The significance of the Renaissance

合集下载

文艺复兴

4. Architecture
Five types or styles of architecture predominated, namely the Tuscan, Doric, ionic, Corinthian and composite. Filippo Brunelleschi: An Italian Renaissance architect. The Renaissance pictorial device of perspective. Donato Bramante: The founder of high Renaissance architecture. His first Roman masterpiece, the Tempietto.
Achievements
1.Art in The Early Period Giotto di Bondone in painting Donatello and Ghiberti in sculpture
The Virgin of the Rocks
Mona Lisa
Leonardo da Vinci
2.The second one is literature. A large group of men of letters also appeared in this period, making great contributions to the development of literature in both Europe and the world over. 3.The third one is architecture. During the Renaissance, five types or styles of architecture predominated. namely the Tuscan, Doric. Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite. All these were prevalent in different periods. In conclusion, the three cultural achievements are painters of art, writers of literature and the harmony between the proportions of human body and those of their architecture.

欧洲文化考试

1. what ways is the thinking of the Renaissance different from the thinking of theMiddle Ages?1. Unlike the Middle Ages, the Renaissance was a time of creativity and change. Culture grew, and many famous artists came from that time like Michelangelo and Leonardo de Vinci. New techniques were used in art like perspective, which is used to make objects in a painting appear far and near.2. Scholars took a new approach to studies. Instead of studying things like death and the nature of life (such as in the middle ages), they studied more "practical" topics. However, they also created a new emphasis on individual achievement.3.During the Renaissance, curiosity grew, and new lands were explored. Columbus would be the prime example of this. He helped to discover the new world, however, there were many other explorers. Along with geographical discoveries, other discoveries were made in art and science.2. What’s the significance of the Renaissance attitude for us today?Basically, it has the same significance as it did when first given to Adam and Eve. It is a day of rest and remembrance for mankind of God and His Creation.After the fall of both the Northern and Southern Kingdoms of Israel/Judah, primarily due to their disregard for the Sabbath Law (see Jeremiah 17:21-22; Ezekiel 20:12, etals), the Jews were determined not to commit this same error again. They began to make 39 new definitions of what not to do on this day - with its minutia, it became over 200 restrictions and totally burdensome for anyone. Jesus came to clearly show how both the physical and spiritual intent of the Sabbath Law was to be followed. He did not come to destroy the Law but to fill it to its full intent (Matthew 5:17-18). All disciples of Christ follow the Sabbath.The Bible speaks of a Millennial Rule of Christ in the Book of Revelation. In a larger sense, this 1,000 year period is a Sabbath rest in itself. God's laws will be written upon our hearts which will no longer be of 'stone.' Christ and His firstfruits will be there to insure we Focus on the Father and live by every word of God.3. What is Baroque? What is Rococo? How does they differ from each other? Baroque painting came in response to Renaissance Art. The Renaissance was focused on religious Mannerism, which consisted of flattened forms and complex compositions. Baroque art was heavily influenced by the Counter-reformation and thus more interested in dramatic scenes of saints and history paintings. Art from the Baroque period is described as Naturalistic, because artists such as Carracci and Caravaggio emphasized the importance of drawing from real life, as well as honing specific skills such as optics and perspective.Rococo came in response to the darkness and heaviness of Baroque art, but did continue many of the ideals specified during the 17th century. Rococo related much more to decorative shapes as well as the natural and organic. Swirling shapes and asymmetrical forms replaced the rigid geometric shapes of the past century. Baroque paintings were ominous, otherworldly, and dark insubject. Rococo was infamous for its superfluous decoration and extraordinary detail. There was an intentional overload of every last quality of the Rococo time period. Rococo was also noted for having light, curves, playfulness, and was illustrated mainly in the interiors of the French upper class and through decorative art.Baroque art of the 1600s was heavily centered in Italy, whereas Rococo of the 1700s originated in France.I cannot give you a very good answer to your question, but I believe that the Palace at V ersailles is thought to be one of the better examples of rococo architecture4. Explain the main points of Enlightenment thought in your own words, with examples The main ideas of the enlightenment were to abolish serfdom, centralize government, give people more freedom, and to have all religions treated equal.1 a confidence in reason or intellectual enquiry to bring greater happiness and progress tohumanity;2 a belief that all aspects of the human and natural worlds are susceptible of rationalexplanation; and3the desire to battle against ignorance, dogma, superstition, injustice and oppression. (open university enlightenment to romanticism - a207)5.How did the Romantics and Realists relate to the bougeoisie?As a mater of fact economy syetem create a vacum which invite schoolar to interfered in economy analysis.like realist the believe on what one can see,touch in it physical reality not bymere speculation.。

人文英语2试题及答案

人文英语2试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "Renaissance" means "rebirth" in which language?A. LatinB. ItalianC. FrenchD. English2. Who is considered the father of the Renaissance?A. Leonardo da VinciB. MichelangeloC. Dante AlighieriD. Petrarch3. The Renaissance movement began in which country?A. EnglandB. FranceC. ItalyD. Spain4. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Renaissance?A. HumanismB. SecularismC. MysticismD. Classicism5. The Renaissance is often associated with the developmentof which art form?A. SculptureB. PaintingC. LiteratureD. All of the above6. What is the main theme of William Shakespeare's play "Hamlet"?A. LoveB. RevengeC. PowerD. Betrayal7. The novel "Don Quixote" is written by which author?A. Miguel de CervantesB. Geoffrey ChaucerC. William ShakespeareD. Dante Alighieri8. Which of the following is a work by Leonardo da Vinci?A. The Last SupperB. The Divine ComedyC. The Canterbury TalesD. The School of Athens9. The Enlightenment was a cultural movement that emphasized which of the following?A. ReligionB. ReasonC. EmotionD. Tradition10. The French Revolution was influenced by the ideas of the Enlightenment, particularly the concept of:A. MonarchyB. DemocracyC. FeudalismD. Colonialism二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）11. The Renaissance began in the ______ century and spread throughout Europe in the following centuries.12. The Renaissance was characterized by a renewed interestin ______ and classical learning.13. The ______ is a significant work by Geoffrey Chaucer, reflecting the life of medieval England.14. The Renaissance saw the development of perspective in art, pioneered by artists such as ______.15. The ______ is a literary movement that arose in the 18th century, emphasizing reason and critical thinking.16. The works of ______, such as "The Sorrows of Young Werther," are considered part of the Sturm und Drang movement in German literature.17. The ______ is a collection of 154 sonnets by William Shakespeare, exploring themes of love, beauty, and time.18. The ______ is a historical play by William Shakespearethat depicts the life of Julius Caesar.19. The ______ is a philosophical movement that emphasizesthe importance of individual experience and intuition.20. The ______ is a novel by Mary Shelley, often considered one of the earliest works of science fiction.三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）21. Describe the main features of the Renaissance art.22. Explain the significance of the printing press in the spread of Renaissance ideas.23. Discuss the impact of the Enlightenment on modern society.24. What are the key themes in the Romantic movement, and how did they differ from the Enlightenment?四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）25. Analyze the influence of the Renaissance on the development of Western culture.26. Discuss the role of literature in reflecting and shaping social and political changes during the Enlightenment.五、翻译题（每题5分，共10分）27. Translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: "The Renaissance was a period of great cultural change and achievement in Europe."28. Translate the following sentence from Chinese to English: "启蒙运动强调理性和批判性思维，对现代民主和科学发展产生了深远影响。

名词解释

中古时期英语名词解释1、Alliteration(ellipsis):2、Ballad:(1)A relatively short narrative poem, written to be sung,with a simple and dramatic action.(2)The ballads tell of love, death, the supernatural, or a combination of these.(3)Two characteristics of the ballad are incremental repetition(递进重复)and the ballad stanza. Incremental repetition repeats one or more lines with small but significant variations that advance the action. The ballad stanza is four lines; Commonly, the first and third lines contain four feet (音步)or accents, the second and fourth lines contain three feet.(4)Ballads often open abruptly, present brief descriptions and use concise dialogues.(5)Robin Hood is a famous ballad singing the goods of Robin Hood. Colerrige’s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner(古舟子吟)is a 19th century English ballad.3、Consonance(ellipsis)4、Couplet: Two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme. A heroiccouplet is an iambic pentameter couplet.5、Epic(ellipsis)6、Legend:(1)A story or group of stories handed down throughpopular oral tradition, usually consisting of an exaggerated or unreliable account of some actually or possibly historical person---often a saint, a monarch, or popular hero.(2)Legends aresometimes distinguishing from myths in that they concern human beings rather than gods and sometimes they have some sort of historical basis whereas myths do not, but these distinctions are different to maintain consistently.7、Canto:(1)A subdivision of an epic or that narrative poem,equivalent to a chapter in a prose work.(2)The most famous cantos in literature are those that make up Dante’s Divine Comedy, a !4th century epic.(3)In English poetry, Alexander Pope’s The Rape of the Lock and George Gordon, Lord Byron’s Don Juan are divided into cantos.(4)Ezra Pound, the leader of English and American modernist movement, named his long poem Cantos, which contains about 100 cantos that cover vast subjects.8、Arthurian legend:(1)A group of tales(in several languages)thatdeveloped in the Middle Ages concerning Arthur, semi-historical King of the Britains, and his knights.(2)The legend is a complex weaving of ancient Celtic mythology with latter traditions around a core of possible historical authenticity.(3)All later developments of the Arthurian legend are based on Geoffery’s work.(4)English Arthurian romances, dating from the 13th and 14th centuries, concerned individual knights: Percival and Galahad, the Grail Knights, and especially Gawain. The culminating masterpiece of these are anonymously written Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.9、Romance(骑士文学):(1)Romance is a popular literary from in themedieval England. (2)It sings knightly adventures or other heroic deeds. (3)Chivalry (such as bravery, honor, generosity, loyalty and kindness to the weak and poor) is the spirit of romance. (4)Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the best of medieval romances.John Keat’s The Eve of St. Agnes is one of the greatest medieval romances ever written.文艺复兴时期1、Renaissance: (1) The word “Renaissance”means “rebirth”. Itmeant the reintroduction into Western Europe for the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome. (2)The essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and Reformation. (3)The real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist.2、Humanism: (1)Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance (2)Itemphasis the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.3、Spenserian stanza(斯宾塞诗节)：（1）Spenserian stanza is thecreation of Edmund Spenser.（2）It refers to a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter and the last line in iambic hexameter, rhyming ababbcbcc.（3）Spenser’s The Faerie Queen was written in this kind of stanza.4、Sonnet :(1) Sonnet is the one of the most conventional andinfluential forms of poetry in Europe.(2)A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme.(3)Shakespeare’s sonnets are well-known.5、Blank verse(无韵体诗)：(1)Blank verse is a verse written inunrhymed iambic pentameter.(2)It is the verse from used in some of the greatest English poetry, including that of William Shakespeare and John Milton.6、Meter(格律): (1)The word “meter” is derived from the Greek word“metron”, meaning “measure”. (2) In English when applied to poetry, it refers to the regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables. (3)The analysis of the meter is called scansion.(格律分析)7、Stanza(诗节): (1)Stanza is a group of poetry, usually four of more,arranged according to a fixed plan.(2)The stanza is the unit of structure in a poem and poets do not vary the unit within a poem.8、University Wits(大学才子)：(1)University wits refer to a group ofscholars during the Elizabethan Age who graduate from either Oxford of Cambridge. They came to London with the ambition to become professional writers. Some of them later become famous poets and playwrights. They are called “University wits”.(2)Thomas Greene, Thomas Kyd, John Lyly and Christopher Marlowe were among them.(3)They paved the way, to some extent, for the coming of Shakespeare.9、Foreshadowing(预兆):(1)Foreshadowing, in drama, means amethod used to build suspense by providing hints of what is to come.(2)In Shakespeare’s Romeo and Julliet, Romeo’s expression of fear in Act 1,Scene 4 foreshadows the catastrophe to come: I fear too early; for my mind misgives Some consequence yet hanging in the star…10、Soliloquy(独白)(1)Soliloquy, in drama, means a moment when acharacter is alone and speaks his or her thoughts aloud.(2)In the line “To be, or not to be, that is the question”, which begins the famous soliloquy from Act3, Scene 1 of Shakespeare’s Hamlet. In this soliloquy Hamlet questions whether or not life is worth living, and speaks of the reasons why he doesn’t end his life.11、Essay:(1)A piece of prose writing, usually short, that deals with asubject in a limited way and expresses a particular point of view.(2)An essay may be serious or humorous, tightly organized orrambling, restrained or emotional.(3)The two general classification of essay are the informal essay and the formal essay. An informal easy is usually brief and is written as if the writer is talking informally to the readers about some topic, using a conversational style and personal or humorous tone. By contrast, a formal essay is tightly organized, dignified in style and serious in tone.12、Pastoral: (1)A type of poem that deals in an idealized way withshepherds and rustic life.(2)Two pastoral poems are Christopher Marlow’s The Passionate Shepherd to His Lover and Sir Walter Raleigh’s The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd.Raleigh’s poem might be called anti-pastoral because of its realistic tone.13、Comedy: In general, a literary work that ends happily with ahealthy, amicable armistice between the protagonist and society. 14、Morality Play: An outgrowth of Miracle Plays. Morality plays werepopular in the 15th and 16th centuries. In them, virtues and vices were personified.15、Drama Irony: (1)The reader’s awareness of a discrepancy betweena character’s perception of his or her own situation or activities, orof their consequences. (2)It is used to make some actor or actress on the stage do certain ridiculous or pathetic things just because he or she is ignorant of some information known to other characters and the audience. It is frequently employed in Shakespeare’s playsuch as The Merchant of Venice and Macbeth.16、Miracle plays:(1)Miracles are simple plays based on biblical storiescovering from creation to the last judgment. (2)They were first performed in the churches in the Middle Age, but later forbidden inside the church. So they went to the market place. People enjoyed them very much.(3)Miracle play, together with other kinds of early plays, keep alive the English dramatic tradition, and paved the way for the flourishing of drama in the English Renaissance period. 17、Tragedy: (1)Tragedy is concerned with the harshness and apparentinjustice of life.(2)It usually recounts on important and causally related series of events in the life of a person of significance. The events would terminate in trials and catastrophes of a hero, who falls down from power and whose eventual death leads to the downfall of others.(3)Often the hero’s fall down from happiness is due to a weakness in his character, a weakness such as the excessive pride of Faustus, the overweening ambition of Macbeth, or the uncontrolled jealousy of Othello, which brings destruction.(4)The tragic action aroused feelings of awe in the audience, who often leave the theatre with a renewed sense of seriousness and significance of human life.(5)The word catharsis is often used to describe the audience’s feelings. It means the purging from the mind of the feelings of pity and fear the play has aroused.18、Didactic: (1) Literature designed more to teach a lesson or instructthe reader or audience than to present an experience objectively.(2)In a didactic work, theme is generally the most important element.(3)Alexander Pope’s Essay on Criticism(1711) and Edmund Spenser’s Faerie Queen(1590)are good example of the didactic poetry.The 17th Century---The Period of Revolution and Restoration1、Assonance: The repetition of similar vowel sounds, especially inpoetry. Assonance is often employed to please ear or emphasize certain sounds.2、Conceit: (1)Conceit is a far-fetched simile or metaphor, a literaryconceit occurs when the speaker compares two highly dissimilar things.(2)Conceit is extensively employed in John Donne’s poetry.3、Elegy: (1)A poem of mourning, usually over the death of anindividual.(2)An elegy is a type of lyric poem, usually formal inlanguage and structure, and solemn or even melancholy intone.(3)Classical elegy and pastoral elegy are the categories ofelegy.(4)The best-known elegy in English is Elegy Written in aCountry Churchyard, by the English poet Thomas Gray, whichtreats not just a single death but the human condition as well; Themost famous example of the pastoral elegy is Lycidas by theEnglish poet John Milton.4、Genre: A form, class, or type of literary work, e.g. the short story,novel, poem, play, or essay; often used to denote such literarysubclassifications as the detective story, the Gothic novel, thepastoral elegy, or the revenge tragedy.5、Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌)：(1)It is commonly used toname the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under theinfluence of John Donne. (2)With a rebellious spirit, themetaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventionalfashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.(3)The diction is simple ascompared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods,and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.(4)Theimagery is drawn from actual life.6、Allegory: (1) Allegory is a story told to explain or teach something,especially a long and complicated story with an underlyingmeaning different from the surface meaning of the story itself.(2)Allegorical novels use extended metaphors to convey moralmeanings or attack certain social evils. Characters in these novelsoften stand for different values such as virtue andvice.(3)Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Golding’s Lord of the Fliesand Melvilles’s Moby Dick are three examples of this kind.7、Carpe Diem tradition: A tradition dating back to classical Greekand Latin poetry and particular popular among English Cavalierpoets. Carpe Diem means literally “seize the day”, that is “live fortoday”.8、Narrative poem: (1)A narrative poem refers to a poem that tells astory.(2)It may consist of a serious of incidents, as in Homer’sIliad and The Odysseus, and John Milton’s Paradise Lost.9、Literary criticism: (1)The term refers to analysis, interpretation,and evaluation of words of literature in light of existing standardsof taste, or with the purpose of creating new standards.(2)Thereare two approaches to literary criticism. Theoretical criticism isthe study of the principles governing fiction, poetry, and dramawith the aim of defining the distinct nature of literature. Practicalcriticism is the threefold act of reading and expressing a literarywork, judging its worth, and interpreting its meaning.10、Cavalier poets: A group of poets---including Carew, Herrik,Lovelace, and Suckling---associated with the court of Charles I ofEngland(reigned between 1625-1649),whose supporters wereknown as Cavaliers. The cavalier poets were known for light andamorous verse.11、Masque: An elaborate form of court entertainment---a mixture ofdrama, music, song, and dance---developed in Renaissance Italyand transported to England during Elizabethan times. Thespeaking characters, who were often courtiers, wore masks,Comus(1634) by John Milton is probably the most importantmasque in English literature.The 18th Century---The Age of Enlightenment in England1、Enlightenment Movement: (1)Enlightenment Movement was aprogressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept through Western Europe in the 18th Century.(2)The movement was a furtherance of the purpose of the Renaissance from 14th Century to the mid-17th century.(3)Its purpose was to enlighten the whole with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.(4)It celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education. Literature at the time became a very popular means of public education.(5)Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele, two pioneers of familiar essays, Jonathan Swift, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Daniel Defoe, Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson,etc2、Neoclassicism: (1)In the field of literature, the EnlightenmentMovement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism.(2)The neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such asHomer and Virgil and those of the contemporary French ones.(3)They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.(4)John Dryden and Alexander Pope were major exponents of the neoclassical school. 3、The Graveyard School: (1)The Graveyard School refers to a schoolof poets of the 18th century whose poems are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life, past and present, with death and graveyard as themes.(2)Thomas Gray is considered to be the leading figure of this school and his Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard is its most representative work.4、Satire: (1)Satire means a kind of writing that holds up to ridicule orcontempt the weakness and wrongdoings of individuals, groups, institutions, or humanity in general.(2)The aim of satires is to set a moral standard for society, and they attempt to persuade the reader to see their point of view through the force of laughter.(3)Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels is a great satire of the then English society from different aspects.5、Sentimentalism(感伤主义文学)：(1)Sentimentalism came intobeing as a result of a better discontent on the part of certain enlighteners in social reality.(2)It is a pejorative term to describe false or superficial emotion, assumed feeling, self-regardingpostures of grief and pain.(3)In literature it denotes overmuch use of pathetic effects and attempts to arouse feeling by “pathetic”indulgence.(4)The Vicar of Wakefield by Oliver Goldsmith is a case in point.6、Aside: (1) Aside refers to works spoken by an actor which the otheractors are supposed not to hear.(2)An actor’s asides are usually spoken to the audience.(3)Hamlet’s very first line is an aside.7、Farce(闹剧)：(1)It refers to a play full of ridiculous happenings,absurd actions, and unreal situation, meant to be very funny.(2)The characters in a farce are often the butts（笑柄）of practical jokes(恶作剧).8、Mock epic: (1)A comic literary form that treats a trivial subject inthe grand, heroic style of the epic. A mock epic is also referred to as a mock heroic poem. Usually the characteristics of the classical of epic are employed.(2)Swift’s Battle of the Books is an example of a cuttingly satirical mock epic in prose. Pope’s The Rape of the Lock is perhaps the finest mock poem in English, satirizing in polished verse the trivialities of polite society in the 18th century. 9、Gothic Romance: A type of novel that flourished in the late 18thand 19th century in England. Gothic romances are mysterious, often involving the supernatural and heavily tinged with horror, and they are usually against dark backgrounds of medieval ruins andhaunted castles.10、Epistolary novel: (1) An epistolary novel is a novel told through themedium of letters written by one or more of the characters.(2)The usual form is the letter, but diary entries, newspaper clipping and other documents are sometimes used.(3)The epistolary novel’s reliance on subjective points of view makes it forerunner of the modern psychological novel.(4)Samuel Richardson’s Pamela and Clarissa Harlowe are among the best-known epistolary novels. 11、Pre-romanticism: (1)It originated among the conservative groups ofmen and letters as a reaction against Enlightenment and found its most manifest expression in the “Gothic Novel”.(2)The term arose from the fact that the greater part of such romances were devoted to the medieval times.12、Picaresque Novel: (1)Derived from the Spanish word picara,meaning “rogue” or a basically realistic and often satiric work of fiction chronicling the career of an engaging, lower-class rogue-hero, who takes to road for a series of loose, episodic adventures, sometimes in the company of a sidekick.(2)A well-known example of the picaresque novel is Miguel de Cervante’s Don Quixote.13、Three Unities(三一律): Three rules or absolutes of 16th and 17thcentury Italian and French drama, broadly adapted from Aristotle’spoetics: the unity of Time, which limits a day to a single day; the unity of Place, which limits a play’s setting to a single location; the unity of Action, which limits a play to a single story line.14、Refrain: (1)A word phrase, line or group of lines repeated regularlyin a poem, usually at the end of each stanza.(2)Refrains are often used in ballads and narrative poems to create a songlike rhythm and to help build suspense. Refrains can also serve to emphasize a particular idea.15、Wit: A brilliance and quickness of perception combined with acleverness of expression. In the 18th century, wit and nature were related---nature provided the rules of the universe; wit allowed these rules to be interpreted and expressed.16、Denouement(戏剧)结局：Denouement, pronounced Dee-noo-ma, isthat part of a drama which follows the climax and leads to the resolution.17、Classicism: (1)A movement or tendency in art, literature, or musicthat reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome.(2)Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order.(3)Classicism, with its concerned for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.18、Anti-novel(anti-story): A type of experiment novel(short story),usually associated with the contemporary French School of Alain Robe-Grillet, that attempts to convey to the reader the experience of objective reality without authorial direction by dispensing with the traditional aspects of realistic(“mimetic”)fiction, e.g, plot, character, theme, and dialogue.。

（英语语言文学专业论文）论弥尔顿《复乐园》中的诱惑主题

摘要十七世纪英国著名诗人弥尔顿在他一生的文学创作中对诱惑主题的描写和探讨倾注了极大热情。

弥尔顿对诱惑的认识是基于他的自由意志论的神学思想。

在弥尔顿看来，人类不是上帝的玩偶，而是具有自由意志的个体，可以做出自己理性的选择。

因此，诱惑成为上帝检验人类的品质和情操，锻炼人类意志和信仰的一种重要方式。

弥尔顿最后三部诗作《失乐园》，《复乐园》和《斗士参孙》从不同的角度阐述了诱惑主题，表明了它在弥尔顿文学创作中的重要性。

《复乐园》根据新约福音书中耶稣被诱惑的故事改编而成，弥尔顿在这部史诗中对诱惑进行了集中描写。

批评家从多个角度对诗中各种引诱方式的意义进行了剖析；两通过考察耶稣经受考验时的人性，耶稣对自身圣职的认识，以及撒旦的恶与耶稣的善之间的对抗，我们能够较全面地把握《复乐园》中诱惑主题的内涵。

依据弥尔顿反三位一体的非正统的神学思想和诗中的细节描写，我们可以看出他虽不否认耶稣的神性，但在诗里始终强调耶稣是以人性面对考验。

抵抗撒旦诱惑的过程是耶稣深化对自己圣职——包括先知，君王和祭司——的认识的过程。

作为先知，他的使命是成为“活的圣言”，教导人们顺从和爱戴上帝。

他的国家不是具体的国度，而是精神的家园。

与此同时，耶稣展现出自愿以死拯救人类的勇气，为其祭司的使命打下基础。

撤旦和耶稣的较量是罪恶和正义的对决。

撒旦的引诱巧妙的暗藏着七宗大罪，而耶稣并未被其外表的光鲜亮丽所迷惑，表现出他节制、忍耐的过人品质和对上帝的爱与服从。

弥尔顿在《复乐园》中对诱惑的探讨体现了他“内化”的倾向。

宗教改革和英国资产阶级革命均告失败之后，弥尔顿发现，要复得乐园不能仅依靠改革或革命，而应该强调个体对上帝的爱和信仰。

只有像耶稣那样经受诱惑，发自内心的爱并服从上帝，人们才能重建内心乐园。

关键词：弥尔顿，《复乐园》，诱惑，基督教ＡｂｓｔｒａｃｔＪｏｈｎＭｉｌｔｏｎ，ｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｒｅｎｏｗｎｅｄｐｏｅｔｓｏｆｔｈｅＥｎｇｌｉｓｈｎａｒｒａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｅｘｐｌｏ‘ａｔ‘ｏｎｏｆｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ．ｄｅｄｉｃａｔｅｓｇｒｅａｔｅｎｔｈｕｓｉａｓｍｔｏｔｈｅｍａｎ’ｓｆｒｅｅｔｈｅｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｔｈｅｍｅ．Ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇｔｏｈｉｓｔｈｅｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｂｅｌｉｅｆｉｎｗｉｌｌ，ＭｉｌｔｏｎｍａｉｎｔａｉｎｓｔｈａｔｈｕｍａｎｂｅｉｎｇｓａｒｅｎｏｔｍｅｒｅｐｕｐｐｅｔｓｂｅｔｂｒｅＧｏｄｂｕｔｃａｎｍａｋｅｃｈｏｉｃｅｓｗｈｅｎｆａｃｉｎｇｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎ．Ｉｎｔｈｉｓｗａｙ，ｖｉｒｃｕｅ，ａｎｄｔｏｅｘｅｒｃｌｓｅｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｃａｎｂｅｕｓｅｄａｓａｍｅａｎｓｔｏｐｒｏｖｅｍｅｎ’ｓｉｎＭｉｌｔｏｎ’ｓｍｅｎ，ｓｗｉｌｌａｎｄｔｈｉｔｈ．Ｔｈｅｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｃｅｏｆｔｈｅｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｔｈｅｍｅｌｉｔｅｒａｒｙｗｏｒｋｓｉｓｐｅｒｆｅｃｔｌｙｄｅｍｏｎｓｔｒａｔｅｄｂｙｈｉｓｌａｓｔｔｈｒｅｅｍａｊｏｒｐｏｅｍｓ，ｆｏｒｔｈｅｖａ１１ｄａｂｏｒａｔｅｌｙｔｒｅａｔｔｈｉｓｔｈｅｍｅ，ａｌｔｈｏｕｇｈｆｒｏｍｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｐｅｒｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｓ－ＰａｒａｄｉｓＰＲｅｇａｉｎｅｄｉｓｍａｉｎｌｙｂａｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅＧｏｓｐｅｌｓｔｏｒｙｏｆＣｈｒｉｓｔ’ｓｉｎｔｏｔｈｉｓｔｈｅｍｅ．ＡｂｕｎｄａｎｔｃｒｉｔｉｃｉｓｍｈａｓｔｅＪｎｐｔａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｅｘｐｌｏｒｅｓｄｅｅｐｌｙｔ＇ｒｏｍｖａｒｉｏｕｓａｎｇｌｅｓｐｒｏｂｅｄｉｎｔｏｔｈｅｉｍｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｃｅｏｆｔｈｅＣｈｒｉｓｔ’ｓｎａｔｕｒｅ，ｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｓＤｒｅｓｅｎｔｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｐｏｅｍ．ＷｉｔｈｔｈｅｒｅｖｅｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆＣｈｒｉｓｔ’ｓｏｒｄａｉｎｅｄｖｏｃａｔｉｏｎ，ａｎｄｔｈｅｃｏｎｆｒｏｎｔａｔｉｏｎｂｅｔｗｅｅｎＳａｔａｎ’ｓｓｉｎｓｔｈｅｍｅｍａｎｄＣｈｒｉｓｔ’ｓｖｉｒｔｕｅｓ，ａｂｅｔｔｅｒａｐｐｒｅｈｅｎｓｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎＭｉｌｔｏｎ’ｓｔｈｅｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＰａｒａｄｉｓＰＲｅｇａｉｎｅｄｍａｙｂｅａｔｔａｉｎｅｄ．ＪｕｄｇｉｎｇｆｒｏｍＳｏｎｓｔａｎｄｓｈｅｒｅｓｖｏｆＡｎｔｉｔｒｉｎｉｔａｒｉａｎｉｓｍａｎｄｔｈｅｄｅｔａｉｌｓｏｆｔｈｅｅｐｉｃ，ｔｈｅｄｉｖｉｎｅｎａｔｕｒｅ·Ｓａｔａｎ＇ｓｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｓｗｉｔｈｈｉｓｈｕｍａｎｉｔｙｉｎｓｐｉｔｅｏｆｈｉｓｆｏｒＣｈｒｉｓｔｔｏｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅＲｅｐｕｄｉａｔｉｎｇＳａｔａｎ’ｓｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｓｓｅｉＮ，ｅｓａｓａｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｈｉｓａｗａｒｅｎｅｓｓｏｆｈｉｓｏｒｄａｉｎｅｄｖｏｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｐｒｏｐｈｅｔ，ｋｉｎｇａｎｄｐｒｉｅｓｔ．Ｈｉｓｔｈｅａｇｏｎ，ｉｓｔｏｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｓｔｈｅｐｒｏｐｈｅｔｉｃｖｏｃａｔｉｏｎ，ａｓｈｅｃｏｎｆｉｒｍｓｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｒｅａｌｉｚｅｓｈｉｓ“ｌｉｖｉｎ窟ｏｒａｃｌｅ”ａｎｄａｓｔｈｅｉｌｌｕｍｉｎａｔｏｒｏｆｔｈｅｓｏｕｌ．Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｋｉｎｇｌｙｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｔｈａｎｄｉｓｔｏｂｕｉｌｄａｓｐｉｒｉｔｕａｌｋｉｎｇｄｏｍ．Ｗｈｅｎｃｏｎｆｒｏｎｔｉｎｇｔａｋｅｕｐｔｈｅｌａｓｔｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎ，ＣｈｒｉｓｔｒｅｖｅａｌｓｈｉｓｃｏｕｒａｇｅａｎｄｗｉｌｌｉｎｇｎｅｓｓｔｏｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｈｉｓＤｒｉｅｓｔｌｙｒｏｌｅｏｆｓａｃｒｉｆｉｃｉａｌｄｅａｔｈｏｎｃｒｏｓｓ．ＴｈｅｃｏｎｆｒｏｎｔａｔｉｏｎＳａｔａｎａｎｄＣｈｒｉｓｔｉｓａｌｓｏｔｈｅｄｕｅｌｏｆｓｉｎｓａｎｄｖｉｒｔｕｅｓ．Ｓａｔａｎ’ｓｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｓ，ｉｎｓｐｉｔｅｏｆｔｈｅｉｒａｌｌｕｒｉｎｇａｐｐｅａｒａｎｃｅ，ｉｎｃｌｕｄｅａｌｌｔｈｅｓｅｖｅｎｄｅａｄｌｙｓｉｎｓ．Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｄｏｅｓｎｏｔｊｕｄｇｅｔｈｅｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｓａｔｔｈｅｉｒｓｕｒｆａｃｅｖａｌｕｅ，ｂｕｔｓｅｅｓｔｈｅｅｓｓｅｎｃｅ．Ａｎｄｗｉｔｈｈｉｓｅｘｅｍｐｌａｒｙｖｉｒｔｕｅｓｏｆｔｅｍｐｅｒａｎｃｅ，ｐａｔｉｅｎｃｅ，ｏｂｅｄｉｅｎｃｅ，ａｎｄｌｏｖｅｆｏｒＧｏｄ，ｈｅａｃｈｉｅｖｅｓｈｉｓｆｉｎａｌｖｉｃｔｏｒｙ．Ｍｉｌｔｏｎ’ＳｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔｏｆｔｈｅｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｔｈｅｍｅｉｎＰａｒａｄｉｓｅＲｅｇａｉｎｅｄｒｅｖｅａｌｓｔｈｅａｕｔｈｏｒ’Ｓｇｒｏｗｉｎｇｔｒｅｎｄｏｆ“ｉｎｔｅｒｎａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ．’’ＡｆｔｅｒｔｈｅｆａｉｌｕｒｅｏｆｂｏｔｈｔｈｅｃｈｕｒｃｈｒｅｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｔｈｅＥｎｇｌｉｓｈＲｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ．ＭｉｌｔｏｎｆｏｕｎｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅｍｅａｎｓｔｏｒｅｇａｉｎＰａｒａｄｉｓｅｉｓｎｏｔｒｅｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｏｒｒｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ，ｂｕｔｔｏｆｏｓｔｅｒｔｒｕｅｔ’ａｉｔｈｉｎａｎｄｌｏｖｅｆｏｒＧｏｄｉｎｅｖｅｒｙｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ．ＯｎｌｙｂｙｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇｔｈｅＳｏｎ’ＳｖｉａｕｅｓａｎｄｒｅｓｉｓｔｉｎｇａｌｌｅｖｉｌｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｓｃａｎｍａｎｒｅｇａｉｎｔｈｅｒｅａｌＰａｒａｄｉｓｅｗｈｉｃｈＪｉｅｓｗｉｔｈｉｎ．ＫｅｙＷｏｒｄｓ：Ｍｉｌｔｏｎ，ＰａｒａｄｉｓｅＲｅｇａｉｎｅｄ，ｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎ，ＣｈｒｉｓｔｉａｎｉｔｙＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ７ＦｈｅｔｈｅｍｅｏｆｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｉｓｏｆｖｉｔａｌｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｃｅｉｎＷｅｓｔｅｒｎｌｉｔｅｒａｔｕｒｅａｎｄｈａｓｂｅｅｎｖｉｖｉｄｌｙｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｅｄａｎｄｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｔｌｙｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｄｉｎｌｉｔｅｒａｔｕｒｅｏｆｂｏｔｈｃｌａｓｓｉｃａｌａｎｄＪｕｄａｅｏ—Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｉａｎｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎｓ．Ｃｏｎｃｅｒｎｉｎｇｔｈｅｃｌａｓｓｉｃａｌｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎ，ｗｈｅｎｔｒａｃｉｎｇｂａｃｋｔｏＧｒｅｅｋａｎｄＲｏｍａｎｍｙｔｈｏｌｏｇｙ，ｗｅｗｏｕｌｄｄｉｓｃｏｖｅｒｔｈａｔｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｉｓｔａｋｅｎａｓｔｈｅｋｅｙｔｈｅｍｅ，ａｎｄｔｈｅｓｔｏｌｙｏｆＨｅｒｃｕｌｅｓｉｓａｔｙｐｉｃａｌｏｎｅａｍｏｎｇｔｈｏｓｅｍｙｔｈｓ．Ｗｈｅｎｓｉｔｔｉｎｇａｔａｃｒｏｓｓｒｏａｄａｎｄｐｏｎｄｅｒｉｎｇａｂｏｕｔｈｉｓｆｕｒｏｒｅ，ＨｅｒｃｕｌｅｓｉｓｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｄｗｉｔｈｔｗｏｏｆｆｅｒｓｆｒｏｍｂｏｔｈｌａｄｙｏｆＶｉｃｅａｎｄｌａｄｙｏｆＶｉｒｔｕｅ．Ｈｅｒｃｕｌｅｓｒｅｆｕｓｅｓｔｈｅｆｉｒｓｔｏｆｆｅｒ，ｗｈｉｃｈｔｅｍｐｔｓｈｉｍｔｏａｃｃｅｐｔｔｈｅｈａｐｐｉｎｅｓｓａｎｄｐｌｅａｓｕｒｅｗｒａｐｐｅｄｉｎｖｉｃｅ，ａｎｄａｔｌｅｎｇｔｈｃｈｏｏｓｅｓｔｈｅｌａｔｔｅｒｏｎｅｔｏｓｔｅｐｏｎｔｏａｐａｔｈｏｆｔｅｍｐｅｒａｎｃｅｌｅａｄｉｎｇｔｏｈｉｓｇａｉｎｏｆｇｒｅａｔｈｏｎｏｒ．、１ＩｎＧｒｅｅｋｌｉｔｅｒａｔｕｒｅ，Ｈｏｍｅｒ’ＳＯｄｙｓｓｅｙｃｏｎｔａｉｎｓｒｉｃｈｎａｒｒａｔｉｏｎｓｏｆｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｓ，ａｓＢｅｒｎａｒｄＫｎｏｘｒｅｍａｒｋｓｔｈａｔ，“Ｔｈｅｔｒｉａｌｓｏｆｔｈｅｖｏｙａｇｅｈｏｍｅａｒｅｎｏｔｊｕｓｔｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌｏｂｓｔａｃｌｅｓｔｏｈｉｓｒｅｔｕｒｎ．ｔｈｅｙａｒｅａｌｓｏｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｓ．”“Ｆｏｒｉｎｓｍｎｃｅ，ＯｄｙｓｓｅｕｓｉｓｔｅｍｐｔｅｄｂｙＫｉｒｋｅ，ｏｎａｎｅｎｃｈａｎｔｅｄｉｓｌａｎｄ，ｔｏｓｔａｙｉｎｅａｓｅａｎｄｓｅｌｆ－ｉｎｄｕｌｇｅｎｃｅ．ＨｅａｌｓｏｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｓｔｈｅｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆｉｍｍｏｒｔａｌｉｔｙｆｒｏｍＫａｌｙｐｓｏ：ｈｅｃｏｕｌｄｌｉｖｅｆｏｒｅｖｅｒｌｉｋｅｇｏｄｓｉｆｈｅｗｏｕｌｄｓｔａｙａｓＫａｌｙｐｓｏ’Ｓｈｕｓｂａｎｄ．Ｏｄｙｓｓｅｕｓ’ｖｏｙａｇｅｔｅｅｍｓｗｉｔｈｔｒｉａｌｓａｎｄｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｓ；ｙｅｔｗｉｔｈｈｉｓｓｕｐｅｒｉｏｌ’ｉｎｔｅｌｌｉｇｅｎｃｅａｎｄｓｔｒｏｎｇｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎ，ｈｅｓｔａｎｄｓａｌｌｔｈｏｓｅｄｉｆｆｉｃｕｌｔｉｅｓａｎｄｒｅｔｕｒｎｓｈｏｍｅ．一ＩｎｔｈｅＭｉｄｄｌｅＡｇｅｓ，ｔｈｅｆａｍｏｕｓＡｒｔｈｕｒｉａｎｒｏｍａｎｃｅＳｉｒＧａｗａｉｎａｎｄｔｈｅＧｒｅｅｎＫｎｉｇｈｔｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｓｔｈｅｔｈｒｅｅｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｓａｉｍｅｄａｔｔｈｅｈｅｒｏ，ＳｉｒＧａｗａｉｎ，ｂｙａＬｏｒｄ’Ｓｗｉｆｅ．ＤｕｒｉｎｇｔｈｅＲｅｎａｉｓｓａｎｃｅ。

英语论文 The significance of the Renaissance

英国文学史考试内容

英国文学史考试内容3. Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language.4. Chaucer composed a long narrative poem named Troilus and Gressie based on Boccaccio’s poem Filostrato.6. The Canterbury Tales contains the general prologue and 24 hours, two of which left unfinished.7. Chaucer employed the heroic couplet in writing his greatest work The Canterbury Tales.8. __Romance___ is the most prevailing literary form in the Middle Age.1. What are the Chaucer’s contributions to English literature?①Chaucer, for the first time in English literature, presents to the readers a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and describes a series of vivid characters from all walks of life in The Canterbury Tales.②Chaucer introduces from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace the old English alliterative verse. He is the first to use the rhymed couplets of iambic pentameter, which is to be called the heroic couplet.③Chaucer affirms men’s and women’s right to pursue earthly happiness and opposed asceticism ( avoiding physical pleasures and comforts). He praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life and he exposes and satirizes the social vices, including the corruption of the Church.④Chaucer is the first great poet who wrote in the current English. His production of so much excellent poetry is an important factor in establishing English as the literary language of the country. Chaucer uses London dialect in his writings andthe contributes to making it the foundation for modern English speech.2. What are the essential features of romance in the medieval English literature?The romance was the prevailing form of literature in the Middle Ages. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, Its essential features are:①. it lacks general resemblance to truth or reality.②It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtues.③. It contains perilous adventures more or less remote from ordinary life.④. It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to a fair lady.⑤. The central character of the romance is the knight, a man of noble birth skilled in the use of weapons. He is commonly described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments, or fighting for his lord in battle. He is devoted to the church and the king.4.What is the significance of The Canterbury Tales?①In his masterpiece The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer gives usa faithful picture of the society of his time, ② Taking the standard of the rising bourgeoisie, he affirms men and opposes the dogma of asceticism preached by the Church. ③ A s a forer unner of humanism, he praise man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. His tales expose and satirize the evils of his time. They attack the degeneration of the noble, the heartlessness of the judge, and the corruption of the Church. The first to present a comprehensive and realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walksof life.4. Bacon’s style has three prominent qual ities: __directness_, __terseness_ and __forcefulness.5. Hamlet, Othello, King and __Macbeth___ are generally regarded as Shakespeare’s four great tragedies.6.___Humanism_ is the essence of the Renaissance.※1. Sonnet: A lyric poem consisting of a single stanza of fourteen iambic pentameter lines linked by an intricate rhyme scheme. There are two major patterns of rhyme in sonnets written in the English language: (1) The Italian or Petrarchan sonnet falls into two main parts: an octave rhyming abbaabba followed by a sestet rhyming cdecde or some variant, such as cdccdc. (2) The Earl of Surrey and other English experimenters in the 16th century also developed a stanza form called the English sonnet, or else the Shakespearean sonnet. This sonnet falls into three quatrains and a concluding couplet: abab cdcd efef gg. There was one notable variant, the Spenserian sonnet, in which Edmund Spenser linked each quatrain to the next by a continuing rhyme: abab bcbc cdcd ee.2. English Renaissance:The Renaissance refers to the transitional period from the medieval to the modern world. It first started in Italy in the14th century. The Renaissance means rebirth or revival. It was stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek classics, the new discoveries in geography and astrology, the religious reformation, and the economic expansion. Humanism is the essence of Renaissance. The English Renaissance did not begin until the reign of Henry VIII. It was regarded as England’s Golden Age, especially in literature. The real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama. This period produced suchliterary giants as Shakespeare, Spenser, Marlowe, Bacon, etc.5. Give a brief analysis of Shylock, a character in Shakespeare’s play, The Merchant of V enice.Shylock is a Jewish usurer, and he is a tragic-comic character in the play.①He is comic because he finally becomes the one punished by his own evil deed. He is a typical merchant to be made fun of. He is avaricious. He accumulates as much wealth as he can and he even equates his lost daughter with his lost money. He is also cruel. In order to revenge, he would rather claim a pound of flesh from his enemy Antonio than get back his loan.②On the other hand, Shylock is also a tragic figure. He is the victim of the society. He is a Jew. As a minor nationality, he is not treated equally by the society. The law is harsh to him. He has to make as much money as he can in order to protect himself. He is abused by Antonio, and therefore, he wants to get revenge.3. In 1637 Milton wrote the finest pastoral elegy in English, ____Lycidas_, to memorize the tragic death of a Cambridge friend.4. __John Bunyan_ wrote his masterpiece _Pilgrim’s Progress__ during his second imprisonment and it is the most successful __religious allegory__ in the English language.5. John Donne is the founder of the school of _metaphysical poetry_. His works are characterized by mysticism in content and fantastically in form.Passage 1One short sleep past, we wake eternallyAnd death shall be no more; Death, thou shalt dieA. Identify the poet and the poem _John Donne Death, Be Not Proud______B. What does the phrase “one short sleep” mean?______death__________________C. What idea do these two lines express?It reveals Donne’s belief in life after death. Here death is compared to rest or sleep. Death is butmomentarily while happiness after death is eternal.Passage 2..“ To wage by force or guile eternal war,Irreconcilable to our grand For.”By what means were Satan and his followers to wage this war against God? ____D_____A. by planting a tree of knowledge in the Garden of Eden.B. by turning into poisonous snakes to threaten man’s life.C. by removing God from his throneD. by corrupting man and woman created by GodPassage 3.But thy eternal summer shall not fade,Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st;Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st:So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,So long lives this and this gives life to theeA. Identify the poem and the poet. ______________________________B. What does the word “this” refers to? ___the poetry_________________________C. What idea does this stanza express?A nice summer’s day is usually transient, but the beauty in poetry can last for ever. Shakespeare has a faith in the permanence of poetry2. The _Enlightenment__ was a progressive intellectualmovement throughout Western Europe in the 18th century.4. Of all the 18th century novelists, __Henry Fielding_ was the first to set out in theory and practice, to write specially a “___comic epic in prose__,” and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.6. In writing plays the neo-classical writers used ___heroic couplet_____ instead of blank verse. They observed the three unities of time, place and action.9. The Talter and __The Spectator_ were Richard Steele and Joseph Addison’s chief contribution to English literature.10. Pamela is the first __epistolary_ novel in English literature.15. The more notable of the Gothic novels are __The Castle of Otranto__(1765) by Horace Walpole and __The Mysteries of Udolpho by Ann Radcliff. The mysterious element plays an enormous role in the Gothic novel; it is so replete with bloodcurdling scenes and unatural feelings that it is justly called ___a novel of horrors__16. ___Samuel Johnson___ is the author of the first English dictionary by an Englishman-----Dictionary of the English language, which had become the foundation of all subsequent English dictionaries.Passage one“ The boast of heraldry, the pomp of po wer,And all that beauty, all that wealth e’er gave,Awaits alike the inevitable hour.The paths of glory lead but to the grave.”Questions:19. Identify the author and the title of the poem which this passage is taken.__Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard_ _____ThomasGray_____________20. What does the phrase “inevitable hour” mean? _______death____________21. Write out the main idea of the passage in plain English.The passage is about man’s inevitable death. No ma tter what family you are from, wha t power you have got, what beauty and wealth you have possessed, you should feel conceited or self-important. For sooner or later you will have to leave these material things behind; you cannot bring them all into the other world when you die. Since death awaits everyone and your glorious life leads you only to the grave, what is the use of fighting for all those material interests?Passage 2“Most mighty Emperor of Lilliput, delight and terror of he universe, whose dominions extend five thousand blustrugs (about twelve miles in circumference) to the extremities of the globe; Monarch of all monarchs; taller than the sons of men; whose feet press down to the center, and whose head strikes against the sun; at whose nod the princes of the earth shake their knees; pleasant as spring, comfortable as summer, fruitful as autumn, dreadful as winter.”Questions:22. Identify the work and the author Jonathan Swift; Gulliver’s Travels___23. What is the tone of the author? _____Satirical______________________24. What does the author parody here?By presenting the Lilliputian’s exaggerated compliments to their king, Swift parodies absurdly an arrogant style of the Englishmen(or the Europeans) in their speeches to their God or their monarchs.25. Satire: Satire is generally considered as a literary form in which humor, exaggeration or ridicule is used to bring to the forefront an individual or societal vice, folly, abuse or shortcoming. Its purpose, ideally, although humorous and entertaining, is to shine a light on the subject and invoke change.28. Comment on the features of the neoclassical literature.①In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism.②According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers and those of the contemporary French ones. ③Neoclassicists had some fixed laws and rules for almost every genre of literature. Prose should be precise, direct, smooth and flexible. Poetry should be lyrical, epical, didactic, satire or dramatic, and each class should be guided by its own principles. Drama should be written in the Heroic Couplets (iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines); the three unities of time, space and action should be strictly observed; regularity in construction should be and adhered to, and type characters rather than individuals should be represented. Besides the elegant poetic structure and diction, the neoclassical poetry was also noted for its seriousness and earnestness in tone and constant didacticism.④Mock epic, romance, satire and epigram were popular forms adopted by poets of the time.1.As an age of romantic enthusiasm, the Romantic Age began in 1798 when __ Wordsworth _ and _ Coleridge published _ Lyrical Ballads and ended in 1832 when __ Walter Scott__ died.2. Romanticism was in effect a revolt of the English __imagination_____ against the neoclassical __reason____3. Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage contains __four__ cantos, which is written in the _Spenserian stanza. It teems with all kinds of recognizable features of Romantic poetry.5. Ode to a Nightingale expresses the contrast between the happy world of _ natural loveliness and human world of __ agony.6. Ode on a Grecian Urn shows the contrast between the __ permanence of art and the _ transience___ of human passion.9. Walt Scott is considered as “the father of _the _historical novel____” which opens up to fiction the rich and lively realm of history.11. The main idea running through the dramatic poem Prometheus Unbound is that of __freedom_______.12. The Romantic period is an age of poetry. The major Romantic poets such as Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats started a rebellion against the Neoclassical literature, which as later regarded as ___poetic revolution_____ Passage OneWild Spirit, which art moving everywhere;Destroyer and Preserver;hear, O hear!13. Identify the poem and the poet. Percy B ysshe Shelley’s Ode to the West Wind14. What is the “Wild Spirit”? It refers to the West Wind or “breath of Autumn’s being”15. What does the “Wild Spirit”destroy and preserve? It destroys things that are dead; it preserves new life represent new life or new birth.16. The stanza used in this ode was developed by the poet from the interlaced three-line units of the Italian __terza rima____, Shelley’s stanza consists of a set of four such tercets, closed by a couple rhyming with the middle line of the preceding tercet: _____.Passage TwoFor oft, when on my couch I lieIn vacant or in pensive mood,They flash upon that inward eyeWhich is the bliss of solitude;And then my heart with pleasure fills,And dances with the daffodils17. Identify the poem and the poet.18. What is the recurrent central image in this poem?Daffodile19. Explain in a few words “that inward eye/Which is the bliss of solitude?The poet thinks that it is a bliss to recollect the beauty of nature in his mind while he is solitude.。

Renaissance

Inferno
Purgatory
Paradise
The English Renaissance
Backgrounds: economically, politically, socially & culturally Literature of This Age
– Early Period
Socrates
Plato
Aristotle
Homer
Virgil

Humanism
It is a term for the values and ideals of the European Renaissance, which placed a new emphasis on the expansion of human capacities. Reviving the study of Greek and Roman history, philosophy and arts, the Renaissance humanists developed an image of “man” more positive and hopeful than that of medieval ascetic Christianity. The humanists held the chief interest in man, his environment and doings as well as bravely fought for the emancipation of man from the tyranny of the church and religious dogmas. They considered “Man” as a source of infinite possibilities, ideally developing towards a balance of physical, spiritual, moral and intellectual faculties.

without练习题

一、词汇辨析1. 下列哪个词与“happy”同义？a. joyfulb. sadc. angryd. calm2. 下列哪个词与“quick”反义？a. slowb. fastc. shortd. long3. 下列哪个词与“large”同义？a. smallb. bigc. talld. wide4. 下列哪个词与“hot”反义？a. coldb. warmc. coold. cool5. 下列哪个词与“big”同义？a. smallb. largec. shortd. tall二、语法填空1. He ______ (is) a very kind person.2. She ______ (go) to the movies last night.3. They ______ (be) at home when I called them.4. I ______ (not see) you before.5. She ______ (not like) coffee, but she likes tea.三、阅读理解1. 阅读下列短文��判断正误。

The cat is a small, furry animal with a long tail. It has sharp claws and can climb trees. Cats are often kept as pets. They are very playful and can be very independent.a. The cat is a large, furry animal with a short tail.b. Cats have soft paws and can't climb trees.c. Cats are usually kept as pets and are very playful.d. Cats are dependent on their owners for food and care.2. 阅读下列短文，回答问题。

英美文学chapter 2-The English Renaissance

Elizabethan Drama
Beginning of modern Drama Everyman at the end of the 15th century The influence came from the classics— imitation of Italian and Greek comedies and tragedies. Characterization, unity, and the progression of a plot through five acts are imitated.
பைடு நூலகம்
Spenserian
Nine-line stanza with the form of abab bcbc c;. The first eight are iambic pentameter lines, and the ninth line has two more syllables. This form has since been utilized by Thomson, Keats, Shelley, and Byron.
The achievements of Marlowe in Literature
He made blank verse the principal instrument of English drama; He created the Renaissance hero for the English drama— men of vitality and passion. His works paved the way for the plays of Shakespeare.
The significance of Renaissance

人文英语2试题及答案2

人文英语2试题及答案2一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "Renaissance" means _______.A. RenewalB. RebirthB. RevolutionD. Renaissance2. Who is considered the father of the Renaissance?A. Leonardo da VinciB. MichelangeloC. Dante AlighieriD. Petrarch3. The Renaissance movement began in _______.A. FranceB. ItalyC. GermanyD. England4. The Renaissance was characterized by a focus on _______.A. ReligionB. ScienceC. Art and humanismD. Politics5. Which of the following is NOT a work by Shakespeare?A. HamletB. MacbethC. The Divine ComedyD. Romeo and Juliet6. The Renaissance saw a significant change in the _______.A. Political landscapeB. Economic systemC. Artistic stylesD. All of the above7. Humanism is a philosophy that emphasizes the _______.A. Divine right of kingsB. Importance of the individualC. Supremacy of the churchD. Relevance of ancient texts8. The Renaissance was influenced by the rediscovery of_______.A. Ancient Greek textsB. Religious textsC. Scientific theoriesD. Mythological stories9. The printing press, invented by Johannes Gutenberg, had a profound impact on the _______.A. Art worldB. Scientific communityC. Spread of ideasD. Political power10. The Renaissance contributed to the development of _______.A. NationalismB. MonarchiesC. FeudalismD. Colonialism二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）11. The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly from the 14th to the _______ century.12. One of the most famous painters of the Renaissance was_______, known for his work on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.13. The Renaissance was marked by a shift from a medieval toa more _______ worldview.14. The term "Renaissance" is derived from the French wordfor "rebirth," which reflects the movement's focus onreviving the _______ of ancient Greece and Rome.15. The Renaissance also saw the rise of _______, which led to significant advancements in art, literature, and science.三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）16. Briefly describe the significance of the Renaissance in European history.17. Explain the concept of humanism during the Renaissance and its impact on society.18. Discuss the role of the printing press in the Renaissance and its effects on the dissemination of knowledge.19. How did the Renaissance influence the development of modern science and art?四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）20. Analyze the role of the Italian city-states in the development of the Renaissance.21. Discuss the contributions of women to the Renaissance, despite the societal limitations they faced.五、作文题（30分）22. Write an essay on the topic "The Legacy of the Renaissance in Contemporary Society."答案：一、选择题1-5 B C B C C6-10 D B C C A二、填空题11. 17th12. Michelangelo13. secular14. culture15. secularism三、简答题16. 略17. 略18. 略19. 略四、论述题20. 略21. 略五、作文题22. 略。

九年级英语历史事件回顾单选题40题

九年级英语历史事件回顾单选题40题1.Which historical event happened first?A.The Industrial Revolution.B.The American Revolution.C.The French Revolution.D.The Glorious Revolution.答案：D。

本题主要考查不同历史事件的发生时间。

工业革命始于18 世纪；美国革命发生在18 世纪后期；法国大革命发生在18 世纪末；光荣革命发生在1688 年，是最早发生的。

2.Who was the leader of the American Revolution?A.George Washington.B.Thomas Jefferson.C.Benjamin Franklin.D.John Adams.答案：A。

美国革命的主要领导者是乔治·华盛顿。

托马斯·杰斐逊、本杰明·富兰克林和约翰·亚当斯也是重要人物，但不是主要领导者。

3.The French Revolution started in which year?A.1776.B.1789.C.1804.D.1815.答案：B。

法国大革命于1789 年爆发。

1776 年是美国独立宣言签署的时间；1804 年是拿破仑称帝的时间；1815 年是拿破仑战争结束的时间。

4.Which historical event had a great impact on the development of science and technology?A.The Crusades.B.The Renaissance.C.The Reformation.D.The Black Death.答案：B。

文艺复兴对科学技术的发展有很大影响。

十字军东征主要是宗教和政治方面的；宗教改革主要是宗教信仰方面的变革；黑死病主要是对人口和社会造成巨大影响。

在人类历史上有意义的发明英语作文

在人类历史上有意义的发明英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1In the history of mankind, there have been countless inventions that have had a significant impact on our lives and society as a whole. These inventions have revolutionized the way we live, work, and communicate, and have shaped the world in which we live today. In this essay, I will discuss some of the most meaningful inventions in human history and their importance.One of the most significant inventions in human history is the wheel. The invention of the wheel revolutionized transportation and enabled humans to travel long distances quickly and efficiently. The wheel is the foundation of modern transportation systems, including cars, trains, and airplanes, and has played a crucial role in the development of civilization.Another important invention is the printing press, which was invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century. The printing press revolutionized the way information was disseminated and enabled the mass production of books and other printed materials. This invention played a crucial role in thespread of knowledge and literacy, and helped to pave the way for the scientific and cultural advancements of the Renaissance.The invention of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell in the 19th century was another groundbreaking achievement. The telephone revolutionized communication by allowing people to speak with others over long distances in real time. This invention has had a profound impact on society, enabling businesses to communicate more efficiently and bringing people closer together.In the 20th century, the invention of the internet had a transformative effect on society. The internet has revolutionized communication, commerce, and entertainment, and has connected people from all corners of the globe. The internet has made it easier for people to access information, communicate with others, and conduct business, and has transformed the way we live our lives.In conclusion, the inventions mentioned above are just a few examples of the many meaningful inventions that have shaped human history. These inventions have had a profound impact on society and have revolutionized the way we live, work, and communicate. The inventors of these groundbreaking inventionshave changed the world and left a lasting legacy that continues to shape our lives today.篇2Throughout human history, there have been numerous inventions that have had a significant impact on our lives and the way we live. These inventions have not only made our lives easier and more convenient, but have also shaped the course of history and had a lasting impact on our society. In this essay, we will discuss some of the most meaningful inventions in human history.One of the most important inventions in human history is the wheel. The invention of the wheel revolutionized transportation and made it much easier for humans to travel long distances and transport goods. The wheel has had a profound impact on human civilization, allowing for the development of trade networks, the expansion of empires, and the movement of people and ideas across vast distances. Without the wheel, many of the advancements that have shaped our world would not have been possible.Another significant invention in human history is the printing press. Invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century, theprinting press allowed for the mass production of books and other printed materials. This invention revolutionized communication and education, making it possible for knowledge to be disseminated on a mass scale. The printing press played a crucial role in the spread of ideas during the Renaissance and the Enlightenment, shaping the course of human history.The invention of the light bulb by Thomas Edison in the 19th century is another example of a meaningful invention in human history. The light bulb revolutionized the way we live by providing a source of artificial light that could be easily controlled and used in homes and businesses. The light bulb made it possible for people to work and socialize after dark, increasing productivity and improving quality of life. The invention of the light bulb paved the way for further advancements in technology and has had a lasting impact on our society.In more recent times, the invention of the internet has had a profound impact on human history. The internet has revolutionized communication, commerce, and entertainment, connecting people from all corners of the globe and providing access to a wealth of information and resources. The internet hastransformed the way we live, work, and interact with one another, shaping the course of human history in the 21st century.In conclusion, the inventions mentioned above are just a few examples of the many meaningful inventions in human history. These inventions have had a profound impact on our lives and the way we live, shaping the course of human history and leaving a lasting legacy for future generations. As we continue to innovate and invent, it is important to remember the significance of these inventions in shaping the world we live in today.篇3In the history of humankind, there have been countless inventions that have shaped the way we live, work, and interact with the world around us. From the wheel to the internet, these groundbreaking innovations have not only improved our quality of life but also paved the way for future advancements.One of the most significant inventions in human history is the printing press. Invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century, the printing press revolutionized the way information was disseminated and shared among the masses. Before the invention of the printing press, books were painstakingly copied by hand, making them expensive and accessible only to the elite.With the printing press, books could be mass-produced quickly and cheaply, allowing for the widespread distribution of knowledge and ideas.The printing press played a key role in the spread of the Renaissance and the Reformation, two movements that transformed European society and culture. The ability to produce books in large quantities meant that knowledge could be shared more broadly, leading to an increase in literacy and education. This, in turn, led to an explosion of intellectual and artistic creativity that helped shape the modern world.In addition to its cultural impact, the printing press also had profound political and social ramifications. The widespread availability of printed materials allowed for the dissemination of ideas that challenged established authorities and institutions. This led to the rise of new political and religious movements that paved the way for democracy, religious freedom, and individual rights.The printing press also paved the way for the scientific revolution by allowing scientists to share their ideas and discoveries with a wider audience. The ability to reproduce scientific texts enabled researchers to build upon each other'swork, leading to rapid advances in fields such as astronomy, physics, and biology.In conclusion, the printing press is a truly revolutionary invention that has had a lasting impact on human history. By democratizing access to information and knowledge, it has played a crucial role in shaping the modern world. As we continue to innovate and create new technologies, we would do well to remember the profound influence that the printing press has had on our lives and society.。

复兴广场用英语怎么写作文

复兴广场用英语怎么写作文Title: The Renaissance Square。

The Renaissance Square, situated in the heart of our bustling city, is a testament to the rich history and vibrant culture of our community. With its grand architecture, lush greenery, and dynamic atmosphere, it stands as a symbol of progress and unity. In this essay, we will delve into the significance of the Renaissance Square, exploring its historical roots, architectural marvels, and its role as a focal point for social gatherings andcultural events.First and foremost, the Renaissance Square holds immense historical significance. Originally established in the 18th century, it has undergone numerous transformations over the years, reflecting the changing dynamics of our society. From its humble beginnings as a marketplace to its current status as a hub of activity, it has witnessed the ebb and flow of time, serving as a witness to the evolutionof our city.One of the most striking features of the Renaissance Square is its awe-inspiring architecture. Flanked by majestic buildings adorned with intricate facades and towering columns, it exudes an air of elegance and sophistication. The blend of classical and modern architectural styles creates a harmonious ensemble that captivates the imagination and leaves visitors in awe ofits beauty.Moreover, the Renaissance Square plays a vital role in fostering community spirit and social cohesion. It serves as a gathering place for people from all walks of life, bringing together residents and visitors alike in a celebration of diversity and inclusivity. Whether it's a lively street performance, a cultural festival, or simply a leisurely stroll, the square provides a welcoming space for people to come together and forge meaningful connections.In addition to its social significance, the Renaissance Square also serves as a center for cultural exchange andartistic expression. Throughout the year, it hosts a myriad of events ranging from art exhibitions and musical performances to food festivals and craft markets. These events not only showcase the talents of local artists and artisans but also attract visitors from far and wide, enriching the cultural tapestry of our city.Furthermore, the Renaissance Square serves as acatalyst for economic growth and development. Its prime location and vibrant atmosphere make it a magnet for businesses, attracting investment and creating job opportunities for the local community. The presence of cafes, restaurants, and boutiques around the square not only adds to its charm but also stimulates economic activity, contributing to the overall prosperity of the area.In conclusion, the Renaissance Square stands as a shining example of urban renewal and revitalization. Its historical significance, stunning architecture, and role as a social and cultural hub make it a cherished landmark in our city. As we continue to cherish and preserve thisinvaluable asset, we ensure that future generations will inherit a legacy of beauty, creativity, and community spirit.。

2024中考历史必考知识点总结英文版

2024中考历史必考知识点总结英文版2024 Middle School History Exam Essential Knowledge Summary1. The importance of the Silk Road in connecting East and West.2. The impact of the Industrial Revolution on society and economy.3. Key events and figures of the French Revolution.4. The significance of the Declaration of Independence in American history.5. The causes and consequences of World War I and World War II.6. The development of ancient civilizations such as Egypt, Greece, and Rome.7. The role of key historical figures like Julius Caesar, Cleopatra, and Alexander the Great.8. The spread of religions such as Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism.9. The significance of the Renaissance in art, science, and culture.10. The impact of colonization on indigenous populations and global trade.11. The rise and fall of empires like the Roman Empire, Ottoman Empire, and British Empire.12. The origins and consequences of major revolutions like the Russian Revolution and Chinese Revolution.13. The influence of key historical documents like the Magna Carta, Constitution of the United States, and Universal Declaration of Human Rights.14. The role of propaganda in shaping public opinion during times of conflict.15. The evolution of democracy from ancient Greece to modern times.16. The importance of historical preservation and cultural heritage.17. The challenges and achievements of the Civil Rights Movement and Women's Suffrage Movement.18. The impact of globalization on international relations and economies.19. The significance of the United Nations in promoting peace and cooperation among nations.20. The ongoing debates and controversies surrounding historical events such as the Holocaust and colonialism.。

历史反思作文英语模板范文

Introduction:In the journey of human history, each era is a page filled with lessons and experiences. Reflecting on the past allows us to understand the present and shape a better future. This essay aims to delve into a particular historical period, analyzing its significance, the impact it had on society, and the lessons we can learn from it.Body:I. Introduction to the Historical PeriodBegin by introducing the historical period you are focusing on. Provide a brief overview of the era, including its time frame, major events, and key figures.II. Significance of the Historical PeriodDiscuss the significance of the period in question. Explain how it influenced the course of history and contributed to the development of society. Highlight any major changes or transformations that occurred during this time.III. Impact on SocietyExamine the impact of the historical period on society. Analyze how it shaped the lives of individuals, communities, and nations. Consider aspects such as social, economic, and political changes, as well as cultural and technological advancements.IV. Lessons LearnedIdentify the lessons we can learn from the historical period. Reflect on the mistakes made and the successes achieved during that time. Discuss how these lessons can be applied to our present lives and future endeavors.V. Personal ReflectionShare your personal thoughts and feelings about the historical period. Explain what aspects of the past you find most fascinating or thought-provoking. Discuss how the lessons learned from the past have influenced your own perspective on life.Conclusion:In conclusion, the historical period under examination serves as a valuable source of knowledge and inspiration. By understanding the significance, impact, and lessons of the past, we can better appreciate the present and prepare for a brighter future. As we continue to learn from history, we can strive to build a more just, prosperous, and sustainable world.Sample Essay:Title: The Renaissance: A Period of Enlightenment and TransformationIntroduction:The Renaissance, spanning from the 14th to the 17th century, was a period of significant cultural, artistic, and intellectual growth in Europe. This essay aims to explore the significance of the Renaissance, its impact on society, and the lessons we can learn from it.Body:I. Introduction to the RenaissanceThe Renaissance was a time of revival and rediscovery of classical knowledge, art, and culture. It marked the transition from the Middle Ages to the modern era and laid the foundation for the scientific revolution.II. Significance of the RenaissanceThe Renaissance had a profound impact on European society. It fostered the development of humanism, a philosophical movement that emphasized the importance of human potential and achievements. This period also saw the rise of great artists, scientists, and thinkers, whose works continue to inspire us today.III. Impact on SocietyThe Renaissance transformed society in various ways. It led to the reformation of the Catholic Church, the establishment of new scientific disciplines, and the promotion of literacy and education. The period also witnessed the exploration of new lands, which opened up opportunities for trade and cultural exchange.IV. Lessons LearnedFrom the Renaissance, we can learn the importance of curiosity, innovation, and the pursuit of knowledge. The period reminds us that progress and change are essential for the growth and development of societies. Moreover, it teaches us the value of embracing diversity and fostering inclusivity.V. Personal ReflectionThe Renaissance is a captivating era that has always intrigued me. Its emphasis on human potential and the pursuit of knowledge resonates with my own beliefs. The lessons learned from this period have inspired me to embrace change, seek knowledge, and strive for personal growth.Conclusion:The Renaissance was a transformative period that shaped the course of history. By reflecting on its significance, impact, and lessons, we can better understand our own times and work towards a more enlightened future.。

英国文学史-名词解释

名词解释1．Renaissance: a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.2．Neoclassicism: the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works. This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.3．Romanticism: imagination, emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism. The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism; freedom from rules; solitary life rather then life in society; the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason; and love of and worship of nature.4．Byronic Heroes: a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character (enthusiasm, persistence, pursuing freedom), named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron.5．Epic: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.6．Geoffrey Chaucer:founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet)7．The Lake Poets all lived in the Lake District of England at the turn of the ninete enth century. As a group, they followed no single "school" of thought or literary practi ce then known, although their works were uniformly disparaged by the Edinburgh Re view. They are considered part of the Romantic Movement.8．Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.9．Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life，but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.、。

英语四级历史试题及答案

英语四级历史试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The Renaissance began in which country?A. EnglandB. FranceC. ItalyD. Germany答案：C2. Who is considered the father of modern science?A. Isaac NewtonB. Albert EinsteinC. Galileo GalileiD. Charles Darwin答案：C3. When did the American Civil War take place?A. 1861-1865B. 1812-1814C. 1914-1918D. 1939-1945答案：A4. The Berlin Wall was built in what year?A. 1961B. 1965C. 1970D. 1975答案：A5. Which of the following is not a major event of the French Revolution?A. The Storming of the BastilleB. The Reign of TerrorC. The Napoleonic WarsD. The Glorious Revolution答案：D6. The Industrial Revolution began in which country?A. ChinaB. IndiaC. United StatesD. United Kingdom答案：D7. Who is the author of "1984"?A. George OrwellB. Aldous HuxleyC. J.D. SalingerD. William Golding答案：A8. The Treaty of Tordesillas was signed between which two countries?A. Spain and PortugalB. England and FranceC. Spain and EnglandD. Portugal and France答案：A9. The Magna Carta was signed in which year?A. 1215B. 1275C. 1356D. 1455答案：A10. The Battle of Waterloo was fought in which year?A. 1815B. 1820C. 1830D. 1840答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The Renaissance was a period of ________ and cultural rebirth that began in Italy in the 14th century.答案：rebirth2. The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe during the ________ century that emphasized reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional authority.答案：18th3. The American Declaration of Independence was adopted on ________.答案：July 4, 17764. The Cold War was a period of political and military tension between the United States and the Soviet Union after________.答案：World War II5. The French Revolution began with the storming of the________ by a mob of angry Parisians.答案：Bastille6. The Industrial Revolution led to a shift from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and________.答案：manufacturing7. The Berlin Wall was a barrier that physically and ideologically divided ________ from 1961 to 1989.答案：Berlin8. The Treaty of Tordesillas divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Spain and ________.答案：Portugal9. The Magna Carta was a charter of rights agreed to by King John of England at Runnymede in ________.答案：121510. The Battle of Waterloo marked the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the defeat of ________.答案：Napoleon Bonaparte三、简答题（每题10分，共40分）1. Describe the main causes of the American Civil War.答案：The main causes of the American Civil War includeeconomic differences between the North and the South, the issue of states' rights versus federal authority, and the contentious issue of slavery.2. Explain the significance of the Renaissance in shaping modern Europe.答案：The Renaissance was significant in shaping modern Europe because it marked a period of rebirth in art, science, and learning, leading to the development of humanism, the rediscovery of classical knowledge, and the rise of the middle class, which laid the foundation for the modern world.3. Discuss the impact of the Industrial Revolution on society and the environment.答案：The Industrial Revolution had a profound impact on society by creating new forms of employment, leading to urbanization, and increasing the standard of living. However, it also led to environmental degradation due to pollution and the overexploitation of natural resources.4. How did the fall of the Berlin Wall symbolize the end of the Cold War?答案：The fall of the Berlin Wall symbolized the end of the Cold War as it marked the reunification of Germany and the collapse of the Iron Curtain, which had divided Europe into Western and Eastern blocs. It signified the end of the ideological struggle between capitalism and communism.。