关于HIV的14个错误认知

Busting HIV Myths打破关于HIV（人类免疫缺陷病毒/艾滋病病毒）的误区Since first diagnosing HIV in the U.S. in the 1980‟s, doctors and researchers have made great strides in identifying, treating and educating the public about the illness. However, many misconceptions still persist —like open wounds spread HIV —that continue to cause unnecessary fear and anxiety. Read on to learn the truth behind 14 common misconceptions about HIV.自从1980年代美国确诊了第一例HIV感染以来，医学工作者和研究人员在对HIV的鉴定、治疗以及面向普罗大众进行宣传教育等方面取得了很大的进展。

然而，很多认识误区仍然存在——例如“伤口会传染HIV”——它们经常引起不必要的恐慌和焦虑。

阅读以下内容，你就可以了解对HIV的14种常见误区背后的真相与事实。

MYTH: HIV Means You Have AIDSThe human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV, attacks and destroys CD4+ T cells — the cells in your body that help fend off infection and illness. AIDS(acquired immune deficiency syndrome) is the late stage of an HIV infection, when a person‟s immune system is severely weakened. Without treatment, most cases of HIV infection will indeed progress to overt AIDS within several years. In fact, most experts now typically refer to “HIV/AIDS” as a single condition because it is a progression of the same virus. However, modern anti-HIV treatment is highly effective and usually prevents the progression of HIV to AIDS.误区1：将HIV感染等同于艾滋病人类免疫缺陷病毒，简称HIV，攻击并破坏人体的CD4+T细胞，这种细胞对人体非常重要，起到抵挡感染和疾病的作用。

艾滋病（获得性免疫缺陷综合症），简称AIDS，是HIV感染的晚期表现，此时人体的免疫系统已经被严重削弱了。

如果感染了HIV却不治疗，多数感染者会在数年内进展成为艾滋病。

事实上，很多人经常把“HIV”和“艾滋病”当成一回事，是因为艾滋病是HIV感染的最后阶段罢了。

然而，现代抗HIV治疗效果已经非常显著了，能够很大程度地阻止HIV感染发展成为艾滋病。

因此，HIV感染与艾滋病不是同一个概念。

MYTH: HIV Can Now Be CuredHIV/AIDS is a lifelong condition. As of yet, there is no cure, though much research continues on that front. But thanks to the development of certain medications, HIV can be controlled and the progression of the condition can be greatly slowed. By working with your doctor and being vigilant about your treatment, it‟s very possible to live a long, fulfilling life with HIV. In fact, treatment is now so successful that in places where sophisticated medical care is available, most HIV-infected persons can expect to live a normal lifespan.误区2：认为HIV感染/艾滋病已经可以治愈了目前而言，HIV感染/艾滋病是伴随终生的。

也就是说，尽管大量的研究从来没有停止，目前还没有彻底治愈的方法。

幸运的是，随着医学的发展，HIV已经能够被有效地控制，发展为艾滋病的速度也随之大大减缓。

通过积极配合医生的治疗，HIV感染者是完全有可能度过一个漫长的且富有意义的人生的。

事实上，在一些医疗护理水平高的地区，大多数HIV感染者是可以拥有一个正常人的寿命的。

MYTH: HIV Is Spread Through Casual ContactHIV cannot survive outside of the body for long. In addition, not all body fluids carry the virus, including tears, sweat, and saliva. Therefore the virus is not transmitted by touching or other casual contact that occurs in day-to-day social experiences like hugging, kissing, shaking hands, or sharing food or beverages. The virus is not transmitted if there is no sexual contact and no exchange of blood. HIV also is not transmitted in households, even when uninfected persons share toilets, showers, and kitchens with infected individuals.误区3：认为HIV可以通过日常接触传播HIV无法在体外长时间生存。

此外，不是所有的体液都携带HIV病毒，比如眼泪、汗液和唾液等。

因此，HIV是不能通过触摸或其他日常社交当中的接触传染的，例如拥抱、接吻、握手以及共享食物、饮料等，都是不会传染的。

只要没有性接触和血液的交换，就不会有HIV的传染。

HIV也不会在居家生活中传染，即使普通人与感染者共用厕所、淋浴和厨房等，也不会有任何感染的风险。

MYTH: HIV Is Commonly Spread Through Blood TransfusionsFor a few years before modern blood tests were developed, HIV was occasionally spread by blood transfusion, or by transplantation of organs from infected persons. However, modern blood testing is extremely effective in keeping contaminated blood and organs safe and almost no such cases have occurred in the U.S. or other industrialized countries for more than 20 years.误区4：认为输血传染HIV是普遍现象在现代血液检测技术发展起来之前，曾经一度有通过输血或器官移植感染的案例发生。

然而，现代血液检测技术在保障输血和器官移植的安全方面已经非常值得信赖，近20多年里，在美国和其他工业化国家中，几乎没有因上述原因感染的案例。

MYTH: Oral Sex Is High-Risk for HIVAlmost all sexual transmission of HIV occurs by unprotected vaginal or anal sex; transmission of HIV by oral sex is very rare. A few cases of HIV transmission probably have occurred from an uninfected person performing fellatio (oral-penile sex) on an HIV-infected partner, but transmission from an infected oral partner to an uninfected penile partner, or by cunnilingus (oral contact with female genitals) is even more rare, if it occurs at all. Condoms or other barriers are considered optional for HIV prevention, and should be considered by persons who want to assure maximum protection.误区5：认为口交是HIV感染的高危行为所有通过性行为感染HIV的案例中，几乎全部是由于无套性交或无套肛交导致的。

通过口交感染的案例极其罕见（几乎没有官方证实的口交传染案例）。

寥寥无几的口交传染案例，主要都是通过为HIV感染者进行主动口交（用口部接触对方生殖器的）而发生的；而全世界因被动口交感染的案例几乎为零（没有官方证实的案例）。

使用安全套是防止HIV传染的有效措施，并且可以起到最大限度的保护。

MYTH: Toilet Seats Can Spread HIVUsing the same toilet seat as an HIV-infected person is considered a zero-risk behavior; HIV cannot be spread this way. The virus is very fragile in the sense that it does not live long outside the body and cannot reproduce outside its living host. Further, normal use of toilets does not expose susceptible cells to the virus.误区6：认为马桶座圈能传播HIV与HIV感染者共用一个马桶座圈，是一种0风险行为——HIV不能通过这种方式传染。