player must sign with that team or not play in the league. What would happen to the wages of newly drafted and more experienced football players if the draft system were repealed, and all teams could compete for college playersThe National Football League draft and reserve clause (a primary issue in the1987-1988 season’s strike) creates a monopsonist cartel among the owners of NFLteams. If the draft system were repealed, competition among teams would increasewages of football players to the point where the marginal revenue product ofeach player would be equ al to the player’s wage.9. The government wants to encourage individuals on welfare to become employed. It is considering two possible incentive programs for firms.A. Give the firm $2 per hour for every individual on welfare who is hired.B. Give each firm that hires one or more welfare workers a payment of $1000 peryear, irrespective of the number of hires.To what extent is each of these programs likely to be effective at increasing the employment opportunities for welfare workersFirms will hire additional labor as long as the extra benefit is greater thanthe extra cost of hiring the worker, or until MRP L = w. Option A would beeffective because if the firm receives $2 per hour for every welfare workerhired then the effective wage paid, w, will fall and the firm will find itoptimal to hire more labor until the benefits (MRP L) again equal the costs (w)at the margin. Option B would be effective at increasing employmentopportunities also in that if the firm hires an individual who has been onwelfare they will then receive $1000. However, plan B is not necessarily aseffective as plan A given the firm only receives one lump sum paymentregardless of the number of welfare workers hired. In this case the firm onlyhas an incentive to hire the one welfare worker, though they may of coursechoose to hire more than one welfare worker.10. A small specialty cookie company, whose only variable input is labor, finds that the average worker can produce 50 cookies per day, the cost of the average worker is $64 per day, and the price of a cookie is $1. Is the cookie company maximizing its profit Explain.The marginal product of labor is 50 (cookies per day) and the price per cookieis 1 ($ per cookie) so the marginal revenue product is $50/day. Since this isless than the wage of $64 per day the cookie company is not maximizing profit.They are employing too much labor since the cost of labor is greater than thebenefit of labor at the margin, and are therefore producing too many cookies.11. A firm uses both labor and machines in production. Explain why an increase in the average wage rate causes both a movement along the labor demand curve and a shift of the curve.An increase in the wage rate causes an upward movement along the labor demandcurve. For any given marginal revenue product curve, the firm will find thatthey want to hire fewer workers when the wage increases (an upward movement).However, when the wage increases the marginal cost will increase which willreduce desired output. When output falls, the firm will not need as manymachines and the marginal product of labor curve will shift to the left,assuming machines and labor are complementary. This will also reduce thedemand for labor.1. Suppose that the wage rate is $16 per hour, and the price of the product is $2. Values for output and labor are in units per hour.q L0 020 135 247 357 465 570 6a.Find the profit-maximizing quantity of labor.From the information given above, calculate the marginal product of labor, theextra output produced by hiring one more unit of labor, and then multiply byprice to get the marginal revenue product of labor. To find the profit-maximizing quantity of labor, use the rule that the firm wants to hire laboronly as long as the marginal revenue product of labor is greater than thenominal wage, or up to the point where the marginal revenue product of laboris equal to the nominal wage. From the table below, the firm will hire 5units of labor.b.Suppose that the price of the product remains at $2 but that the wage rateincreases to $21. Find the new profit-maximizing quantity of labor.The above table does not change for this part of the problem. However, thefirm no longer wants to hire 5 units of labor because the benefit of the 5thunit ($16 per hour) is less than the cost of the 5th unit ($21 per hour). Thefirm would only hire 3 units of labor per hour since in this case the benefitstill exceeds the cost at the margin. The firm would stick with 3 unitsinstead of 4 unless fractional units are possible. At L=4 the cost is greaterthan the benefit so you lose profit by hiring the 4th unit of labor.c.Suppose the price of the product increases to $3 and the wage remains at $16 perhour. Find the new profit-maximizing quantity of labor.A change in the price of the product will not change the marginal product oflabor, but it will change the marginal revenue product of labor. The newmarginal revenue product of labor is given in the table below. The firm willstill want to hire 5 units of labor, as in part a above. It will not hire the6th unit because the extra benefit is less than the extra cost. Profit will begreater than in part a.d.Suppose that the price of the product remains at $2 and the wage remains at $16,but there is a technological breakthrough that increases output by 25% for any given level of labor. Find the new profit-maximizing quantity of labor.The technological breakthrough changes the number of units of output producedby a given number of units of labor, and hence changes the marginal productand the marginal revenue product of labor. The new output values are found bymultiplying the old values by . This new information is given in the tablebelow. The firm will still choose to hire 5 units of labor. Profit will begreater than in part a.6,0003,0002,000 5,0007,0003,5001,500 5,0008,0004,0001,000 5,0009,0004,500 500 5,00010,0005,000 0 5,0003. Using your knowledge of marginal revenue product, explain the following:a. A famous tennis star is paid $100,000 for appearing in a 30-second televisioncommercial. The actor who plays his doubles partner is paid $500.Marginal revenue product of labor, MRP, is equal to marginal revenue from anLincremental unit of output multiplied by the marginal product from anincremental unit of labor, or in other words, the extra revenue generated byhaving the tennis star appear in the ad. The famous tennis star is able to helpincrease revenues far more than the actor, so he is paid much more than theactor. The wage of the actor is determined by the supply and demand of actorswilling to play tennis with tennis stars.b. The president of an ailing savings and loan is paid not to stay in his job for thelast two years of his contract.The marginal revenue product of the president of the ailing savings and loan islikely to be negative and therefore, the savings and loan is better off bypaying the president not to show up. They have calculated that they will loseless (or gain more) by paying the president off and hiring someone else.c. A jumbo jet carrying 400 passengers is priced higher than a 250-passenger model eventhough both aircraft cost the same to manufacture.The ability of the larger jet to generate more revenue increases its value tothe airline, and therefore the airline is willing to pay more for it.4. The demands for the factors of production listed below have increased. What can you conclude about changes in the demand for the related consumer goods If demands for the consumer goods remain unchanged, what other explanation is there for an increase in derived demands for these itemsa. Computer memory chipsIn general, an increase in the demand for a good increases the demand for itsfactor inputs. The converse is not necessarily true; ., an increase in thedemand for factor inputs does not necessarily imply an increase in the demandfor the final product. The demand for an input may increase due to a change inthe use of other inputs in the production process. As the price of anotherinput increases, its demand falls and the demand of substitutable inputs rises.In this case, the increase in the demand for computer memory chips must havebeen caused by an increase in the demand for personal computers given thatcomputer memory chips are used only in computers, and there are no substitutesfor computer memory chips.b. Jet fuel for passenger planesWith an increase in the demand for jet travel, the demand for jet fuel willincrease. There are no substitutes for jet fuel.c. Paper used for newsprintGiven the paper is being used to print newspapers then there must have been anincrease in the circulation of newspapers.d. Aluminum used for beverage cansWith an increase in demand for cold drinks in the summer, the seasonal demandfor aluminum increases, so this is one possible explanation. Alternatively, ifglass or plastic have become more expensive then this may affect the demand foraluminum. Finally, changes in the market for recycled aluminum may affect thedemand for new aluminum.5. Suppose there are two groups of workers, unionized and nonunionized. Congress passes a law that requires all workers to join the union. What do you expect to happen to the wage rates of formerly nonunionized workers of those workers who were originally unionized What have you assumed about the union’s behaviorIn general, we expect that nonunionized workers are earning lower wages thanunionized workers. If all workers are forced to join the union, it would bereasonable to expect that the nonunionized workers will now receive higher wagesand the unionized workers will receive a wage that could go either way. Thereare a couple of items to consider. First, the union now has more monopoly power in that there are no nonunion workers to act as substitutes for union workers. This gives more power to the union, which means higher wages can in general be negotiated. However, the union now has more members to satisfy. If wages are kept at a high level, there will be fewer jobs, and hence some previously nonunionized workers may end up with no job. The union may wish to trade off some of the wage for a guarantee of more jobs. The average income of all workers will rise if labor demand is inelastic and will fall if labor demand is elastic.soldiers until the marginal value of the last soldier is equal to his or her pay.There are two implications of the government’s monopsony power: fewer soldiersare hired, and they are paid less than their marginal product. When a mandatorydraft is implemented, even fewer professional soldiers are hired. Wages forvolunteer soldiers fall, pushed down by the fact that wages of the draftees canbe very low.8. The demand for labor by an industry is given by the curve L = 1200 - 10w, where L is the labor demanded per day and w is the wage rate. The supply curve is given by L = 20w. What is the equilibrium wage rate and quantity of labor hired What is the economic rent earned by workersThe equilibrium wage rate is determined where quantity of labor supplied isequal to the quantity of labor demanded:20w = 1,200 - 10w, or w = $40.Substituting into either the labor supply or labor demand equations, we find theequilibrium quantity of labor is 800:L= (20)(40) = 800,SandL= 1,200 - (10)(40) = 800.DEconomic rent is the summation of the difference between the equilibrium wageand the wage given by the labor supply curve. Here, it is the area above thelabor supply curve up to L= 800 and below the equilibrium wage. Thistriangle’s area is (800)($40) = $16,000.9. This exercise is a continuation of Exercise 8. Suppose now that the only labor available is controlled by a monopolistic labor union that wishes to maximize the rent earned by union members. What will be the quantity of labor employed and the wage rate How does your answer compare with your answer to Exercise 8 Discuss. (Hint: The union’s marginal revenue curve is given by L = 1200 - 20w.)Recall that the monopolist chooses output by setting marginal revenue equal tothe marginal cost of supplying one more unit of output, as opposed to thecompetitive firm which chooses output by setting price equal to marginal cost,or in other words producing where supply intersects demand. The monopolisticlabor union acts in the same way. To maximize rent in this case, the union willchoose the number of workers hired so that the marginal revenue to the union(the additional wages earned) is equal to the extra cost of inducing the workerto work. This involves choosing the quantity of labor at the point where themarginal revenue curve crosses the supply curve of labor. Note that themarginal revenue curve has twice the slope of the labor demand curve. Marginalrevenue is less than the wage, because when more workers are hired, all workersreceive a lower wage.Setting the marginal revenue curve equal to the supply curve for labor, we find:1200 - 20w = 20w, or w* = 30.At w*, we may determine the number of workers who are willing to work bysubstituting w* into the labor supply equation:L* = (20)(30) = 600.Therefore, if the union wants to maximize the rent that the union members earn,the union should limit employment to 600 members.To determine the wage the members will earn, substitute L* into the labor demandequation:600 = 1,200 - 10w, or w = 60.The total rent the employed union members will receive is equal to:Rent = (60 - 30)(600) + (30)(600) = $27,000.Notice that the wage is higher and the number of workers employed is lower thanin Exercise (8).*10. A firm uses a single input, labor, to produce output q according to the productio n function . The commodity sells for $150 per unit and the wage rate is $75 per hour.a.Find the profit-maximizing quantity of L.There are two (equivalent) methods of solving this problem. Most generally,define the profit function, where revenues and costs are expressed in terms ofthe input, calculate the first order necessary condition (the first derivativeof the profit function), and solve for the optimal quantity of the input. Alternatively, use the rule that the firm will hire labor up until the pointwhere the marginal revenue product (p*MP L ) equals the wage rate. Using thefirst method:π=TR -TC =pq -wLπ=150*8*L 12-75L∂π∂L=600L -12-75=0L =64.b. Find the profit-maximizing quantity of q.From part a, the profit maximizing quantity of labor is 64 so substitute thisquantity of labor into the production function to find q =8L 12=8*64=64.c. What is the maximum profitProfit is total revenue minus total cost or π=150*64-75*64=4800.d. Suppose now that the firm is taxed $30 per unit of output and the wage rate issubsidized at a rate of $15 per hour. Assume the firm is a price taker, so that the price of the product remains at $150. Find the new profit-maximizing levels of L, q, and profit.After the $30 tax per unit of output is paid, the firm receives 150-30=$120per unit of output sold. This is the relevant price for the profit maximizingdecision. The input cost is now 75-15=$60 per unit labor after the subsidy isreceived. The profit maximizing values can be found as in parts a-c above:e. Now suppose that the firm is required to pay a 20% tax on its profits. Find thenew profit-maximizing levels of L, q, and profit.The profit maximizing values can be found as in parts a-c above, only hereprofit is 80% of total revenue minus total cost.π=.8(TR -TC )=.8(pq -wL )π=.8(150*8*L 12-75L )∂π∂L=480L -12-60=0L =64q =64π=3840.。
(整理)平狄克微观经济学答案第14-16章
第十四章生产性要素市场习题简解１、答：在竞争性要素市场有ＭＲＰL=ＭＰL*Ｐ，在垄断市场有P>MR，所以ＭＰL*Ｐ>ＭＲＭ*ＰL，劳动的需求曲线是关于要素价格W，要素需求L是要素价格的涵数。
于是其弹性为Ｅdl＝dL/dW*W/L，厂商为了追求利润最大化总有MRP=W，而垄断厂商的ＭＲＰ（垄）<ＭＲＰ（竞），所以ＭＲＰ（垄）雇用工人的工资W小于竞争性厂商雇用工人的工资，即所以它比竞争性生产时弹性小。
２、我们知道劳动的供给曲线是向后弯曲的，它表示劳动的供给量起初随工资率的提高而增加，而工资率提高到一定程度后，供给量会随W提高而减少，从而使供给曲线呈后弯曲形状。
下面我们可以用收入效应和替代效应对此种情况加以分析，我们将一天分成工作时间和闲瑕时间，随着工资率的提高，闲瑕的价格也提高。
替代效应是因为较高的闲瑕价格鼓励工人用工作代替闲瑕。
收入效应是因为较高的工资率提高了工人的购买力。
用下图分析为：Ｒ（其中替代效应小于收入效应，向后弯曲）ＰＨ３、（1）何为引致需求，厂商对生产要素的需求是从消费者对产品的直接需求中派生出来的，即派生需求或引致需求。
（2）电脑公司的主要任务是销售电脑以获得利润，而在销售电脑时，售后服务也是同样重要的。
必须为客户组装各种程序，即软件系统需要雇用电脑编程人员。
因此，电脑公司对电脑编程人员的需求是引致需求。
４、垄断性雇主即买方垄断，也就是说厂商在要素市场（作为要素的买方）是垄断者，但在产品市场上是完全竞争者，ＭＥ为边际支出，ＭＥ＝ＭＣ*ＭＰ，在完全竞争市场中ＭＥ＝Ｗ且Ｗ（Ｌ）＝Ｗ为要素的供给的曲线，ＭＥ＝ＭＲＰ为买方垄断厂商的要素使用原则，从而Ｅ点为垄断厂高均衡点，Ｂ点为完全竞争市场的均衡点。
由图可知：Ｌ0<Ｌ1，Ｗ0<Ｗ2，买方垄断厂商无需求曲线，所以Ｗ0为均衡价格。
所以，竞争性雇主雇用较多的工人且支付较多的工资。
WMEW1 EW2 W(L)W0 A BMRP=DL0 L1 L５、摇滚乐手的供给是缺乏弹性的，各个摇滚乐手的演唱风格不同，消费者独特的喜好，对于摇滚乐手的票价的不同其消费数量的变化不大，所以，摇滚乐手的演唱属于缺乏弹性的产品。
平狄克《微观经济学》章节题库-第16章 一般均衡与经济效率【圣才出品】
圣才电子书
十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平
台
两者都是以均衡作为出发点，认为均衡是市场经济常态，而把不均衡看作对均衡的一种暂
时偏离。
②局部均衡和一般均衡的区别
局部均衡理论和一般均衡理论的区别在于：局部均衡理论研究单一市场的均衡状态，
一般均衡理论研究所有商品市场和要素市场的均衡状态。
二种商品 的消费量 。盒中的任意一点如 点对应于消费者 的消费量
和消费者
的消费量
。因此，盒子（包括边界）确定了两种物品在两个消费者之间的所有可
能的分配情况。
2 / 24圣才电子书十来自种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平
台
、 和 是消费者 的三条代表性无差异曲线。其中， 代表较高的效用水平，
别为 和 。盒子的水平长度表示整个经济中第一种产品 的数量 ，盒子的垂直高度表
示第二种产品 的数量 。 为第一个消费者 的原点， 为第二个消费者 的原点。从
水平向右测量消费者 对第一种商品 的消费量 ，垂直向上测量它对第二种商品 的
消费量 ；从 水平向左测量消费者 对第一种商品 的消费量 ，垂直向下测量它对第
表示两种产品在两个消费者之间的所有最优分配（即帕累托最优状态）的集合。
3．什么是局部均衡和一般均衡？两者的联系和区别是什么？ 答：（1）局部均衡是指在其他市场条件不变的情况下，单个产品市场或单个要素市 场存在的均衡。局部均衡分析方法可以用来分析和研究许多实际问题。一般均衡是指包括 所有产品市场和要素市场在内的整个经济社会存在的均衡。一般均衡理论的创始者是瓦尔 拉斯，该理论强调各种市场之间的相互依存关系。 （2）局部均衡和一般均衡的联系和区别 ①局部均衡和一般均衡的联系 局部均衡理论和一般均衡理论对于研究商品经济中每一个市场和相关市场之间在价格、 需求、供给等方面的相互影响具有重要的意义，它们都是建立在效用论和生产论基础上。
(NEW)平狄克《微观经济学》(第7版)课后习题详解
目 录第1篇 导论：市场和价格第1章 绪 论1.1 课后复习题详解1.2 课后练习题详解第2章 供给和需求的基本原理2.1 课后复习题详解2.2 课后练习题详解第2篇 生产者、消费者以及竞争性市场第3章 消费者行为3.1 课后复习题详解3.2 课后练习题详解第4章 个人需求和市场需求4.1 课后复习题详解4.2 课后练习题详解第4章附录 需求理论——一种数学的处理方法课后练习题详解第5章 不确定性与消费者行为5.1 课后复习题详解5.2 课后练习题详解第6章 生 产6.1 课后复习题详解6.2 课后练习题详解第7章 生产成本7.1 课后复习题详解7.2 课后练习题详解第7章附录 生产与成本理论——一种数学的处理方法课后练习题详解第8章 利润最大化和竞争性供给8.1 课后复习题详解8.2 课后练习题详解第9章 竞争性市场分析9.1 课后复习题详解9.2 课后练习题详解第3篇 市场结构和竞争策略第10章 市场势力：垄断与买方垄断10.1 课后复习题详解10.2 课后练习题详解第11章 有市场势力的定价11.1 课后复习题详解11.2 课后练习题详解第11章附录 联合厂商的内部转移定价课后练习题详解第12章 垄断竞争和寡头垄断12.1 课后复习题详解12.2 课后练习题详解第13章 博弈论和竞争策略13.1 课后复习题详解13.2 课后练习题详解第14章 投入要素市场14.1 课后复习题详解14.2 课后练习题详解第15章 投资、时间及资本市场15.1 课后复习题详解15.2 课后练习题详解第4篇 信息、市场失灵以及政府的角色第16章 一般均衡与经济效率16.1 课后复习题详解16.2 课后练习题详解第17章 信息不对称市场17.1 课后复习题详解17.2 课后练习题详解第18章 外部性与公共品18.1 课后复习题详解18.2 课后练习题详解附录：指定平狄克《微观经济学》教材为考研参考书目的院校列表第1篇 导论：市场和价格第1章 绪 论1.1 课后复习题详解1．人们常说，一个好的理论是可以用经验研究和实证研究来加以证伪的。
平狄克微观经济学第六版第十四章课后答案解析
CHAPTER 14MARKETS FOR FACTOR INPUTSThe following two chapters examine the markets for labor and capital. Although the discussion in this chapter is general, most of the examples refer to labor as the only variable input to production, with the exception of Example 14.1, which discusses “The Demand for Jet Fuel”by airlines. Labor demand and supply are discussed in the first section, and the competitive factor market equilibrium and economic rent are discussed in the second section. Section 14.3 explores the factor market structure for the case where the buyer has monopsony power, and section 14.4 explores the case of monopoly power on the part of the seller of the factor.An understanding of this chapter relies on concepts from Chapters 4 through 8 and 10. If you have just covered Chapters 11-13, you might begin by reviewing marginal product, marginal revenue, and cost minimization. You should then discuss marginal revenue product and the profit-maximizing condition MRP L = w. Explain why we are only interested in the portion of the MP curve below the average product curve (the downward-sloping portion). The derivation of the firm’s demand curve for labor is straightforward when labor is the only factor, but becomes more complicated when there are several variable inputs. In particular, you might explain why the MRP L curve shifts as the firm substitutes one input for another in production in response to a price change by noting that the MRP L curve is drawn for a fixed level of the other variable input.When presenting the market labor demand curve, explain that since the input prices change as more inputs are demanded, the market demand curve is not simply the summation of individual demand curves. You can extend the presentation of price elasticity of input demand (see Example 14.1) by discussing the conditions leading to price sensitivity. Elasticity is greater (1) when the elasticity of demand for the product is higher, (2) when it is easy to substitute one input for another, and (3) when the elasticity of supply is higher for other inputs. Elasticity of supply, which was discussed in Chapter 2, is reintroduced in Example 14.2. You should also distinguish between short-run and long-run elasticity (see Figure 14.6).If you have already covered substitution and income effects, the students will be ready for the derivation of the backward-bending supply curve for labor. Although Figure 14.9 is a straightforward application of these tools, students are often confused by the plotting of income against leisure. Point out that this is just another type of utility maximization problem where the two goods are leisure and income. Income can be thought of as the consumption of goods other than leisure, in that more income buys more goods. You can also implicitly assume that the price of other goods is $1 and the price of leisure is the wage. The supply of labor curve is derived by changing the wage and finding the new level of hours worked. An individual’s supply curve of labor is backward bending only when the income effect dominates the substitution effect and leisure is a normal good. Show typical supply curves for each group in Table 14.2. For anexperimental study of the labor-leisure trade-off see Battalio, Green, and Kagel, “Income-Leisure Tradeoff of Animal Workers,”American Economic Review (September 1981).Section 14.2 brings together labor demand and supply for both competitive and monopolistic product markets. Although economic rent was presented in Chapter 8, it is reintroduced with more detail here. In Section 14.3, carefully explain why the marginal expenditure curve is above the average expenditure curve for a monopsonist (see Figure 14.14). You can discuss how a monopsonist would price discriminate, e.g., pay a different wage rate to each employee. With perfect price discrimination, the marginal revenue expenditure curve would coincide with the average expenditure curve. Although monopsony exists in some markets, the exercise of monopsony power is rare because of factor mobility. However, the employment of athletes by the owners of professional teams provides a good example (see Example 14.4 “Monopsony Power in the Market for Baseball Players”). On this same topic, see Sommers and Quinton, “Pay and Performance in Major League Baseball: The Case of the First Family of Free Agents,”Journal of Human Resources (Summer 1982). Section 14.4 discusses the case of unions to explore monopoly power on the part of the seller of the input.* *1. Why is a firm’s demand for labor curve more inelastic when the firm has monopoly power in the output market than when the firm is producing competitively?The firm’s demand curve for labor is determined by the incremental revenue fromhiring an additional unit of labor known as the marginal revenue product of labor:MRP L= (MP L)(MR), the additional output (“product”) that the last workerproduced, times the additional revenue earned by selling that output. In acompetitive industry, the marginal revenue curve is perfectly elastic and equal toprice. For a monopolist, marginal revenue is downward sloping. As more labor ishired and more output is produced, the monopolist will charge a lower price andmarginal revenue will diminish. All else the same, marginal revenue product will besmaller for the monopolist. This implies that the marginal revenue product for themonopolist is more inelastic than for the competitive firm.2. Why might a labor supply curve be backward bending?A backward-bending supply curve for labor may occur when the income effect of anincrease in the wage rate dominates the substitution effect. Labor supply decisionsare made by individuals choosing the most satisfying combination of work and other(leisure) activities. With a larger income, the individual can afford to work fewerhours: the income effect. As the wage rate increases, the value of leisure time (theopportunity cost of leisure) increases, thus inducing the individual to work longerhours: the substitution effect. Because the two effects work in opposite directions,the shape of an individual’s labor supply curve depends on the individual’spreferences for income, consumption, and leisure.3. How is a computer company’s demand for computer programmers a derived demand?A computer company’s demand for inputs, including programmers, depends onhow many computers it sells. The firm’s demand for programming labor dependson (is derived from) the demand it faces in its market for computers. As demandfor computers shifts, the demand for programmers shifts.4. Compare the hiring choices of a monopsonistic and a competitive employer of workers. Which will hire more workers, and which will pay the higher wages? Explain.Since the decision to hire another worker means the monopsonist must pay a higherwage for all workers, and not just the last worker hired, its marginal expenditurecurve lies above the input supply curve (the average expenditure curve). Themonopsonist’s profit-maximizing input demand, where the marginal expenditurecurve intersects the marginal revenue product curve, will be less than thecompetitor’s profit-maximizing input choice, where the average expenditure curveintersects the demand curve. The monopsonist hires less labor, and the wage paidwill be less than in a competitive market.5. Rock musicians sometimes earn over $1 million per year. Can you explain such large incomes in terms of economic rent?Economic rent is the difference between the actual payment to the factor ofproduction and the minimum amount that the factor is willing to accept. In thiscase, you might assume that there are a limited number of top-quality rockmusicians who will continue to play rock music no matter what they are paid. Thisresults in a perfectly inelastic supply curve, or something close to it. Given the highdemand for rock music, the wage will be very high and there will be a lot ofeconomic rent. If there was a larger supply of top-quality rock musicians, or a moreelastic supply, then the economic rent would be smaller.6. What happens to the demand for one input when the use of a complementary input increases?If the demand for the complementary input increases, the demand for the giveninput will increase as well. When demand for the complementary input increases,there is an increase in the quantity hired and possibly the price paid. Both of thesechanges will increase the MRP of the given input, and hence will increase thequantity hired and possibly the price paid. Whether the prices of the inputsincreases depends on the degree of monopsony power on the part of the firm.7. For a monopsonist, what is the relationship between the supply of an input and the marginal expenditure on it?The decision to increase employment means the monopsonist must pay all units thehigher price, and not just the last unit hired. Therefore, its marginal expenditurecurve lies above the input supply curve (the average expenditure curve). Hiringmore labor will increase the marginal expenditure, which will increase the averageexpenditure. If the average expenditure is increasing, then the marginalexpenditure must be greater than the average expenditure.8. Currently the National Football League has a system for drafting college players by which each player is picked by only one team. The player must sign with that team or not play in the league. What would happen to the wages of newly drafted and more experienced football players if the draft system were repealed, and all teams could compete for college players?The National Football League draft and reserve clause (a primary issue in the 1987-1988 season’s strike) creates a monopsonist cartel among the owners of NFL teams.If the draft system were repealed, competition among teams would increase wagesof football players to the point where the marginal revenue product of each playerwould be equal to the player’s wage.9. The government wants to encourage individuals on welfare to become employed. It is considering two possible incentive programs for firms.A. Give the firm $2 per hour for every individual on welfare who is hired.B. Give each firm that hires one or more welfare workers a payment of $1000 peryear, irrespective of the number of hires.To what extent is each of these programs likely to be effective at increasing the employment opportunities for welfare workers?Firms will hire additional labor as long as the extra benefit is greater than the extracost of hiring the worker, or until MRP L = w. Option A would be effective becauseif the firm receives $2 per hour for every welfare worker hired then the effectivewage paid, w, will fall and the firm will find it optimal to hire more labor until thebenefits (MRP L) again equal the costs (w) at the margin. Option B would beeffective at increasing employment opportunities also in that if the firm hires anindividual who has been on welfare they will then receive $1000. However, plan Bis not necessarily as effective as plan A given the firm only receives one lump sumpayment regardless of the number of welfare workers hired. In this case the firmonly has an incentive to hire the one welfare worker, though they may of coursechoose to hire more than one welfare worker.10. A small specialty cookie company, whose only variable input is labor, finds that the average worker can produce 50 cookies per day, the cost of the average worker is $64 per day, and the price of a cookie is $1. Is the cookie company maximizing its profit? Explain.The marginal product of labor is 50 (cookies per day) and the price per cookie is 1($ per cookie) so the marginal revenue product is $50/day. Since this is less thanthe wage of $64 per day the cookie company is not maximizing profit. They areemploying too much labor since the cost of labor is greater than the benefit oflabor at the margin, and are therefore producing too many cookies.11. A firm uses both labor and machines in production. Explain why an increase in the average wage rate causes both a movement along the labor demand curve and a shift of the curve.An increase in the wage rate causes an upward movement along the labordemand curve. For any given marginal revenue product curve, the firm will findthat they want to hire fewer workers when the wage increases (an upwardmovement). However, when the wage increases the marginal cost will increasewhich will reduce desired output. When output falls, the firm will not need asmany machines and the marginal product of labor curve will shift to the left,assuming machines and labor are complementary. This will also reduce thedemand for labor.1. Suppose that the wage rate is $16 per hour, and the price of the product is $2. Values for output and labor are in units per hour.q L0 020 135 247 357 465 570 6a.Find the profit-maximizing quantity of labor.From the information given above, calculate the marginal product of labor, theextra output produced by hiring one more unit of labor, and then multiply by priceto get the marginal revenue product of labor. To find the profit-maximizingquantity of labor, use the rule that the firm wants to hire labor only as long as themarginal revenue product of labor is greater than the nominal wage, or up to thepoint where the marginal revenue product of labor is equal to the nominal wage.From the table below, the firm will hire 5 units of labor.b.Suppose that the price of the product remains at $2 but that the wage rate increasesto $21. Find the new profit-maximizing quantity of labor.The above table does not change for this part of the problem. However, the firmno longer wants to hire 5 units of labor because the benefit of the 5th unit ($16 perhour) is less than the cost of the 5th unit ($21 per hour). The firm would only hire3 units of labor per hour since in this case the benefit still exceeds the cost at themargin. The firm would stick with 3 units instead of 4 unless fractional units arepossible. At L=4 the cost is greater than the benefit so you lose profit by hiringthe 4th unit of labor.c.Suppose the price of the product increases to $3 and the wage remains at $16 perhour. Find the new profit-maximizing quantity of labor.A change in the price of the product will not change the marginal product of labor,but it will change the marginal revenue product of labor. The new marginalrevenue product of labor is given in the table below. The firm will still want tohire 5 units of labor, as in part a above. It will not hire the 6th unit because theextra benefit is less than the extra cost. Profit will be greater than in part a.d.Suppose that the price of the product remains at $2 and the wage remains at $16, butthere is a technological breakthrough that increases output by 25% for any given level of labor. Find the new profit-maximizing quantity of labor.The technological breakthrough changes the number of units of output producedby a given number of units of labor, and hence changes the marginal product andthe marginal revenue product of labor. The new output values are found bymultiplying the old values by 1.25. This new information is given in the tablebelow. The firm will still choose to hire 5 units of labor. Profit will be greaterthan in part a.2. Assume that workers whose incomes are less than $10,000 currently pay no federal income taxes. Suppose a new government program guarantees each worker $5,000, whether or not he or she earns any income. For all earned income up to $10,000, the worker must pay a 50-percent tax. Draw the budget line facing the workers under this new program. How is the program likely to affect the labor supply curve of workers?The budget line for workers under this program is a straight line at $5,000. This lineis shown in the figure and table below. Workers earn $5,000 whether they work ornot. If workers work only to earn income, i.e., there are no other benefits such as“getting out of the house”or “gaining experience,”there is no incentive towork under the new program. Only wages yielding incomes greater than $10,000will result in a positive labor supply.Figure 14.2Income After TaxIncome GovernmentSubsidyTotalIncome0 0 5,000 $5,000$1,000 500 4,500 5,0002,000 1,000 4,000 5,0003,000 1,500 3,500 5,0004,000 2,000 3,000 5,0005,000 2,500 2,500 5,0006,000 3,000 2,000 5,0007,000 3,500 1,500 5,0008,000 4,000 1,000 5,0009,000 4,500 500 5,00010,000 5,000 0 5,0003. Using your knowledge of marginal revenue product, explain the following:a. A famous tennis star is paid $100,000 for appearing in a 30-second televisioncommercial. The actor who plays his doubles partner is paid $500.Marginal revenue product of labor, MRP L, is equal to marginal revenue from anincremental unit of output multiplied by the marginal product from an incrementalunit of labor, or in other words, the extra revenue generated by having the tennisstar appear in the ad. The famous tennis star is able to help increase revenues farmore than the actor, so he is paid much more than the actor. The wage of theactor is determined by the supply and demand of actors willing to play tennis withtennis stars.b. The president of an ailing savings and loan is paid not to stay in his job for the last twoyears of his contract.The marginal revenue product of the president of the ailing savings and loan is likelyto be negative and therefore, the savings and loan is better off by paying thepresident not to show up. They have calculated that they will lose less (or gainmore) by paying the president off and hiring someone else.c. A jumbo jet carrying 400 passengers is priced higher than a 250-passenger model eventhough both aircraft cost the same to manufacture.The ability of the larger jet to generate more revenue increases its value to theairline, and therefore the airline is willing to pay more for it.4. The demands for the factors of production listed below have increased. What can you conclude about changes in the demand for the related consumer goods? If demands for the consumer goods remain unchanged, what other explanation is there for an increase in derived demands for these items?a. Computer memory chipsIn general, an increase in the demand for a good increases the demand for its factorinputs. The converse is not necessarily true; i.e., an increase in the demand forfactor inputs does not necessarily imply an increase in the demand for the finalproduct. The demand for an input may increase due to a change in the use ofother inputs in the production process. As the price of another input increases, itsdemand falls and the demand of substitutable inputs rises. In this case, the increasein the demand for computer memory chips must have been caused by an increase inthe demand for personal computers given that computer memory chips are usedonly in computers, and there are no substitutes for computer memory chips.b. Jet fuel for passenger planesWith an increase in the demand for jet travel, the demand for jet fuel will increase.There are no substitutes for jet fuel.c. Paper used for newsprintGiven the paper is being used to print newspapers then there must have been anincrease in the circulation of newspapers.d. Aluminum used for beverage cansWith an increase in demand for cold drinks in the summer, the seasonal demand foraluminum increases, so this is one possible explanation. Alternatively, if glass orplastic have become more expensive then this may affect the demand for aluminum.Finally, changes in the market for recycled aluminum may affect the demand fornew aluminum.5. Suppose there are two groups of workers, unionized and nonunionized. Congress passesa law that requires all workers to join the union. What do you expect to happen to the wage rates of formerly nonunionized workers? of those workers who were originally unionized? What have you assumed about the union’s behavior?In general, we expect that nonunionized workers are earning lower wages thanunionized workers. If all workers are forced to join the union, it would bereasonable to expect that the nonunionized workers will now receive higher wagesand the unionized workers will receive a wage that could go either way. There are acouple of items to consider. First, the union now has more monopoly power in thatthere are no nonunion workers to act as substitutes for union workers. This givesmore power to the union, which means higher wages can in general be negotiated.However, the union now has more members to satisfy. If wages are kept at a highlevel, there will be fewer jobs, and hence some previously nonunionized workersmay end up with no job. The union may wish to trade off some of the wage for aguarantee of more jobs. The average income of all workers will rise if labor demandis inelastic and will fall if labor demand is elastic.6. Suppose a firm’s production function is given by Q = 12L - L2, for L = 0 to 6, where L is labor input per day and Q is output per day. Derive and draw the firm’s demand for labor curve if the firm’s output sells for $10 in a competitive market. How many workers will the firm hire when the wage rate is $30 per day? $60 per day? (Hint: The marginal product of labor is 12 - 2L.)The demand for labor is given by the marginal revenue product of labor. This isequal to the product of marginal revenue and the marginal product of labor: MRP L =(MR)(MP L). In a competitive market, price is equal to marginal revenue, so MR = 10.We are given MP L = 12 - 2L (the slope of the production function).Figure 14.6Therefore, the MRP L = (10)(12 - 2L). The firm’s profit-maximizing quantity of laboroccurs where MRP L = w. If w = 30, then 30 = 120 - 20L at the optimum. Solving forL yields 4.5 hours per day. Similarly, if w = 60, solving for L yields 3 hours per day.7. The only legal employer of military soldiers in the United States is the federal government. If the government uses its monopsonistic position, what criteria will it employ when figuring how many soldiers to recruit? What happens if a mandatory draft is implemented?Acting as a monopsonist in hiring soldiers, the federal government would hiresoldiers until the marginal value of the last soldier is equal to his or her pay. Thereare two implications of the government’s monopsony power: fewer soldiers arehired, and they are paid less than their marginal product. When a mandatory draftis implemented, even fewer professional soldiers are hired. Wages for volunteersoldiers fall, pushed down by the fact that wages of the draftees can be very low.8. The demand for labor by an industry is given by the curve L = 1200 - 10w, where L is the labor demanded per day and w is the wage rate. The supply curve is given by L = 20w. Whatis the equilibrium wage rate and quantity of labor hired? What is the economic rent earned by workers?The equilibrium wage rate is determined where quantity of labor supplied is equal tothe quantity of labor demanded:20w = 1,200 - 10w, or w = $40.Substituting into either the labor supply or labor demand equations, we find theequilibrium quantity of labor is 800:L= (20)(40) = 800,SandL D = 1,200 - (10)(40) = 800.Economic rent is the summation of the difference between the equilibrium wage andthe wage given by the labor supply curve. Here, it is the area above the laborsupply curve up to L = 800 and below the equilibrium wage. This triangle’s area is(0.5)(800)($40) = $16,000.9. This exercise is a continuation of Exercise 8. Suppose now that the only labor available is controlled by a monopolistic labor union that wishes to maximize the rent earned by union members. What will be the quantity of labor employed and the wage rate? How does your answer compare with your answer to Exercise 8? Discuss. (Hint: The union’s marginal revenue curve is given by L = 1200 - 20w.)Recall that the monopolist chooses output by setting marginal revenue equal to themarginal cost of supplying one more unit of output, as opposed to the competitivefirm which chooses output by setting price equal to marginal cost, or in other wordsproducing where supply intersects demand. The monopolistic labor union acts inthe same way. To maximize rent in this case, the union will choose the number ofworkers hired so that the marginal revenue to the union (the additional wagesearned) is equal to the extra cost of inducing the worker to work. This involveschoosing the quantity of labor at the point where the marginal revenue curvecrosses the supply curve of labor. Note that the marginal revenue curve has twicethe slope of the labor demand curve. Marginal revenue is less than the wage,because when more workers are hired, all workers receive a lower wage.Setting the marginal revenue curve equal to the supply curve for labor, we find:1200 - 20w = 20w, or w* = 30.At w*, we may determine the number of workers who are willing to work bysubstituting w* into the labor supply equation:L * = (20)(30) = 600.Therefore, if the union wants to maximize the rent that the union members earn, theunion should limit employment to 600 members.To determine the wage the members will earn, substitute L * into the labor demandequation:600 = 1,200 - 10w , or w = 60.The total rent the employed union members will receive is equal to:Rent = (60 - 30)(600) + (0.5)(30)(600) = $27,000.Notice that the wage is higher and the number of workers employed is lower than in Exercise (8).*10. A firm uses a single input, labor, to produce output q according to the production function. The commodity sells for $150 per unit and the wage rate is $75 per hour.a. Find the profit-maximizing quantity of L.There are two (equivalent) methods of solving this problem. Most generally,define the profit function, where revenues and costs are expressed in terms of theinput, calculate the first order necessary condition (the first derivative of the profitfunction), and solve for the optimal quantity of the input. Alternatively, use therule that the firm will hire labor up until the point where the marginal revenueproduct (p*MP L ) equals the wage rate. Using the first method:π=TR -TC =pq -wLπ=150*8*L 12-75L∂π∂L=600L -12-75=0L =64.b. Find the profit-maximizing quantity of q.From part a, the profit maximizing quantity of labor is 64 so substitute thisquantity of labor into the production function to find q =8L 12=8*64=64. c. What is the maximum profit?Profit is total revenue minus total cost or π=150*64-75*64=4800.d. Suppose now that the firm is taxed $30 per unit of output and the wage rate issubsidized at a rate of $15 per hour. Assume the firm is a price taker, so that theprice of the product remains at $150. Find the new profit-maximizing levels of L, q, and profit.After the $30 tax per unit of output is paid, the firm receives 150-30=$120 per unitof output sold. This is the relevant price for the profit maximizing decision. The input cost is now 75-15=$60 per unit labor after the subsidy is received. The profit maximizing values can be found as in parts a-c above:TR-TC=pq-wLp=120*8*L12-60L¶p¶L=480L-12-60=0L=64q=64p=3840.e.Now suppose that the firm is required to pay a 20% tax on its profits. Find the newprofit-maximizing levels of L, q, and profit.The profit maximizing values can be found as in parts a-c above, only here profit is80% of total revenue minus total cost.π=.8(TR-TC)=.8(pq-wL)π=.8(150*8*L12-75L)∂π∂L=480L-12-60=0L=64q=64π=3840.。
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第十四章生产性要素市场习题简解１、答：在竞争性要素市场有ＭＲＰL=ＭＰL*Ｐ，在垄断市场有P>MR，所以ＭＰL*Ｐ>ＭＲＭ*ＰL，劳动的需求曲线是关于要素价格W，要素需求L是要素价格的涵数。
于是其弹性为Ｅdl＝dL/dW*W/L，厂商为了追求利润最大化总有MRP=W，而垄断厂商的ＭＲＰ（垄）<ＭＲＰ（竞），所以ＭＲＰ（垄）雇用工人的工资W小于竞争性厂商雇用工人的工资，即所以它比竞争性生产时弹性小。
２、我们知道劳动的供给曲线是向后弯曲的，它表示劳动的供给量起初随工资率的提高而增加，而工资率提高到一定程度后，供给量会随W提高而减少，从而使供给曲线呈后弯曲形状。
下面我们可以用收入效应和替代效应对此种情况加以分析，我们将一天分成工作时间和闲瑕时间，随着工资率的提高，闲瑕的价格也提高。
替代效应是因为较高的闲瑕价格鼓励工人用工作代替闲瑕。
收入效应是因为较高的工资率提高了工人的购买力。
用下图分析为：Ｒ（其中替代效应小于收入效应，向后弯曲）ＰＨ３、（1）何为引致需求，厂商对生产要素的需求是从消费者对产品的直接需求中派生出来的，即派生需求或引致需求。
（2）电脑公司的主要任务是销售电脑以获得利润，而在销售电脑时，售后服务也是同样重要的。
必须为客户组装各种程序，即软件系统需要雇用电脑编程人员。
因此，电脑公司对电脑编程人员的需求是引致需求。
４、垄断性雇主即买方垄断，也就是说厂商在要素市场（作为要素的买方）是垄断者，但在产品市场上是完全竞争者，ＭＥ为边际支出，ＭＥ＝ＭＣ*ＭＰ，在完全竞争市场中ＭＥ＝Ｗ且Ｗ（Ｌ）＝Ｗ为要素的供给的曲线，ＭＥ＝ＭＲＰ为买方垄断厂商的要素使用原则，从而Ｅ点为垄断厂高均衡点，Ｂ点为完全竞争市场的均衡点。
由图可知：Ｌ0<Ｌ1，Ｗ0<Ｗ2，买方垄断厂商无需求曲线，所以Ｗ0为均衡价格。
所以，竞争性雇主雇用较多的工人且支付较多的工资。
WMEW1 EW2 W(L)W0 A BMRP=DL0 L1 L５、摇滚乐手的供给是缺乏弹性的，各个摇滚乐手的演唱风格不同，消费者独特的喜好，对于摇滚乐手的票价的不同其消费数量的变化不大，所以，摇滚乐手的演唱属于缺乏弹性的产品。
经济租可以定义为超过他生产产出最低成本的收入，于是可知阴影区域ＡＷＢ面积为摇滚乐手所获得的收入。
PSL=AEAWDL=MRPLBQ６、为解释这一情况，现以一对互补投入品Ａ和Ｂ为例，若Ａ的价格提高，则对Ａ的需求会降低，由于Ａ和Ｂ互为互补品，所以对Ｂ的需求亦会降低，即若二种投入品存在互补关系时，则一种投入品的价格与它的互补品的需求量呈反方向的变动，引应的需求交叉价格弹性为负值，所以，若互补投入品增加则对其互补投入品需求量增加，从而对投入品的需求增加。
７、投入品的供给Ｗ（L）＝ＡＥ，而边际支出ＭＥ＝［Ｌ*Ｗ（Ｌ）］¹＝Ｗ（Ｌ）＋Ｌ*dＷ(Ｌ)／dＬ.若Ｗ（Ｌ）＝a＋bＬ(a、b均为常数，且b>0)则ＭＥ＝Ｗ（Ｌ）＋Ｌ*dＷ(Ｌ)／dＬ＝a＋bＬ＋bＬ＝a＋２bＬ，因此，要素边际成本曲线或者边际支出曲线和要素的供给曲线的纵截距相等，均为a，但后者的斜率为２b，是前者的两倍。
８、经济租是所有被被雇用工人的总工资减去吸引这些工人去工作所需要的工资额的差额，总工资等于wＬD＝１２００W－１０W²。
工人会接受的总收入是劳动供给曲线以下直到需求为Ｗ的那个面积。
从供给函数我们知道Ｌ＝２０Ｗ，或者Ｗ＝（１２００－１０Ｗ）／２０。
这样，这一面积就是一个三角形，它等于ＬD＊Ｗs＊１／２＝（１２００－１０Ｗ）［（１２００－１０Ｗ）／２０］＊１／２＝３６０００－６００Ｗ＋２５Ｗ²。
如果工会的目标是使经济租最大化，那么它就会选择一个工资Ｗ，使（１２００W－１０W²）－３６０００－６００Ｗ＋２５Ｗ²＝－３６０００＝１８００Ｗ－１２．５Ｗ²最大化。
关于工资Ｗ斜率就是１８００－２５Ｗ。
当这一斜率等于０，或者Ｗ＝７２时，最大化就产生了。
当工资率为７２美元时，有４８０个工会成员被雇用，他们会愿意为５７６０美元（０．５＊４８０＊４８０／２０）的总收入而工作。
他们得到是３４５６０美元，因而享受到２８８００美元的经济租。
９、在这种情况下，属于劳动市场的双边垄断，在劳动的卖方垄断市场上即工会希望工人的经济租的达到最大化，从而在ＭＲ＝ＳL＝ＡＥ点均衡，此时的期望工资为Ｗ1，而在买方垄断市场上厂商品为了追求成本最小化，有ＭＥ＝ＭＲＰL在Ｃ点满足条件，从而劳动者的工资为Ｗ0，因此，厂商和工会就会进行讨价还价，从而工资将会在Ｗ0与Ｗ1之间变化。
而就业数目在Ｌ1与Ｌ0之间变化。
所以工资和就业水平都是不确定的。
练习题１网球明星的市场属于卖方垄断市场，而扮演他的搭档的演员的市场属于竞争性市场，从而网球明星会施加垄断力量。
根据462页图14-15得出网球明星所得的收入比其搭档的所得收入高。
2、总裁所在的市场属于买方垄断市场，根据要素使用原则，当ＭＥ＝ＭＲＰ时来确定对总裁支付的最优工资，因为在此价格时雇用很多的管理人员，从而不会支付比此更高的工资。
3、A对电脑存贮片的需求增加Qd>Qs，则厂商会提价。
对电脑制造商来说，成本的提高会对电脑价格的提高。
根据需求与价格成反比的关系则电脑的需求会减少。
若消费品的需求保持不变对存贮片的需求却增加，可能是由于制作存贮片的加工费用减少，从而保持其价格不变。
B对燃料的需求增加会引起燃料价格的上涨，从而可能票价上涨。
在消费者收入水平不变的条件下，人们很有可能减少对客机的需求而改用其他的交通工具。
若对飞机的需求保持不变，而燃料需求增加很可能是人们收入水平提高或者人们都赶时间。
CD对纸和铝的需求增加，可能会导致版面费和饮料价格上升，从而对其需求量减少。
若加工纸和铝的价格技术提高或者其费用下降，则可以增加对铝和纸的需求量而对饮料和新闻的需求不变。
4、若加入工会，则劳动市场属于卖方市场，得到工资为如图所示。
而没有加入工会的工人的工资为Ｗ0点。
若通过法律要求所有的工人加入工会则工会会采取使所有工人得到的工资总额最大化的行动，增加工人的雇用量，使MR=0时，达到工资总额最大化。
从而，其工资将为Ｗ0，所以，没有加入工会的工人的工资上涨，而以前加入工会的工资下降。
WW1 MRSLW2W3 ADLL1 L2 L3 L5、根据要素使用最优化原则ＭＲＰL=Ｗ。
因为ＭＰ＝１２－２Ｌ在竞争性市场上Ｐ＝ＭＰ所以，ＭＲＰL=Ｗ＝ＭＰ＊Ｐ＝（１２－２Ｌ）＊１０＝１２０－２０Ｌ而在竞争性市场上ＭＲＰL曲线和劳动需求曲线重合，所以劳动的需求曲线的表达式为f(l) ＝１２０－２０Ｌ.若Ｗ＝３０，则有ＭＲＰL＝１２０－２０Ｌ＝３０，Ｌ＝４.５小时。
若Ｗ＝６０，则有ＭＲＰL＝１２０－２０Ｌ＝６０，则Ｌ＝３小时。
６、由题意可知，士兵的雇用市场属于买方垄断市场，政府若利用垄断买主地位的知识，则会支付较少的工资给士兵，且雇用较少的士兵，如图所示，则Ｗ0<Ｗc，Ｌ0<Ｌc；若实行义务兵役制，则士兵的雇用量及其工资会相应地增加和的提升。
WMESL=AEＷcW0D=ＭＲＰLＬ0 Ｌc７、依题意得，劳动的需求曲线Ｌ＝１２００－１０Ｗ，供给曲线为Ｌ＝２０Ｗ。
根据均衡条件中，Ｌd＝Ｌs有１２００－１０Ｗ＝２０Ｗ得Ｗ＝４０，Ｌ＝８００。
因为经济租是被雇用工人的总工资减去吸引这些工人去工作所需要的工资额的差额，得经济租为阴影部分的面积。
工人的收入＝４０＊８００＊１／２＝１６００第十五章投资、时间及资本市场复习题1、（1）流量：布和劳动。
存量：1000万美元买的工厂。
（2）全是流量，产出是流量，利润也是流量。
2、（1）100*（1+0.1）=110美元，100*（1+0.1）○2=121美元，100*（1+0.1）○5 =161美元。
（2）100/（1+0.1）=90.91美元，100/（1+0.1）○2=82.64美元，100/（1+0.1）○5=62.11美元。
3、选择一：100/（1+0.05）+100/（1+0.05）○2=95+90.7=185.7美元，选择二：80/（1+0.05）+130/（1+0.05）○2=76+117.9=193.9美元。
所以选择一。
选择三：100/（1+0.15）+100/（1+0.15）○2=87+76=163美元，选择四：80/（1+0.15）+130/（1+0.15）○2=70+98=168美元。
所以选择三。
4、PDV=1000/0.05=20000美元5、有效收益率是债券支付流量的现值等于债券市场价格时的利息率。
计算现值。
因为高收益率的债券的风险大。
6、净现值标准：如果一项投资预期的将来现金流量的现值大于投资的成本，就投资。
计算如479业的（15.3）。
厂商选择贴现率取决于厂商使用其货币的不同方法。
所以，正确的贴现值是厂商从一项“相似的”投资中得到的回报率。
7、有无考虑通货膨胀影响。
当现金流量是真实的时。
当现金流量是名义的时。
8、一般的做法是在无风险利息率上加一个风险贴水，提高贴现率。
这一思想认为厂商的所有者是风险规避者，这就使有风险的将来现金流量比确定的将来现金流量所值要低。
提高贴现率就降低将来现金流量的现值，从而把这一因素考虑在内。
但是风险贴水的大小取决于风险的性质。
9、“市场回报率”是投资者投资于股票市场得到的收益。
因为他的风险大。
B衡量的是资产的回报率对市场的变动有多敏感，从而衡量该资产的不可分散风险。
因为，资产价格相对于市场价格变化的快。
10、贴现率=R f+B(R m-R f)11、用净现值。
比较将来收益流量与当前购买成本。
12、“使用成本”是今天生产和销售一单位就使将来生产和销售少一单位。
因为假定一个厂商正在考虑，是把一单位的增量资源留在地下，还是把它生产和销售掉。
该单位的价值是边际收入减去边际成本。
如果该单位的价值预期上升的快于利息率，它就应当留在地下；如果该单位的价值预期上升的慢于利息率，它就应当生产和销售掉。
而在完全竞争市场上，边际收入等于市场价格。
所以，价格减去成本以利息率的速度上升。
13、可贷资金的供给来自家庭。
需求来自家庭和厂商。
家庭收入的高低，消费的高低，以及厂商投资意愿都可影响可贷资本的大小。
练习题：注明：（）后的○1表示一次方，○2表示二次方，依次类推1、PDV1=80/(1+0.1)+80/(1+0.1)○2+80/(1+0.1)○3+80/(1+0.1)○4+80/(1+0.1)○5+1000/(1+0.1)○6 =869PDV2=80/（1+0.15）+80/（1+0.15）○2+80/（1+0.15）○3+80/（1+0.15）○4+80/（1+0.15）○5+1000/（1+0.15）○6=7002、966=100/（1+r）+100/(1+r)○2+1000/(1+r)○3得出r=11.8%3、后有答案4、（a）、现值=540/（1+0.1）=490.9美元小于今天的500美元，所以，要500美元的礼金。