刘润清《新编语言学教程》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解(1-6章)【圣才出品】
刘润清《新编语言学教程》笔记和课后习题( 语义学)【圣才出品】
5. Major sense relations
(1) Homonymy
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圣才电子书
(2) Polysemy
十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
(3) Homophony
(4) Synonymy
(5) Antonymy
(6) Hyponymy
(7) Meronymy
成分分析 5. Sentence meaning
句子意义
本章考点： 语义学的定义；词汇意义关系(同义、反义、下义)；识别各种实例中词与词的意义关系、
以及句与句之间的蕴涵、前提、会话含义、同义、不相容、语义矛盾、语义反常等意义关系; 用成分分析法分析同义词、反义词，句子意义的区别等; 反义词的种类及举例。
圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
第 5 章 语义学
5.1 复习笔记
本章要点： 1. Semantics
语义学 2. The referential and sense
指称和涵义 3. Analysis of meaning
意义分析 4. Component analysis
(4) Inconsistency
(5) Implicature
I. Semantics (语义学) 【考点：名词解释】
Semantics is a branch of linguistics which is concerned with the study of meaning in all its formal aspects.
practical events that precede and follow it. The meaning of a linguistic form is thus defined as observable behaviors. Such an approach to meaning is called behaviorism, or behaviorist theory, which clearly draws on psychology.
刘润清《新编语言学教程》考研真题精选(选择题)【圣才出品】
二、选择题1. Derivational morpheme contrasts sharply with inflectional morpheme in that the former changes the _____ while the latter does not.（北二外2017研）A. meaningB. word classC. formD. speech sound【答案】B【解析】morpheme语素，分为自由语素和黏着语素，其中黏着语素包括词根和词缀两种类型，词缀分为派生词缀（derivational affixes）和屈折词缀（inflectional affixes）。
派生词缀黏附在词根语素上构成新词，也即增加了新的词汇义内容或改变了词的类别归属。
屈折词缀只能改变一个词的形式，不能构成新词。
也即屈折词缀增加的是表示句法范畴的意义，并且总是不改变词的类别归属。
即两者重要区别在于是否改变了词的类别，故B为正确答案。
2. The branch of linguistics that studies the systems and patterns of speech soundsin a language is called _____.（对外经贸2017研）A. acousticsB. phonologyC. phoneticsD. articulation【答案】B【解析】音位学是研究人类语言中的语音模块系统和模式的方法。
3. Point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest, and explain the reason in ONE sentence.（南京大学2007研）A. resolutionB. residentC. restartD. resignation【答案】C【解析】/s/ 在restart中位于清辅音前，所以被轻音化。
刘润清《新编语言学教程》考研真题精选(判断正误)【圣才出品】
7. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communications are all phonemes.（对外经贸 2006 研） 【答案】F 【解析】Those are phones.
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圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
三、判断正误 1. During two-word stage, children begin to learn words at a rate of one every two
waking hours, and keep learning that rate or faster through adolescence.（北二外 2016 研） 【答案】T 【解析】本题考查双词语阶段的特征。儿童两岁左右的时候，开始构建句子。早期句子仅仅
12. Compound refers to the words hat consist of more than one lexical morpheme or the way to join two separate words to produce a single form base form.（北二
【答案】T 【解析】根据塞尔，指令类是说话人试图让听话人做某一件事。邀请、建议、请求、警告、
威胁、命令都是最典型的指令类。
11. The word of “impossibility” contains four morphemes.（对外经贸 2006 研） 【答案】F (“im-” “possibl-” “-ity”)
【答案】T
4. Bilabial consonant is produced when the obstruction is partial and the air is
刘润清《新编语言学教程》笔记和课后习题(形态学)【圣才出品】
第3章形态学3.1 复习笔记本章要点：1. Definition of Morphology形态学的定义2. Definition and Classification of Morphemes词素的定义及分类3. Morphs and Allomorphs词素变体4. Types of Word Formation词语构成的分类常考考点：词法的定义；曲折词与派生词；构词法(合成与派生)；词素的定义；词素变体；自由词素；粘着词素(词根，词缀和词干)。
本章内容索引：I. MorphologyDefinition of MorphologyII. Morphemes1. Definition2. Types of Morphemes(1) Free morpheme(2) Bound morphemeIII. Morphs and AllomorphsDefinition of Morphs and AllomorphsIV. Types of Word Formation1. Compounding2. Derivation3. Other ways of word formation(1) Conversion(2) Backformation(3) Clipping(4) Blending(5) Acronym(6) InitialismI. Morphology形态学【考点：名词解释】Morphology, as a branch of linguistics, is the study of the internal structure, forms and classes of words.形态学作为语言学的一个分支，是研究词语的内部结构，形式及分类的一门科学。
II. Morpheme语素1. Definition定义Morpheme is the smallest unit of language, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.语素是最小的语言单位，不能再进一步分成更小的单位而不破坏或彻底改变词汇意义或语法意义。
刘润清《新编语言学教程》章节题库(语用学)【圣才出品】
第6章语用学I. Fill in the blanks.1. A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the ______ of, or the _____the utterance.（人大2004研）【答案】consequence, change brought about by【解析】言外行为指说话的效果。
2. When a teacher says “The exam this year is going to be really difficult”, the sentence would have an _____force.（清华2001研，清华2000研）【答案】illocutionary【解析】言外行为，表达说话人的意图。
3. H. P. Grice believes that there is a set of assumptions guiding the conduct of conversation. This is what he calls the Cooperative Principle. According to the maximum of ______: Do not say what you believe to be false or for which you lack evidence. In other words, speak truthfully; do not lie.【答案】quality【解析】质量原则的内容。
4. In the light of the______ principle, four maxims are specified. They are the maximof quantity, maxim of______, maxim of______ and the maxim of______.（中国人民大学2005年、吉林大学2004年研）【答案】cooperative; quality; relation; manner【解析】考查合作原则及四条次则：数量准则、质量准则、关联准则、方式准则。
刘润清《新编语言学教程》笔记和课后习题(认知语言学)【圣才出品】
第10章认知语言学10.1 复习笔记本章要点:1. Cognitive linguistics认知语言学2. Categorization and categories范畴化与范畴3. Conceptual metaphor and metonymy概念隐喻与转喻4. Iconicity and grammaticalization象似性与语法化常考考点：认知语言学定义；范畴化与范畴定义分类等；概念隐喻与转喻的定义，层次分类；象似性的分类以及语法化等。
本章内容索引：I. Definition of cognitive linguisticsII. Categorization and categories1. Definition of categorization2. The classical theory3. The prototype theory4. Levels of categorizationIII. Conceptual metaphor and metonymy1. Conceptual metaphor2. Conceptual metonymyIV. Iconicity1. Iconicity of order2. Iconicity of distance3. Iconicity of complexityV. GrammaticalizationI. Definition of cognitive linguistics (认知语言学定义)【考点：名词解释】Cognitive linguistics is an approach to the analysis of natural language that focuses on language as an instrument for organizing, processing, and conveying information.认知语言学是一种研究自然语言的方法，集中研究语言组织，处理与传达信息的作用。
刘润清《新编语言学教程》章节题库-第一章至第三章【圣才出品】
第二部分章节题库第1章导论I.Fill in the blanks.1.In Saussure’s view,the relationship between signifier(sound image)andsignified(concept)is_____.（北二外2003研）【答案】arbitrary【解析】索绪尔认为符号的形式或声音与其意义之间没有逻辑联系，所以两者之间的关系是任意的。
2.Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present(in time and space)at the moment of communication.This quality is labeled as_____.（北二外2003研）【答案】displacement【解析】移位性是指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、事件和观点。
3._____refers to the role language plays in communication(e.g.to express ideas, attitudes)or in particular social situations(e.g.Religious,legal).（北二外2016研）【答案】Function【解析】本题考查语言学中对“语言的功能”的定义。
功能指的是语言在沟通中（例如表达观点、态度）或在特定社交场合（如宗教、法律）中所起的作用。
4.The features that define our human languages can be called_____features.（北二外2006研）【答案】design【解析】人类语言区别于其他动物交流系统的特点是语言的区别特征，是人类语言特有的特征。
新编语言学教程刘润清重点笔记
新编语言学教程刘润清重点笔记一、语言学的基本概念1. 语言学的定义语言学是研究人类语言的科学，旨在探讨语言的结构、功能、演变和使用规律。
2. 语言的特征语言具有多样性、可变性、创造性和交际性等特征，是人类文化和社会生活的重要组成部分。
3. 语言的层次结构语言包括语音、词汇、句法、语义和语用等层次结构，每个层次相互交织，共同构成了具体的语言系统。
二、语音学1. 语音和语音学的基本概念语音是语言的声音表现形式，语音学是研究语音的学科，主要包括语音的产生、分类和规律等内容。
2. 语音的分类语音可以根据发音部位、发音方法和语音特征进行分类，这些分类对于理解不同语言的语音现象具有重要意义。
3. 语音的运用语音系统是语言的基础，正确、标准的语音能够促进交际的顺利进行，也是语音教学的重要内容。
三、语音变化规律1. 语音演变的观点语音演变是语言发展的必然规律，主要有自然演变和人为干预两种形式。
2. 语音演变的原因语音演变的原因有内在原因和外在原因两类，其中心理因素和社会因素是主要的影响因素。
3. 语音演变的类型语音演变的类型包括同化、咀嚼、发音简化、重音移位和音位交替等，这些类型在不同语言中都有所体现。
四、词汇学1. 词汇的概念词汇是语言中最基本的语言单位，包括单词和词组两种形式，构成了语言的基本载体。
2. 词与词的关系词的构词规律和词的语义关系是词汇学的重要研究内容，也是词汇教学中需要重点关注的问题。
3. 词的分类词可根据词性、构词法、语义感情色调和语言长短等属性进行分类，不同的分类体系能够为语言的学习和教学提供指导。
五、句法学1. 句法结构的基本要素句法结构主要包括主语、谓语、宾语等要素，这些要素之间的组合形式决定了句子的结构类型。
2. 句法关系的层次结构句法关系包括层级结构和包含关系，这些关系是句子语法结构的重要组成部分。
3. 句法结构的功能句法结构的功能包括构句、分句和复句等，这些功能是语法结构的基本表现形式。
刘润清《新编语言学教程》笔记和课后习题(语篇分析)【圣才出品】
第7章语篇分析7.1 复习笔记本章要点：1. Discourse and discourse analysis语篇及语篇分析2. Given and new information已知信息与新信息3. Cohesion and coherence衔接与连贯4. Conversational analysis对话分析常考考点：语篇及语篇分析的定义；已知信息与新信息的异同；衔接手段包括指称、替代、省略、连接与词汇衔接；语篇标记的定义与特征；对话分析中的配组会话、偏好结构及前序列；批判性语篇分析。
本章内容索引：I. Definition of discourse and discourse analysisII. Information structure1. Given and new information2. T opic and comment3. ContrastIII. Cohesion and coherence1. Cohesion.(1) Reference(2) Substitution(3) Ellipsis(4) Conjunction(5) Lexical cohesion2. CoherenceIV. Discourse markers1. Definition2. Functional-pragmatic nature3. Features of discourse markersV. Conversational analysis1. Adjacency pairs2. Preference structure3. PresequencesVI. Critical discourse analysisI. Definition of discourse and discourse analysis (语篇及语篇分析的定义)1. Discourse (语篇)A general term for examples of language use, i.e. language which has been produced as the result of an act of communication. It refers to the larger units of language such as paragraphs, conversations, and interviews.泛指语言的运用，也就是说，语篇是人们进行交流的产物。
刘润清《新编语言学教程》笔记和课后习题(社会语言学)【圣才出品】
第8章社会语言学8.1 复习笔记本章要点：1. Sociolinguistics社会语言学的概念2. Language varieties语言变体3. Linguistic taboos and euphemisms禁忌语与委婉语4. Language and gender语言与性别常考考点：社会语言学的定义；语言的各种变体；禁忌语与委婉语；语言和性别的关系。
本章内容索引：I. DefinitionII. Language varieties1. Standard language2. Dialects3. Registers4. Pidgins and creolesIII. Choosing a code1. Diglossia2. Bilingualism and multilingualism3. Code-switchingIV. Linguistic taboos and euphemismsV. Language and gender1. Two focuses2. The correlation between sex and style of speechI. Definition (定义)Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society. In sociolinguistics we are interested in how social factors influence the structure and use of language. It is the field that studies the relationships between language and society, between uses of language and the social structures in which the language users live.【考点：区分“研究社会的社会语言学”与“研究语言的社会语言学”】社会语言学是研究语言与社会关系的学科，研究社会因素是如何影响语言的结构和使用。
[全]刘润清《新编语言学教程》-考研真题详解[下载全]
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刘润清《新编语言学教程》-考研真题详解1. When air is forced out of the lungs, it causes the _____ _____ to vibrate.（中山大学2018研）【答案】vocal folds查看答案【解析】语音产生是以气流为能量来源的。
在大多数情况下，气流源自肺部，气流从肺中压出，引起声带的振动。
2. _____ is the ability of language to refer to contexts removed from the speaker’s immediate situation.（北二外2016研）【答案】Displacement查看答案【解析】本题考查语言本质特征的移位性。
移位性指的是就内容或者思想的表达来讲，人类语言的使用是不受时空限制的，可以用于涉及真实的或者想象的，过去的、现在的或将来的事情。
这不同于动物“语言”，因为大多数动物的“语言”需要“即时刺激控制”。
3. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is _______ and performance.（人大2006研）【答案】competence查看答案【解析】语言能力指理想的语言使用者关于语言规则的语言知识，语言应用指语言交际中关于语言规则知识的实际使用。
4. Phonetics is the study of ______ sounds that the human voice is capable of creating whereas phonology is the study of a subset of those sounds that constitute language and meaning.（北京邮电大学2015研）【答案】speech查看答案【解析】本题考查语音学和音系学的含义。
刘润清《新编语言学教程》笔记和课后习题（语用学）【圣才出品】
刘润清《新编语⾔学教程》笔记和课后习题（语⽤学）【圣才出品】第6章语⽤学6.1 复习笔记本章要点：1. Speech act theory⾔语⾏为理论2. Cooperative principle and its maxims合作原则及其准则3. Politeness principle礼貌原则常考考点：语⽤学的定义；语法分析与语⽤学的区别；微观语⽤学中的基本概念；宏观语⽤学中⾔语⾏为理论(发话⾏为、⾏事⾏为和取效⾏为)；合作原则；实例分析⾔语⾏为、合作原则的违反和会话含义；礼貌原则。
本章内容索引：I. Pragmatics1. Definition of pragmatics2. Difference between pragmatics analysis and grammatical analysis3. Definition of micropragmatics and macropragmaticsII. Micropragmatics1. Reference2. Deixis3. Anaphora4. PresuppositionIII. Macropragmatics1. Speech Act Theory(1) Theory of the Illocutionary Act①Locutionary act②Illocutionary act③Perlocutionary act(2) Classification of Illocutionary Act①Representatives②Directives③Commissives④Expressives⑤Declarations(3) Indirect speech acts2. The Cooperative Principle (CP)(1) Cooperative Principle and Its Maxims(2) Violation of the Maxims3. Politeness Principle (PP)I. Pragmatics（语⽤学）【考点：名词解释】1. Definition of pragmatics（定义）Pragmatics is the study of speakers’intended meaning, or even the “invisible”meaning, that is, how hearers recognize what is meant even when it isn’t actually said or written.语⽤学是研究语⾔实际运⽤的学科，集中研究说话⼈意义、话语意义或语境意义。
刘润清《新编语言学教程》笔记和课后习题(语用学)【圣才出品】
第6章语用学6.1 复习笔记本章要点：1. Speech act theory言语行为理论2. Cooperative principle and its maxims合作原则及其准则3. Politeness principle礼貌原则常考考点：语用学的定义；语法分析与语用学的区别；微观语用学中的基本概念；宏观语用学中言语行为理论(发话行为、行事行为和取效行为)；合作原则；实例分析言语行为、合作原则的违反和会话含义；礼貌原则。
本章内容索引：I. Pragmatics1. Definition of pragmatics2. Difference between pragmatics analysis and grammatical analysis3. Definition of micropragmatics and macropragmaticsII. Micropragmatics1. Reference2. Deixis3. Anaphora4. PresuppositionIII. Macropragmatics1. Speech Act Theory(1) Theory of the Illocutionary Act①Locutionary act②Illocutionary act③Perlocutionary act(2) Classification of Illocutionary Act①Representatives②Directives③Commissives④Expressives⑤Declarations(3) Indirect speech acts2. The Cooperative Principle (CP)(1) Cooperative Principle and Its Maxims(2) Violation of the Maxims3. Politeness Principle (PP)I. Pragmatics（语用学）【考点：名词解释】1. Definition of pragmatics（定义）Pragmatics is the study of speakers’intended meaning, or even the “invisible”meaning, that is, how hearers recognize what is meant even when it isn’t actually said or written.语用学是研究语言实际运用的学科，集中研究说话人意义、话语意义或语境意义。
刘润清《新编语言学教程》章节题库(应用语言学)【圣才出品】
第12章应用语言学I. Fill in the blanks.1. _____ is a method of foreign or second language teaching which makes use of translation and grammar study as the main teaching and learning activities. 【答案】Grammar-translation Method【解析】语法翻译法即在外语教学中主要运用翻译和语法学习为教学活动的方法.2. _____ is a grammar-based language teaching method in which principles of grammatical and lexical gradation are used and new teaching points presented and practiced through situations.【答案】Situational language teaching【解析】情景教学法基于语法的教学方法，强调在情境中呈现语法规则和词汇级别等教学点。
3. There are three principles of language testing: _____, _____ and _____.【答案】validity; reliability; practicality【解析】语言测试的三个原则：效度原则，信度原则及实用性原则。
Ⅱ. Multiple Choices.1. _____ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic geographyB. SociolinguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics【答案】C【解析】应用语言学（Applied linguistics）是研究语言在各个领域中实际应用的语言学分支，尤其是在教学中的应用。
刘润清《新编语言学教程》笔记和课后习题(应用语言学)【圣才出品】
第12章应用语言学12.1 复习笔记本章要点：1. Language teaching method英语教学法的种类2. Language tests语言测试的种类3. The principles of language tests语言测试的原则常考考点：各个语言教学法的特点、理论基础、优缺点；语言测试主要的种类；语言测试的原则。
本章内容索引：I. Definition of Applied LinguisticsII. Language Teaching Method1. The Grammar-translation Method(1)Definition(2)Main features2. The Direct Method(1)Definition(2)Main features3. The Audiolingual Method(1)Definition(2)Main features(3)Theoretical base4. Situational Language Teaching(1)Definition(2)Main features(3)Theoretical base5. Functional Language Teaching(1)Definition(2)Main features(3)Theoretical base6. Communicative Language T eaching(1)Definition(2)Main features(3)Theoretical base7. Other ApproachesIII. Main Types of Language Tests1. Subjective and objective tests2. Discrete-point and integrative tests3. Criterion-referenced and norm-referenced tests4. Language aptitude tests5. Diagnostic testsIV. Principles of language Testing1. Validity2. Reliability3. PracticalityI. Definition of Applied Linguistics (应用语言学的定义)【考点：名词解释】Broadly speaking, applied linguistics refers to the study of language and linguistics in relation to language-related problems, such as lexicography, translation, etc. Applied linguistics uses information from linguistics with the aim to develop its own theoretical models of areas, such as syllabus design, speech therapy, language planning, stylistics etc. Narrowly speaking, applied linguistics refers to the study of second and foreign language learning and teaching, i.e. the study of language and linguistics in relation to language learning and teaching.从广义上讲，应用语言学是对与语言相关的语言问题及语言学问题的研究，例如词典编纂学，翻译等。
刘润清《新编语言学教程》章节题库(语篇分析)【圣才出品】
第7章语篇分析I. Fill in the blanks.1. ______ refers to ties and connections which exist within texts. They are also called formal links between sentences and between clauses.（人大2007研）【答案】Cohesion【解析】衔接不是一个句法概念，它指文本中存在的一种意义上的联系或关系，也包括句子或分句之间存在的一种形式上的联系。
2. ______ is the information that the addresser believes is known to the addressee, while ______ is the information that the addresser believes is not known to the addressee.【答案】Given information; new information【解析】已知信息是指说话者认为听话者已经知道的信息，而新信息是指说话者认为听话者不知道的信息。
3. ______ represents what the utterance is about; ______ is what is said about it. 【答案】The topic; the comment【解析】话题是谈话的主题，述题是围绕主题所谈论的内容。
Ⅱ. True or False.1. All languages have some differences in verb forms which are used to produce cohesion.（南开大学2005研）【答案】T【解析】语言中的动词会有不同的形式来连接上下文。
2. One of properties of the adjacency pairs is that the form and content of the first part depends on the type of the second part.【答案】F【解析】配租对话的其中一个特征是第二部分的内容与构成取决于第一部分。
刘润清《新编语言学教程》考研真题精选(术语解释)【圣才出品】
四、术语解释1. connotation（中山大学2018研）【答案】In the philosophers’usage, connotation, opposite to denotation, means the properties of the entity a word denotes. For example, the connotation of human is “biped”, “featherless”，“rational”, etc. Some connotations may be shared by a group of people of the same cultural or social background, sex, or age; others may be restricted to one or several individuals and depend on their personal experience.2. morpheme（武汉大学2013研）【答案】Morpheme: Morpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. For example, in boys, there are two morphemes: “boy”and “-s”; in international, there are three morphemes: “inter-”“nation”and “-al”.3. implicature（南开大学2012研）【答案】According to Grice, it refers to the extra meaning not contained in the utterance, but understandable to the listener only when he shares the speaker’s knowledge or he knows why and how he violates intentionally one of the fourmaxims of CP.4. arbitrariness（四川大学2006研）【答案】Arbitrariness is one of the design features of language. It refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with. There is no reason, for example, why English should use the sounds /dɒg/ to refer to the animal dog, or why Chinese should use “gou”to refer to the same animal. The relationship between the sounds and their meaning is quite accidental.5. cohesion（中山大学2018研）【答案】Cohesion refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text, and that define it as a text. The cohesive devices usually include: conjunction, ellipsis, lexical collocation, lexical repetition, reference, substitution, and so on.6. cooperative principle（北师大2003研）【答案】Cooperative principle was proposed and formulated by Grice. It expresses that in making a conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate; otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk. It goes like this: “make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged”. This principle can be further specified as the four followingmaxims: Quantity, Quality, Relation; Manner.7. conceptual meaning (of a word)（上海交大2006研）【答案】Conceptual meaning. According to Leech, conceptual meaning refers to the logical, cognitive, or denotative content of the meaning of a word. It is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to. For example, the conceptual meaning of “human”is any person such as John and Mary.8. initialism（人大2008研）【答案】Some new words are composed of the first letters of a series of words, esp. the name of an organization when it has a heavily modified head words. Words of this kind are called initialisms. Initialism is different from acronym in that the former cannot be pronounced as a new word, but has to be pronounced by saying each letter in them. For example, VIP, WTO, BBC etc.9. deep structure（上外2000研）【答案】Deep structure is a central theoretical term in generative grammar opposed to surface structure. It is the abstract syntactic representation of a sentence—an underlying level of structural organization which specific all the factors governing the way the sentence should be interpreted.10. constituent analysis（北外2015研）【答案】a. Definition: Constituent analysis (also called Immediate constituent analysis or IC Analysis) refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents—word groups (or phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.b. Advantages: Through IC analysis, the internal structure of a sentence may be demonstrated clearly, and ambiguities, if any, will be revealed.c. Problems:①It is not always possible to cut any construction, at any level into two parts.②Discontinuous constituents will be hard to deal with in IC analysis and there are structural ambiguities which cannot be revealed by IC analysis.11. langue（华南理工2017研）【答案】Langue is proposed by Saussure to distinguish from parole. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. Parole refers to particular realizations of langue. Langue is the social, conventional side of language, while parole is individualized speech. Langue is the code, and parole is the message. Parole is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or writing. Langue is the abstract knowledge necessary for speaking, listening, writing and reading. It is relatively stable and systematic, whereas parole is more variable and may change according to contextual factors.Langue and parole together constitute language.12. linguistic determinism（中山大学2018研）【答案】Linguistic Determinism is a theory which believes that our language will influence or decide our way of looking at the world. In a loose sense, linguistic determinism, linguistic relativity, and the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis can be regarded as synonyms.13. manner of articulation（武汉大学2010研）【答案】manner of articulation: It refers to the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air passes through certain parts of the vocal tract. The manner of articulation refers to ways in which articulation can be accomplished: (a) the articulators may close off the oral tract for an instance or a relatively long period; (b) they may narrow the space considerably or (c) they may simply modify the shape of the tract by approaching each other. For example, in English, [p, b, t, d, k, g] are stops.14. Pidgins and Creoles（上海交大2007研）【答案】It is a language which develops as a contact language when groups of people who speak different languages try to communicate with one another on a regular basis. The language Tok Pisin is an example of pidgin. Creole is a pidgin language which has become the native language of a group of speakers, beingused for all or many of their daily communicative needs. For example, a French-based creole is spoken by the majority of the population in Haiti.15. error analysis（人大2008研）【答案】Error Analysis (EA) refers to the study and analysis of the errors made by second and foreign language learners in order to identify causes of errors of common difficulties in language learning. It is an alternative to contrastive analysis since not all learners’mistakes or errors occur because of the inter-language influence that contrastive analysis can explain. By using error, analysis, linguists can analyze intra-language error such as over-generalization.16. polysemy（中山大学2018研）【答案】Polysemy means a single word having several or many meanings. According to Crystal: Polysemy is a term used in semantic analysis to refer to a lexical item which has a range of different meanings. Polysemic words are signs of an advanced culture. Polysemy is also an essential feature of a language’s economy and efficiency.17. blending（北外2015研）【答案】Blending is a kind of word formation. It means a process in which two words are blended by joining together the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words, such as faction。
刘润清《新编语言学教程》章节题库(心理语言学)【圣才出品】
第9章心理语言学Ⅰ. Multiple Choices.1. ______ is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.A. CompetenceB. PerformanceC. LearningD. Acquisition【答案】C【解析】在学校里我们会学到第二语言，对第二语言知识的这种有意识的积累，叫做“学习”。
2. _____ is the study of psychological aspect of language.A. Language acquisitionB. Applied linguisticsC. PsycholinguisticsD. Pragmatics【答案】A【解析】语言习得是从心理学的角度来研究语言，主要研究儿童不自觉地自然地掌握母语的过程。
3. A child acquires his/her mother tongue invariably through these phases: _____, one-word, two-word and multiword.A. no-wordB. babblingC. talkingD. uttering【答案】B【解析】婴儿学习母语的过程分为四个阶段：呀呀学语阶段，单语词阶段，双语词阶段和多语词阶段。
4. The distinctive features of a speech variety may be all the following EXCEPT ______.A. lexicalB. syntacticC. phonologicalD. psycholinguistic【答案】D【解析】语言的变体可以是词法、句法、音位方面的变化。
刘润清《新编语言学教程》章节题库(语义学)【圣才出品】
第5章语义学I. Fill in the blanks.1. ______is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.【答案】Sense【解析】涵义是指语言形式的内在意义。
2. According to G Leech, ______ meaning refers to logic, cognitive, or denotative content.（北二外2005研）【答案】conceptual【解析】利奇认为概念意义是指逻辑的、认知的、外延的内容。
3. According to G. Leech, _____ meaning refers to what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker／writer.（北二外2007研）【答案】affective【解析】利奇认为感情意义是指所传达的关于说话人/作者感情、态度方面的意义。
4. The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the ______ theory.（中山大学2008研）【答案】referential【解析】把词语意义跟它所指称或所代表的事物联系起来的理论，叫做指称理论。
5. ______ is the technical name for the sameness relation.（北二外2007研）【答案】Synonymy【解析】同义关系是相同关系的专业术语，完全的同义关系是很少的。
所谓的同义词都是依赖语境的，它们总是在这方面或那方面有所不同。
6. T erms like “apple”, “banana”and “pear”are ______ of the term “fruit”.（北二外2007研）【答案】hyponyms【解析】上下义关系是指意义内包关系或者说一种类和成员间的关系。
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第1章导言1.1复习笔记本章要点：1.The definition and main branches of linguistics study语言学的定义和研究的范围2.The definition and the origins of language语言的定义与起源3.The design feature and the function of language语言的特征和功能4.Some major concepts in linguistics语言学中重要的概念本章考点：1.有关语言学的常考考点(1)语言学的定义，现代语言学与传统语法学研究的区别。
(2)语言学中几组重要概念，每组两个概念的含义、区分及其意义。
(3)普通语言学的主要分支学科及各自的研究范畴。
(4)宏观语言学及应用语言学的主要分支及各自的研究范畴。
2.有关语言的常考考点(1)语言的定义；语言的基本特征(任意性、二重性、多产性、移位性、互换性、专门性和文化传递性)；(2)语言的功能(寒暄、指示、信息、疑问、表达、劝说和施为)；(3)语言的起源(叮咚说、唱歌说、哒哒说、汪汪、噗噗、哟嘿吼理论等。
)本章内容索引：I.Definition of linguisticsII.Linguistics vs.traditional grammarIII.Scope of linguistics1.Microlinguistics2.MacrolinguisticsIV.Definition of languageV.Origins of language1.Ding-Dong Theory2.Sing-Song Theory3.Pooh-Pooh Theory4.Yo-He-Ho Theory5.Ta-Ta Theory6.Bow-Wow TheoryVI.Design features of language1.Arbitrariness2.Duality3.Productivity4.Interchangeability5.Displacement6.Specialization7.Cultural transmissionVII.Functions of language1.Phatic function/communion2.Directive functionrmative function4.Interrogative function5.Expressive function6.Evocative function7.Performative functionVIII.Some major concepts in linguistics1.Descriptive and prescriptive grammar2.Synchronic and diachronic linguisticsngue and parolepetence and performance5.Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations6.Functionalism and formalismI.Definition of linguistics(语言学的定义)【考点：名词解释】The scientific or systemic study of language,which is always guided by the-three canons ofscience:exhaustiveness,consistency and economy.语言学是对语言的科学或系统的研究。
语言学研究的科学性可以归纳为：穷尽性、一致性以及简洁性。
II.Linguistics vs.traditional grammar(语言学与传统语法)Linguistics differs from traditional grammar at least in three basic ways.1.Linguistics describes languages and does not lay down rules of correctness.2.Linguists regard the spoken language as primary,not the written.3.Linguistics describes each language on its own merits.语言学在以下三方面不同于传统语法。
1.语言学描述语言而非设定规则。
2.语言学认为口语是基础而非文字。
3.语言学描述不同的语言，而非一概而论。
III.Scope of linguistics(语言学的研究范畴)1.Microlinguistics(微观语言学)Phonetics语音学Phonology音系学Morphology形态学Syntax句法学Semantics语义学Pragmatics语用学2.Macrolinguistics(宏观语言学)Sociolinguistics社会语言学Psycholinguistics心理语言学Neurolinguistics神经语言学Stylistics文体学Discourse analysis语篇分析Computational linguistics计算语言学Cognitive linguistics认知语言学Applied linguistics应用语言学IV.Definition of language(语言的定义)【考点：名词解释】nguage is a system—elements in it are not arranged and combined randomly,but according to some rules and principles.nguage is arbitrary—there is no intrinsic connection between the word(e.g.pen)and the thing(e.g.what we write with).nguage is vocal—the primary medium for all languages is sound.nguage is used for human communication—it is human-specific,very different from systems of animal communication.1.语言是一个系统——其元素非任意排列，而是根据一定规则组合的。
2.语言是任意的——词与其所指物之间没有内在的联系。
3.语言是口头的——是所有语言的基本交流形式。
4.语言是人类用来交流的工具——不同于动物的交流系统。
V.Origins of language(语言的起源)1.Ding-Dong Theory(叮咚理论)Human speech developed from primitive man giving vocal expression to the objects he encountered.语言起源于原始人对物体的口头表达。
2.Sing-Song Theory(唱歌说)Language developed from primitive ritual songs of praise.语言起源于原始仪式赞美的歌声。
3.Pooh-Pooh Theory(噗噗理论)Language came from interjections,which express the speaker’s emotions.语言来源于人本能表达情感的声音。
4.Yo-He-Ho Theory(呦嘿吼理论)Language came from the cries uttered,during strain of work.语言来源于共同劳动时发出的呦嘿声。
5.Ta-Ta Theory(哒哒说)Language came from the combination of certain gestures and tongue movements.语言来源于移动舌头发出的声音与某个手势的结合。
6.Bow-Wow Theory(汪汪理论)Language came from imitation of animal cries and other sounds heard in nature.语言起源于人们模仿动物的叫声和其他自然界中的声音。
VI.Design features of language(语言的定义特征)【重点、考点：论述语言的识别特征】1.Arbitrariness(任意性)This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with.There is no reason,for example,why English should use the sounds/dɔg/to refer to the animal dog,or why Chinese should use“gou”to refer to the same animal.The relationship between the sounds and their meaning is quite accidental.任意性是指某个符号的声音与意义之间没有逻辑或内在联系。
例如，英文中用/dɔg/来指动物狗，而中文却用“gou”。
单词的声音与其意义之间的关系是任意的。
2.Duality(二重性)Language operates on two levels of structure.At one level are elements which have no meaning in themselves but which combine to form units at another level which do have meaning. For instance,human language has a number of sound units,or phonemes,but each phoneme is normally meaningless in isolation.It becomes meaningful only when it is combined with other phonemes.语言结构具有二重性。
