JSP应用框架外文翻译

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计算机 JSP web 外文翻译外文文献

计算机 JSP web 外文翻译外文文献12.1 nEffective web n design involves separating business objects。

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and object XXX。

Although one individual may handle both roles on a small-scale project。

it is XXX.12.2 JSP ArchitectureIn this chapter。

XXX using JavaServer Pages。

servlets。

XXX of different architectures。

each building upon the us one。

The diagram below outlines this process。

and we will explain each component in detail later in this article.Note: XXX.)When Java Server Pages were introduced by Sun。

some people XXX。

While JSP is a key component of the J2EE n and serves as the preferred request handler and response mechanism。

it is XXX.XXX JSP。

the XXX that JSP is built on top of the servlet API and uses servlet XXX interesting ns。

such as whether we should XXX in our Web-enabled systems。

and if there is a way to combine servlets and JSPs。

jsp技术网站设计外文翻译(适用于毕业论文外文翻译+中英文对照)

Combining JSP and ServletsThe technology of JSP and Servlet is the most important technology which use Java technology to exploit request of server, and it is also the standard which exploit business application .Java developers prefer to use it for a variety of reasons, one of which is already familiar with the Java language for the development of this technology are easy to learn Java to the other is "a preparation, run everywhere" to bring the concept of Web applications, To achieve a "one-prepared everywhere realized." And more importantly, if followed some of the principles of good design, it can be said of separating and content to create high-quality, reusable, easy to maintain and modify the application. For example, if the document in HTML embedded Java code too much (script), will lead the developed application is extremely complex, difficult to read, it is not easy reuse, but also for future maintenance and modification will also cause difficulties. In fact, CSDN the JSP / Servlet forum, can often see some questions, the code is very long, can logic is not very clear, a large number of HTML and Java code mixed together. This is the random development of the defects.Early dynamic pages mainly CGI (Common Gateway Interface, public Gateway Interface) technology, you can use different languages of the CGI programs, such as VB, C / C + + or Delphi, and so on. Though the technology of CGI is developed and powerful, because of difficulties in programming, and low efficiency, modify complex shortcomings,it is gradually being replaced by the trend. Of all the new technology, JSP / Servlet with more efficient and easy to program, more powerful, more secure and has a good portability, they have been many people believe that the future is the most dynamic site of the future development of technology.Similar to CGI, Servlet support request / response model. When a customer submit a request to the server, the server presented the request Servlet, Servlet responsible for handling requests and generate a response, and then gave the server, and then from the server sent to the customer. And the CGI is different, Servlet not generate a new process, but with HTTP Server at the same process. It threads through the use of technology, reduce the server costs. Servlet handling of the request process is this: When received from the client's request, calling service methods, the method of Servlet arrival of the first judgement is what type of request (GET / POST / HEAD…), then calls the appropriate treatment (DoGet / doPos t / doHead…) and generate a response.Although such a complex, in fact, simply said to Servlet is a Java class. And the general category of the difference is that this type operating in a Servlet container, which can provide session management and targeted life-cycle management. So that when you use the Servlet, you can get all the benefits of the Java platform, including the safety of the management, use JDBC access the database and cross-platform capability. Moreover, Servlet using thread, and can develop more efficient Web applications.JSP technology is a key J2EE technology, it at a higher level of abstraction of a Servlet.It allows conventional static and dynamic HTML content generated by combining an HTML page looks like, but as a Servlet to run. There are many commercial application server support JSP technology, such as BEA WebLogic, IBM WebSphere, JRun, and so on. JSP and Servlet use more than simple. If you have a JSP support for Web servers, and a JSP document, you can put it Fangdao any static HTML files can be placed, do not have to compile, do not have to pack, do not have to ClassPath settings, you can visit as ordinary Web It did visit, the server will automatically help you to do other work.JSP document looks like an ordinary static HTML document, but inside contains a number of Java code. It uses. Jsp the suffix, used to tell the server this document in need of special treatment. When we visit a JSP page, the document will first be translated into a JSP engine Java source files, is actually a Servlet, and compiler, and then, like other Servlet, from Servlet engine to handle. Servlet engine of this type loading, handling requests from customers, and the results returned to the customer, as shown below:Figure 1: Calling the process of JSP pagesAfter another visit this page to the customer, as long as the paper there have been no changes, JSP engine has been loaded directly call the Servlet. If you have already been modified, it will be once again the implementation of the above process, translate, compile and load. In fact, this is the so-called "first person to punishment." Because when the first visit to the implementation of a series of the above process, so will spend some time after such a visit would not.Java servlets offer a powerful API that provides access to all the information about the request, the session, and the application. combining JSP with servlets lets you clearly separate the application logic from the presentation of the application; in other words, it lets you use the most appropriate component type for the roles of Model, View and Controller.Servlets, Filters, and ListenersA servlet is a Java class that extends a server with functionality for processing a request and producing a response. It's implemented using the classes and interfaces defined by the Servlet API. The API consists of two packages: the javax.servlet package contains classes and interfaces that are protocol-independent, while the javax.servlet.http package provides HTTP-specific extensions and utility classes.What makes a servlet a servlet is that the class implements an interface named javax.servlet.Servlet, either directly or by extending one of the support classes. This interface defines the methods used by the web container to manage and interact with theservlet. A servlet for processing HTTP requests typically extends the javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet class. This class implements the Servlet interface and provides additional methods suitable for HTTP processing.Servlet LifecycleThe web container manages all aspects of the servlet's lifecycle. It creates an instance of the servlet class when needed, passes requests to the instance for processing, and eventually removes the instance. For an HttpServlet, the container calls the following methods at the appropriate times in the servlet lifecycle.Besides the doGet( ) and doPost( ) methods, there are methods corresponding to the other HTTP methods: doDelete( ), doHead( ), doOptions( ), doPut( ), and doTrace( ). Typically you don't implement these methods; the HttpServlet class already takes care of HEAD, OPTIONS, and TRACE requests in a way that's suitable for most servlets, and the DELETE and PUT HTTP methods are rarely used in a web application.It's important to realize that the container creates only one instance of each servlet. This means that the servlet must be thread safe -- able to handle multiple requests at the same time, each executing as a separate thread through the servlet code. Without getting lost in details, you satisfy this requirement with regards to instance variables if you modify the referenced objects only in the init( ) and destroy( ) methods, and just read them in the request processing methods.Compiling and Installing a ServletTo compile a servlet, you must first ensure that you have the JAR file containing all Servlet API classes in the CLASSPATH environment variable. The JAR file is distributed with all web containers. Tomcat includes it in a file called servlet.jar, located in the common/lib directory. On a Windows platform, you include the JAR file in the CLASSPATH.. Reading a RequestOne of the arguments passed to the doGet( ) and doPost( ) methods is an object that implements the HttpServletRequest interface. This interface defines methods that provide access to a wealth of information about the request.Generating a ResponseBesides the request object, the container passes an object that implements the HttpServletResponse interface as an argument to the doGet( ) and doPost( ) methods. This interface defines methods for getting a writer or stream for the response body. It also defines methods for setting the response status code and headers.Using Filters and ListenersThe servlet specification defines two component types beside servlets: filters and listeners. These two types were introduced in the Servlet 2.3 specification, so if you're using a container that doesn't yet support this version of the specification, I'm afraid you'reout of luck.FiltersA filter is a component that can intercept a request targeted for a servlet, JSP page, or static page, as well as the response before it's sent to the client. This makes it easy to centralize tasks that apply to all requests, such as access control, logging, and charging for the content or the services offered by the application. A filter has full access to the body and headers of the request and response, so it can also perform various transformations. One example is compressing the response body if the Accept-Language request header indicates that the client can handle a compressed response.A filter can be applied to either a specific servlet or to all requests matching a URL pattern, such as URLs starting with the same path elements or having the same extension. ListenersListeners allow your application to react to certain events. Prior to Servlet 2.3, you could handle only session attribute binding events (triggered when an object was added or removed from a session). You could do this by letting the object saved as a sessionattribute(using the HttpSession.setAttribute() method)implement the HttpSessionBindingListener interface. With the new interfaces introduced in the 2.3 version of the specification, you can create listeners for servlet context and session lifecycle events as well as session activation and passivation events (used by a container that temporarily saves session state to disk or migrates a session to another server). A newsession attribute event listener also makes it possible to deal with attribute binding events for all sessions in one place, instead of placing individual listener objects in each session.The new types of listeners follow the standard Java event model. In other words, a listener is a class that implements one or more of the listener interfaces. The interfaces define methods that correspond to events. The listener class is registered with the container when the application starts, and the container then calls the event methods at the appropriate times.Initializing Shared Resources Using a ListenerBeans like this typically need to be initialized before they can be used. For instance, they may need a reference to a database or some other external data source and may create an initial information cache in memory to provide fast access even to the first request for data. You can include code for initialization of the shared resources in the servlet and JSP pages that need them, but a more modular approach is to place all this code in one place and let the other parts of the application work on the assumption that the resources are already initialized and available. An application lifecycle listener is a perfect tool for this type of resource initialization. This type of listener implements the javax.servlet.ServletContextListener interface, with methods called by the container when the application starts and when it shuts down.Picking the Right Component Type for Each TaskThe Project Billboard application introduced is a fairly complex application. Half thepages are pure controller and business logic processing, it accesses a database to authenticate users, and most pages require access control. In real life, it would likely contain even more pages, for instance, pages for access to a shared document archive, time schedules, and a set of pages for administration. As the application evolves, it may become hard to maintain as a pure JSP application. It's easy to forget to include the access control code in new pages.This is clearly an application that can benefit from using a combination of JSP pages and the component types defined by the servlet specification for the MVC roles. Let's look at the main requirements and see how we can map them to appropriate component types:●Database access should be abstracted, to avoid knowledge of a specific dataschema or database engine in more than one part of the application: beans in therole of Model can be used to accomplish this.●The database access beans must be made available to all other parts of theapplication when it starts: an application lifecycle event listener is the perfectcomponent type for this task.●Only authenticated users must be allowed to use the application: a filter canperform access control to satisfy this requirement.●Request processing is best done with Java code: a servlet, acting as the Controller,fits the bill.●It must be easy to change the presentation: this is where JSP shines, acting as theView.Adding servlets, listeners, and filters to the mix minimizes the need for complex logic in the JSP pages. Placing all this code in Java classes instead makes it possible to use a regular Java compiler and debugger to fix potential problems.Centralized Request Processing Using a ServletWith a servlet as the common entry point for all application requests, you gain control over the page flow of the application. The servlet can decide which type of response to generate depending on the outcome of the requested action, such as returning a common error page for all requests that fail, or different responses depending on the type of client making the request. With the help from some utility classes, it can also provide services such as input validation, I18N preparations, and in general, encourage a more streamlined approach to request handling.When you use a servlet as a Controller, you must deal with the following basic requirements:●All requests for processing must be passed to the single Controller servlet.●The servlet must be able to distinguish requests for different types of processing.Here are other features you will want support for, even though they may not be requirements for all applications:● A strategy for extending the application to support new types of processingA mechanism for changing the page flow of the application without modifyingcode.Mapping Application Requests to the ServletThe first requirement for using a Controller servlet is that all requests must pass through it. This can be satisfied in many ways. If you have played around a bit with servlets previously, you're probably used to invoking a servlet with a URI that starts with /myApp/servlet. This is a convention introduced by Suns Java Web Server (JWS), the first product to support servlets before the API was standardized. Most servlet containers support this convention today, even though it's not formally defined in the servlet specification.将Servlet和JSP组合使用Servlet和JSP技术是用Java开发服务器端应用的主要技术，是开发商务应用表示端的标准。

JSP技术概述与应用框架外文翻译

外文原文Overview of JSP Technology and JSP application frameworksAutor: Zambon Giulio/ Sekler MichaelSource: Springer-Verlag New York Inc1．Benefits of JSPJSP pages are translated into servlets. So, fundamentally, any task JSP pages can perform could also be accomplished by servlets. However, this underlying equivalence does not mean that servlets and JSP pages are equally appropriate in all scenarios. The issue is not the power of the technology, it is the convenience, productivity, and maintainability of one or the other. After all, anything you can do on a particular computer platform in the Java programming language you could also do in assembly language. But it still matters which you choose.JSP provides the following benefits over servlets alone:• It is easier to write and maintain the HTML. Your static code is ordinary HTML: no extra backslashes, no double quotes, and no lurking Java syntax.• You can use standard Web-site development tools. Even HTML tools that know nothing about JSP can be used because they simply ignore the JSP tags.• You can divide up your development team. The Java programmers can work on the dynamic code. The Web developers can concentrate on the presentation layer. On large projects, this division is very important. Depending on the size of your team and the complexity of your project, you can enforce a weaker or stronger separation between the static HTML and the dynamic content.Now, this discussion is not to say that you should stop using servlets and use only JSP instead. By no means. Almost all projects will use both. For some requests in your project, you will use servlets. For others, you will use JSP. For still others, you will combine them with the MVC architecture . You want the appropriate tool for the job, and servlets, by themselves, do not complete your toolkit.2.Advantages of JSP Over Competing TechnologiesA number of years ago, Marty was invited to attend a small 20-person industry roundtable discussion on software technology. Sitting in the seat next to Marty was James Gosling, inventor of the Java programming language. Sitting several seats away was a high-level manager from a very large software company in Redmond, Washington. During the discussion, the moderator brought up the subject of Jini, which at that time was a new Java technology. The moderator asked the manager what he thought of it, and the manager responded that it was too early to tell, but that it seemed to be an excellent idea. He went on tosay that they would keep an eye on it, and if it seemed to be catching on, they would follow his company's usual "embrace and extend" strategy. At this point, Gosling lightheartedly interjected "You mean disgrace and distend."Now, the grievance that Gosling was airing was that he felt that this company would take technology from other companies and suborn it for their own purposes. But guess what? The shoe is on the other foot here. The Java community did not invent the idea of designing pages as a mixture of static HTML and dynamic code marked with special tags. For example, ColdFusion did it years earlier. Even ASP (a product from the very software company of the aforementioned manager) popularized this approach before JSP came along and decided to jump on the bandwagon. In fact, JSP not only adopted the general idea, it even used many of the same special tags as ASP did..So, the question becomes: why use JSP instead of one of these other technologies? Our first response is that we are not arguing that everyone should. Several of those other technologies are quite good and are reasonable options in some situations. In other situations, however, JSP is clearly better. Here are a few of the reasons. 2.1 Versus .NET and Active Server Pages (ASP). NET is well-designed technology from Microsoft. is the part that directly competes with servlets and JSP. The advantages of JSP are two fold.First, JSP is portable to multiple operating systems and Web servers; you aren't locked into deploying on Windows and IIS. Although the core .NET platform runs on a few non-Windows platforms, the ASP part does not. You cannot expect to deploy serious applications on multiple servers and operating systems. For some applications, this difference does not matter. For others, it matters greatly.Second, for some applications the choice of the underlying language matters greatly. For example, although .NET's C# language is very well designed and is similar to Java, fewer programmers are familiar with either the core C# syntax or the many auxiliary libraries. In addition, many developers still use the original version of ASP. With this version, JSP has a clear advantage for the dynamic code. With JSP, the dynamic part is written in Java, not VBScript or another ASP-specific language, so JSP is more powerful and better suited to complex applications that require reusable components.You could make the same argument when comparing JSP to the previous version of ColdFusion; with JSP you can use Java for the "real code" and are not tied to a particular server product. However, the current release of ColdFusion is within the context of a J2EE server, allowing developers to easily mix ColdFusion and servlet/JSP code.2.2 Versus PHPPHP (a recursive acronym for "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor") is a free, open-source, HTML-embedded scripting language that is somewhat similar to both ASP and JSP. Oneadvantage of JSP is that the dynamic part is written in Java, which already has an extensive API for networking, database access, distributed objects, and the like, whereas PHP requires learning an entirely new, less widely used language. A second advantage is that JSP is much more widely supported by tool and server vendors than is PHP.2.3 Versus Pure ServletsJSP doesn't provide any capabilities that couldn't, in principle, be accomplished with servlets. In fact, JSP documents are automatically translated into servlets behind the scenes. But it is more convenient to write (and to modify!) regular HTML than to use a zillion println statements to generate the HTML. Plus, by separating the presentation from the content, you can put different people on different tasks: your Web page design experts can build the HTML by using familiar tools and either leave places for your servlet programmers to insert the dynamic content or invoke the dynamic content indirectly by means of XML tags.Does this mean that you can just learn JSP and forget about servlets? Absolutely not! JSP developers need to know servlets for four reasons:1. JSP pages get translated into servlets. You can't understand how JSP works without understanding servlets.2. JSP consists of static HTML, special-purpose JSP tags, and Java code. What kind of Java code? Servlet code! You can't write that code if you don't understand servlet programming.3. Some tasks are better accomplished by servlets than by JSP. JSP is good at generating pages that consist of large sections of fairly well structured HTML or other character data. Servlets are better for generating binary data, building pages with highly variable structure, and performing tasks (such as redirection) that involve little or no output.4. Some tasks are better accomplished by a combination of servlets and JSP than by either servlets or JSP alone.2.4 Versus JavaScriptJavaScript, which is completely distinct from the Java programming language, is normally used to dynamically generate HTML on the client, building parts of the Web page as the browser loads the document. This is a useful capability and does not normally overlap with the capabilities of JSP (which runs only on the server). JSP pages still include SCRIPT tags for JavaScript, just as normal HTML pages do. In fact, JSP can even be used to dynamically generate the JavaScript that will be sent to the client. So, JavaScript is not a competing technology; it is a complementary one.It is also possible to use JavaScript on the server, most notably on Sun ONE (formerly iPlanet), IIS, and BroadVision servers. However, Java is more powerful, flexible, reliable, and portable.2.5 Versus WebMacro or VelocityJSP is by no means perfect. Many people have pointed out features that could be improved. This is a good thing, and one of the advantages of JSP is that the specification is controlled by a community that draws from many different companies. So, the technology can incorporate improvements in successive releases.However, some groups have developed alternative Java-based technologies to try to address these deficiencies. This, in our judgment, is a mistake. Using a third-party tool like Apache Struts that augments JSP and servlet technology is a good idea when that tool adds sufficient benefit to compensate for the additional complexity. But using a nonstandard tool that tries to replace JSP is a bad idea. When choosing a technology, you need to weigh many factors: standardization, portability, integration, industry support, and technical features. The arguments for JSP alternatives have focused almost exclusively on the technical features part. But portability, standardization, and integration are also very important. For example, the servlet and JSP specifications define a standard directory structure for Web applications and provide standard files (.war files) for deploying Web applications. All JSP-compatible servers must support these standards. Filters can be set up to apply to any number of servlets or JSP pages, but not to nonstandard resources. The same goes for Web application security settings.Besides, the tremendous industry support for JSP and servlet technology results in improvements that mitigate many of the criticisms of JSP. For example, the JSP Standard Tag Library and the JSP 2.0 expression language address two of the most well-founded criticisms: the lack of good iteration constructs and the difficulty of accessing dynamic results without using either explicit Java code or verbose jsp:useBean elements.3. Misconceptions About JSPForgetting JSP Is Server-Side TechnologyHere are some typical questions Marty has received (most of them repeatedly).• Our server is running JDK 1.4. So, how do I put a Swing component in a JSP page?• How do I put an image into a JSP page? I do not know the proper Java I/O commands to read image files.• Since Tomcat does not support JavaScript, how do I make images that are highlighted when the user moves the mouse over them?• Our clients use older browsers that do not understand JSP. What should we do?• When our clients use "View Source" in a browser, how can I prevent them from seeing theJSP tags?All of these questions are based upon the assumption that browsers know something about the server-side process. But they do not. Thus:• For putting applets with Swing components into Web pages, what matters is the browser's Java version—the server's version is irrelevant. If the browser supports the Java 2 platform, you use the normal APPLET (or Java plug-in) tag and would do so even if you were using non-Java technology on the server.• You do not need Java I/O to read image files; you just put the ima ge in the directory for Web resources (i.e., two levels up from WEB-INF/classes) and output a normal IMG tag.• You create images that change under the mouse by using client-side JavaScript, referenced with the SCRIPT tag; this does not change just because the server is using JSP.• Browsers do not "support" JSP at all—they merely see the output of the JSP page. So, make sure your JSP outputs HTML compatible with the browser, just as you would do with static HTML pages.• And, of course you need not do anyt hing to prevent clients from seeing JSP tags; those tags are processed on the server and are not part of the output that is sent to the client. Confusing Translation Time with Request TimeA JSP page is converted into a servlet. The servlet is compiled, loaded into the server's memory, initialized, and executed. But which step happens when? To answer that question, remember two points:• The JSP page is translated into a servlet and compiled only the first time it is accessed after having been modified.• Loading into memory, initialization, and execution follow the normal rules for servlets.The most frequently misunderstood entries are highlighted. When referring to the table, note that servlets resulting from JSP pages use the _jspService method (called for both GET and POST requests), not doGet or doPost. Also, for initialization, they use the jspInit method, not the init method.JSP page translated into servlet Servlet compiled Servlet loaded into server's memory jspInit called _jspService called.4.What are application frameworks:A framework is a reusable, semi-complete application that can be specialized to produce custom applications [Johnson]. Like people, software applications are more alike than they are different. They run on the same computers, expect input from the same devices, output to the same displays, and save data to the same hard disks. Developers working on conventional desktop applications are accustomed to toolkits and development environments that leverage the sameness between applications. Application frameworks build on this common ground toprovide developers with a reusable structure that can serve as the foundation for their own products.A framework provides developers with a set of backbone components that have the following characteristics:1.They are known to work well in other applications.2. They are ready to use with the next project.3. They can also be used by other teams in the organization.Frameworks are the classic build-versus-buy proposition. If you build it, you will understand it when you are done—but how long will it be before you can roll your own? If you buy it, you will have to climb the learning curve—and how long is that going to take? There is no right answer here, but most observers would agree that frameworks such as Struts provide a significant return on investment compared to starting from scratch, especially for larger projects.Other types of frameworks:The idea of a framework applies not only to applications but to application componentsas well. Throughout this article, we introduce other types of frameworks that you can use with Struts. These include the Lucene search engine, the Scaffold toolkit, the Struts validator, and the Tiles tag library. Like application frameworks, these tools provide semi-complete versions of a subsystem that can be specialized to provide a custom component.Some frameworks have been linked to a proprietary development environment. This is not the case with Struts or any of the other frameworks shown in this book. You can use any development environment with Struts: Visual Age for Java, JBuilder, Eclipse, Emacs, and Textpad are all popular choices among Struts developers. If you can use it with Java, you can use it with Struts.Enabling technologies:Applications developed with Struts are based on a number of enabling technologies.These components are not specific to Struts and underlie every Java web application. A reason that developers use frameworks like Struts is to hide the nasty details behind acro nyms like HTTP, CGI, and JSP. As a Struts developer, you don’t need to be an alphabet soup guru, but a working knowledge of these base technologies can help you devise creative solutions to tricky problems.Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP):When mediating talks between nations, diplomats often follow a formal protocol.Diplomatic protocols are designed to avoid misunderstandings and to keep negotiationsfrom breaking down. In a similar vein, when computers need to talk, they also follow a formal protocol. The protocol defines how data is transmitted and how to decode it once it arrives. Web applications use the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) to move data between the browser running on your computer and the application running on the server.Many server applications communicate using protocols other than HTTP. Some of these maintain an ongoing connection between the computers. The application server knows exactly who is connected at all times and can tell when a connection is dropped. Because they know the state of each connection and the identity of each person using it, these are known as stateful protocols.By contrast, HTTP is known as a stateless protocol. An HTTP server will accept any request from any client and will always provide some type of response, even if the response is just to say no. Without the overhead of negotiating and retaining a connection, stateless protocols can handle a large volume of requests. This is one reason why the Internet has been able to scale to millions of computers.Another reason HTTP has become the universal standard is its simplicity. An HTTP request looks like an ordinary text document. This has made it easy for applications to make HTTP requests. You can even send an HTTP request by hand using a standard utility such as Telnet. When the HTTP response comes back, it is also in plain text that developers can read.The first line in the HTTP request contains the method, followed by the locationof the requested resource and the version of HTTP. Zero or more HTTP request headers follow the initial line. The HTTP headers provide additional information to the server. This can include the browser type and version, acceptable document types, and the browser’s cookies, just to name a few. Of the seven request methods, GET and POST are by far the most popular.Once the server has received and serviced the request, it will issue an HTTP response. The first line in the response is called the status line and carries the HTTP protocol version, a numeric status, and a brief description of the status. Following the status line, the server will return a set of HTTP response headers that work in a way similar to the request headers.As we mentioned, HTTP does not preserve state information between requests.The server logs the request, sends the response, and goes blissfully on to the next request. While simple and efficient, a stateless protocol is problematic for dynamic applications that need to keep track of their users. (Ignorance is not always bliss.Cookies and URL rewriting are two common ways to keep track of users between requests. A cookie is a special packet of information on the user’s computer. URL rewriting stores a special reference in the page address that a Java server can use to track users. Neither approach is seamless, and using either means extra work when developing a web application.On its own, a standard HTTP web server does not traffic in dynamic content. It mainly uses the request to locate a file and then returns that file in the response. The file is typically formatted using Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) [W3C, HTML] that the web browser can format and display. The HTML page often includes hypertext links to other web pages and may display any number of other goodies, such as images and videos. The user clicks a link to make another request, and the process begins a new.Standard web servers handle static content and images quite well but need a helping hand to provide users with a customized, dynamic response.DEFINITION:Static content on the Web comes directly from text or data files, like HTML or JPEG files. These files might be changed from time to time, but they are not altered automatically when requested by a web browser. Dynamic content, on the other hand, is generated on the fly, typically in response to an individualized request from a browser.Common Gateway Interface (CGI):The first widely used standard for producing dynamic content was the Common Gateway Interface (CGI). CGI uses standard operating system features, such as environment variables and standard input and output, to create a bridge, or gateway, between the web server and other applications on the host machine. The other applications can look at the request sent to them by the web server and create a customized response.When a web serve r receives a request that’s intended for a CGI program, it runs that program and provides the program with information from the incoming request. The CGI program runs and sends its output back to the server. The web server then relays the response to the browser.CGI defines a set of conventions regarding what information it will pass as environment variables and how it expects standard input and output to be used. Like HTTP, CGI is flexible and easy to implement, and a great number of CGI-aware programs have been written.The main drawback to CGI is that it must run a new copy of the CGI-aware program for each request. This is a relatively expensive process that can bog down high-volume sites where thousands of requests are serviced per minute. Another drawback is that CGI programs tend to be platform dependent. A CGI program written for one operating system may not run on another.5. Java servlets:Sun’s Java Servlet platform directly addresses the two main drawbacks of CGI programs.First, servlets offer better performance and utilization of resources than conventional CGI programs. Second, the write-once, run-anywhere nature of Java means that servlets are portable between operating systems that have a Java Virtual Machine (JVM).A servlet looks and feels like a miniature web server. It receives a request and renders a response. But, unlike conventional web servers, the servlet application programming interface (API) is specifically designed to help Java developers create dynamic applications.The servlet itself is simply a Java class that has been compiled into byte code, like any other Java object. The servlet has access to a rich API of HTTP-specific services, but it is still just another Java object running in an application and can leverage all your other Java assets.To give conventional web servers access to servlets, the servlets are plugged into containers. The servlet container is attached to the web server. Each servlet can declare what URL patterns it would like to handle. When a request matching a registered pattern arrives, the web server passes the request to the container, and the container invokes the servlet.But unlike CGI programs, a new servlet is not created for each request. Once the container instantiates the servlet, it will just create a new thread for each request. Java threads are much less expensive than the server processes used by CGI programs. Once the servlet has been created, using it for additional requests incurs very little overhead. Servlet developers can use the init() method to hold references to expensive resources, such as database connections or EJB Home Interfaces, so that they can be shared between requests. Acquiring resources like these can take several seconds—which is longer than many surfers are willing to wait.The other edge of the sword is that, since servlets are multithreaded, servlet developers must take special care to be sure their servlets are thread-safe. To learn more about servlet programming, we recommend Java Servlets by Example, by Alan R. Williamson [Williamson]. The definitive source for Servlet information is the Java Servlet Specification [Sun, JST].6. JavaServer Pages:While Java servlets are a big step up from CGI programs, they are not a panacea. To generate the response, developers are still stuck with using println statements to render the HTML. Code that looks like:out.println("<P>One line of HTML.</P>");out.println("<P>Another line of HTML.</P>");is all too common in servlets that generate the HTTP response. There are libraries that can help you generate HTML, but as applications grow more complex, Java developers end up being cast into the role of HTML page designers.Meanwhile, given the choice, most project managers prefer to divide development teams into specialized groups. They like HTML designers to be working on the presentation while Java engineers sweat the business logic. Using servlets alone encourages mixing markup withbusiness logic, making it difficult for team members to specialize.To solve this problem, Sun turned to the idea of using server pages to combine scripting and templating technologies into a single component. To build Java Server Pages, developers start by creating HTML pages in the same old way, using the same old HTML syntax. To bring dynamic content into the page, the developer can also place JSP scripting elements on the page. Scripting elements are tags that encapsulate logic that is recognized by the JSP. You can easily pick out scripting elements on JSP pages by looking for code that begins with <% and ends with %>.To be seen as a JSP page, the file just needs to be saved with an extension of .jsp.When a client requests the JSP page, the container translates the page into a source code file for a Java servlet and compiles the source into a Java class file—just as you would do if you were writing a servlet from scratch. At runtime, the container can also check the last modified date of the JSP file against the class file. If the JSP file has changed since it was last compiled, the container will retranslate and rebuild the page all over again.Project managers can now assign the presentation layer to HTML developers, who then pass on their work to Java developers to complete the business-logic portion. The important thing to remember is that a JSP page is really just a servlet. Anything you can do with a servlet, you can do with a JSP.7. JavaBeans:JavaBeans are Java classes which conform to a set of design patterns that make them easier to use with development tools and other components.DEFINITION A JavaBean is a reusable software component written in Java. To qualify as a JavaBean, the class must be concrete and public, and have a noargument constructor. JavaBeans expose internal fields as properties by providing public methods that follow a consistent design pattern. Knowing that the property names follow this pattern, other Java classes are able to use introspection to discover and manipulate JavaBean properties.The JavaBean design patterns provide access to the bean’s internal state through two flavor s of methods: accessors are used to read a JavaBean’s state; mutators are used to change a JavaBean’s state.Mutators are always prefixed with lowercase token set followed by the property name. The first character in the property name must be uppercase. The return value is always void—mutators only change property values; they do not retrieve them. The mutator for a simple property takes only one parameter in its signature, which can be of any type. Mutators are often nicknamed setters after their prefix. The mutator method signature for a weight property of the type Double would be:public void setWeight(Double weight)A similar design pattern is used to create the accessor method signature. Accessor methods are always prefixed with the lowercase token get, followed by the property name. The first character in the property name must be uppercase. The return value will match the method parameter in the corresponding mutator. Accessors for simple properties cannot accept parameters in their method signature. Not surprisingly, accessors are often called getters.The accessor method signature for our weight property is：public Double getWeight()If the accessor returns a logical value, there is a variant pattern. Instead of using the lowercase token get, a logical property can use the prefix is, followed by the property name. The first character in the property name must be uppercase. The return value will always be a logical value—either boolean or Boolean. Logical accessors cannot accept parameters in their method signature.The boolean accessor method signature for an on property would bepublic boolean isOn()The canonical method signatures play an important role when working with Java- Beans. Other components are able to use the Java Reflection API to discover a JavaBean’s properties by looking for methods prefixed by set, is, or get. If a component finds such a signature on a JavaBean, it knows that the method can be used to access or change the bean’s properties.Sun introduced JavaBeans to work with GUI components, but they are now used with every aspect of Java development, including web applications. When Sun engineers developed the JSP tag extension classes, they designed them to work with JavaBeans. The dynamic data for a page can be passed as a JavaBean, and the JSP tag can then use the bean’s properties to customize the output.For more on JavaBeans, we highly recommend The Awesome Power of JavaBeans, by Lawrence H. Rodrigues [Rodrigues]. The definitive source for JavaBean information is the JavaBean Specification [Sun, JBS].Model 2:The 0.92 release of the Servlet/JSP Specification described Model 2 as an architecture that uses servlets and JSP pages together in the same application. The term Model 2 disappeared from later releases, but it remains in popular use among Java web developers.Under Model 2, servlets handle the data access and navigational flow, while JSP pages handle the presentation. Model 2 lets Java engineers and HTML developers each work on their own part of the application. A change in one part of a Model 2 application does not。

外文翻译 Java技术及SSH框架和Jsp技术的介绍

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院：计算机工程学院专业班级：学生姓名：学号：指导教师：外文出处：(外文)/wiki/java_(programming_language)附件：1.外文资料翻译译文； 2.外文原文Java技术及SSH框架和Jsp技术的介绍Java，是一种可以撰写跨平台应用软件的面向对象的程序设计语言，由当时任职太阳微系统的詹姆斯·高斯林（James Gosling）等人于1990年代初开发。

它最初被命名为Oak，目标设置在家用电器等小型系统的编程语言，来解决诸如电视机、电话、闹钟、烤面包机等家用电器的控制和通讯问题。

由于这些智能化家电的市场需求没有预期的高，Sun放弃了该项计划。

就在Oak 几近失败之时，随着互联网的发展，Sun看到了Oak在计算机网络上的广阔应用前景，于是改造了Oak，在1995年5月以“Java”的名称正式发布了。

Java 伴随着互联网的迅猛发展而发展，逐渐成为重要的网络编程语言。

Java编程语言的风格十分接近C++语言。

继承了C++ 语言面向对象技术的核心，Java 舍弃了C++语言中容易引起错误的指针（以引用取代）、运算符重载（operator overloading）、多重继承（以接口取代）等特性，增加了垃圾回收器功能用于回收不再被引用的对象所占据的内存空间。

在Java SE 1.5版本中Java又引入了泛型编程（Generic Programming）、类型安全的枚举、不定长参数和自动装/拆箱等语言特性。

Java不同于一般的编译运行计算机语言和解释执行计算机语言。

它首先将源代码编译成字节码（bytecode），然后依赖各种不同平台上的虚拟机来解释执行字节码，从而实现了“一次编译、到处执行”的跨平台特性。

不过，这同时也在一定程度上降低了Java程序的运行效率。

但在J2SE1.4.2发布后，Java的运行速度有了大幅提升。

与传统程序不同Sun公司在推出Java之际就将其作为一种开放的技术。

计算机外文翻译---JSP应用框架

外文翻译原文及译文JSP application frameworksWhat are application frameworks:A framework is a reusable, semi-complete application that can be specialized toproduce custom applications [Johnson]. Like people, software applications are more alike than they are different. They run on the same computers, expect input from the same devices, output to the same displays, and save data to the same hard disks. Developers working on conventional desktop applications are accustomed to toolkits and development environments that leverage the sameness between applications. Application frameworks build on this common ground to provide developers with a reusable structure that can serve as the foundation for their own products.A framework provides developers with a set of backbone components that have the following characteristics:1.They are known to work well in other applications.2. They are ready to use with the next project.3. They can also be used by other teams in the organization.Frameworks are the classic build-versus-buy proposition. If you build it, you will understand it when you are done—but how long will it be before you can roll your own? If you buy it, you will have to climb the learning curve—and how long is that going to take? There is no right answer here, but most observers would agree that frameworks such as Struts provide a significant return on investment compared to starting from scratch, especially for larger projects.Other types of frameworks:The idea of a framework applies not only to applications but to application componentsas well. Throughout this article, we introduce other types of frameworks that you can use with Struts. These include the Lucene search engine, the Scaffold toolkit, the Struts validator, and the Tiles tag library. Like application frameworks, these tools providecomponent.Some frameworks have been linked to a proprietary development environment. This is not the case with Struts or any of the other frameworks shown in this book. You can use any development environment with Struts: Visual Age for Java, JBuilder, Eclipse, Emacs, and Textpad are all popular choices among Struts developers. If you can use it with Java, you can use it with Struts.Enabling technologies:Applications developed with Struts are based on a number of enabling technologies.These components are not specific to Struts and underlie every Java web application. A reason that developers use frameworks like Struts is to hide the nasty details behind acronyms like HTTP, CGI, and JSP. As a Struts developer, you don’t need to be an alphabet soup guru, but a working knowledge of these base technologies can help you devise creative solutions to tricky problems.Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP):When mediating talks between nations, diplomats often follow a formal protocol.Diplomatic protocols are designed to avoid misunderstandings and to keep negotiations from breaking down. In a similar vein, when computers need to talk, they also follow a formal protocol. The protocol defines how data is transmitted and how to decode it once it arrives. Web applications use the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) to move data between the browser running on your computer and the application running on the server.Many server applications communicate using protocols other than HTTP. Some of these maintain an ongoing connection between the computers. The application server knows exactly who is connected at all times and can tell when a connection is dropped. Because they know the state of each connection and the identity of each person using it, these are known as stateful protocols.By contrast, HTTP is known as a stateless protocol. An HTTP server will accept any request from any client and will always provide some type of response, even if the response is just to say no. Without the overhead of negotiating and retaining a connection, stateless protocols can handle a large volume of requests. This is one reason why theInternet has been able to scale to millions of computers.Another reason HTTP has become the universal standard is its simplicity. An HTTP request looks like an ordinary text document. This has made it easy for applications to make HTTP requests. You can even send an HTTP request by hand using a standard utility such as Telnet. When the HTTP response comes back, it is also in plain text that developers can read.The first line in the HTTP request contains the method, followed by the locationof the requested resource and the version of HTTP. Zero or more HTTP request headers follow the initial line. The HTTP headers provide additional information to the server. This can include the browser type and version, acceptable document types, and the browser’s cookies, just to name a few. Of the s even request methods, GET and POST are by far the most popular.Once the server has received and serviced the request, it will issue an HTTP response. The first line in the response is called the status line and carries the HTTP protocol version, a numeric status, and a brief description of the status. Following the status line, the server will return a set of HTTP response headers that work in a way similar to the request headers.As we mentioned, HTTP does not preserve state information between requests.The server logs the request, sends the response, and goes blissfully on to the next request. While simple and efficient, a stateless protocol is problematic for dynamic applications that need to keep track of their users. (Ignorance is not always bliss.Cookies and URL rewriting are two common ways to keep track of users between requests. A cookie is a special packet of information on the user’s computer. URL rewriting stores a special reference in the page address that a Java server can use to track users. Neither approach is seamless, and using either means extra work when developing a web application. On its own, a standard HTTP web server does not traffic in dynamic content. It mainly uses the request to locate a file and then returns that file in the response. The file is typically formatted using Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) [W3C, HTML] that the web browser can format and display. The HTML page often includes hypertext links to other web pages and may display any number of other goodies, such as images andvideos. The user clicks a link to make another request, and the process begins a new.Standard web servers handle static content and images quite well but need a helping hand to provide users with a customized, dynamic response.DEFINITION:Static content on the Web comes directly from text or data files, like HTML or JPEG files. These files might be changed from time to time, but they are not altered automatically when requested by a web browser. Dynamic content, on the other hand, is generated on the fly, typically in response to an individualized request from a browser.Common Gateway Interface (CGI):The first widely used standard for producing dynamic content was the Common Gateway Interface (CGI). CGI uses standard operating system features, such as environment variables and standard input and output, to create a bridge, or gateway, between the web server and other applications on the host machine. The other applications can look at the request sent to them by the web server and create a customized response.When a web server receives a request that’s intended for a CGI program, it runs that program and provides the program with information from the incoming request. The CGI program runs and sends its output back to the server. The web server then relays the response to the browser.CGI defines a set of conventions regarding what information it will pass as environment variables and how it expects standard input and output to be used. Like HTTP, CGI is flexible and easy to implement, and a great number of CGI-aware programs have been written.The main drawback to CGI is that it must run a new copy of the CGI-aware program for each request. This is a relatively expensive process that can bog down high-volume sites where thousands of requests are serviced per minute. Another drawback is that CGI programs tend to be platform dependent. A CGI program written for one operating system may not run on another.Java servlets:Sun’s Java Servlet platform directly addresses the two main drawbacks of CGIconventional CGI programs. Second, the write-once, run-anywhere nature of Java means that servlets are portable between operating systems that have a Java Virtual Machine (JVM).A servlet looks and feels like a miniature web server. It receives a request and renders a response. But, unlike conventional web servers, the servlet application programming interface (API) is specifically designed to help Java developers create dynamic applications.The servlet itself is simply a Java class that has been compiled into byte code, like any other Java object. The servlet has access to a rich API of HTTP-specific services, but it is still just another Java object running in an application and can leverage all your other Java assets.To give conventional web servers access to servlets, the servlets are plugged into containers. The servlet container is attached to the web server. Each servlet can declare what URL patterns it would like to handle. When a request matching a registered pattern arrives, the web server passes the request to the container, and the container invokes the servlet.But unlike CGI programs, a new servlet is not created for each request. Once the container instantiates the servlet, it will just create a new thread for each request. Java threads are much less expensive than the server processes used by CGI programs. Once the servlet has been created, using it for additional requests incurs very little overhead. Servlet developers can use the init() method to hold references to expensive resources, such as database connections or EJB Home Interfaces, so that they can be shared between requests. Acquiring resources like these can take several seconds—which is longer than many surfers are willing to wait.The other edge of the sword is that, since servlets are multithreaded, servlet developers must take special care to be sure their servlets are thread-safe. To learn more about servlet programming, we recommend Java Servlets by Example, by Alan R. Williamson [Williamson]. The definitive source for Servlet information is the Java Servlet Specification [Sun, JST].JavaServer Pages:While Java servlets are a big step up from CGI programs, they are not a panacea. To generate the response, developers are still stuck with using println statements to render the HTML. Code that looks like:out.println("<P>One line of HTML.</P>");out.println("<P>Another line of HTML.</P>");is all too common in servlets that generate the HTTP response. There are libraries that can help you generate HTML, but as applications grow more complex, Java developers end up being cast into the role of HTML page designers.Meanwhile, given the choice, most project managers prefer to divide development teams into specialized groups. They like HTML designers to be working on the presentation while Java engineers sweat the business logic. Using servlets alone encourages mixing markup with business logic, making it difficult for team members to specialize.To solve this problem, Sun turned to the idea of using server pages to combine scripting and templating technologies into a single component. To build Java Server Pages, developers start by creating HTML pages in the same old way, using the same old HTML syntax. To bring dynamic content into the page, the developer can also place JSP scripting elements on the page. Scripting elements are tags that encapsulate logic that is recognized by the JSP. You can easily pick out scripting elements on JSP pages by looking for code that begins with <% and ends with %>.To be seen as a JSP page, the file just needs to be saved with an extension of .jsp.When a client requests the JSP page, the container translates the page into a source code file for a Java servlet and compiles the source into a Java class file—just as you would do if you were writing a servlet from scratch. At runtime, the container can also check the last modified date of the JSP file against the class file. If the JSP file has changed since it was last compiled, the container will retranslate and rebuild the page all over again.Project managers can now assign the presentation layer to HTML developers, who then pass on their work to Java developers to complete the business-logic portion. The important thing to remember is that a JSP page is really just a servlet. Anything you can do with a servlet, you can do with a JSP.JavaBeans:JavaBeans are Java classes which conform to a set of design patterns that make them easier to use with development tools and other components.DEFINITION A JavaBean is a reusable software component written in Java. To qualify as a JavaBean, the class must be concrete and public, and have a noargument constructor. JavaBeans expose internal fields as properties by providing public methods that follow a consistent design pattern. Knowing that the property names follow this pattern, other Java classes are able to use introspection to discover and manipulate JavaBean properties.The JavaBean design patterns provide access to the bean’s internal stat e through two flavors of methods: accessors are used to read a JavaBean’s state; mutators are used to change a JavaBean’s state.Mutators are always prefixed with lowercase token set followed by the property name. The first character in the property name must be uppercase. The return value is always void—mutators only change property values; they do not retrieve them. The mutator for a simple property takes only one parameter in its signature, which can be of any type. Mutators are often nicknamed setters after their prefix. The mutator method signature for a weight property of the type Double would be:public void setWeight(Double weight)A similar design pattern is used to create the accessor method signature. Accessor methods are always prefixed with the lowercase token get, followed by the property name. The first character in the property name must be uppercase. The return value will match the method parameter in the corresponding mutator. Accessors for simple properties cannot accept parameters in their method signature. Not surprisingly, accessors are often called getters.The accessor method signature for our weight property is：public Double getWeight()If the accessor returns a logical value, there is a variant pattern. Instead of using the lowercase token get, a logical property can use the prefix is, followed by the property name.be a logical value—either boolean or Boolean. Logical accessors cannot accept parameters in their method signature.The boolean accessor method signature for an on property would bepublic boolean isOn()The canonical method signatures play an important role when working with Java- Beans. Other components are able to use the Java Reflec tion API to discover a JavaBean’s properties by looking for methods prefixed by set, is, or get. If a component finds such a signature on a JavaBean, it knows that the method can be used to access or change the bean’s properties.Sun introduced JavaBeans to work with GUI components, but they are now used with every aspect of Java development, including web applications. When Sun engineers developed the JSP tag extension classes, they designed them to work with JavaBeans. The dynamic data for a page can be passed as a JavaBean, and the JSP tag can then use the bean’s properties to customize the output.For more on JavaBeans, we highly recommend The Awesome Power of JavaBeans, by Lawrence H. Rodrigues [Rodrigues]. The definitive source for JavaBean information is the JavaBean Specification [Sun, JBS].Model 2:The 0.92 release of the Servlet/JSP Specification described Model 2 as an architecture that uses servlets and JSP pages together in the same application. The term Model 2 disappeared from later releases, but it remains in popular use among Java web developers.Under Model 2, servlets handle the data access and navigational flow, while JSP pages handle the presentation. Model 2 lets Java engineers and HTML developers each work on their own part of the application. A change in one part of a Model 2 application does not mandate a change to another part of the application. HTML developers can often change the look and feel of an application without changing how the back-office servlets work.The Struts framework is based on the Model 2 architecture. It provides a controller servlet to handle the navigational flow and special classes to help with the data access. Awith JSP pages.Summary:In this article, we introduced Struts as an application framework. We examined the technology behind HTTP, the Common Gateway Interface, Java servlets, JSPs, and JavaBeans. We also looked at the Model 2 application architecture to see how it is used to combine servlets and JSPs in the same application.Now that you have had a taste of what it is like to develop a web application with Struts, in chapter 2 we dig deeper into the theory and practice behind the Struts architecture.JSP 应用框架什么是应用框架：框架（framework）是可重用的，半成品的应用程序，可以用来产生专门的定制程序。

Jsp技术介绍外文翻译

附录A中文译文Jsp技术介绍JSP（JA V A SERVER PAGES）是由Sun Microsystems 公司倡导、许多公司参与一起建立的一种动态网页技术标准，其在动态网页的建设中有其强大而特别的功能，他主要用于创建可支持跨平台及跨Web服务器的动态网页。

JSP可与微软的Active Server Pages (ASP)相媲美，但JSP使用的是类似于HTML的标记和Java 代码片段而不是用VBScript。

当你使用不提供ASP本地支持的Web服务器（例如Apache或Netscape服务器）时，你就可以考虑使用JSP了。

Java Server Pages技术可以让web开发人员和设计人员非常容易的创建和维护动态网页，特别是目前的商业系统。

作为JavaTM技术的一部分，JSP能够快速开发出基于web独立平台的应用程序。

JSP 把用户界面从系统内容中分离开来，使得设计人员能够在不改变底层动态内容的前提下改变整个网页布局。

那么什么是Java Server Page呢?简单的说，一个JSP网页就是在HTML网页中包含了能够生成动态内容的可执行应用程序代码。

此应用程序可能包含JavaBeanTM，JDBCTM对象，Enterprise Java BeanTM (E J B )和Remote Method Invocation (RMI)对象，所有的部分都可以非常容易的从JSP网页上访问到。

例如，一个JSP网页可以包含HTML代码所显示的静态文本和图像，也可以调用一个JDBC对象来访问数据库；当网页显示到用户界面上以后，它将包含静态HTML内容和从数据库中找到相应的动态信息。

在JSP网页中，要把用户界面和应用程序分开可以考虑在网页设计人员和开发人员之间执行一个非常方便的授权任务。

它也允许开发人员去建立灵活的代码，从而非常容易的进行更新和重复利用。

由于JSP网页能够根据需要自动进行编译，web设计人员无须重新编译应用程序逻辑就可以改变表述代码。

JSP及其WEB技术中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)JSP and WEB technolog1 JSP IntroductionJSP (JavaServer Pages) is a Java-based scripting technology. Is advocated by Sun Microsystems Inc., together with a number of companies involved in the establishment of a dynamic web page technology standards. JSP technology is somewhat similar to ASP technology, It is a traditional HTML page file (*. htm, *. html) to insert Java program segment (Scriptlet) and JSP tag (tag), To form the JSP file（*jsp）. Web development with JSP is a cross-platform applications that can run under Linux, but also in other operating systems. In the JSP of the many advantages, one of which is that it will be HTML encoded Web page from the business logic separated effectively. JSP access with reusable components, such as Servlet, JavaBean and Java-based Web applications. JSP also supports directly in the Web page embedded Java code. JSP can be used two ways to access documents: JSP documents sent by the browser request, the request sent to the Servlet. JSP technology uses Java programming language, XML-type tags and scriptlets, to have a package deal with the logic of dynamic pages. Page tags and scriptlets can also exist in the server access to the resources of the application logic. JSP logic and Web page design and display isolated and support reusable component-based design, Web-based applications more quickly and easily developed.The Web server when meets visits the JSP homepage the request, first carries out segment, will then carry out the result code to return together with JSP in the document HTML for the customer. The insertion Java segment may operate the database, again the directional homepage and so on, realizes the function which the establishment dynamic homepage needs. JSP and Java Servlet are the same, is in the server end execution, usually returns to this client side is a HTML text, therefore client side, so long as has the browser to be able to glance over.The JSP page is composed of the HTML code and the inserting Java code. The server in the page by the client side was requested that later will carry on processing to these Java code, will then produce the HTML page will return gives the client side the browser. Java Servlet is the JSP technology base, moreover the large-scale Web applicationprocedure's development needs Java Servlet and the JSP coordination can complete. JSP had the Java technology simply easy to use, complete object-oriented, had the platform independency, and safe reliable, mainly faced Internet's all characteristics.2 JSP computing techniqueTo carry on the dynamic website conveniently fast the development, JSP has made the improvement in the following several aspects, causes it to become builds the cross platform fast the dynamic website first choice plan.2.1 carries on the content production and the demonstration separatesWith the JSP technology, the Web page development personnel may use HTML or the XML marking design and the formatted final page, and uses the JSP marking or the tootsy produces on page's dynamic content originally. Production content's logic is sealed in marks and in the JavaBeans module, and ties up in the script, all scripts in server end movement. Because core logic is sealed in marks and in JavaBeans, therefore the Web administrative personnels and the page designer, can edit and use the JSP page, but does not affect the content the production. In the server end, the JSP engine explained that the JSP marking and the script, produce the content which requested, and (or XML) page's form transmits the result by HTML the browser. This both are helpful in the author protects own code, and can guarantee any based on the HTML Web browser's complete usability.2.2 may entrust with heavy responsibility the moduleThe overwhelming majority JSP page relies on may entrust with heavy responsibility, the cross platform module (JavaBeans or Enterprise the JavaBeans module) carries out complex processing which the application procedure requests. The development personnel can share and exchange the execution ordinary operation the module, or causes these modules uses for more users and the customer association. Has accelerated the overall development process based on module's method, and causes each kind of organization obtains balanced in their existing skill and in the optimized result development endeavor.2.3 uses markingThe Web page development personnel will not be the familiar script language programmers. The JSP technology has sealed many functions, these functions are easy touse, marking to carry on the dynamic content production with JSP in the related XML to need. The standard JSP marking can visit and the instantiation JavaBeans module, the establishment or the retrieval module attribute, downloads Applet, as well as the execution difficulty with codes and the time-consuming function with other methods.2.4 adapts the platformNearly all platforms support Java, JSP+JavaBeans to be possible to pass unimpeded nearly under all platforms. Transplants from a platform to other platform, JSP and JavaBeans does not even need to translate, because the Java byte code is standard has nothing to do with the platform.2.5 database connectionIn Java connects the database the technology is the JDBC, Java procedure is connected through the JDBC driver and the database, operations and so on execution inquiry, extraction data. Sun Corporation has also developed JDBC-ODBC bridge, uses this technical Java procedure to be possible to visit has the ODBC driver database, at present the majority database systems have the ODBC driver, therefore the Java procedure can visit such as Oracle, Sybase, MS SQL Server and databases and so on MS Access. In addition, through the development marking storehouse, the JSP technology may further expand. The third party development personnel and other personnel may found their marking storehouse for the commonly used function. This enables the Web page development personnel to be able to use the familiar tool and to be similar to marking same carries out the specific function component to carry on the work. The JSP technology very easy conformity to many kinds of application architecture, to use the extant tool and the skill, and can expand to the support enterprise distributional application.3 Eclipse function synopsisMore and more Java development personnel already started the productivity which and the quality income appreciates Eclipse JDT to provide. It was the Java editor provides grammar Gao Liang to demonstrate that the formatting, the fold, the content were auxiliary, code template and so on many functions. It grows unceasingly available restructuring and the code generation function set permits you in a higher rank the operation code, and automated usual code intensity duty and easy wrong duty. Moreover, in develops the codeand uses JDT to compile and to carry out the JUnit test built-in support carries on the unit testing after the code, may use Eclipse the first-class Java debugger debugging when the movement meets any question. Besides JDT, Eclipse SDK- the most popular downloading - also contains Plug-in Development Environment(PDE). PDE used the specific function to expand JDT to construct the Eclipse plug-in unit - based on the Eclipse application procedure basic construction agglomeration. In fact, uses the tool which provides by Eclipse itself to be able to surmount the Java development, may expand the existing Eclipse application procedure, or even founds the brand-new application procedure.Eclipse by a script level constitution, contains in many functional modules or the Eclipse terminology so-called “the plug-in unit”. The plug-in unit is provides all functions in the Eclipse application procedure the module. They cooperate through its API to pay the final outcome together. In Eclipse, even the most foundation's function, for instance the search and the start installment's plug-in unit, seals in the plug-in unit. In order to expand the existing Eclipse function or carry on the construction in above, the plug-in unit the concrete expansion contribution for the expansion spot which will expose by other plug-in units. Usually, the plug-in unit concentrates the specific region responsibility, and gives through or a many expansion way other responsibility designation other plug-in units. For example, a plug-in unit allows you parallel to compare two documents visibly the contents, but it will not care how to read these documents even how to explain these document structure; This is other plug-in unit's work. When compared with two documents, this plug-in unit first inspects whether to have another plug-in unit to be possible to explain these document structure. If found one, it to the plug-in unit inquiry related file organization information which found, and used this information in the comparison process.May see that the modular construction was Eclipse has provided the huge flexibility, and provided one to be possible to support the massive application procedure platform which the original design has not expected.4 Structs function synopsisStruts is a MVC frame (Framework), uses in developing Java fast the Web application. Struts realizes the key point in C(Controller), Action which and we have custom-madeincluding ActionServlet/RequestProcessor, was also V(View) provides a series of rows to have custom-made the label (Custom Tag). Spring is a light vessel (light-weight container), its core is the Bean factory (Bean Factory), with constructs M(Model) which we need. Above this foundation, Spring has provided AOP (Aspect-Oriented Programming, face stratification plane programming) realization, provides under the non-management environment with it to declare services and so on way business, security; Is more convenient to Bean factory expansion ApplicationContext we to realize the J2EE application; DAO/ORM realizes facilitates us to carry on the database the development; Web MVC and Spring Web have provided Java the Web application frame or carries on the integration with other popular Web frame. That is may a both use, achieve both own characteristic carries on supplementary.Structs is the kind which, servlet and the JSP mark a group cooperates mutually, they compose the MVC 2 designs which may entrust with heavy responsibility. This definition expressed that Struts is a frame, but is not a storehouse, but Struts has also contained the rich mark storehouse and the independence in this frame work utility program class.Client browser (customer browser), the request founds an event from customer browser's each HTTP. The Web vessel will use a HTTP response to make the response.Controller (controller), the controller receive from browser's request, and decided that sends out where this request. Speaking of Struts, the controller is an order design pattern which realizes by servlet. struts-config.xml document disposition controller.Service logic, the service logic renewal model's condition, and helps the control application procedure the flow. Speaking of Struts, this is through takes the actual service logic “thin” the packing Action kind to complete.Model (model) condition, model expression application procedure condition. Service object renewal application procedure condition. ActionForm bean in conversation level or request level expression model condition, but is not in the lasting level. The JSP document uses JSP to mark the read from the ActionForm bean information.View (view), the view is a JSP document. And does not have the flow logic, does not have the service logic, also does not have the model information -- Only then marks. The mark causes Struts is different with other frames (for example Velocity) one of factors.Just like the Struts controller is (event usually is HTTP post) maps the event kind of servlet. you to expect - the air-operated controller use configuration files to cause you notto need to carry on to these values the hard code. The time has changed, but method as before.The Action kind, ActionForm maintains the Web application procedure the conversation condition. ActionForm is one abstract class, must found this kind of subclass for each input form model. When I said when input form model, what refers to the ActionForm expression is establishes or in the renewal general sense data by the HTML form.The Action kind is service logic packing. A Action kind of use is transforms HttpServletRequest into the service logic. Must use Action, please found its subclass and covers process () the method.ActionServlet (Command) will use perform () the method the parametrization kind to transmit for ActionForm. Still did not have too many repugnant request.getParameter () to transfer. When the event progresses to this step, the input form data (or HTML form data) has been withdrawn from the request class and shifts to the ActionForm kind.Considered that a Action kind of another way is the Adapter design pattern. The Action use will be “a kind of connection will transform another connection which will need for the client. Adapter enables the kind the joint operation, if does not have Adapter, then these kinds will be unable because of the incompatible connection the joint operation.”. In this example's client is ActionServlet, it knows nothing about to our concrete service class connection. Therefore, Struts has provided a service connection which it can understand, namely Action. Through expands Action, we cause our service connection and the Struts service connection maintain compatible.5 CSS synopsisThe CSS edition method is the same with HTML, may also be any text editor or the homepage edition software, but also has uses for to edit CSS specially the software. If you write the CSS sentence regards the exterior cascading style sheet, but transfers in the HTML document, then its extension saves .css to be possible. Initially the technical personnel found out HTML, mainly stresses on the definition content, for instance expressed that a paragraph, indicates the title, but excessively has not designed HTML the typesetting and the contact surface effect.Along with the Internet rapid development, HTML is widely applied, the surfer people hoped certainly that the homepage makes attractive, therefore the HTMLtypesetting and the contact surface effect's limitation exposes day by day. In order to solve this problem, the people also took many tortuous paths, has used some not good method, for instance increases many attribute results to HTML becomes the code very extremely fat, turns the picture the text, excessively many comes the typesetting using Table, expresses the white space with the blank picture and so on. Appears until CSS.CSS may be a homepage design breakthrough, it has solved the homepage contact surface typesetting difficult problem. May such say that HTML Tag is mainly defines the homepage content (Content), but CSS decided how these homepage content does demonstrate (Layout). The CSS English is Cascading Style Sheets, Chinese may translate the tandem cascading style sheet. CSS may divide into three kinds according to its position: In inlays the style (Inline Style), internal cascading style sheet (Internal Style Sheet), exterior cascading style sheet (External Style Sheet).6 HTML function synopsisHyper Text Markup the Language hypertext mark language is one kind uses for to manufacture the hypertext documents the simple mark language. The hypertext documents which compiles with HTML are called the HTML documents, it can the independence in each kind of operating system platform (for example UNIX, WINDOWS and so on). HTML has served as since 1990 on World Wide Web the information to express the language, uses in describing the Homepage form design and it and on WWW the other Homepage linked information.The HTML documents (i.e. the Homepage source document) was one has laid aside the mark ASCII text document, usually it had .html or the .htm document extension. Produces HTML documents mainly to have the following three ways: 1. the manual direct compilation (e.g. ASCII text editor which or other HTML edition tool likes with you). 2. will have other form documents through certain format conversion tool (for example the WORD documents) to transform the HTML documents. 3. by the Web server (or said that the HTTP server) one only then real-time dynamic produces. the HTML language is through uses each kind of mark (tags) to mark the documents the structure as well as marks the ultra chain (Hyperlink) the information.Although the HTML language described the documents structure form, but how can't define the documents information to precisely demonstrate and arrange, but is onlysuggested how the Web browser (for example Mosiac, Netscape and so on) should demonstrate and arrange these information, is decided finally in front of user's demonstration result by the Web browser's demonstration style and to the mark explanatory ability. Why is the identical documents the effect which demonstrated in the different browser meets is dissimilar. At present the HTML language's edition is 2.0, it is based on SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language, standard sets at sign language generally, as soon as is applies mechanically describes digitized documents structure and manages its content complex standard) a subset to evolve comes. Although in next edition's standard HTML3.0 (is also called HTML+) to draw up, but some the partial experimental nature draft standard widely has been used, the mostly outstanding Web browser (for example Netscape and so on) can explain in the HTML3.0 part new mark, therefore introduced in this chapter some HTML3.0 new mark has been accepted by the most browsers.7 Js script language synopsisJS is javascrip, Javascript is one kind the script language which comes by the Netscape LiveScript development, the main purpose is to solve the server terminal language, for instance Perl, carry-over speed question. At that time served the end to need to carry on the confirmation to the data, because the network speed was quite slow, only then 28.8kbps, the confirmation step waste's time were too many. Therefore Netscape browser Navigator has joined Javascript, has provided the data confirmation basic function.The JavaScript official name is “ECMAScript”. This s tandard by ECMA organization development and maintenance. ECMA-262 is the official JavaScript standard. This standard based on JavaScript (Netscape) and JScript (Microsoft). Netscape (Navigator 2.0) Brendan Eich has invented this language, started from 1996, already appeared in all Netscape and in the Microsoft browser. The ECMA-262 development began in 1996, in 1997 July, the ECMA general meeting has accepted its first edition.Script script uses one specific descriptive language, rests on certain form compilation to be possible the execution document, is also called as great or the batch run document. The script usually may transfer temporarily by the application procedure and carry out. Each kind of script present widely is applied in the homepage design, because the script not only may reduce the homepage the scale and raises the homepage browsing speed,moreover may enrich the homepage performance, like animation, sound and so on. Cites a most common example, when we click in the homepage the E-mail address can transfer Outlook Express or the Foxmail this kind of mail software automatically, is realizes through the script function. Also because of script these characteristics, the human who harbors ulterior motives by some are often using. For example joins some destruction computer system's order in the script, like this works as the user browsing homepage, once transfers this kind of script, will then cause the user the system to come under the attack. Therefore the user should act according to visits homepage the trust degree selective security rank, specially regarding these itself content on the illegal homepage, do not permit the use script easily. Through “the safe establishment” the dialog box, the choice “the script” under option each kind of estab lishment may with ease realize to script being forbid and begins using.Present's script language is quite many, script language execution generally only with concrete explanation actuator related, so long as therefore on the system has the corresponding language interpreter to be possible to achieve the cross platform. Script (Script), is includes order and so on bind and alias sets, you may save this set are an independent document then in the time which needs carries out, like this may facilitate you in the CS use. The script may save for the suffix named .cfg document places under the cstrike folder, when execution in control bench input: exec (script filename) .cfg then. For instance saves a script is the buys.cfg document, inputs in the control bench: execbuys.cfg may realize the function which we need. Must realize an order, so long as is good this process definition (alias), and assigns a key position for this order, so long as later according to will assign the good key position, may realize this proceJSP及其WEB技术. 1 JSP简介JSP（JavaServer Pages）是一种基于Java的脚本技术。

JSP技术外文翻译

JSP Technology（外文原文）JSP (JavaServer Pages) is a kind of based on Java script technology. In many of the advantages of JSP, one of which is it can the HTML code from Web pages in the business logic of the effectively separated. With JSP visit reusable components, such as Servlet, JavaBean and based on Java Web applications. JSP also support in Web page direct embedded Java code. The two methods can visit JSP files: browser to send files request, sent to the JSP Servlet request.JavaServer Pages technology is an extension of the Java Servlet technology. Servlets are platform-independent, server-side modules that fit seamlessly into a Web server framework and can be used to extend the capabilities of a Web server with minimal overhead, maintenance, and support. Unlike other scripting languages, servlets involve no platform-specific consideration or modifications; they are application components that are downloaded, on demand, to the part of the system that needs them. Together, JSP technology and servlets provide an attractive alternative to other types of dynamic Web scripting/programming by offering: platform independence; enhanced performance; separation of logic from display; ease of administration; extensibility into the enterprise; and, most importantly, ease of use.The Unified Expression Language (EL)The simple EL included in JSP technology offers many advantages to the page author. Using simple expressions, page authors can easily access external data objects from their pages. The JSP technology container evaluates and resolves these expressions as it encounters them. It then immediately returns a response because the JSP request-processing model has only one phase, the render phase. However, because therequest-processing model does not support a postback, all JSP expressions are read-only.Unlike JSP technology, JavaServer Faces technology supports a multiphase life cycle. When a user enters values into the JavaServer Faces UI components and submits the page, those values are converted, validated, and propagated to server-side data objects, after which component events are processed. In order to perform all these tasks in an orderly fashion, the JavaServer Faces life cycle is split into separate phases. Therefore, JavaServer Faces technology evaluates expressions at different phases of the life cycle rather than immediately, as JSP technology would do.JSP technology -- friend or foe?Presentation technology was designed to transform plain ol' raw Web content into content wrapped in an attractive presentation layer. JavaServer Pages (JSP) technology, Sun's presentation model and part of the J2EE platform, has received significant attention. There are both advantages and disadvantages to using JSP technology, and Web developers should be aware of the good and the bad -- and know that they don't have to be limited to this single technology. In fact, these days a number of presentation technologies are available. This article begins by defining the problems presentation technologies were designed to solve. It then examines the specific strengths and weaknesses of the JSP model. Finally, it introduces some viable alternatives to Sun's presentation technology.A bit of historyBefore diving into an explanation of presentation technology, it's helpful to fill in some details on the situation that led to the birth of the technology. Just 10 short years ago, the term thin client was a novelty. We still lived in a world of desktop applications, powered by wimpy 286 microprocessors with 14-inch monitors that we squinted at. Boy, have times changed! Now my desktop does nothing but powera Web browser, while servers from Sun, IBM, HP, Compaq, and the rest churn out computations, business logic, and content. And that little monitor? Replaced by flat-screen, plasma, whopping 21- and 25-inch beauties. Why? So we can see the intricate and complex HTML displays that serve as a front-end to these powerful applications. No longer does a clunky interface suffice; now we expect flashy graphics, moving images, color-coordinated presentations that would look good in any room in the house, and speedy rendering to boot.The premiseToday, a decade beyond those fledgling Windows applications, we are still dealing with this huge shift in the presentation paradigm. The woeful Visual Basic and C programmers who remain now find themselves working either on back-end systems or Windows-only applications, or they have added a Web-capable language such as the Java language to their toolbox. An application that doesn't support at least three of four ML-isms -- such as HTML, XML, and WML -- is considered shabby, if not an outright failure. And, of course, that means we all care very deeply about the ability to easily develop a Web presentation it turns out, using the new Internet, and all the languages we have at our disposal -- Java, C, Perl, Pascal, and Ada, among others -- hasn't been as easy as we might have hoped. A number of issues creep up when it comes to taking the programming languages everyone used for back-end systems and leveraging them to generate markup language suitable for a client. With the arrival of more options on the browser (DHTML and JavaScript coding, for example), the increase in graphic artist talent in the Web domain, and tools that could create complex interfaces using standard HTML, the demand for fancy user interfaces has grown faster than our ability to develop these front ends to our applications. And this has given rise to presentation technology was designed to perform a single task: convert content, namely data without display details, intopresentation -- meaning the various user interfaces you see on your phone, PalmPilot, or Web browser. What are the problems that these presentation technologies claimed to solve? Let's take a look.Segregation vs. integrationThe primary purpose of presentation technology is to allow a separation between content and presentation. In other words, business logic units (presumably in some programming language like C or Java) don't have to generate data in a presentation-specific manner. Data, or content, is returned raw, without formatting. The presentation technology then applies formatting, or presentation, to this content. The result is an amalgam of data surrounded by and intertwined with graphics, formatting, colors, and at the examples in Listing 1 and Listing 2 to see at a glance the difference between raw content and content combined with presentation 1 shows raw content, with nothing but data, that could be used in a variety of ways.class=displaycodeRussell CroweTom HanksMeg RyanMary Stuart MastersonAlec BaldwinAshley JuddKeanu ReevesListing 2, which is much more complex than the one above, shows the same data wrapped in presentation technology and ready for display in an HTML-capable browser.class=displaycode<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Search Results: Actors</TITLE></HEAD><BODY><H2 ALIGN="center">Search Results: Actors</H2><CENTER><HR width="85%"><TABLE width="50%" CELLPADDING="3" CELLSPACING="3" border="1" BGCOLOR="#FFFFCC"><TR BGCOLOR="#FFCCCC"><TH width="50%" ALIGN="center">Last Name</TH><TH width="50%" ALIGN="center">First Name</TH></TR><TR><TD width="50%">Baldwin</TD><TD width="50%">Alec</TD></TR><TR><TD width="50%">Crowe</TD><TD width="50%">Russell</TD></TR><TR><TD width="50%">Hanks</TD><TD width="50%">Tom</TD></TR><TR><TD width="50%">Judd</TD><TD width="50%">Ashley</TD></TR><TR><TD width="50%">Masterson</TD><TD width="50%">Mary Stuart</TD></TR><TR><TD width="50%">Reeves</TD><TD width="50%">Keanu</TD></TR><TR><TD width="50%">Ryan</TD><TD width="50%">Meg</TD></TR></TABLE></CENTER>While the content in Listing 1 is clear and easy for the uninitiated layperson to both use and understand, the content in Listing 2 is very specific to the task of display in a browser. It is tricky to extract data from it or manipulate it for any other fundamental difference, the process of segregating content from presentation instead of integrating the two (at least until the user needs the information), is the basic premise of any presentation technology, including the JSP technology. Further, any presentation technology that does not accomplish this basic goal does not truly accomplish the goal it was created to achieve.Work vs. reworkBesides the separation of content and presentation, another measure of a presentation technology's usefulness is the amount of rework that it eliminates. The divergence of presentation and content enforces a divergence in the roles of those developing the content. A programmer can focus on the raw content presented in the examples above, and a graphic artist or webmaster can attend to the presentation. A slight overlap ofroles remains, however, in the process of taking the presentation -- or markup -- designed by the artist and applying it to the content the programmer's code the simplest case, the artist supplies the markup, and the developer provides code and also plugs the markup into the presentation technology. The application is "started up," and the content magically becomes a user interface. Of course, as we all know, development rarely ends there. Next come revisions and changes to the interface and new business rules that must be coded. This is where the true test of the presentation technology's flexibility comes into play. While it is usually simple to update the raw content being fed into the presentation layer, rarely can the graphic artists easily edit their original work. Changes to the presentation layer are common (we've all been victim to marketing departments changing this or that). So now a problem arises: what do the designers change to tweak their work? The original markup language page they gave to the developer? Probably not, as that page has most likely had custom tags or code inserted (JSP pages, template engines), converted to a Java servlet, or changed into something totally the designer must rework the original page and resubmit this page to the developer. Then the developer has to reconvert this page to the specific format needed for use in the presentation technology. Alternatively, the designer has to learn a scripting language or at least know that which areas of the page's source code from the developer are off limits. Of course, this is an error-prone, dangerous way to operate. Once you've determined that a presentation technology allows a clean split between content and presentation, you should try to ensure that a minimum amount of rework is necessary in order to make presentation changes.The promise of JSP technologyNow, on to the specifics of JSP coding. The promise of JSP technologyis to supply the designer and developer the only presentation technology they will ever need. JSP technology is part of the J2EE platform, which is the strongest show of support Sun can give one of its Java products. To give you an idea of how prevalent this solution is, try running a search on 'JSP' at ; you'll find more books devoted to JSP technology than about almost any other single Java API. Before I dive into the specific problems that JSP technology presents, you need a clear understanding of what it claims to do.Content vs. presentationAbove all, JSP technology is about separating content from presentation, foremost in Sun's published set of goals for JSP pages. In fact, JSP design stemmed directly from the complaints of developers who were tired of typing ("<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>" + () + "</TITLE></HEAD>"); into their servlet code. This mixing of hard-coded content with runtime variables presented a horrible burden on servlet developers. It also made making even minor changes to the presentation layer difficult for the technology addresses this situation by allowing normal HTML pages (and later, WML or other markup language pages) to be compiled at runtime into a Java servlet, essentially mimicking the () paradigm, without requiring the developer to write this code. And it allows you to insert variables into the page that are not interpreted until a JSP page the HTML snippet shown in could look like the example in Listing 3.class=displaycode<%@ page import="" %><%@ page import="" %><%PageInfo pageInfo = (PageInfo)("PAGE_DATA")%><HTML><HEAD><TITLE><%=()%></TITLE></HEAD><BODY></BODY></HTML>Judging by these initial principles, then, JSP technology (at least in its stated design) would satisfy the first tenet of a presentation technology, as outlined above: that content be separated from presentation.Code vs. markupSecond on the JSP technology's list of features is something that might raise a bit of concern. JSP coding lets you insert Java code directly into a page of markup. To understand why this decision was made, recall that when the JSP specification was being developed, Sun's competition from Microsoft was at an all-time high, primarily due to the success of Microsoft Active Server Pages (ASP). The similarity of the name JavaServer Pages to Active Server Pages was not merely coincidental. And the ability to mimic many of ASP's features was also intentional. So JSP authors were given the option to add Java code into their an example of Java code being added to markup, the JSP snippet in Listing 4 dynamically adds rows as needed to show each item in the Vector of actors.class=displaycode<%@ page import="" %><%@ page import="" %><%@ page import="" %><%@ page import="" %><%@ page import="" %><%PageInfo pageInfo = (PageInfo)("PAGE_DATA")Vector actors = ()%><HTML><HEAD><TITLE><%=()%></TITLE></HEAD><BODY><H2 ALIGN="center">Search Results: Actors</H2><CENTER><HR width="85%"><TABLE width="50%" CELLPADDING="3" CELLSPACING="3" border="1" BGCOLOR="#FFFFCC"><%for (Iterator i = (); ()) {Actor actor = (Actor)();%><TR BGCOLOR="#FFCCCC"><TH width="50%" ALIGN="center"><%=()%></TH><TH width="50%" ALIGN="center"><%=()%></TH></TR><%}%></TABLE></CENTER></BODY></HTML>Remember that so far I am simply describing the initial design goals of JSP technology; I'll defer my own judgment about the goals until a later section about the problems of JSP technology. You might be a little suspicious already, however, since embedding code into a JSP page would seem to cause problems with the first goal of JSP technology, separating content from presentation. But really (ahem), I'm not editorializing yet.Designer vs. developerA final (and admirable) goal of JSP technology worth mentioning is that it seeks to establish clearly defined roles in the application development process. By ostensibly breaking content from presentation, JSP technology creates a clearer distinction between the designer and developer. The designer creates markup, using only standard HTML, WML, or whatever language is appropriate, and the developer writes code. Of course, many designers today have learned JavaScript, so it should come as no surprise that many of these same designers have begun to learn JSP coding. Often, instead of just doing pure markup, they encode a complete JSP page and hand it over to the developer. Then the usual tweaking takes place, and the developer puts the JSP page into place as a front-end for some portion of the overall application. The key, though, is that manydesigners do not learn JSP coding, so it must also be workable in that environment.The problemsI've spelled out what a good presentation technology should provide, as well as the specific problems that JSP technology seeks to address. Now, I'm ready to cut to the chase: JSP technology, while built on good ideas, presents quite a few problems. Before you choose to use JSP coding in your applications (which you might still do), you should at least be aware of possible should also be aware of a facet of the J2EE programming platform that is often ignored: just because an API comes with the platform doesn't mean you have to use it. As silly as this sounds, many developers are struggling with the JSP, or EJB, or JMS APIs, thinking if they don't use these APIs, their applications somehow won't really be "J2EE applications." In fact, the platform boasts more APIs than most applications need. If you have problems with or doubts about JSP technology, you don't have to use it! Take a close look at both the positives and the negatives before choosing to use JSP technology in your applications. Let's take a look at some of the vs. language lock-inJSP technology locks you into a specific language. This point shouldn't be given too much weight. Java technology for enterprise applications (in my opinion, at least) is the only language choice. And there are no language-independent solutions in this space anyway. Of course, at this stage of the game, I'm disregarding the Microsoft .NET platform for the smoke and mirrors it is. Only time will tell whether that platform will develop into one that is truly language-independent. (I'm more than a bit dubious.)Still, choosing JSP technology forces you to use the Java language, at least for presentation and content. While CORBA can be used for business logic, JSP coding does necessitate some familiarity with servlets as well as the core Java language. Since many developers come to JSP coding through the J2EE platform, this doesn't usually present avs. independenceThroughout this article, I've come back to the idea of separating content from presentation. You're probably pretty sick of hearing about this, so now's the time to determine whether or not JSP actually accomplishes this goal. As I've already discussed, JSP claims to have been designed for this separation purpose, and therefore we should assume it achieves its objectives, right? Not the line between content and presentationJSP allows Java code to be inserted into the markup language page, and this rather dangerous feature allows content to be intermingled with presentation. Even worse, business logic often makes its way into JSP pages, as shown in Listing 5.class=displaycode<%@ page import="" %><%@ page import="" %><%@ page import="" %><%@ page import="" %><%@ page import="" %><%@ page import="" %><%PageInfo pageInfo = (PageInfo)("PAGE_DATA")%><HTML><HEAD><TITLE><%=()%></TITLE></HEAD><BODY><H2 ALIGN="center">Search Results: Actors</H2><CENTER><HR width="85%"><TABLE width="50%" CELLPADDING="3" CELLSPACING="3" border="1"BGCOLOR="#FFFFCC"><%asPermission("ADMINISTRATOR")) {actors = ());} else {actors = ();}for (Iterator i = (); ()) {Actor actor = (Actor)();%><TR BGCOLOR="#FFCCCC"><TH width="50%" ALIGN="center"><%=()%></TH><TH width="50%" ALIGN="center"><%=()%></TH></TR><%}%></TABLE></CENTER></BODY></HTML>JSP advocates are quick to let you know that JSP tag libraries can help you avoid this problem. Tag libraries allow custom tags (for example, <AUTHORS />) to be added to a JSP page, which at runtime are resolved intocode fragments in, well, tag use of a custom tag and associated tag library would allow the example above to be converted to that shown in Listing 6.class=displaycode<CENTER><TABLE width="50%" CELLPADDING="3" CELLSPACING="3" border="1"BGCOLOR="#FFFFCC"><ACTORS /></TABLE></CENTER>At runtime, the code for this tag executes and the correct results are inserted into the page. But this does not solve the problem. The argument against JSP technology is not whether content and presentation can be separated, but whether they must be separated. As long as JSP coding allows inline coding, it is very convenient (especially when deadlines are looming) to make last-minute changes with inline code, rather than converting the code to a tag library. If this doesn't ring true, consider why the Java language immediately gained popularity over C and C++: Java disallowed many of the features that were problematic in C, such as pointer addition. While you can always argue that you don't have to perform pointer addition in C or that no good programmer would ever insert code scriptlets, we all know what happens in practice. The Java language is a better language because it mandates that these sorts of bad habits never surface. But JSP in this case is much like C, allowing some very bad additional litmus test of the JSP technology's success in meeting its stated objectives is to see whether or not it is possible to achieve this goal in practice; certainly it isn't fair to hold JSP to an impossible standard. Most template engines, like FreeMarker and WebMacro, have this same inline coding facility, often with a Perl-analogue language. However, technologies like Enhydra's XMLC do not allow this type of inline coding.Instead, these technologies take a pure markup language page as input, and generate Java methods. This essentially is changing the program flow; instead of the page (JSP technology) calling logic from the application, the application (Enhydra) uses methods to affect the values of the page. In the specific case of Enhydra, XMLC converts the page into a DOM tree, and uses the DOM's HTML binding to allow "fields" in the page to be updated. The point here is that more so than XMLC, JSP technology can achieve its goals, by only allowing tag libraries, for example. But the general tendency in Sun specifications is to always maintain backward compatibility, or at least maintain it for quite a long time. The current version of the JSP spec, , allows scriptlets, so expect to see code allowed in JSP pages for several years to come. Before diving into JSP coding, be careful of the rather large hole that lies between its ideal, a complete separation of content and presentation, and what it actually provides, which is at best a pseudo-split between your user interface and the code that drives your application.Single-processing vs. multi-taskingIdeally, as discussed above, a designer ought to be able to perform a single process, working purely on graphic design, and a developer should be able to focus purely on coding. So the designer should be able to work on a page after it has been converted to an application-suitable format. In the case of a JSP page, that would be after JavaBeans have been imported, inline coding has been inserted, and custom tag libraries have been added to the page. The problem is that some designers use HTML editors, such as HoTMetaL, Macromedia Dreamweaver, or FrontPage, that do not recognize code scriptlets or tag libraries, which means the designer effectively receives only a partial page. Imagine the difficulties when tag libraries or code fragments generate rows of a table, or other formatting detailsfor the page. Designers using the incompatible HTML editors can't see what those elements look like. When designers can't easily revise pages after developers finish coding them, instead of clarifying distinct roles, JSP coding can cause them to merge: a developer must multitask, becoming developer, designer, and about the importance of this feature? Then download the J2EE Reference Implementation and load one of the included JSP pages into a WYSIWYG HTML editor, such as Dreamweaver. The page immediately fills with yellow areas letting you know about all the "illegal" markup contained within the page. Of course, the yellow results from the JSP tags and code, rather than any real error in the date, no JSP-capable WYSIWYG editors exist, and I have not heard of any efforts to build one. While template engines have this same problem, many Java-based solutions, such as my favorite, Enhydra, allow you to supply the markup page as input to the presentation technology. In this case, the designer can make changes as often as needed and resupply the markup page. Running the engine or compiler for the presentation technology converts it to the proper format, and no code changes have to be made (in the typical case). The result is the desired one: designers remain designers, and developers remain , be wary of the promise of JSP technology as compared to the reality of what it delivers. In practice, to function in a JSP technology-driven environment you must either have your developers handle a large portion of the markup or have designers learn at least some JSP vs. XMLOne of the most significant disadvantages of JSP technology, and one of the most overlooked, is its incompatibility with XML. More precisely, and particularly in the HTML realm, JSP pages are not required to be XHTML-compatible. XHTML is a World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) specification that is now replacing HTML . XHTML defines the HTML tagset in terms of a well-formed XML document. For example, the <br> tag must be converted to <br/> to ensure XML compliance. Similar rulesare applied to image tags, and in XHTML (recently coming of age) most font properties and other styling move into CSS stylesheets. Still, most standard HTML documents convert easily to XHTML , which means they can be read directly with any XML-compliant parser, such as Apache Xerces, and manipulated as XML."What's the big deal?" you ask. The big deal is that XML quickly is becoming the global standard for inter- and intra-application communication. Passing data around in an XML format lets any other application that employs basic XML data-handling facilities use your application's data easily. Imagine being able to communicate with credit card companies for e-commerce simply by moving your data into an XML format! Many times, your presentation of data needs to be exchanged with other companies as well. The most common case is the portal application, which receives content from a variety of providers (weather, stock quotes, and news, for example), often with branding from the provider. JSP pages, however, with their mix of code and custom tag libraries, cannot function well in this pages are rarely well-formed XML documents, never mind conforming to XHTML, a markup language that doesn't allow the various JSP custom tag libraries. More important, though, is that the code snippets inserted in JSP pages are not any form of markup and will create loads of parser errors once they are processed by another you go quoting me on this, let's get the whole story out there. If the application were to allow the JSP page to be evaluated by the original client, the result would be pure HTML (or WML, VoXML, and so on). Most applications that request this data, however, employ some form of caching, as network round-trips are very expensive. In these cases, the cached page returns stale data. In those cases, then, you'd probably prefer to return pure XML-compliant results, preferably in a static form. And it is in those cases that JSP technology cannot help; JSP pages must always be evaluated at runtime to remove the JSP code scriptlets and tag the litmus test:。

外文翻译--JSP及其WEB技术

外文翻译原文及译文JSP and WEB technolog1 JSP IntroductionJSP (JavaServer Pages) is a Java-based scripting technology. Is advocated by Sun Microsystems Inc., together with a number of companies involved in the establishment of a dynamic web page technology standards. JSP technology is somewhat similar to ASP technology, It is a traditional HTML page file (*. htm, *. html) to insert Java program segment (Scriptlet) and JSP tag (tag), To form the JSP file（*jsp）. Web development with JSP is a cross-platform applications that can run under Linux, but also in other operating systems. In the JSP of the many advantages, one of which is that it will be HTML encoded Web page from the business logic separated effectively. JSP access with reusable components, such as Servlet, JavaBean and Java-based Web applications. JSP also supports directly in the Web page embedded Java code. JSP can be used two ways to access documents: JSP documents sent by the browser request, the request sent to the Servlet. JSP technology uses Java programming language, XML-type tags and scriptlets, to have a package deal with the logic of dynamic pages. Page tags and scriptlets can also exist in the server access to the resources of the application logic. JSP logic and Web page design and display isolated and support reusable component-based design, Web-based applications more quickly and easily developed.The Web server when meets visits the JSP homepage the request, first carries out segment, will then carry out the result code to return together with JSP in the document HTML for the customer. The insertion Java segment may operate the database, again the directional homepage and so on, realizes the function which the establishment dynamic homepage needs. JSP and Java Servlet are the same, is in the server end execution, usually returns to this client side is a HTML text, therefore client side, so long as has the browser to be able to glance over.The JSP page is composed of the HTML code and the inserting Java code. The server in the page by the client side was requested that later will carry on processing to these Java code, will then produce the HTML page will return gives the client side the browser. Java Servlet is the JSP technology base, moreover the large-scale Web applicationprocedure's development needs Java Servlet and the JSP coordination can complete. JSP had the Java technology simply easy to use, complete object-oriented, had the platform independency, and safe reliable, mainly faced Internet's all characteristics.2 JSP computing techniqueTo carry on the dynamic website conveniently fast the development, JSP has made the improvement in the following several aspects, causes it to become builds the cross platform fast the dynamic website first choice plan.2.1 carries on the content production and the demonstration separatesWith the JSP technology, the Web page development personnel may use HTML or the XML marking design and the formatted final page, and uses the JSP marking or the tootsy produces on page's dynamic content originally. Production content's logic is sealed in marks and in the JavaBeans module, and ties up in the script, all scripts in server end movement. Because core logic is sealed in marks and in JavaBeans, therefore the Web administrative personnels and the page designer, can edit and use the JSP page, but does not affect the content the production. In the server end, the JSP engine explained that the JSP marking and the script, produce the content which requested, and (or XML) page's form transmits the result by HTML the browser. This both are helpful in the author protects own code, and can guarantee any based on the HTML Web browser's complete usability.2.2 may entrust with heavy responsibility the moduleThe overwhelming majority JSP page relies on may entrust with heavy responsibility, the cross platform module (JavaBeans or Enterprise the JavaBeans module) carries out complex processing which the application procedure requests. The development personnel can share and exchange the execution ordinary operation the module, or causes these modules uses for more users and the customer association. Has accelerated the overall development process based on module's method, and causes each kind of organization obtains balanced in their existing skill and in the optimized result development endeavor.2.3 uses markingThe Web page development personnel will not be the familiar script language programmers. The JSP technology has sealed many functions, these functions are easy touse, marking to carry on the dynamic content production with JSP in the related XML to need. The standard JSP marking can visit and the instantiation JavaBeans module, the establishment or the retrieval module attribute, downloads Applet, as well as the execution difficulty with codes and the time-consuming function with other methods.2.4 adapts the platformNearly all platforms support Java, JSP+JavaBeans to be possible to pass unimpeded nearly under all platforms. Transplants from a platform to other platform, JSP and JavaBeans does not even need to translate, because the Java byte code is standard has nothing to do with the platform.2.5 database connectionIn Java connects the database the technology is the JDBC, Java procedure is connected through the JDBC driver and the database, operations and so on execution inquiry, extraction data. Sun Corporation has also developed JDBC-ODBC bridge, uses this technical Java procedure to be possible to visit has the ODBC driver database, at present the majority database systems have the ODBC driver, therefore the Java procedure can visit such as Oracle, Sybase, MS SQL Server and databases and so on MS Access. In addition, through the development marking storehouse, the JSP technology may further expand. The third party development personnel and other personnel may found their marking storehouse for the commonly used function. This enables the Web page development personnel to be able to use the familiar tool and to be similar to marking same carries out the specific function component to carry on the work. The JSP technology very easy conformity to many kinds of application architecture, to use the extant tool and the skill, and can expand to the support enterprise distributional application.3 Eclipse function synopsisMore and more Java development personnel already started the productivity which and the quality income appreciates Eclipse JDT to provide. It was the Java editor provides grammar Gao Liang to demonstrate that the formatting, the fold, the content were auxiliary, code template and so on many functions. It grows unceasingly available restructuring and the code generation function set permits you in a higher rank the operation code, and automated usual code intensity duty and easy wrong duty. Moreover, in develops the codeand uses JDT to compile and to carry out the JUnit test built-in support carries on the unit testing after the code, may use Eclipse the first-class Java debugger debugging when the movement meets any question. Besides JDT, Eclipse SDK- the most popular downloading - also contains Plug-in Development Environment(PDE). PDE used the specific function to expand JDT to construct the Eclipse plug-in unit - based on the Eclipse application procedure basic construction agglomeration. In fact, uses the tool which provides by Eclipse itself to be able to surmount the Java development, may expand the existing Eclipse application procedure, or even founds the brand-new application procedure.Eclipse by a script level constitution, contains in many functional modules or the Eclipse terminology so-called “the plug-in unit”. The plug-in unit is provides all functions in the Eclipse application procedure the module. They cooperate through its API to pay the final outcome together. In Eclipse, even the most foundation's function, for instance the search and the start installment's plug-in unit, seals in the plug-in unit. In order to expand the existing Eclipse function or carry on the construction in above, the plug-in unit the concrete expansion contribution for the expansion spot which will expose by other plug-in units. Usually, the plug-in unit concentrates the specific region responsibility, and gives through or a many expansion way other responsibility designation other plug-in units. For example, a plug-in unit allows you parallel to compare two documents visibly the contents, but it will not care how to read these documents even how to explain these document structure; This is other plug-in unit's work. When compared with two documents, this plug-in unit first inspects whether to have another plug-in unit to be possible to explain these document structure. If found one, it to the plug-in unit inquiry related file organization information which found, and used this information in the comparison process.May see that the modular construction was Eclipse has provided the huge flexibility, and provided one to be possible to support the massive application procedure platform which the original design has not expected.4 Structs function synopsisStruts is a MVC frame (Framework), uses in developing Java fast the Web application. Struts realizes the key point in C(Controller), Action which and we have custom-madeincluding ActionServlet/RequestProcessor, was also V(View) provides a series of rows to have custom-made the label (Custom Tag). Spring is a light vessel (light-weight container), its core is the Bean factory (Bean Factory), with constructs M(Model) which we need. Above this foundation, Spring has provided AOP (Aspect-Oriented Programming, face stratification plane programming) realization, provides under the non-management environment with it to declare services and so on way business, security; Is more convenient to Bean factory expansion ApplicationContext we to realize the J2EE application; DAO/ORM realizes facilitates us to carry on the database the development; Web MVC and Spring Web have provided Java the Web application frame or carries on the integration with other popular Web frame. That is may a both use, achieve both own characteristic carries on supplementary.Structs is the kind which, servlet and the JSP mark a group cooperates mutually, they compose the MVC 2 designs which may entrust with heavy responsibility. This definition expressed that Struts is a frame, but is not a storehouse, but Struts has also contained the rich mark storehouse and the independence in this frame work utility program class.Client browser (customer browser), the request founds an event from customer browser's each HTTP. The Web vessel will use a HTTP response to make the response.Controller (controller), the controller receive from browser's request, and decided that sends out where this request. Speaking of Struts, the controller is an order design pattern which realizes by servlet. struts-config.xml document disposition controller.Service logic, the service logic renewal model's condition, and helps the control application procedure the flow. Speaking of Struts, this is through takes the actual service logic “thin” the packing Action kind to complete.Model (model) condition, model expression application procedure condition. Service object renewal application procedure condition. ActionForm bean in conversation level or request level expression model condition, but is not in the lasting level. The JSP document uses JSP to mark the read from the ActionForm bean information.View (view), the view is a JSP document. And does not have the flow logic, does not have the service logic, also does not have the model information -- Only then marks. The mark causes Struts is different with other frames (for example Velocity) one of factors.Just like the Struts controller is (event usually is HTTP post) maps the event kind of servlet. you to expect - the air-operated controller use configuration files to cause you notto need to carry on to these values the hard code. The time has changed, but method as before.The Action kind, ActionForm maintains the Web application procedure the conversation condition. ActionForm is one abstract class, must found this kind of subclass for each input form model. When I said when input form model, what refers to the ActionForm expression is establishes or in the renewal general sense data by the HTML form.The Action kind is service logic packing. A Action kind of use is transforms HttpServletRequest into the service logic. Must use Action, please found its subclass and covers process () the method.ActionServlet (Command) will use perform () the method the parametrization kind to transmit for ActionForm. Still did not have too many repugnant request.getParameter () to transfer. When the event progresses to this step, the input form data (or HTML form data) has been withdrawn from the request class and shifts to the ActionForm kind.Considered that a Action kind of another way is the Adapter design pattern. The Action use will be “a kind of connection will transform another connection which will need for the client. Adapter enables the kind the joint operation, if does not have Adapter, then these kinds will be unable because of the incompatible connection the joint operation.”.In this example's client is ActionServlet, it knows nothing about to our concrete service class connection. Therefore, Struts has provided a service connection which it can understand, namely Action. Through expands Action, we cause our service connection and the Struts service connection maintain compatible.5 CSS synopsisThe CSS edition method is the same with HTML, may also be any text editor or the homepage edition software, but also has uses for to edit CSS specially the software. If you write the CSS sentence regards the exterior cascading style sheet, but transfers in the HTML document, then its extension saves .css to be possible. Initially the technical personnel found out HTML, mainly stresses on the definition content, for instance expressed that a paragraph, indicates the title, but excessively has not designed HTML the typesetting and the contact surface effect.Along with the Internet rapid development, HTML is widely applied, the surfer people hoped certainly that the homepage makes attractive, therefore the HTMLtypesetting and the contact surface effect's limitation exposes day by day. In order to solve this problem, the people also took many tortuous paths, has used some not good method, for instance increases many attribute results to HTML becomes the code very extremely fat, turns the picture the text, excessively many comes the typesetting using Table, expresses the white space with the blank picture and so on. Appears until CSS.CSS may be a homepage design breakthrough, it has solved the homepage contact surface typesetting difficult problem. May such say that HTML Tag is mainly defines the homepage content (Content), but CSS decided how these homepage content does demonstrate (Layout). The CSS English is Cascading Style Sheets, Chinese may translate the tandem cascading style sheet. CSS may divide into three kinds according to its position: In inlays the style (Inline Style), internal cascading style sheet (Internal Style Sheet), exterior cascading style sheet (External Style Sheet).6 HTML function synopsisHyper Text Markup the Language hypertext mark language is one kind uses for to manufacture the hypertext documents the simple mark language. The hypertext documents which compiles with HTML are called the HTML documents, it can the independence in each kind of operating system platform (for example UNIX, WINDOWS and so on). HTML has served as since 1990 on World Wide Web the information to express the language, uses in describing the Homepage form design and it and on WWW the other Homepage linked information.The HTML documents (i.e. the Homepage source document) was one has laid aside the mark ASCII text document, usually it had .html or the .htm document extension. Produces HTML documents mainly to have the following three ways: 1. the manual direct compilation (e.g. ASCII text editor which or other HTML edition tool likes with you). 2. will have other form documents through certain format conversion tool (for example the WORD documents) to transform the HTML documents. 3. by the Web server (or said that the HTTP server) one only then real-time dynamic produces. the HTML language is through uses each kind of mark (tags) to mark the documents the structure as well as marks the ultra chain (Hyperlink) the information.Although the HTML language described the documents structure form, but how can't define the documents information to precisely demonstrate and arrange, but is onlysuggested how the Web browser (for example Mosiac, Netscape and so on) should demonstrate and arrange these information, is decided finally in front of user's demonstration result by the Web browser's demonstration style and to the mark explanatory ability. Why is the identical documents the effect which demonstrated in the different browser meets is dissimilar. At present the HTML language's edition is 2.0, it is based on SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language, standard sets at sign language generally, as soon as is applies mechanically describes digitized documents structure and manages its content complex standard) a subset to evolve comes. Although in next edition's standard HTML3.0 (is also called HTML+) to draw up, but some the partial experimental nature draft standard widely has been used, the mostly outstanding Web browser (for example Netscape and so on) can explain in the HTML3.0 part new mark, therefore introduced in this chapter some HTML3.0 new mark has been accepted by the most browsers.7 Js script language synopsisJS is javascrip, Javascript is one kind the script language which comes by the Netscape LiveScript development, the main purpose is to solve the server terminal language, for instance Perl, carry-over speed question. At that time served the end to need to carry on the confirmation to the data, because the network speed was quite slow, only then 28.8kbps, the confirmation step waste's time were too many. Therefore Netscape browser Navigator has joined Javascript, has provided the data confirmation basic function.The JavaScript official name is “ECMAScript”. This standard by ECMA organizat ion development and maintenance. ECMA-262 is the official JavaScript standard. This standard based on JavaScript (Netscape) and JScript (Microsoft). Netscape (Navigator 2.0) Brendan Eich has invented this language, started from 1996, already appeared in all Netscape and in the Microsoft browser. The ECMA-262 development began in 1996, in 1997 July, the ECMA general meeting has accepted its first edition.Script script uses one specific descriptive language, rests on certain form compilation to be possible the execution document, is also called as great or the batch run document. The script usually may transfer temporarily by the application procedure and carry out. Each kind of script present widely is applied in the homepage design, because the script not only may reduce the homepage the scale and raises the homepage browsing speed,moreover may enrich the homepage performance, like animation, sound and so on. Cites a most common example, when we click in the homepage the E-mail address can transfer Outlook Express or the Foxmail this kind of mail software automatically, is realizes through the script function. Also because of script these characteristics, the human who harbors ulterior motives by some are often using. For example joins some destruction computer system's order in the script, like this works as the user browsing homepage, once transfers this kind of script, will then cause the user the system to come under the attack. Therefore the user should act according to visits homepage the trust degree selective security rank, specially regarding these itself content on the illegal homepage, do not permit the use script easily. Through “the safe establishment” the dialog box, the choice “the script” under option each kind of establishment may with ease re alize to script being forbid and begins using.Present's script language is quite many, script language execution generally only with concrete explanation actuator related, so long as therefore on the system has the corresponding language interpreter to be possible to achieve the cross platform. Script (Script), is includes order and so on bind and alias sets, you may save this set are an independent document then in the time which needs carries out, like this may facilitate you in the CS use. The script may save for the suffix named .cfg document places under the cstrike folder, when execution in control bench input: exec (script filename) .cfg then. For instance saves a script is the buys.cfg document, inputs in the control bench: execbuys.cfg may realize the function which we need. Must realize an order, so long as is good this process definition (alias), and assigns a key position for this order, so long as later according to will assign the good key position, may realize this proce沈阳航空航天大学毕业设计（论文）外文翻译——译文JSP及其WEB技术. 1 JSP简介JSP（JavaServer Pages）是一种基于Java的脚本技术。

JSP技术概述与应用框架外文翻译毕业设计

国际化：使JSP应用能够适应不同国家和地区的语言和文化环境
国际化与本地化的重要性：提高用户体验，增强市场竞争力
添加标题
添加标题
添加标题
添加标题
本地化：根据不同国家和地区的语言和文化环境，对JSP应用进行定制和优化
国际化与本地化的实现方法：使用国际化框架，如i18n，进行国际化和本地化处理
翻译质量要求
准确性：确保翻译内容与原文意思一致，无错译、漏译现象流畅性：翻译语言通顺，符合目标语言的表达习惯专业性：翻译内容涉及专业术语，需准确翻译，不得随意更改格式规范：翻译后的文档格式应与原文保持一致，包括字体、字号、行距等
PART 6
毕业设计流程与规范
选题与开题报告撰写
选题：选择与专业相关的课题，确保具有研究价值和实际意义
特点：Spring MVC具有清晰的分层结构，易于扩展和维护，支持RESTful风格，支持多种视图技术。
核心组件：Spring MVC的核心组件包括DispatcherServlet、HandlerMapping、 Controller、ViewResolver等。
应用场景：Spring MVC广泛应用于Web开发中，如企业级应用、电子商务、社交网站等。
JSP可以与其他 Java技术（如 Servlet、 JDBC、JNDI等）无缝集成，实现强大的Web应用程序开发。
JSP工作原理
JSP是一种服务器端的Java技术，用于创建动态网页。
JSP页面由HTML、Java代码和JSP标签组成。
JSP页面在服务器上被编译成Java Servlet，然后由Servlet引擎执行。
翻译质量：准色等
翻译时间：根据毕业设计进度，合理安排翻译时间

jsp英汉互译

<%@page language="java"import="java.util.*"pageEncoding="UTF-8"%> <%String path = request.getContextPath();String basePath =request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServer Port()+path+"/";%><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"><html><head><base href="<%=basePath%>"><title>My JSP 'fan.jsp' starting page</title><meta http-equiv="pragma"content="no-cache"><meta http-equiv="cache-control"content="no-cache"><meta http-equiv="expires"content="0"><meta http-equiv="keywords"content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3"> <meta http-equiv="description"content="This is my page"></head><body align="left"><STYLE>BODY {COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9pt}TD {COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9pt}TH {COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9pt}A {TEXT-DECORATION: none}A:hover {COLOR: blue}TD {CURSOR: hand}.cs {COLOR: navy; CURSOR: hand}</STYLE><TABLE bgcolor="#d9f2ef"border=1borderColorDark=whiteborderColorLight=black=0=0height=500width=700align="left"><TBODY><TR vAlign=top><TD style="CURSOR: auto"><FORM action=http://202.110.201.11/instanttrans/instanttransmethod=post><TABLE bgcolor="#d9f2ef"border=1borderColorDark=whiteborderColorLight=black cellPadding=0cellSpacing=0id=mtv width=390> <TBODY><TR align=middle><TDonclick="one();a.style.color='black';b.style.color='gray';c.style.color ='gray';d.style.color='gray';e.style.color='gray';f.style.color='gray';g.style.color='gray';"style="BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px" width="10%"><B><FONTid=a>常用1</FONT></B></TD><TDonclick="a1();this.style.borderBottom='0';a.style.color='gray';b.style. color='black';c.style.color='gray';d.style.color='gray';e.style.color=' gray';f.style.color='gray';g.style.color='gray';"width="10%"><B><FONT color=gray id=b>常用2</FONT></B></TD><TDonclick="a2();this.style.borderBottom='0';a.style.color='gray';b.style. color='gray';c.style.color='black';d.style.color='gray';e.style.color=' gray';f.style.color='gray';g.style.color='gray';"width="10%"><B><FONT color=gray id=c>动词</FONT></B></TD><TDonclick="a3();this.style.borderBottom='0';a.style.color='gray';b.style. color='gray';c.style.color='gray';d.style.color='black';e.style.color=' gray';f.style.color='gray';g.style.color='gray';"width="10%"><B><FONT color=gray id=d>连词</FONT></B></TD><TDonclick="a4();this.style.borderBottom='0';a.style.color='gray';b.style. color='gray';c.style.color='gray';d.style.color='gray';e.style.color='b lack';f.style.color='gray';g.style.color='gray';"width="10%"><B><FONT color=gray id=e>描述</FONT></B></TD><TDonclick="a5();this.style.borderBottom='0';a.style.color='gray';b.style. color='gray';c.style.color='gray';d.style.color='gray';e.style.color='g ray';f.style.color='black';g.style.color='gray';"width="10%"><B><FONT color=gray id=f>物主</FONT></B></TD><TDonclick="a6();this.style.borderBottom='0';a.style.color='gray';b.style. color='gray';c.style.color='gray';d.style.color='gray';e.style.color='g ray';f.style.color='gray';g.style.color='black';"width="10%"><B><FONT color=gray id=g>时差</FONT></B></TD><TD onclick=help() style="CURSOR: help"width="10%"><U>帮助</U></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><DIV id=nnn><TABLE bgcolor="#d9f2ef"border=1borderColorDark=white borderColorLight=black cellPadding=4cellSpacing=0id=tv rules=none style="BORDER-TOP: 0px" width=500><TBODY><TR align=middle><TD onclick="asp.value+='Computer'"width="10%">电脑</TD><TD onclick="asp.value+='Network'"width="10%">网络</TD><TD onclick="asp.value+='Information'"width="10%">信息</TD><TD onclick="asp.value+='Chat'"width="10%">聊天</TD><TD onclick="asp.value+='Study'"width="10%">学习</TD><TD onclick="asp.value+='Glacier'"width="10%">冰河</TD><TD onclick="asp.value+='Game'"width="10%">游戏</TD><TD onclick="asp.value+='Hobbyhorse'"width="10%">木马</TD><TD onclick="asp.value+='Webpage'"width="10%">网页</TD><TD onclick="asp.value+='Keyboard'"width="10%">键盘</TD></TR><TR align=middle><TD onclick="asp.value+='Mouse'"width="10%">鼠标</TD><TD onclick="asp.value+='Software'"width="10%">软件</TD><TD onclick="asp.value+='Hardware'"width="10%">硬件</TD><TD onclick="asp.value+='Equipment '"width="10%">设备</TD> <TD onclick="asp.value+='Operation'"width="10%">操作</TD><TD onclick="asp.value+='Procedure'"width="10%">程序</TD><TD onclick="asp.value+='System'"width="10%">系统</TD><TD onclick="asp.value+='Programming'"width="10%">编程</TD><TD onclick="asp.value+='Attribute'"width="10%">属性</TD><TD onclick="asp.value+='Input'"width="10%">输入</TD></TR><TR align=middle><TD onclick="asp.value+='Export'"width="10%">输出</TD><TD onclick="asp.value+='Editor'"width="10%">编辑</TD><TD onclick="asp.value+='Multimedia'"width="10%">多媒体</TD><TD onclick="asp.value+='Content'"width="10%">内容</TD><TD onclick="asp.value+='Hacker'"width="10%">黑客</TD><TD onclick="asp.value+='Video'"width="10%">视频</TD><TD onclick="asp.value+='File'"width="10%">文件</TD><TD onclick="asp.value+='Duplicate'"width="10%">复制</TD><TD onclick="asp.value+='Paste'"width="10%">粘贴</TD><TD onclick="asp.value+='Remove'"width="10%">清除</TD></TR><TR align=middle><TD onclick="asp.value+='Virus'"width="10%">病毒</TD><TD onclick="asp.value+='Start'"width="10%">启动</TD><TD onclick="asp.value+='Channel'"width="10%">频道</TD><TD onclick="asp.value+='Symbol'"width="10%">符号</TD><TD onclick="asp.value+='Special'"width="10%">特殊</TD><TD onclick="asp.value+='Code'"width="10%">代码</TD><TD onclick="asp.value+='Byte'"width="10%">字节</TD><TD onclick="asp.value+='Deliver'"width="10%">发送</TD><TD onclick="asp.value+='Cancel'"width="10%">撤消</TD><TD onclick="asp.value+='Run'"width="10%">运行</TD></TR><TR align=middle><TD onclick="asp.value+='Join'"width="10%">连接</TD><TD onclick="asp.value+='Address'"width="10%">地址</TD><TD onclick="asp.value+='Data'"width="10%">数据</TD><TD onclick="asp.value+='Characters'"width="10%">文字</TD><TD onclick="asp.value+='Translate'"width="10%">翻译</TD><TD onclick="asp.value+='Free'"width="10%">免费</TD><TD onclick="asp.value+='Serve'"width="10%">服务</TD><TD onclick="asp.value+='Tabletop'"width="10%">桌面</TD><TD onclick="asp.value+='save'"width="10%">存储</TD><TD onclick="asp.value+='write'"width="10%">写</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV><TABLE bgColor=#dedede border=1borderColorDark=whiteborderColorLight=black=0=vvv=500cellsapcing="0"><TBODY><TR><TD colSpan=10><TEXTAREA cols=40id=asp name=content rows=6 style="WIDTH: 100%" wrap=VIRTUAL></TEXTAREA></TD></TR><TR align=middle><TD height=onclick="if(nnj.style.color='gray'){nnj.style.color='blue';jjn.style.co lor='gray'};mtv.width='600';vvv.width='700';tv.width='700';asp.rows='13 '"onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='dedede'"onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='eeeeee'"><FONTcolor=blueid=jjn>扩大</FONT></TD><TD height=20onclick="if(jjn.style.color='gray'){jjn.style.color='blue';nnj.style.co lor='gray'}mtv.width='390';vvv.width='500';tv.width='500';asp.rows='6'; "onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='dedede'"onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='eeeeee'"><FONTcolor=grayid=nnj>缩小</FONT></TD><TD 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width=10%>过来</td><Tdonclick=asp.value+="Chase" width=10%>追</td><Td onclick=asp.value+="Rob" width=10%>抢</td><Td onclick=asp.value+="Pull out" width=10%>拔</td></tr></table>'}</SCRIPT><SCRIPT>function a3(){nnn.innerHTML='<table cellspacing=0 cellpadding=4 border=1bordercolorlight=black bordercolordark=white bgcolor=dedede width=500 style="border-top:0px" id=tv rules=none><Tr align=center><Tdonclick=asp.value+="is" width=10%>是</td><Tdonclick=asp.value+="is not" width=10%>不是</td><Tdonclick=asp.value+="Perhaps" width=10%>或许</td><Tdonclick=asp.value+="He perhaps" width=10%>他或许</td><Tdonclick=asp.value+="Possible" width=10%>可能</td><Tdonclick=asp.value+="But" width=10%>但是</td><Tdonclick=asp.value+="Because" width=10%>因为</td><Tdonclick=asp.value+="Definite" width=10%>肯定</td><Tdonclick=asp.value+="Sure" width=10%>一定</td><Tdonclick=asp.value+="Do not know" width=10%>不会</td></tr><tr align=center><Td onclick=asp.value+="Know" width=10%>会</td><Tdonclick=asp.value+="But" width=10%>然而</td><Td onclick=asp.value+="And" width=10%>而且</td><Td onclick=asp.value+="With" width=10%>和</td><Td onclick=asp.value+="With" width=10%>与</td><Td onclick=asp.value+="Or" width=10%>或</td><Td onclick=asp.value+="cat" width=10%>能</td><Tdonclick=asp.value+="On" width=10%>于</td><Td onclick=asp.value+="Then" width=10%>于是</td><Td onclick=asp.value+="On" width=10%>就</td></tr><Tr align=center><Td onclick=asp.value+="Is" width=10%>为</td><Tdonclick=asp.value+="Certainly" width=10%>当然</td><Tdonclick=asp.value+="Already" width=10%>已经</td><Tdonclick=asp.value+="Same" width=10%>同</td><Td onclick=asp.value+="Too" width=10%>也</td><Td onclick=asp.value+="Think" width=10%>想</td><Td onclick=asp.value+="Willing" width=10%>愿意</td><Tdonclick=asp.value+="Thought" width=10%>以为</td><Tdonclick=asp.value+="For" width=10%>为了</td><Tdonclick=asp.value+="Perhaps" width=10%>也许</td></tr></table>'}</SCRIPT><SCRIPT>function a4(){nnn.innerHTML='<table cellspacing=0 cellpadding=4 border=1bordercolorlight=black bordercolordark=white bgcolor=dedede width=500 style="border-top:0px" id=tv rules=none><Tr align=center><Tdonclick=asp.value+="Extraordinary" width=10%>非常</td><Tdonclick=asp.value+="well" width=10%>好</td><Tdonclick=asp.value+="It is not good" width=10%>不好</td><Td onclick=asp.value+="Excellent" width=10%>棒</td><Tdonclick=asp.value+="Very much" width=10%>太</td><Tdonclick=asp.value+="A lot of" width=10%>多</td><Tdonclick=asp.value+="Few" width=10%>少</td><Tdonclick=asp.value+="Outstanding" width=10%>出色</td><Tdonclick=asp.value+="Lovely" width=10%>可爱</td><Tdonclick=asp.value+="Right" width=10%>不错</td></tr><Tr align=center><Td onclick=asp.value+="Very" width=10%>很</td><Tdonclick=asp.value+="Succeed" width=10%>成功</td><Tdonclick=asp.value+="Beautiful" width=10%>美丽</td><Tdonclick=asp.value+="Pure" width=10%>纯洁</td><Td onclick=asp.value+="Bad" width=10%>坏</td><Td onclick=asp.value+="Pitiful" width=10%>可怜</td><Td onclick=asp.value+="Strong" width=10%>强壮</td><Tdonclick=asp.value+="Weak" width=10%>弱</td><Tdonclick=asp.value+="Unmatched" width=10%>无敌</td><Td。

Jsp最佳实践外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

JSP best practicesJavaServer Pages (JSPs) technology is an extension of Java servlet technology and combines HTML and Java code into a single file. While Java servlet technology focuses on Java classes capable of generating HTML output with PrintWriter.println() statements, JSP technology abstracts this concept to a higher level. With JavaServer Pages, a Web developer can write static HTML pages and simply add Java code in those sections of the page that need to be dynamically generated. While this flexibility enables rapid development of simple Web applications, it can be abused, resulting in unnecessarily complex applications that are difficult to maintain, reuse, and enhance.To avoid needlessly complex applications, follow the practices I present in this article:1. Separate HTML from Java2. Place business logic in JavaBeans3. Factor general behavior out of custom tag handler classes4. Favor HTML in Java handler classes over Java in JSPs5. Use an appropriate inclusion mechanism6. Use a JSP template mechanism7. Use stylesheets8. Use the MVC pattern9. Use available custom tag libraries10. Use JSP comments in most cases11. Follow HTML best practices12. Utilize the JSP exception mechanismThese tips will help you write JSPs that are reusable and easy to maintain.(1)Separate HTML from JavaIt can be tempting to throw all Java and HTML code necessary for a Webpage into a single JSP file. In simple system development, such an approach makes it easy for someone new to the system to locate all relevant code in one place and understand how itall interacts. However, this approach becomes burdensome and costly when the application grows more complex and more developers become involved.Combining HTML and Java in the same source code can make the code significantly less readable. To enhance software readability, developers often use indentation; but mixing HTML and Java scriptlets in the same file can make useful indentation extremely difficult to maintain.Many Web development methodologies and architectures now emphasize the separation of HTML from Java code so different developers can focus on their strengths. Properly separating Java and HTML, including HTML-like JSP tags and custom tags, allows Web designers and HTML coders to work on the HTML (presentation) aspects, while Java developers work on the application′s Java (processing logic) portions. Java developers focus on business logic as they implement the behavior behind the custom tags; Web designers then use these custom tags just as they use ordinary HTML tags.(2)Place business logic in JavaBeansJava code included directly inside a JSP is not as readily accessible to other JSPs as Java code contained within a JavaBean. Common behavior and business logic placed in JavaBeans can not only be used by other JSPs but also by other portions of the application. That is because JavaBeans are merely Java classes that satisfy some basic conventions (such as a constructor with no arguments and public get/set methods for private data members) and can be used as any other Java class. Note that Enterprise JavaBeans (EJBs) are also useful for storing behaviors and data common to all components of the application.(3)Factor general behavior out of custom tag handler classesJava classes known as custom tag handlers implement custom tags. Unlike JavaBeans, custom tag handler classes are not readily used like ordinary Java utility classes. Instead, custom tag handler classes implement specific interfaces -- or extend classes that provide these interfaces′basic implementations. Because they are not readily reused outside JSPs, custom tag handlers should contain only specific behavior that would not be useful outside that custom tag -- that is, outside the JSP. Custom tags often require support for common behaviors or business logic and can utilize JavaBeans or EJBs that perform those common behaviors.(4)Favor HTML in Java handler classes over Java in JSPsSometimes cleanly separating HTML, JSP tags, and HTML-like custom tags from Java requires unnecessarily convoluted code. In these cases, you either include Java scriptlets and expressions in the JSP or put some HTML code in the Java tag handler class.I′d rather see a small amount of HTML code in the Java class than see Java, such as scriptlets and expressions, in the JSP. Since custom tag handlers are specific to the custom tags they implement (and not reusable outside JSPs), placing necessary HTML there is not troublesome. Sun′s Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE) Blueprints documentation discusses this issue further.(5)Use an appropriate inclusion mechanismIt is rarely good design to reproduce code commonly used by different application pieces each time another piece of that application needs that functionality. Factoring common JSP or HTML code out of multiple pages and into a single file improves maintainability (you need to make changes in only one location) and reusability.Two JSP include mechanisms reduce code redundancy and promote reusability; to ensure that you use the appropriate include mechanism, it is important to know the differences between the two. Generally, I use the include directive unless I can justify a need for the include action. Question 7 in the Blueprints′"Web Tier" section provides a good resource for understanding the differences between the two include mechanisms and determining which to use in a particular situation.(6)Use a JSP template mechanismA template mechanism allows for a common file to control Webpage, or JSP, layout. Then, when you want to change the layout, you need to modify only one file, and all the other pages will reflect the layout change. This doesn′t just make for more maintainable code; using templates to control layout also makes Webpages more aesthetically pleasing to users who see consistent layouts for all an application′s pages.(7)Use stylesheetsJust as templates enable developers to place layout control in a single location, stylesheets enable developers to place appearance control in a single location. I use Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) to control such items as font families, font sizes, and table characteristics. Like templates, stylesheets allow the developer to make changes in onelocation; those changes immediately reflect on all appropriate pages, resulting in increased maintainability and consistent appearance to users.(8)Use the MVC patternWhile other design patterns can be used effectively with JSPs, I often use the Model-View-Controller (MVC) architecture with JSP technology. MVC enables the development of applications that are easier to create, test, maintain, and enhance. In JSP terminology, implementation of an MVC architecture is often referred to as Model 2 (from an early JSP specification). The J2EE Blueprints samples are based on MVC.(9)Use available custom tag librariesWhy should developers spend time reinventing the wheel and worrying about testing and debugging when custom tag libraries are readily available for many different purposes? Some vendors provide custom tag libraries to their customers for free or for individual purchase, but many custom tags can be found online. Resources provides a good starting point for locating potentially useful tag libraries.While these third-party custom tag libraries occasionally have bugs, most likely such problems will be discovered, since many developers use these libraries and test them in their own applications. Also, many custom tags are open source, so you can edit them to meet your needs.I find it well worth my time to keep informed of available custom tags, since these libraries often provide functionality common to most Web applications. While learning about available custom tag libraries requires a small time investment, reusing already-available custom tags saves the time of writing, testing, and debugging my own custom tags. As mentioned above, many tag libraries are also open source; in these cases,I can readily adapt general behavior to my specific project′s situation.(10)Use JSP comments in most casesAppropriate commenting seems to challenge software developers. JSPs, like other types of code, should include comments that describe complex or extraordinary functionality, the pages′purpose, and other general information typically commented out in source code.Since JSPs allow developers to intermix Java, JSP tags, and HTML tags in the same page, there are multiple ways to comment a JSP page. Developers should carefully consider which type of comment to employ in the page. HTML comments will beviewable in the compiled JSP′s HTML source code, and both major browsers make viewing this source easy. JSP comments, on the other hand, are not placed in the HTML document created by the JSP compilation process. These comments cannot be viewed as part of the page′s source through the browser, and they do not increase the size of the rendered page′s generated source. Java comments can also occur in a JSP inside Java scriptlet sections. These are not viewable in the browser either, but including Java comments in the JSP page violates the principle of separating Java from the HTML.Code comments are usually meant for developers who write and maintain code. Therefore, use JSP comments unless there is a compelling reason to have the comments display in the browser upon request.(11)Follow HTML best practicesWhen Java is factored out of the JSP and into JavaBeans and custom tag handlers, the JSP consists mostly of JSP tags, including custom tags, and HTML tags. To make the JSP easier to understand and maintain, follow best practices related to HTML development.(12)Utilize the JSP exception mechanismWhile a thrown exception′s stack trace proves extremely useful for developers when debugging their code, it is rarely desirable to share an entire exception stack trace with the software′s users. Lengthy stack traces are not aesthetically pleasing and can increase security risks by exposing information that does not need to be released. JSPs allow developers to catch and handle exceptions in the code, resulting in more secure and aesthetically pleasing exception handling. See Resources for details on the mechanics of JSP exception handling.Exception information is more useful if information besides the stack trace is included. JSPs can use session variables to store information about the current page and current operation being performed. Then, if an exception does occur, the exception page will be called; it will have access to both the thrown exception and the information about the original page that caused the exception. The exception page can utilize underlying Java code, in JavaBeans or EJBs, to store in the database the complete exception information, related session information, and the exception′s date and time.To reduce the unsightly error messages printed to the screen and improve security, the exception page need only print out a simple error message and perhaps an identifyingnumber that allows developers to locate more detailed exception information in the database. For aesthetic and security reasons, I prefer storing most of the exception information in a database or flat file rather than printing it all to the screen. Storing the exception information in a database or flat file also allows the information to be persisted even when a user exits the application. Note that during development you should print full exception information to the screen for regular testing and debugging.Jsp最佳实践Jsp技术是servlet技术的扩展，结合html、java代码于一个文件。

JSP技术概述与应用框架外文翻译

xx大学xx学院毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系：专业：班级：姓名：学号：附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。

附件一：外文资料翻译译文JSP技术概述与应用框架作者: Zambon, Giulio/ Sekler, Michael出处: Springer-Verlag New York IncJava Server Pages(JSP)是一种基于web的脚本编程技术，类似于网景公司的服务器端Java脚本语言——server-side JavaScript(SSJS)和微软的Active Server Pages(ASP)。

与SSJS和ASP相比，JSP具有更好的可扩展性，并且它不专属于任何一家厂商或某一特定的Web服务器。

尽管JSP规范是由Sun公司制定的，但任何厂商都可以在自己的系统上实现JSP。

在Sun正式发布JSP(Java Server Pages)之后，这种新的Web应用开发技术很快引起了人们的关注。

JSP为创建高度动态的Web应用提供了一个独特的开发环境。

按照Sun的说法，JSP能够适应市场上包括Apache WebServer、IIS4.0在内的85%的服务器产品。

本文将介绍JSP相关的知识，以及JavaBean的相关内容，当然都是比较粗略的介绍其中的基本内容，仅仅起到抛砖引玉的作用，如果读者需要更详细的信息，请参考相应的JSP的书籍。

一、JSP的好处JSP(Java Server Pages)是由Sun Microsystems公司倡导、许多公司参与一起建立的一种动态网页技术标准，其在动态网页的建设中有其强大而特别的功能。

JSP与Microsoft的ASP技术非常相似。

两者都提供在HTML代码中混合某种程序代码、由语言引擎解释执行程序代码的能力。

下面我们简单的对它进行介绍。

JSP页面最终会转换成servler。

因而，从根本上，JSP页面能够执行的任何任务都可以用servler来完成。

外文翻译---JSP简介

JSP introducedJSP (Java Server Pages) is Corporation initiates one kind of dynamic homepage technical standard by Sun Microsystems which, many companies participation establishes together. This technology has provided for the foundation demonstration dynamic production content Web page simple and direct and the fast method. The JSP technology design goal is makes the structure to be easier based on the Webapp lication procedure and quickly, but these application procedures can with each kind of Web server, using the server, the browser and the development kit work together. The JSP standard is the Web server, applies the server, the transaction system, as well as between the development kit supplier the broad cooperation result. In the traditional homepage HTML document (*htm, * html) center joins the Java procedure fragment (Scriptlet) and the JSP mark (tag), constituted the JSP homepage (* jsp). The Web server when meets visits the JSP homepage the request, first carries out procedure fragment, then will carry out the result to return by the HTML form for the customer. The procedure fragment may operate the database, again the directional homepage as well as transmits email and so on, this is a function which the establishment dynamic website needs. All procedures operation all in the server end execution, in the network transmits the result which only is obtains for the customer end, is lowest to the client browser request, may realize does not have Plugin, does not have ActiveX, non- Java Applet, even does not have Frame.JSP简介J SP(Java Server Pages)是由Sun Microsystems公司倡导、许多公司参与一起建立的一种动态网页技术标准。

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中文4816字外文资料翻译（2011 届大学本科）题目：学院：专业：班级：姓名：学号：主指导教师：2011年02 月24 日教务处印制外文原文JSP application frameworksbrian wright、michael freedman/pdf/introduction-to-machine-learning/ What are application frameworks:A framework is a reusable, semi-complete application that can be specialized to produce custom applications [Johnson]. Like people, software applications are more alike than they are different. They run on the same computers, expect input from the same devices, output to the same displays, and save data to the same hard disks. Developers working on conventional desktop applications are accustomed to toolkits and development environments that leverage the sameness between applications. Application frameworks build on this common ground to provide developers with a reusable structure that can serve as the foundation for their own products.A framework provides developers with a set of backbone components that have the following characteristics:1.They are known to work well in other applications.2. They are ready to use with the next project.3. They can also be used by other teams in the organization.Frameworks are the classic build-versus-buy proposition. If you build it, you will understand it when you are done—but how long will it be before you can roll your own? If you buy it, you will have to climb the learning curve—and how long is that going to take? There is no right answer here, but most observers would agree that frameworks such as Struts provide a significant return on investment compared to starting from scratch, especially for larger projects.Other types of frameworks:The idea of a framework applies not only to applications but to application componentsas well. Throughout this article, we introduce other types of frameworks that you can use with Struts. These include the Lucene search engine, the Scaffold toolkit, the Struts validator, and the Tiles tag library. Like application frameworks, these tools provide semi-complete versions of a subsystem that can be specialized toprovide a custom component.Some frameworks have been linked to a proprietary development environment. This is not the case with Struts or any of the other frameworks shown in this book. You can use any development environment with Struts: Visual Age for Java, JBuilder, Eclipse, Emacs, and Textpad are all popular choices among Struts developers. If you can use it with Java, you can use it with Struts.Enabling technologies:Applications developed with Struts are based on a number of enabling technologies.These components are not specific to Struts and underlie every Java web application. A reason that developers use frameworks like Struts is to hide the nasty details behind acronyms like HTTP, CGI, and JSP. As a Struts developer, you don’t need to be an alphabet soup guru, but a working knowledge of these base technologies can help you devise creative solutions to tricky problems.Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP):When mediating talks between nations, diplomats often follow a formal protocol.Diplomatic protocols are designed to avoid misunderstandings and to keep negotiations from breaking down. In a similar vein, when computers need to talk, they also follow a formal protocol. The protocol defines how data is transmitted and how to decode it once it arrives. Web applications use the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) to move data between the browser running on your computer and the application running on the server.Many server applications communicate using protocols other than HTTP. Some of these maintain an ongoing connection between the computers. The application server knows exactly who is connected at all times and can tell when a connection is dropped. Because they know the state of each connection and the identity of each person using it, these are known as stateful protocols.By contrast, HTTP is known as a stateless protocol. An HTTP server will accept any request from any client and will always provide some type of response, even if the response is just to say no. Without the overhead of negotiating and retaining a connection, stateless protocols can handle a large volume of requests. This is one reason why the Internet has been able to scale to millions of computers.Another reason HTTP has become the universal standard is its simplicity. An HTTP request looks like an ordinary text document. This has made it easy forapplications to make HTTP requests. You can even send an HTTP request by hand using a standard utility such as Telnet. When the HTTP response comes back, it is also in plain text that developers can read.The first line in the HTTP request contains the method, followed by the location of the requested resource and the version of HTTP. Zero or more HTTP request headers follow the initial line. The HTTP headers provide additional information to the server. This can include the browser type and version, acceptable document types, and the browser’s coo kies, just to name a few. Of the seven request methods, GET and POST are by far the most popular.Once the server has received and serviced the request, it will issue an HTTP response. The first line in the response is called the status line and carries the HTTP protocol version, a numeric status, and a brief description of the status. Following the status line, the server will return a set of HTTP response headers that work in a way similar to the request headers.As we mentioned, HTTP does not preserve state information between requests.The server logs the request, sends the response, and goes blissfully on to the next request. While simple and efficient, a stateless protocol is problematic for dynamic applications that need to keep track of their users. (Ignorance is not always bliss.Cookies and URL rewriting are two common ways to keep track of users between requests. A cookie is a special packet of information on the user’s computer. URL rewriting stores a special reference in the page address that a Java server can use to track users. Neither approach is seamless, and using either means extra work when developing a web application. On its own, a standard HTTP web server does not traffic in dynamic content. It mainly uses the request to locate a file and then returns that file in the response. The file is typically formatted using Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) [W3C, HTML] that the web browser can format and display. The HTML page often includes hypertext links to other web pages and may display any number of other goodies, such as images and videos. The user clicks a link to make another request, and the process begins a new.Standard web servers handle static content and images quite well but need a helping hand to provide users with a customized, dynamic response.DEFINITION:Static content on the Web comes directly from text or data files,like HTML or JPEG files. These files might be changed from time to time, but they are not altered automatically when requested by a web browser. Dynamic content, on the other hand, is generated on the fly, typically in response to an individualized request from a browser.Common Gateway Interface (CGI):The first widely used standard for producing dynamic content was the Common Gateway Interface (CGI). CGI uses standard operating system features, such as environment variables and standard input and output, to create a bridge, or gateway, between the web server and other applications on the host machine. The other applications can look at the request sent to them by the web server and create a customized response.When a web server receives a request that’s intended for a CGI program, it runs that program and provides the program with information from the incoming request. The CGI program runs and sends its output back to the server. The web server then relays the response to the browser.CGI defines a set of conventions regarding what information it will pass as environment variables and how it expects standard input and output to be used. Like HTTP, CGI is flexible and easy to implement, and a great number of CGI-aware programs have been written.The main drawback to CGI is that it must run a new copy of the CGI-aware program for each request. This is a relatively expensive process that can bog down high-volume sites where thousands of requests are serviced per minute. Another drawback is that CGI programs tend to be platform dependent. A CGI program written for one operating system may not run on another.Java servlets:Sun’s Java Servlet platform directly addresses the two main drawbacks of CGI programs.First, servlets offer better performance and utilization of resources than conventional CGI programs. Second, the write-once, run-anywhere nature of Java means that servlets are portable between operating systems that have a Java Virtual Machine (JVM).A servlet looks and feels like a miniature web server. It receives a request and renders a response. But, unlike conventional web servers, the servlet application programming interface (API) is specifically designed to help Java developers createdynamic applications.The servlet itself is simply a Java class that has been compiled into byte code, like any other Java object. The servlet has access to a rich API of HTTP-specific services, but it is still just another Java object running in an application and can leverage all your other Java assets.To give conventional web servers access to servlets, the servlets are plugged into containers. The servlet container is attached to the web server. Each servlet can declare what URL patterns it would like to handle. When a request matching a registered pattern arrives, the web server passes the request to the container, and the container invokes the servlet.But unlike CGI programs, a new servlet is not created for each request. Once the container instantiates the servlet, it will just create a new thread for each request. Java threads are much less expensive than the server processes used by CGI programs. Once the servlet has been created, using it for additional requests incurs very little overhead. Servlet developers can use the init() method to hold references to expensive resources, such as database connections or EJB Home Interfaces, so that they can be shared between requests. Acquiring resources like these can take several seconds—which is longer than many surfers are willing to wait.The other edge of the sword is that, since servlets are multithreaded, servlet developers must take special care to be sure their servlets are thread-safe. To learn more about servlet programming, we recommend Java Servlets by Example, by Alan R. Williamson [Williamson]. The definitive source for Servlet information is the Java Servlet Specification [Sun, JST].JavaServer Pages:While Java servlets are a big step up from CGI programs, they are not a panacea. To generate the response, developers are still stuck with using println statements to render the HTML. Code that looks like:out.println("<P>One line of HTML.</P>");out.println("<P>Another line of HTML.</P>");is all too common in servlets that generate the HTTP response. There are libraries that can help you generate HTML, but as applications grow more complex, Java developers end up being cast into the role of HTML page designers.Meanwhile, given the choice, most project managers prefer to divide development teams into specialized groups. They like HTML designers to be working on the presentation while Java engineers sweat the business logic. Using servlets alone encourages mixing markup with business logic, making it difficult for team members to specialize.To solve this problem, Sun turned to the idea of using server pages to combine scripting and templating technologies into a single component. To build Java Server Pages, developers start by creating HTML pages in the same old way, using the same old HTML syntax. To bring dynamic content into the page, the developer can also place JSP scripting elements on the page. Scripting elements are tags that encapsulate logic that is recognized by the JSP. You can easily pick out scripting elements on JSP pages by looking for code that begins with <% and ends with %>.To be seen as a JSP page, the file just needs to be saved with an extension of .jsp.When a client requests the JSP page, the container translates the page into a source code file for a Java servlet and compiles the source into a Java class file—just as you would do if you were writing a servlet from scratch. At runtime, the container can also check the last modified date of the JSP file against the class file. If the JSP file has changed since it was last compiled, the container will retranslate and rebuild the page all over again.Project managers can now assign the presentation layer to HTML developers, who then pass on their work to Java developers to complete the business-logic portion. The important thing to remember is that a JSP page is really just a servlet. Anything you can do with a servlet, you can do with a JSP.JavaBeans:JavaBeans are Java classes which conform to a set of design patterns that make them easier to use with development tools and other components.DEFINITION A JavaBean is a reusable software component written in Java. To qualify as a JavaBean, the class must be concrete and public, and have a noargument constructor. JavaBeans expose internal fields as properties by providing public methods that follow a consistent design pattern. Knowing that the property names follow this pattern, other Java classes are able to use introspection to discover and manipulate JavaBean properties.The JavaBean design patterns provide access to the bean’s internal state throughtwo flavors of methods: accessors are used to read a JavaBean’s state; mutators are used to change a JavaBean’s state.Mutators are always prefixed with lowercase token set followed by the property name. The first character in the property name must be uppercase. The return value is always void—mutators only change property values; they do not retrieve them. The mutator for a simple property takes only one parameter in its signature, which can be of any type. Mutators are often nicknamed setters after their prefix. The mutator method signature for a weight property of the type Double would be:public void setWeight(Double weight)A similar design pattern is used to create the accessor method signature. Accessor methods are always prefixed with the lowercase token get, followed by the property name. The first character in the property name must be uppercase. The return value will match the method parameter in the corresponding mutator. Accessors for simple properties cannot accept parameters in their method signature. Not surprisingly, accessors are often called getters.The accessor method signature for our weight property is：public Double getWeight()If the accessor returns a logical value, there is a variant pattern. Instead of using the lowercase token get, a logical property can use the prefix is, followed by the property name. The first character in the property name must be uppercase. The return value will always be a logical value—either boolean or Boolean. Logical accessors cannot accept parameters in their method signature.The boolean accessor method signature for an on property would bepublic boolean isOn()The canonical method signatures play an important role when working with Java- Beans. Other components are able to use the Java Reflection API to discover a JavaBean’s properties by looking for methods prefixed by set, is, or get. If a component finds such a signature on a JavaBean, it knows that the method can be used to access or change the bean’s prop erties.Sun introduced JavaBeans to work with GUI components, but they are now used with every aspect of Java development, including web applications. When Sun engineers developed the JSP tag extension classes, they designed them to work withJavaBeans. The dynamic data for a page can be passed as a JavaBean, and the JSP tag can then use the bean’s properties to customize the output.For more on JavaBeans, we highly recommend The Awesome Power of JavaBeans, by Lawrence H. Rodrigues [Rodrigues]. The definitive source for JavaBean information is the JavaBean Specification [Sun, JBS].Model 2:The 0.92 release of the Servlet/JSP Specification described Model 2 as an architecture that uses servlets and JSP pages together in the same application. The term Model 2 disappeared from later releases, but it remains in popular use among Java web developers.Under Model 2, servlets handle the data access and navigational flow, while JSP pages handle the presentation. Model 2 lets Java engineers and HTML developers each work on their own part of the application. A change in one part of a Model 2 application does not mandate a change to another part of the application. HTML developers can often change the look and feel of an application without changing how the back-office servlets work.The Struts framework is based on the Model 2 architecture. It provides a controller servlet to handle the navigational flow and special classes to help with the data access. A substantial custom tag library is bundled with the framework to make Struts easy to use with JSP pages.Summary:In this article, we introduced Struts as an application framework. We examined the technology behind HTTP, the Common Gateway Interface, Java servlets, JSPs, and JavaBeans. We also looked at the Model 2 application architecture to see how it is used to combine servlets and JSPs in the same application.Now that you have had a taste of what it is like to develop a web application with Struts, in chapter 2 we dig deeper into the theory and practice behind the Struts architecture.外文翻译JSP 应用框架brian wright、michael freedman/pdf/introduction-to-machine-learning/ 什么是应用框架：框架（framework）是可重用的，半成品的应用程序，可以用来产生专门的定制程序。

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