中科院考博英语 培训资料(作文) 写作和翻译中的常用短语
博士英语写作常用短语
博士英语写作常用短语博士是对攻读博士学位的研究生的称呼，同样也可用来称呼已获得博士学位的人员。
下面是店铺给大家整理的博士英语写作常用短语，供大家参阅!博士英语写作常用短语：考博英语作文常用句型常用于引言段的句型1. Some people think that …. To be frank, I can not agree with their opinion for the reasons below.2. For years, … has been seen as …, but things are quite different now.3. I believe the title statement is valid because….4. I cannot entirely agree with the idea that …. I believe….5. My argument for this view goes as follows.6. Along with the development of…, more and more….7. There is a long-running debate as to whether….8. It is commonly/generally/widely/ believed /held/accepted/recognized that….9. As far as I am concerned, I completely agree with the former/ the latter.10. Before giving my opinion, I think it is essential to look at the argument of both sides. 常用于正文段的句型博士英语写作常用短语：考博英语作文常用句型一、表示比较和对比的常用句型和表达法1. A is completely / totally / entirely different from B.2. A and B are different in some/every way / respect / aspect.3. A and B differ in….4. A differs from B in….5. The difference between A and B is/lies in/exists in….6. Compared with/In contrast to/Unlike A, B….7. A…, on the other hand,/in contrast,/while/whereas B….8. While it is generally believed that A …, I believe B….9. Despite their similarities, A and B are also different.10. Both A and B …. However, A…; on the other hand, B….11. The most striking difference is that A…, while B….二、演绎法常用的句型1. There are seve ral reasons for…, but in general, they come down to three major ones.2. There are many factors that may account for…, but the following are the most typical ones.3. Many ways can contribute to solving this problem, but the following ones may be most effective.4. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.5. The reasons are as follows.三、因果推理法常用句型1. Because/Since we read the book, we hxdye learned a lot.2. If we read the book, we would learn a lot.3. We read the book; as a result / therefore / thus / hence / consequently / for this reason / because of this, we’ve learneda lot.4. As a result of /Because of/Due to/Owing to reading the book, we’ve learned a lot.5. The cause of/reason for/overweight is eating too much.6. Overweight is caused by/due to/because of eating too much.7. The effect/consequence/result of eating too much is overweight.8. Eating too much causes/results in/leads to overweight.四、举例法常用句型1. Here is one more example.2. Take … for example.3. The same is true of….4. This offers a typical instance of….5. We may quote a common example of….6. Just think of….常用于结尾段的句型一、对全文进行归纳总结的句型1. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that….2. Taking into account alted as follows:4. The data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that…博士英语写作常用短语：考博英语翻译与写作常用动宾词组政治类：把…捐给慈善机构donate …to charities把…看成社会公敌look upon … as a threat to society把…列为基本国策list…..as fundamental national policies把…作为指导take… as the guide把理论和实际结合起来 integrate theory with p ractice …把握大局 grasp the overall situation摆脱贫穷落后 get rid of poverty and backwardness保护妇女权利不受侵犯guarantee (protect) women’s rights against infringement采取各种措施 adopt various measures参政、议政 participate in the management of State affairs充满信心和力量 be filled with confidence and strength打破僵局 break the deadlock打破禁区 break off a forbidden zone得出结论 draw ( arrive at, come to reach ) a conclusion锻造一支人民军队forge a people’s army对…具有深远的影响 have a far-reaching impact on对…做出重要(巨大)贡献make important (great, major )contributions to反对各种形式的恐怖主义 be opposed to all forms of terrorism 反腐倡廉 combat corruption and build a clean government 高举伟大旗帜 hold high the great banner给…带来机遇和挑战present (bring) both opportunities and challenges to根除 (防止,消除)*** root out (prevent, eliminate) corruption 观察当今世界 observe the present-day world缓和紧张状况 ease the tension回顾奋斗历程 review the course of struggle加快改革步伐 accelerate the speed of reform加强舆论监督ensure that the correct orientation is maintained in public opinion坚持改革开放政策 adhere to the reform and open policy坚持统一，反对分裂，增加persist in reunification, oppose separation, increase了解，化解歧见 understanding and iron out differences减轻农民负担alleviate farmer’s burden解放思想 emancipate our minds解决温饱问题 solve the problem of food and clothing解决新问题 resolve new problems进入世界先进行列 edge into the advanced ranks in the world 进入新时期 enter a new period进行和谈 hold peace talks进行战略性调整 make strategic readjustment就…接受妥协 accept a compromise on开发西部 remake the west开始生效 go into effect (enter into force)开拓前进 open up new ways forward科教兴国rejuvenate our country through science and education理顺关系 rationalize the relationship履行权利和义务 perform the responsibilities and obligations 迈出重要的一步 make an important step热爱和平 love peace深化改革 deepen the reform审时度势 size up the situation实现发展繁荣 bring about development and prosperity实现民族独立 realize national independence实现夙愿 fulfill the long-cherished wishes实现小康目标achieve the goal of ensuring our people a relative comfortable life实现中华民族伟大复兴 bring about a great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation实行新政策 practice new policies受到全世界广泛关注 attract extensive attention worldwide缩小差别 bridge (narrow) the gap完成中华民族的振兴大业implement the revitalization of our nation维护世界和平 maintain world peace吸收各国文明的先进成果absorb what is advanced in other civilizations下放权力给 delegate the management of ... (to ...)响应号召 respond to the call修改法律 amend the laws宣布…召开 announce the opening of徇私枉法 bend the law for the benefit of relatives or friends 依法治国 govern the country according to law引起全国的关注 arouse the concern of the whole nation引起全世界广泛关注 attract extensive attention worldwide赢得一个又一个胜利 win one victory after another在…中起(至关)重要作用play a major (crucial, an important ) role in增强凝聚力 enhance the rally power增强综合国力和国际竞争enhance comprehensive (overall) national strength and international competitiveness展望伟大征程 look into the great journey展现生机和活力display one’s vigor and vitality战胜无数的困难 overcome numerous difficulties振兴西部 revive the west。
(整理)emuchnet中科院考博英语大全之写作常用句型与过渡词语翻译.
精品文档写作句型翻译 1随着…的飞速发展/越来越多的关注，越来越… 例：随着建筑业的大力推进，人们对建立越来越多的房屋建筑感到宽心。
2 近来，某事/某问题引起了人们的普遍关注/成了公众关注的焦点。
例：近来失业问题引起了人们的普遍关注，各级政府已把它列为首要议程。
3 我们面临的一个普遍问题是… /一个越来越引人关注的普遍问题是… 例：一个越来越引人关注的普遍问题是，发明汽车是否为人4 在过去的几年里，…经历了突飞猛进/迅猛增长/下降。
例：在过去的几年里，物种数量骤然下降。
5 如今对我们社会更（最）为重要的（危险的）事情是…例：对我们社会最为危险的事情是政界倾向于互相利用。
6 根据图表资料，我们可以发现…7 根据图表（数字）显示，…明显增长（下降）/发生了有利（不利）变化。
8 据上面图表（数字）所示，从某年到某年某方面发生了剧烈的（相当大的；巨大的）变 化。
9 图表显示，从某年到某年某方面有下降（增长）的趋势。
10任何人只要仔细看一看图表中的资料就会惊讶地发现…11 在我们的社会里…是一个传统的做法。
例：象婚姻和住房这些方面，年轻人在经济上依赖于他们的父母，是属于传统的做法。
12 （在中国）…长期以来被视为是理所应该的。
例：上一代为下一代的成长承担完全的责任，长期以来被视为是理所应该的（完全合理的）13 往往事与愿违，他本来的目的是要… 例：往往事与愿违，他本来的目的是要通过发明内燃发动机来改变人们的生活方式。
这种内 燃机的诞生确实大大地方便了人的生活，尤其是旅行和运输。
但其不利的一面却给我们社 会带来了越来越多的忧虑。
14 如果从对立的角度来看, …的当前形势显示… 例：如果从对立的角度来看，政治体制改革的当前形势显示，其成就远不如人意。
例如…， 但是…15 关于…似乎一切进展顺利（正如某人的意愿发展）。
例：中国经济改革的形势似乎正朝着政府所期望的方向发展。
16 在某人看来，某事似乎（意味着）… 例：在公众的眼里，官员腐败意味着收受贿赂，…但腐败却以许多不同的形式出现。
考博英语作文常用短语个
考博英语作文常用短语个考博英语作文常用短语 0 100 个1.经济的快速生长 the rapiddevelopment of economy2.人民生活水平的显著提高/稳步增长 the remarkable improvement/ steady growth of people"s livingstandard3.先进的科学技能 advanced science and technology4.面临新的机会和挑战 be faced with new opportunities and challenges5.人们普遍认为 It is monly believed/ recognized that…6.社会生长的一定结果 the inevitable result of social development7.引起了遍及的民众存眷arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention8.不可否定It is undeniable that…/ There is no denying that…9.热烈的讨论/争论 a heated discussion/ debate 10.有争议性的问题 a controversialissue 11.完全差别的看法 a totally different argument 12.一些人…而另外一些人… Some people… while others… 13. 就我而言/ 就小我私家而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally, 14.就…到达绝对的一致reach an absolute consensus on… 15.有充实的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons 16.双方的论点 argument on both sides 17.发挥着日益重要的作用play an increasingly important role in… 18.对…必不可少be indispensableto … 19.正如谚语所说 As the proverb goes: 20.…也不例外…be no exceptio 21.对…产生有利/倒霉的影响 exert positive/ negative effects on…22.利远远大于弊 the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages 23.导致，引起 lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in 24.庞大的社会现象 a plicated social phenomenon 25.责任感 / 成绩感 sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement 26. 竞争与相助精神 sense of petition and cooperation 27. 开阔眼界widen one"s horizon/ broaden one"s vision 28.学习知识和技能 acquire knowledge and skills 29.经济/心理包袱financial burden / psychologicalburden 30.考虑到诸多因素 take many factors into account/ consideration 31. 从另一个角度 from another perspective 32.做出配合努力make joint efforts 33. 对…有益 be beneficial / conducive to… 34.为社会做孝敬 make contributions to the society 35.打下坚固的底子 lay a solid foundation for… 36.综合素质 prehensivequality 37.无可非议blameless / beyond reproach 38.加大了…的可能性increase the chances of 39.致力于/ 投身于 be mitted / devoted to… 40. 应当认可 Admittedly 41.不可推卸的义务unshakable duty 42. 满足需求 satisfy/ meet the needs of… 43.可靠的信息 a reliablesource of information 44.名贵的自然资 valuable natural resources 45.因特网 the Inter (一定要有冠词，字母 I 大写)46.方便快捷 convenient andefficient 47.在人类生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life 48.环保(的) environmental protection / environmentallyfriendly 49.社会进步的体现 a symbol of society progress 50.科技的飞速更新 the ever-accelerated updating of science andtechnology 51.对这一问题持有差别态度 hold different attitudes towards this issue 52.支持前/后种看法的人people / those in favor of the former/latteropinion 53.有/ 提供如下理由/ 证据 have/ provide the following reasons/evidence 54.在一定水平上 to some extent/ degree / in some way 55. 理论和实践相结合integratetheory with practice 56. …一定趋势 an irresistible trend of… 57.日益猛烈的社会竞争 the increasingly fierce social petition 58.眼前利益immediate interest/ short-term interest 59.久远利益. interest in the long run 60.…有其自身的优缺点… has its merits and demerits/ advantages anddisadvantages 61.扬长避短 Exploit to the full one"s favorableconditions andavoid unfavorable ones 62.取其精髓，去其糟粕 Take the essence and discard the dregs 63.对…有害 do harm to / be harmful to / be detrimental to 64.交换思想/ 情感/ 信息 exchange ideas / emotions / information 65.跟上…的最新生长 keep pace with / catch up with / keep abreastwith the latest develo pment of …66.采取有效步伐来… take effective measures to do sth 67.…的康健生长the healthy development of … 68.有利有弊 Every coin has its two sides 69.对…看法因人而异Views on …vary from person to person 70.重视attach great importance to… 71.社会职位 social status 72.把时间和精力放在…上 foc us time and energy on… 73.扩大知识面 expand one"s scopeof knowledge 74.身心两方面 both physically and mentally 75.有直接/间接干系 be directly / indirectly related to… 76. 提出折中提议set forth a promise proposal 77. 可以取代“think“的词 believe, claim, hold the opinion/ beliefthat 78.缓解压力/ 减轻包袱 relievestress/ burden 79.优先考虑/生长… give (top) priority to sth。
中科院考博英语培训资料(作文)写作和翻译中的常用短语
写作Commonly Used Phrases and Patterns.Reduce the CO2 emissionGlobal warming greenhouse gases glacier melting gasesDevelop new energy—solar energy, wind energy, etc.安居工程 housing project for low-income urban residents信息化 information-based; informationization智力密集型 concentration of brain power; knowledge-intensive西部大开发 Development of the West Regions 可持续性发展 sustainable development风险投资 risk investment 扩大内需 to expand domestic demand计算机辅助教学 computer-assisted instruction < CAI >学生减负 to reduce study load拉关系 try to curry favor with 劳动合同制 labor contract system老生常谈,陈词滥调 cut and dried 老字号 an old and famous shop or enterprise 礼尚往来 Courtesycalls for reciprocity. 猎头公司 head-hunting company廉政建设 construction of a cleanand honest administration 廉政、勤政、务实、高效政an honest, diligent, pragmatic andefficient government联合兼并 conglomeration and merger of enterprises两个文明一起抓place equal emphasis on material and ethical progress 两院院士academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Engineering 老少边穷地区 formerrevolutionary base areas, areas inhabited by minority nationalities, remote and border areas andpoverty-stricken areas 劣等品shoddy goods; substandard goods;留得青山在,不怕没柴烧Where there is life, there is hope.留职停薪 retain the job but suspend the salary 留学咨询：consulting on the study abroad流动人口 transient population 乱收费、乱摊派、乱罚款arbitrary charges, fund-raising quotas and fines 论文答辩 <thesis> oral defense 绿地覆盖率 forest coverage rate 绿化 afforestation 绿色食品 organic food满意度 degreeof satisfaction 民族凝聚力 national cohesion 买一送一 buy one get one free磨洋工dawdle along 模拟测试 mock test; simulated exam莫失良机 make hay while thesun shines目标管理 management by objectives难得糊涂 Where ignorance is bliss, it's follyto be wise. 南水北调 South-to-North water diversion南水北调工程 divert water from thesouth to the north project闹情绪 be disgruntled; be in a fit of pique内环路 inner ring road 泡沫经济 bubble economy能进能出,能上能下competent to work both at the top and at thegrass roots 贫富悬殊 polarization of rich and poor 平均主义 equalitarianism瓶颈制约 "bottleneck"restrictions 企业文化 corporate culture强化班 intensive trainingclass 勤工俭学 work-study program全面实施以德育为核心、以创新精神和实践能力为重点的素质教育carry on the quality education centering on moral education and emphasizing creativity and practice 裙带风 nepotism; petticoat influence人才流失brain drain 人浮于事 overstaffing人工智能 artificial intelligence 人机交互 human-computerinteraction人际交往 human communication 三角债 chain debt塞翁失马,焉知非福Misfortune may be an actual blessing. "三个代表" "three represents" theory <The Party shouldalways represent the development needs of China's advanced social productive forces, always represent the onward direction of China's advanced culture, and always represent thefundamental interests of the largest member of the Chinese people.> "三讲"教育〔讲学习、讲政治、讲正气〕 "three emphases" education <to stress theoretical study, politicalawareness and good conduct> 三资企业 three kinds of foreign-invested enterprises or ventures: Sino-foreignjoint ventures<中外合资企业>, cooperative businesses 〔中外合作企业〕 and exclusivelyforeign-owned enterprises in China〔外商独资企业〕 "扫黄"、"打非" eliminate pornography and illegal publications 商品房空置的现象 the vacancy problem in commercial housing 上网 to get on the Internet 事业单位 public institution社会热点问题 hot issues of society 沙尘暴sand storm; dust storm社会治安情况 public security situation 涉外经济 foreign-related business申办奥运会 bid for the Olympic Games 身体素质physique; physical constitution生态农业 environmental-friendly agriculture 弹性工资flexible pay实践是检验真理的唯一标准 Practice is the sole criterion for testing truth.实现小康目标 to achieve the goal of ensuring our people a relative comfortable life 时不我待Time and tide wait for no man.试用期 probationary period受灾地区 disaster-affected area 素质教育 education for all-around development跳槽者job-hopper 跳槽 job-hopping土地沙化 desertification of land; desert encroachment 推广科研成果 turning laboratory achievements into commercial/mass production; commercialization of laboratory achievements 退耕还林还草 grain for green脱贫致富 cast <shake, throw> off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity 挖墙脚 undermine the foundation of sth..; cut the ground from under sb's feet 网民 netizen; net citizen; cyber citizen 网上冲浪surf the Internet网上交易平台 online trading platform 网友 net friend文科 liberal arts 无形资产intangible assets无中生有 make/create something out of nothing效益工资achievements-related wages; wages based on benefits效益农业 profitable agriculture 下岗 laid-off workers心理素质 psychological quality 义务教育 compulsory education应试教育 examination-oriented education system 与国际市场接轨 integrate with the world market; become integrated into the global market远景计划 long-term development targets 欲速那么不达 Haste does not bring success.再就业服务中心 re-employment service center 远程教育 distance education政府上网工程Government Online Project政府职能转变 transform/shift the government functions 政企不分 without a clear line between the functions of the government and enterprises; the functions of the government and enterprises mixed up 政企分开 separate government functions from enterprise management 政务公开 make government affairs public中关村科技园区 Zhongguancun Science and Technology Park 中流砥柱 mainstay, chief corner stone 抓住机遇 seize the opportunity众口难调 It is difficult to cater to all tastes.; One man's meat is another man's poison. 自然保护区natural reserve; nature preservation zone自律机制the self-discipline system自我保护意识 self-protection awareness转基因食品 GM food<genetically modified food>Appendix IIIPart Ⅰ: Useful expressions< A >. For Opening an essay1.sayWhen asked about the <vast> majority ofbelieveWhen it comes to ... , most/many people claimFaced withthinkargue----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------regardview/see as... that..., but other people think of ... differently.considerconceive----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2. development/improvement/rise/growth of...general recognition/realization/acknowledgement of...With <the> women/children playing an increasingly big role in society/family life,----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.a general discussion onissueThere is much debate today about the problempublic controversy nowadays overas to ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------criticizeof ... . Those who ...argue that...object to----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------advocateThey believe that ..., but people who ..., on the otherfavorhand, argue that...----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Currently , there is a <n>generalIn recent yearswidespreadIn the past few years has been growing For many years now widely-held----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------feeling towards feelingconcern over concern thatattitude towards trendtrend towards ... awarenessawareness of realization thatrealization of beliefillusion of----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5. growingbeginningNow people in ever-increasing numbers are coming tosignificantgetting----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------believerrealizerecognizeunderstand thatacceptseebe aware----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6. believedcommonly thoughtthinkNow, it is widely held that..., they..., butGenerally acceptedbelieveIncreasingly feltrecognizedacknowledged----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I wonder whether...doubt----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------astonishing proportionteenagers7. Recently there is a <n> increasing percentage of whosizable population studentssignificant number ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------sudden8. In the past 5 years there has been a dramatic rise inthe crime ratesharp increase divorce ratemarked teenage smoking-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------problembrought to public attention9.. Recently the issue of... has been posed among peoplequestion in the limelight----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------loomed controversial10. The problem of... has now arisen asissue cropped up noteworthy----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------idea untrueopinion foolishview dangerousNo belief more undesirable than notion is basic nowthe one that...issue so importantastrend essentialattitude emotion-rousing---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- widely<which is now commonly held by...>generally---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12. Never in Chinese history ideaevidentNowhere in the world has the issue of ... been more popular than...change< B > Transitional words1> Sample writing:What explains the growing trend toward delayed childbearing?First,In the first place,To start with, the high divorce rate is making newlyweds think twice about starting a For one thing, family right away.First of all,Secondly,Besides,In addition,Furthermore, many young couples want to be more financially secure before having children. What's more,For another thing,Finally,Above all, More married women prefer to devote time to their careers before having a baby. Thirdly,2> Connectives and transitional phrases for chronological development:first, second, etc. soon eventuallyin the meantime then thereuponat the same time next thereafterafter an interval now afterpresently later afterwardsomewhat later finally at last3> Connectives and transitional phrases for analytical development:first, second, etc. now for this purposebut as a result furthermorefinally at last moreoveralso consequently likewiseanother for example nextyet for instance on the contraryonce in addition in summarysuch in this case on the. other handthen otherwise in conclusionthus in closing therefore4> Connectives and transitional phrases for comparisons:another furthermore moreoverequally important too, also at the same timebesides then accordinglyin fact in addition to like, likewisesimilarly just as... so in the same way5> Connectives and transitional phrases for contrasts:on the contrary different from/in contraston the other hand todespite in spite ofyet, but whereasunlike neverthelessnot only .... but also here ....thereyears ago ....today- this ....thatthe former ....the latter then ....nowthe first ... whereas the second some ....otherson the one hand .... on the other once .... now< C > Phrases to Sum UpIn summary,In short,On the whole, This trend represents a sharp break with this nation's traditionalIn conclusion, preoccupation with the needs of children.In a word,< D > A special group of sentence structures汉语中有许多习惯用语.其中有的是用"人们"、"有人"、"大家"等作主语,有的看来是无主句,有的那么是句子中的独立成分,如"应该说"、"必须指出"、"已经证明"等, 在英语中那么常用it 作形式主语的句型来表达这些习惯语.人们〔有人、大家〕认为……It is considered <or thought > that…普遍〔一般、通常〕认为……It is generally <usually > accepted <or agreed, recognized> that…人们〔有人、大家〕相信……It is believ ed that…众所周知……It is well-known that…据说〔有人说〕……It is said that…据悉…… It is learned that…据推测……It is supposed that…据估计〔预计〕……It is estimated <predicated, calculated> that…据报导……It is reported that…必须指出…… It must be pointed out that…必须〔应该〕承认……It must <shou ld > be admitted that…可见〔可以看出〕……It will be seen that…由此可见……It will be seen from this that…不用说〔谁都知道〕……It is understood that …无可否认……It cannot be denied that…已经证明……It has been proved that…可以肯定……It may be confirmed that…可以有把握地说……It may be safely said t hat…人们有时会问……It is sometimes asked that…人们希望……It is expected <hoped > that…<21> 毫不夸X地说……It is no exaggeration to say that……Samples:Sample one:China has the greatest population in the world and a large pool of research workers. Yet it has not produced a single Nobel Prize winner so far. There are two main reasons, in my opinion, which contribute to this situation.On the one hand, the environment is not good enough for scientists. In order to make a great progress in research, in addition to man’s e ffort, it needs a large and long-term investment of money for equipments and labs. But as we know, our government support the scientists with good working condition less generously than other foreign countries such as America, England etc.On the other hand, the education system lead to this situation directly. The reform of education system from exam-oriented education to all-round development education have been conducted many years, but it doesn’t work efficiently. Under the exam-oriented education, students only learn the skills of how to obtain high score, rather than the ability of study and research by themselves. And this ability is vital to become a successful scientist.All in all, I think if China want to produce a single Nobel Prize winner. It should invest more money and accelerate the education system reform first.。
中科院考博英语 培训资料(作文) 作文常用句型
中科院考博英语培训资料（作文）作文常用句型
作文常用句型一、引出话题的句式
二、分析原因的句式
三、说明事物优点的常用句式
四、说明事物缺点的常用句式
列举事物的词：
1）first, second, third, last（俗）
2）firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally （俗）
3）the first, the second, the third, the last（俗）
4）in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly（俗）5）to begin with, then, furthermore, finally
6）to start with, next, in addition, finally
7）first and foremost, besides, last but not least
8）most important of all, moreover, finally
9）on the one hand, on the other hand
10）for one thing, for another thing
五、表明事物利大于弊的常用句式
六、提出解决方案的句式（建议）
七、结束语
对立观点型作文
一、点明主题、具体介绍两种对立观点的常用句式
二、陈述自己观点的常用句式。
考博英语(翻译和写作常用短语)
一、政治类：把…捐给慈善机构 donate …to charities把…看成社会公敌 look upon … as a threat to society把…列为基本国策 list…..as fundamental national policies把…作为指导 take… as the guide把理论和实际结合起来 integrate theory with practice …把握大局 grasp the overall situation摆脱贫穷落后 get rid of poverty and backwardness保护妇女权利不受侵犯 guarantee (protect) women’s rights against infringement 采取各种措施 adopt various measures参政、议政 participate in the management of State affairs充满信心和力量 be filled with confidence and strength打破僵局 break the deadlock打破禁区 break off a forbidden zone得出结论 draw ( arrive at, come to reach ) a conclusion锻造一支人民军队 forge a people’s army对…具有深远的影响 have a far-reaching impact on对…做出重要(巨大)贡献 make important (great, major )contributions to反对各种形式的恐怖主义 be opposed to all forms of terrorism反腐倡廉 combat corruption and build a clean government高举伟大旗帜 hold high the great banner给…带来机遇和挑战 present (bring) both opportunities and challenges to根除 (防止,消除)*** root out (prevent, eliminate) corruption观察当今世界 observe the present-day world缓和紧张状况 ease the tension回顾奋斗历程 review the course of struggle加快改革步伐 accelerate the speed of reform加强舆论监督 ensure that the correct orientation is maintained in publicopinion坚持改革开放政策 adhere to the reform and open policy坚持统一，反对分裂，增加 persist in reunification, oppose separation, increase 了解，化解歧见 understanding and iron out differences减轻农民负担 alleviate farmer’s burden解放思想 emancipate our minds解决温饱问题 solve the problem of food and clothing解决新问题 resolve new problems进入世界先进行列 edge into the advanced ranks in the world进入新时期 enter a new period进行和谈 hold peace talks进行战略性调整 make strategic readjustment就…接受妥协 accept a compromise on开发西部 remake the west开始生效go into effect (enter into force)开拓前进open up new ways forward科教兴国rejuvenate our country through science and education理顺关系rationalize the relationship履行权利和义务perform the responsibilities and obligations迈出重要的一步make an important step热爱和平love peace深化改革deepen the reform审时度势size up the situation实现发展繁荣bring about development and prosperity实现民族独立realize national independence实现夙愿fulfill the long-cherished wishes实现小康目标achieve the goal of ensuring our people a relative comfortable life 实现中华民族伟大复兴bring about a great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation实行新政策practice new policies受到全世界广泛关注attract extensive attention worldwide缩小差别bridge (narrow) the gap完成中华民族的振兴大业implement the revitalization of our nation维护世界和平maintain world peace吸收各国文明的先进成果absorb what is advanced in other civilizations下放权力给delegate the management of ... (to ...)响应号召respond to the call修改法律amend the laws宣布…召开announce the opening of徇私枉法bend the law for the benefit of relatives or friends依法治国govern the country according to law引起全国的关注arouse the concern of the whole nation引起全世界广泛关注attract extensive attention worldwide赢得一个又一个胜利win one victory after another在…中起(至关)重要作用play a major (crucial, an important ) role in增强凝聚力enhance the rally power增强综合国力和国际竞争enhance comprehensive (overall) national strength and international competitiveness展望伟大征程look into the great journey展现生机和活力display one’s vigor and vitality战胜无数的困难overcome numerous difficulties振兴西部revive the west振兴中华民族rejuvenate (revitalize) our nation政企不分mix up the functions of the government and enterprises政企分开separate government functions from enterprise management政务公开make government affairs public主张各国政府采取行动urge governments of all countries to take action抓住机遇seize the opportunity转变政府职能transform (shift) the government functions追求进步pursue progress追求真理seek the truth走进新时代march (stride) into the new era.遵纪守法、廉洁奉公observe the relevant code of conduct and the law and honestly perform one's official duties遵循规则follow the principles二、经济类爱岗敬业cherish posts and devote wholeheartedly to work保持国民经济发展的良好势头maintain a good momentum of growth in the national economy保持国有股keep the State-held shares保证下岗职工的基本生活guarantee the basic needs of laid-off workers被指控接受贿赂be accused of accepting bribes采取不同的办法adopt various methods采取反垄断措施take anti-monopoly measures承担风险bear (take) risk筹集足够的资金raise enough funds (capital, proceeds)创收外汇earn foreign exchange (currency)刺激国内经济需求spur domestic demand刺激国内需求stimulate domestic demand从粗放经济转变为集约经济shift from extensive economy to intensive economy从国外引进先进技术和管理introduce from abroad the advanced technology and经验management expertise促进地区间的合作promote regional cooperation促进改革promote reform促进全球经济一体化foster integration with the global economy打黑crack down on speculation and profiteering打假take strong measures against fake and shoddy products (crack down on counterfeit goods)打破垄断break the monopoly对…提出控告(投诉) lodge complaints against…对…造成(构成)威胁form (pose) a threat to…夺回失去的市场take back lost market发挥自身优势give full play to one’s advantages防范和化解金融风险take precautions against and reduce financial risks改善投资环境improve the environment for investment赶超先进surpass the advanced给…带来积极影响bring a more pos itive impact on…根据市场作出调整gear ourselves to the market orientation公证财产notarize the properties和…达成(签订)协议reach (sign) an agreement with和…进一步合作further cooperation with和…有合作关系have cooperative ties with活跃市场enliven the market集中精力把经济建设搞上去go all out for economic development。
中科院考博英语 培训资料 作者态度词汇
英语阅读理解中表示作者态度的词汇汇总⏹一赞同⏹positive adj.肯定的, 实际的, 积极的, , 确实的⏹favorable adj.赞成的, 有利的, 赞许的, 良好的⏹approval n. 赞成, 承认, 正式批准⏹enthusiasm n.狂热, 热心, 积极性⏹supportive adj.支持的，支援的⏹defensive 为……而辩护⏹二否定⏹negative adj.否定的, 消极的, 负的, 阴性的，⏹disapproval 不赞成，objection 异议, opposition 反对critical 批评的criticism 批评批判⏹disgust vi.令人厌恶, 令人反感vt.使作呕warning 警告的⏹detestation n.憎恶, 厌恶的人, 嫌恶⏹indignation 愤慨⏹contempt n.轻视, 轻蔑, 耻辱, 不尊敬⏹compromising n.妥协, 折衷v.妥协, 折衷⏹worried adj.闷闷不乐的,焦虑的⏹三怀疑⏹suspicion n.猜疑, 怀疑⏹suspicious adj.(～of) 可疑的, 怀疑的⏹doubt⏹doubtful adj.可疑的, 不确的, 疑心的⏹question⏹puzzling adj.使迷惑的, 使莫明其妙的⏹四客观⏹objective adj.客观的⏹neutral adj.中立的⏹impartial adj.公平的, 不偏不倚的⏹disinterested adj.无私的⏹imprejudiced adj.没有偏见的⏹unbiased adj.没有偏见的⏹unprejudiced adj.公平的, 无偏见的, 没有成见的⏹detached 不含个人偏见的五主观subjective adj.主观的, 个人的indifference n.不关心tolerance n.宽容，容忍，忍受pessimism n.悲观, 悲观主义gloomy adj.黑暗的, 阴沉的, 令人沮丧的, 阴郁的optimistic adj.乐观的sensitive 有感觉的, 敏感[锐]的,易受伤害的scared adj.恐惧的reserved adj.保留的, consent vi.同意, 赞成, 答应n.同意, 赞成, radical adj.激进的moderate adj.中等的, 适度的, 适中的v.缓和mild adj.温和的, 温柔的, 淡味的, 轻微的, 适度的ironic adj.说反话的, 讽刺的confused adj.困惑的, 烦恼的amazed adj.吃惊的, 惊奇的worried concerned adj.关心的, 有关的apprehensive adj.担忧，担心mixed 喜忧参半biased 有偏见的indignant adj.愤怒的, 愤慨的⏹六积极⏹objective 客观的⏹concerned 关注的⏹confident adj.自信的, 确信的⏹interested adj.感兴趣的, 有成见的, 有权益的⏹optimistic adj.乐观的⏹positive 正面的⏹impressive adj.给人深刻印象的, 感人的⏹欢迎下载，资料仅供参考!!!⏹⏹⏹。
2023年考博英语作文万能句型
考博英语作文万能句型开头1：It is well-known to us that……(我们都懂得……)==As far as my knowledge is concerned, …( 就我所知…)2：Recently the problem of……has been brought into focus. ==Nowadays there is a growing concern over ……(近来……问题引起了关注)3：Nowadays(overpopulation)has become a problem we have to face.(现今，人口过剩已成为我们不得不面对旳问题)4：Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.(互联网已在我们旳生活饰演着越来越重要旳角色，它给我们带来了许多好处但也产生了某些严重旳问题)5：With the rapid development of science and technology，more and more people believe that……(伴随科技旳迅速发展，越来越多旳人认为……)6：It is a common belief that……==It is commonly believed that……(人们一般认为……)考博英语作文万能句型：给出原因1：The reason why + 句子~~~ is that + 句子(...旳原因是...)2:This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons .First,…….Second,…….Third，……。
中科院考博英语大纲词组
Aabandon oneself to 放纵自己，使自己沉溺于with abandon 放任，无拘无束about to 刚要，即将keep abreast of 与……齐头并列absent from 缺席in the abstract 理论上的，抽象意义的in abundance 多，富足have access to 可以得到/接近of one's accord 自动的，自愿的in accord with 相符合，相一致with one accord 一致地of on account 不重要的(to)on account of 由于，因为on no account 决不take account of 考虑take...into account 拉be (get) accustomed to 习惯于act on 起作用act up 捣蛋in the act of 正在……时out of action 不再活动，不再运转take action 采取行动(to)，提起诉讼(against)，开始起作用adapt to 适应于，使适应于add up 把……加起来，言之有理，有意义，合理，符合预期值，评定，看法，形成……的意见add up to 总计，合计be addicted to 上瘾，沉迷于in addition 另外in addition to 除……之外adjust to 适应于in advance 预先，提前have the advantage over 胜过，优于take advantage of 利用to advantage 有利于again and again 再三地in the aggregate 总共，作为总体agree on 取得一致agree to 同意，接受agree with 赞同ahead of 在……前面aim at 目的在于，企图by air 坐飞机clear the air 消除误会in the air 在空中，悬而未决up in the air 尚未决定off the air 停止播放on the air 在播放on the alert 保持警觉above all 尤其是，最重要的是after all 毕竟，终究all but 几乎all in all 总的来说all over 遍及，到处at all 完全，根本not at all 一点也不for all 尽管in all 总共in alliance with 与……联盟allow for 考虑到make allowance(s) for 考虑到，顾及；体谅，体贴leave alone 听其自然，不要去管let alone 更不用说all along 始终along with 与一起by analogy 用类推的方法in the final/last analysis 归根结底one after another 一个接一个one another 相互anything but 根本不，除……以外任何事情anything like 多少有点像for anything 无论如何apart from 除去appeal to 请求，吸引to all appearances 就外表来看apply to 申请，要求，实用于on approval 供试商品，包退包换的approval of 赞成arm in arm 手挽手as … as 象……一样as for /to 至于，关于as if/though 好象，仿佛as it is 实际上as it were 可以说，某中程度上not as/so…as 和……不一样aside from 除……之外ask for 要求，找人ask after 探问，问起……健康情况assert oneself 坚持自己的权利，显示自己的权威attach to 属于，与……有关pay attention to 注意avail oneself of 利用of no avail 没用on the/an average 通常，平均上be aware of 意识到be/stand in awe of 对某人充满敬畏之情Bback and forth 来来回回back down/off 放弃，让步in back of 在……后面，在……背后back out 退出，食言back up 支持，倒车behind one’s back 暗中，背着某人turn one’s back on 轻视，不理采know… backward(s) 对……极其熟悉go from bad to worse 每况愈下badly off 贫困的，缺少in the balance 平衡off balance 失去平衡behind bars 在狱中bargain for/on 讨价还价drive a hard bargain 杀价，迫使对方接受苛刻条件barge in 闯入，干预on the basis of 以……为基础keep/hold sth.at bay 阻止，隔离bear down 压倒，击败bear on/upon 对……有影响，和……有关bear out 证实bear up 支持，气馁bear with 忍受，容忍have a bearing on 对……有影响beat down 太阳照射强烈，雨大，打倒beat it 跑掉，走开beat up 痛打，狠揍because of 因为，由于become of 发生于，使遭遇go to bed 上床睡觉、beg off 恳求免除义务begin with 以……开始to begin with 首先，第一on/in behalf of 代表bring into being 使出现，使存在come into being 出现，形成beyond belief 难以置信believe to 信任，信赖，相信……的效用belong to 属于，是……的成员bend over backwards 竭尽全力benefit from 获益for the benefit of 为了beside oneself 极度兴奋，对感情失去控制at best 最多at one’s best 处于最佳状态do/try one’s best 尽力，努力get/have one’s best of 利用had best/better 最好make the best of 充分利用better off 情况更好，生活更优裕for the better 好转get/have the better of 战胜，在……中占上风in between 在中间fit the bill 符合要求，符合需要a bird in (the) hand 已成定局kill two birds with one stone 一举两得by birth 血统上，天生give birth to 生（孩子），产生a bit 多少有点bit by bit 渐渐地do one’s bit 做分内的事情，尽自己的力量every bit 完全，从头到尾black and blue 遍体鳞伤in the black and white 白纸黑字be to blame 该受指责，该承担责任at full blast 大力地，最有效地blaze a trail 开拓道路，作先导turn a blind eye(to) 漠不关心，视而不见on the blink 运转不灵，出故障black off 封锁，封闭block up 堵住，阻塞in the cold blood 蓄意残忍地in (full) blossom 正开着花blot out 遮蔽，使模糊blow out 吹灭，中止blow up 爆炸，炸飞；充气，打气；发怒come to blows 互相打斗（吵嘴）out of the blue 出乎意料，突然call one’s bluff 要求某人摊派，向某人挑战across the board 全面的，包括一切的above board 光明正大的board up 用木版封闭或遮盖on board 在（船、车或飞机上）boast about 夸口boast of 吹嘘in the same boat 处境相同boil down (to) 意味着，归结为boil over 激动，发怒a bolt from/out of the blue 意外事件，晴天霹雳have a bone to pick with 有理由来抱怨和争论make no bones about 直言不讳book in = check inby the book 按规则，依照惯例both … and 不仅……而且be bound to 注定be bound up in 热衷于，忙于be bound up with 与……有密切联系know no bounds 无限bow out 鞠躬，低头，退出，辞职pick sb.’s brains 向……请教rack one’s brains 绞尽脑汁branch out 扩充，扩大break away from 脱离，逃跑break down 损坏，崩溃break in 非法闯入，打断，插嘴break into 强行进入break off 中断，突然停止break out 爆发，突然出现break through 突围，冲破break up 中止打碎catch one’s breath 屏息，歇口气hold one’s breath 屏息而待out of breath 喘不过气来take sb.’s breath away 使惊羡不已under one’s breath 压着嗓子，低声地brim over (with) 充满，拿来bring out 导致，引起bring around/round 使恢复，说服，使信服bring back 唤起，重新实行bring down 打倒，挫伤，降低bring forth 产生，提出bring forward 提出，建议bring in 产生，引进bring off 使实现，做成bring on 引起，助长，促进bring out 使出现，使显明bring through 使脱险，使安全度过bring to 使恢复知觉bring up 教育，培养bristle with 充满，布满brush aside 不理，不顾brush off 不愿听见，打发掉brush up 重温，再练buck up 使振奋，使打起精神buckle down 倾全力build in 使成为固定物build into 固定于build on/upon 建立，以……为基础build up 逐步建立，增进，增强in bulk 大批，大量bump into 碰见，偶然遇见bundle up 打捆，捆扎，暖和do a bunk 匆忙逃走burn down 烧毁burn out 熄灭，烧光burn up 烧掉烧毁burst in on 打断，打搅burst into 突然发作burst out 突然……起来beat around/about the bush 转弯摸角，旁敲侧击get down to business 着手办正事out of business 歇业have no business 无权，没有理由in business 经商，经营mind your business 少管闲事on business 因公，出差mean business 是认真的but for 要不是cannot but 不得不，不禁要butt in 插手，干涉on the button 准确地，准时地buy off 行贿，收买buy out 买下……的全部股份，出钱摆脱by and by 不久，迟早by and large 大体上，总的来说by the by 顺便提一句Ccall back 回电话call for 叫某人来，要求，需要call forth 使产生，引起，使起作用call in 叫……近来，召来call off 取消call on/upon 访问，拜访；号召，呼吁call up 打电话，召集，使人想起calm down 平静下来，镇定下来capable of 有……能力；能……的，有……可能的care about 对……赶兴趣，关心，注意；为……担忧care for 照顾，照料；喜欢take care 当心，小心take care of 爱护，照料；承担，处理，负责carry forward 推进carry off 夺走carry on 继续，进行；从事，经营carry out 执行，实行；完成，实现carry over 继续下去，将……延后carry through 实现，完成，坚持下去；使渡过困难（或麻烦）carve out 创业，发财carve up 分割，瓜分a case in point 有关的事例，例证in any case 无论如何，总之in case 假使，以防（万一）in case of 假如，如果发生in no case 决不cash down 现金支付cash in on 靠……赚钱，乘机利用cast about/around for 到处寻找，试图找到cast aside 把……丢一边，去掉cast doubt on 使对……产生怀疑cast off 抛弃，丢弃cast out 赶出，驱逐catch at 试图抓住，拼命抓catch on 流行起来，懂得，理解catch out 发觉……错误（或做坏事）catch up with 赶上for certain 肯定地，确切地make certain 确定by chance 偶然，碰巧by any chance 万一，也许chance on/upon 偶然找到，偶然stand a chance of 有……希望，有……的可能take a chance 冒险，投机change for the better/worse 变好（坏）in character （与自身特性）相符out of character (与自身特性)不相符charge with 控告in charge of 管理，负责take charge 开始管理，接管check in 登记，报到check out 结帐离去；检验，检查check up(on) 核查，核实in check 受抑制的，受控制的cheer on 为……鼓气，向……喝彩cheer up （使）高兴起来，（使）振作起来chock back 忍住，抑制choke up （因激动等）说不出话来in chorus 一齐，一致，共同in/under the circumstances 在这种情况下，（情况）既然如此in/under no circumstance 无论如何不，决不lay claim to 声称对……有利clamp down 对……进行压制（或取缔）clean out 把……打扫干净clean up 把……收拾干净；清除罪犯；解释，澄清clear away 把……清除掉，收拾clear off 离开，溜掉clear out 清楚，把……腾空；走开，赶出clear up 清理；澄清，解决；放晴around(round) the clock 日夜不停地close by 在近旁，在旁边close down 关闭，歇业close in(on) 包围，围住close up 堵住，关闭come/draw to a close 渐进结束catch (a) cold 感冒come about 发生，产生come across 偶然遇见，碰上come along 出现，发生；进步，进展come apart 破碎，崩溃come around/round 苏醒，复原；顺便来访come at 攻击，冲向；达到，了解come back 回来；记起；恢复原状，重新流行come between 分开，离间；妨碍某人做某事come by 得到，获得；访问，看望come down （物价）下跌；落魄，潦倒come down to 可归结为come in for 受到，遭到come off 脱落，分开；结果，表现come on 表示鼓励、催促等；进步，进展；开始，发生come out 出现，显露；出版，发表；结果是come through 经历……活着，安然度过come to 苏醒；总是为，结果是come to a point 谈到要点，直截了当地说come true 实现come up 出现，发生come up against 突然（或意外），碰到（困难、反对等）come up to 达到，符合come up with 提出，提供in common 共用的，共有的keep…company 与……交往，与……结伴part … company (with) 与……分离，决裂beyond/without compare 无与伦比compare … to 把……比做compare … with 与……相比by/in comparison 相比之下in comparison with 与……比较起来compete with/against 与……竞争complain of/about 抱怨be composed of 由……组成as/so far as … be concerned 就……而言be concerned with 关于，与……有关concern about 关心in conclusion 最后，总之jump to a conclusion 过早下结论on condition that 在……条件下out of condition 健康不佳in confidence 私下地，秘密地take into one’s confidence 把……作为知己in conflict (with) 与……抵触in conjunction with 与……共同，连同in connection with 关于in (all/good) conscience 凭良心on one’s conscience 问心无愧by common consent 经一致同意in consequence 因此，结果in consequence of 由于，因为……缘故in consideration of 考虑到，由于；作为对……的报酬take into consideration 考虑到，顾及consist in 在于consist of 由……构成consult(with) …about … 商议，交换意见come(get) into contact (with) 接触到in contact with 与……有联系out of contact with 与……失去联系lose contact with 失去联系contrary to 与……相反on the contrary 相反to the contrary 相反的（地）by/in contrast 对比之下in contrast to/with 与……对比起来，与……形成对比contribute to 捐助；为……写稿in control of 掌握着，控制着out of control 失去控制under control 被控制住cool down/off 冷却，（使）冷静下来cook up 捏造，编造cope with 应付to the core 透顶的，十足的around/round the corner 附近；即将来临cut corners 走捷径，省钱（或人力，时间等）turn the corner 出现转机at all costs 不惜任何代价，无论如何at any cost 不惜任何代价，无论如何at the cost of 以……为代价keep one’s own counsel 将意见（或计划）保密count against (被)认为对……不利count down （发射火箭等时）到记数count in 把……算入count on/upon 依靠，指望count out 逐一数出；不把……算入count up 把……相加in the course of 在……期间，在……过程中in due course 到时候，在今后适当时候of course 当然(by) courtesy of 蒙……的好意，蒙……提供cover of 代替；为……掩护cover up 掩盖，掩饰cover … with 遮盖，覆盖take cover 隐蔽under cover 秘密地，暗地里crack down 镇压crack up 撞坏crawl with 爬满，缓慢地行进like crazy 发疯似的，拼命地credit card 信用卡to sb’s credit 在（某人）名下，（某人）值得赞扬critical of 吹毛求疵的，爱挑剔的，对……表示不满的cross off/out 划掉，取消a far cry from 与……相差很远cry out for 迫切需要on cue 恰好在这时候take one’s cue from 学……的样，听……的劝告off the cuff 未经准备的，即席curl up 卷起，撅起（嘴）；使卷曲cut across 抄近路，走捷径cut back 削减，缩减cut down 削减，减少cut in 插嘴，打断；（汽车）上当cut off 切断，使隔绝；剪去，删去；打断，停止cut out 删除Din danger of 有……的危险out of danger 脱离危险in the dark （对某事）毫不知情dash off 匆匆地写或画；迅速离去date back to 自……时代存在至今out of date 过时的to date 到目前为止up to date 新式的，切合目前情况的dawn (up) on 被理解，变得为人所明白call it to day 结束，到此为止day and night 日日夜夜day by day 一天天，逐日day in ,day out 日复一日，不间断one day （过去）某一天，（将来）有一天to a/the day 恰好，一天不差a good/great deal 大量deal in 经营，买卖；对待deal with 与……相处；对待put to death 杀死，处死to death 极度；以致死亡in debt 欠债in sb.’s debt 受某人恩惠decide on/upon 决定，选定dedicate .. to 把（自己，一生等）献给，把（时间，精力等）用于deep down 实际上，在心底in default of 因为没有……，因缺乏……in defiance of 无视，不顾by degrees 逐渐地，渐渐地in/to some degree 某中程度上，（多少）有一点to a certain degree 在一定程度上，有几分take (a) delight in 以……为乐in demand 所需要on demand 一经要求，承索depend on 视……而定，决定于deprive … of 剥夺in depth 深入地out of one’s depth 非……所能理解derive from 得自，由来，衍生go into detail(s) 详细说明in detail 详细地be determined to 决心做某事devote to 把……献给die away （风、声音）渐息，渐弱die down 渐渐消失，平息die of 因某病死去die off 相继死去die out 消失，灭绝on a diet 吃规定的饮食make a/the difference 对……有影响或作用make no difference 对……无作用影响in difficulty 处于……困难中dig into 钻研，掘进去dig up 崛起，挖出，发现a dime a dozen 多的很，不稀罕dine out 外出吃饭dip into 浏览，稍加研究disagree with … on/about 与……在某方面意见不同in disgrace 失宠的in disguise 伪装，化装dish out 端上（菜），盛于盘中dispense with 免除，省却，无需at sb’s disposal 任某人处置in dispute 在争论中，未决的in the distance 在远处at a distance 有相当距离keep a distance 与保持一定距离distinguish … from 区别，识别divide among 在……间分配，分开divide into 除，除尽，把……做除数do away with 废除，去掉do for 对……有效，代替，干掉do up 扎，缚，捆do with 想要，需要do without 没有……也行have sht. to do with 和……有（点）关系next door 隔壁out of doors 在户外，在露天double up 弯腰，把……折起来beyond (a) doubt 无疑地in doubt 拿不准，不能确定no doubt 无疑，必定down with 打倒，把……拿下doze off 打瞌睡drag on/out 拖延draw in (火车，汽车)到站draw on 动用，利用；吸，抽烟draw up 写出，画出；草拟；停住dream of 梦见……、dream up 空想出，构思，创造，设计（发明无等）dress up 穿上盛装，打扮得漂亮drink in 吸收drive at 意志，用意所在drop by/in 顺便来访drop off 减弱，减少drop out 退出drum up 招徕，鼓吹dry out 使干透dry up 使枯竭，停止提供due to 因为，由于in due course 及时地，在适当时in duplicate 一式两份地off duty 下班on duty 值班，上班dwell on/upon 凝思，详述Eeach other 互相early on 在早期in earnest 认真地，诚挚地on earth 究竟，到底at ease 安逸，自由自在ease off/up 放松，缓和，减轻take it easy 从容，不紧张，松懈，轻松eat up 吃光，耗尽at a low ebb 处于低潮ebb and flow 涨落，盛衰，消长on edge 紧张，急切bring/carry/put into effect 使生效，使起作用come/go into effect 生效，实施in effect 有效，实际上to the effect that 大意是，意思是make an effort 努力either … to … 或……或，不是……就是，不论……还是or else 否则，要不然in embryo 在酝酿（考虑，计划）中end in 以……为结果end up 结束，告终in the end 最后终于no end 非常，无限on end 竖着；连续地end with 以……结束put an end to 使终止，毁掉engage in 使从事于，参加enjoy oneself 过得快乐enter into 进入，参加，成为……一部分enter on/upon 开始，着手equal to 等于，胜任be equipped with 用……装备err on the side of 为求……而故作不合算的行动in essence 大体上，实质上of the essence 绝对需要的，极重要的break even 打成平手，得失相当even as 正巧在……的时候，正如even if/though 即使，虽然get even (with) 报复at all events 无论如何in any event 无论如何in the event 结果，如果in the event that 如果，在……情况下in the event of 万一，如果发生for ever 永远every now and then 常常，不时地every other 每隔in evidence 作为证据for example 例如make an example of 惩罚，罚一儆百except for/that 除……之外take exception to 反对with the exception of 除……之外without exception 毫无例外地，一律in excess of 超过to excess 过度in exchange for 交换，以此易彼exert oneself 努力，尽力make an exhibition of oneself 当众出丑in existence 存在，现有at the expense of 归……付费，在损害……的情况下make an experiment on/in/with做……实验，对……做实验explain away 把……解释过去to a certain extent 在一定程度上to some extent 某种程度上go to extreme （说话或行动）走极端in the extreme 极端，非常catch sb’s eye 引人注目keep an eye on 留意，照看see eye to eye （与某人）看法完全一致Fface to face 面对面地face to up 大胆面对in the face of 面对，在……面前；不顾，即使to one’s face 当着某人的面子，直率地lose one’s face 失面子，丢脸make face 做鬼脸save one’s face 挽救某人的面子as a matter of fact 事实上，其实in fact 其实，实际上without fail 必定，无疑，确然in good faith 处于善意lose faith to 不再信任fall back 后退，退却fall back on 求助于，转而依靠fall behind 落后fall for 爱上，倾心fall in with 同意，与……一致；碰见fall on/upon 袭击，攻击fall out 争吵，结果是fall through 落空，失败fall to 开始，开始吃be familiar with/to 熟悉famous for 以……闻名take a fancy to 喜欢as far as 远至，到……程度by far ……得多，最far and wide 到处，广泛地far from远非，远离in so far as 到……的程度，在……范围内so far 迄今为止hold fast to 抓紧at fault 感到困惑，有故障find fault with 埋怨，挑剔in favor of 有利于，便于，赞成，支持do a favor/kindness to 帮忙做……，帮（某人）忙be favorable to 赞成far fear of/that 为了避免，害怕in fear of 怕be fed up about 极其厌倦（或不满的）be fed up with 感到厌烦feel like 欲，想要on the fence 保持中立态度，两面派a few 有些，几个few and for between 稀少quite a few 相当多的，还不少fit a fiddle 非常健康play second fiddle to 担任第二小提琴受，而把手figure out 算出，估计，推测on file 存档，记录下来备查fill in 填充，填写fill out 填充，填写fill up 填补，装满find out 查明keep one’s fingers crossed 祈祷，祷告catch (on) fire 着火make a fire 生火on fire 烧火play with fire 玩火set fire to 点燃under fire 受攻击at first 最初，首先first of all 首先，第一fish for 摸索，寻找fit in 相合，相处融洽be fit for 适合于fix on 确定，决定fix up 安排；修补，修理flake out 睡着，打瞌睡flatter oneself 自以为in the flesh 以肉体形式，活着的，本人，flick through 浏览as follows 如下follow through 完成球棒（或球拍）击球后的弧形动作，坚持到底follow up 穷追，把……探究到底fool about/around 闲荡，干蠢事make a fool of 玩弄，愚弄on foot 步行in force 有效，实施中come/go into force 生效，实施to the fore 在近处，在手头，在前面，在显著的地位first and foremost 首先，首要地and so forth 等等for free 免费set free 释放free from 使自由，免除free of 免去……的be friends with 对……友好，与……交上朋友make friends with 交朋友，友好相处in front of 在……前面in full 充足；以全文，用完整的词for/in fun 开玩笑地make fun of 取消，嘲弄make a fuss of/over 娇养（某人），过分关怀（某人）in future 今后，从现在开始in the future 今后，将来Ggain on 逼近，超过，侵蚀gamble away 赌光take a gamble 冒险从事（某事）give the game away 泄露秘密（计划），露出马脚gear up 使唤快当，促进，增加in general 通常，大体上get about 走动，旅行，参加社会活动get across 解释清楚，使人了解get ahead （使）走在前面，进步，获得成功get along (with) 进展；相处融洽；生活，过活get around/round 走动，旅行；（消息）传开get at 得到，接近；意思是get away 逃脱，离开get back 回来，恢复，找回（失物）get by 通过，勉强过活get down 从……下来；写下get in 进入，收获，收集get into 进入，陷进get off 从……下来，离开，动身，开始get out 出去，离开，逃脱，泄露，摆脱get over 克服，（从病中）恢复过来get through 结束，完成；接通电话get together 集合，聚集get up 起床；增加，增强ginger up 使更有生气，使更为奋发give away 泄露，分送give oneself away 泄露，露马脚give back 送还，恢复give birth to 生产（婴儿）；产生，造成give in 交上；投降，屈服give off 放出，释放give out 分发，放出give over to 交付给某人give up 放弃，停止give oneself up自首，投降，投案at a glance 一眼（便）at first glance 乍看上去glued to 紧附，似用胶固定go about 着手做，从事，走动，传开go after 追求go against 反对，违反，不利于go ahead 开始，前进，领先go along 前进，进行，赞同，支持go along with 一起去，赞同，附和go around/round 足够分配go at 扑向，着手干，尽全力于go back on/upon/from 违背go by 过去go down 下降，降低；被载入，传下去go for 竭力想取得；喜爱，支持，拥护go in for 从事，致力于，追求，沉迷于go into 进入，研究调查go off 爆炸，发射；动身，离开go on 继续，发生go out 外出，熄灭go over 检查，审查go through 经历，经受；详细检查go under 下沉，沉没；失败，破产go up 上升，增加；建起go with 伴随，与……协调go without 没有……也行on the go 在进行活动，忙碌to go 剩下的，有待于完成be going to 要，会，将要as good as 和……几乎一样，实际上等于do sb good 对某人有益do good/harm to 有益/害于for good 永久地good at 擅长……good for 有效，使用，胜任in good time 及时地，迅速地make good 成功，实现with good grace 欣然地make the grade成功，爬上陡坡take for granted 想当然，认为理所当然come to grief 遭难，受伤，失败grin and bear it 逆来顺受grind out 机械地做出，用功做出come/get to grips（认真）对付（或处理）gain ground 发展，普及get off the ground 开始，取得进展on (the) grounds of 根据，以……为理由grow on 引起……爱好，越来越被喜爱grow out of 长得太高大与……不相符；由……而来grow up 长大，成人，崛起off (one’s) guard 不警惕on (one’s) guard 警惕，防范guard against 提放，预防hate sb’s guts 狠之入骨Hin the habit of 有……的习惯，常常hack into 作为黑客进入hack through 披荆斩棘前进hail from 来自get in sb’s hair 激怒某人make sb’s hair stand on end使人毛骨悚然in half 成两半go halves 平分hammer away 苦心研究hammer out 锤成，苦心想出，推敲出at hand 在手边，在附近，即将到来by hand 用手change hand 转手hand down 流产下来，传给，往下传hand in 交上，递交hand in hand 手拉手，携手hand on 传下来，依次传递hand out 分发，散发，发给hand over 交出，移交，让与have one’s hands full忙的不可开交in hand 在控制中，在进行中in sb’s hands 在……掌握中join hands 携手，同……联合，合伙lend sb a hand 帮助on hand 在手边，临近on(the) one hand 一方面on the other hand 另一方面out of hand 无法控制，脱手take/have a hand to 参与，介入，起一份作用wash one’s hands of 洗手不干hang about/around 闲荡，徘徊，逗留hang on 抓住不放，继续下去，等一下hang on to 紧握住，坚持下去hang out 挂出hang together 结合在一起hang up 挂断（电话）hardly any 几乎没有，几乎什么也不hardly … when/before 刚一……就……come to no harm 未受损伤in harmony (with) 相配，与……一致in haste 急忙地，草率地talk through one’s hat 吹牛，胡说八道have had it 受够了，忍无可忍了have got to 必须做……have it in for 厌恶have on 穿着，戴着have to 不得不，必须have to do with 与……有关above/over one’s head 在某人头上，太高深而超过某人的理解能力come to a head 出脓，成熟，到紧要关头head for 驶向，走向head on 迎头，迎面head over heels 头朝下，颠倒；完全地lose sb’s head 不知所措put one’s heads together 集思广益，共同商量hear about/of 听说at heart 在内心，实质上break sb’s head 使……悲痛万分get/learn/know sth. By heart 记住，背顺from( the bottom of ) one’s heart 衷心地heart and soul 全心全意in one’s heart of hearts在内心深处lose heart 丧失信心，失去勇气set one’s heart on 渴望take heart 振作take … to heart 认真考虑某事to one’s heart’s content尽兴地the hell 表示惊讶，不信，厌恶等的语气词like hell 拼命地to hell with 让……见鬼去can/could not help 禁不住，不得不help oneself 自取所需（食物等）help out 帮助（某人）here and now 眼下，立刻，马上here and there到处，处处neither here nor there 无关紧要，不相干over the hill 上年岁的，走下坡路的hinge on/upon 靠……转动，以……为转移make history 创造历史，作出永垂史册的事业hit on/upon 偶然发现catch/get/take hold of 抓住，掌握hold back 踌躇，退缩；阻止，抑制hold down 压制，缩减hold forth 滔滔地说，提供hold off 不接近，拖延hold on 继续，握住不放hold on to/onto 紧紧抓住，坚持hold one’s breath 屏息hold out 维持，支持；坚持，不屈服hold over 拖延，以……威胁hold up 举起，承载；阻挡，停止；抢劫，拦截hold with 赞同，容忍at home 在家，在国内；自在，自如bing … home to 使认识到do the honors 尽地主之谊in honor of 为纪念，向……表示敬意on/upon one’s honor 以某人名誉担保hook up 以钩钩住off the hook摆脱困境，脱身hope against hope 抱一线希望on the horizon 在地平线上be hostile to 对……有敌意，反对on the hour 准点地bring the house down 博得全场喝彩或鼓掌keep house 管理家务，做家务on the house 主人开销的，免费的how about … ? ……如何，……怎样how come …? ……怎么会……为什么……hundreds of 数以白计，许多hunger after/for 渴望hunt down 穷追直至抓住hunt for 搜寻hurry up （使）赶快，迅速完成in a hurry 匆忙地，急于Iif only 要是……多好；要是，只要be ignorant of 不知道improve on/upon 改进on (the) impulse (of…) 凭（……的）冲动be in for 肯定会经历，注定要遭受；参加（竞赛）in that 因为，既然every inch 完全，在各方面，从头到尾be inclined to 倾向于，欲……的，想……的on the increase 正在增长independent of 与……无关，不依靠，不取决于，不受……限制inferior to 在……之下，次于，不如inform of/about 通知，告诉，报告inquire after 询问起inquire into 盘查，调查inquire sth. of sb 询问，打听inside out 里子朝外地，彻底地for instance 例如in the first instance 最初，首先instead of 代替，而不是……to all intents (and purposes) 实际上in the interest(s) of 为了，为了……的利益interfere with 妨碍，打扰in the interim 在间歇的，期间的；暂时的，临时的at intervals 不时，时时involve in 卷入，陷入iron out 烫平，熨衣服by itself 独自地，单独地in itself 在本质上，完全地Jbe jealous of 妒忌on the job 工作着joint venture 合资get the jump on 抢在……之前行动just about 几乎just now 刚才，不久以前bring to justice 使……受到法律制裁do justice to 公平对待，说句公道话，充分地评判kkeep at 坚持不懈地做谋事keep back 阻止，阻挡；隐瞒，保留；扣下，留下keep down 控制，压制；咽下，不吐出；压低声音keep from 使……不（做）keep off 不接近，避开keep on 继续，保持keep one’s words 守信keep out of 躲开，置身于……之外keep/hold pace with 并驾齐驱keep to 坚持，保持；不离开keep up 继续，坚持keep up with 跟上，不落后，赶上kick about/around 粗暴对待，虐待kick off 开始kick up 踢起（灰尘）；激起，引起all kinds of 各种各样的in kind 以同样的方式（回敬）of a kind 徒有其名的bring to one’s knee 使某人屈服knock about/around 虐待；厮混；漫游，漂泊knock down 把……撞倒，把……击倒knock off 下班休息knock out 击倒，击昏know about 知道……，了解……know as 被认为是……，被称为是……know better than 懂道理，有头脑，不会上当know of 知道有……to one’s knowledge 据某人所知Llack of 缺乏，不足lap up （贪梦地）舐光；欣然接受at large 一般，大体上by and large 总的来说，大体上lash out (at) 猛打at (long) last 终于at the latest 最迟of late 最近later on 其后，以后laugh at 讥笑laugh off 用笑摆脱lay aside 把……放在一边；积蓄lay down 放下，阁下；制订，拟订；铺设lay off （临时）解雇；休息，停止lay out 布置，安排；陈列，展示；设计，制订lay over （旅途中）稍作停留lay up 贮存；使卧病在床；使（船）进坞修理lead the way 带路，示范lead to 通向，导致，引起leaf through 迅速翻阅turn over a new leaf 翻开新的一页，改过自新，重新做人leak out 泄露lean on 靠在……上，依靠by/in leaps and bounds 突飞猛进learn by heart 记住learn from 向……学习at least 至少least of all 最不not in the least 一点也不to say the least 至少（可以这样说），退一步说leave alone 不管，不理会leave behind 留下，忘带leave off 停止，结束leave out 省去，遗漏leave word 流言take one’s leave of 告别not th have a leg to stand on 站不住脚的at leisure 有空，闲着无事，从从容不迫lend itself to 适合于lend to 借给at length 最后，终于；详细地go to great lengths 竭尽全力做……on less than 有……之多，多大，和……一样，不亚于let alone 更不用说let down 放下，降低；使失望leg go (of) 放开，松手；放弃let in 让……进入，放……进来let off 免除职责，准予离开；宽恕；放（枪，烟火）let out 加宽，放宽（衣服）；放出，放掉，发出let up 停止，中止；减弱to the letter 严格按照字句level off/out 达到稳定be liable for 有责任的，有义务的；be liable to 易受……影响的，易遭受或经历一些不好的事情或风险的at liberty 自由，随意lie in 在于take lying down 逆来顺受bring to life 使恢复知觉come to life 变得活跃，变得兴奋for life 终生，直到生命终结bring to light 发现，揭发come to light 暴露，被发现，众所周知in (the) light of 鉴于，基于……的考虑light up 点燃，照亮throw/cast light on/upon 使明白，阐明in line 成一直线，排成一行in line with 符合line up 排成行，排成列on line 排在队伍中（等候）；在工作中，在运行中out of line 不成直线，不协调。
中科院考博常用英语词汇
中科院考博常用英语词汇中科院考博常用英语词汇中科院物理、化学、材料科学、数学、环境与生态学、地球科学等学科整体水平已进入世界先进行列。
为了帮助报考中科院博士研究生的大家，店铺整理了一些中科院考博英语词汇，希望能帮到大家!starch n. 淀粉 vt. 给...上浆consume vt. 消耗，毁灭，吃，喝, 挥霍 vi. 耗尽生命, 被烧毁weekend n. 周末 vi. 过周末 adj. 周末的, 兼职的brood n. 窝 v. 孵,沉思screw n. 螺丝钉,吝啬鬼,压迫,转动,螺旋状物,监狱看守 vt. 扭紧,压榨,欺骗,强迫 vi. 旋转coupon n. 试样(配给票, 息票, 附单)ego n. 自我, 自负, 自尊心Mercury n. 水银, 水星revolutionary adj. 革命的 n. 革命者engrave v. 雕刻kit n. 装备,工具箱 vt. 装备shelf n. 架子,搁板(状物),岩棚groan v. 呻吟aggregate n. 合计, 总计, 集合体 adj. 合计的, 集合的, 聚合的 v. 聚集, 集合, 合计villain n. 坏人, 恶棍scanner n. 扫描机, 扫描仪pessimistic adj. 悲观的, 悲观主义的develop vt. 发展,开发,冲洗照片 vi. 进步saw vbl. 看见(see的过去式) n. 锯 vt.& vi.用锯子锯symmetrical adj. 对称的seminar n. (大学的)研究班,研讨会coke n. 焦炭 vt. &vi. 炭化adore v. 崇拜,爱慕,喜爱decent adj. 有分寸的,得体的,相当好的confront vt. 面临, 对抗, 遭遇generally adv. 一般地sociology n. 社会学, 社会关系学, 群落生态学vent n. 排气口, 表达, 发泄, 火山口 vt.&vi. 发泄, 表达, 排放eastward adj. 向东的 adv. 向东constraint n. 约束, 强制, 约束条件, 对感情的压抑, 虚情假意 [计算机] 限制wade v. 跋涉，涉水 n. 跋涉stretch n. 伸展,张开 adj. 可伸缩的 vt. &vi. 伸展,张开,延伸secure adj.安全的; 牢固的; 有把握的; 安心的 vt.保护; (使)获得; 使安全; 担保 vi.获得安全，变得安全; 安全，保险; 承保，担保; [航海学]停止工作clockwise adj. 顺时针方向的 adv. 顺时针方向地misery n. 痛苦,悲惨的境遇,苦难mutual adj. 共同的,相互的optical adj. 眼睛的, 视觉的, 光学的stainless adj. 无瑕疵的, 不锈的composer n.创作者(尤指乐曲的)nail n. 钉子,指甲 vt. 钉, 使牢固, 抓捕, 敲定processor n. 加工者,处理器appalling adj. 令人震惊的, 可怕的动词appall的现在分词形式revival n. 复兴, 复活, 恢复精神discharge vt. &vi. 放出,解雇,放电,解除, 清偿债务 n. 释放，卸货，放电，一股，一阵，开火，发射，准许离开sacred adj. 神圣的,受尊重的tortoise n. 龟anecdote n. 轶事,奇闻bacterial adj. 细菌的`heavenly adj. 天上的,神圣的,天国似的proficient adj. 熟练的,精通的 n. 能手,专家habitual adj. 惯常的, 习惯的pal n. 可程序化行列逻辑 n. 朋友,伙伴,同志 v. 结为友vocational adj. 职业的preface n. 序文, 绪言, 前言 v. 作序, 写前言, 以...开始creature n. 生物, 动物, 人sculptor n. 雕刻家ceiling n. 天花板,上限similar adj. 相似的,类似的,相同,一样recondition vt. 修理sequence n. 序列, 一系列, 顺序, 一组镜头 vt. 安排顺序。
中科院考博英语短语表
中科院考博英语短语表abandon oneself to 沉湎于（某种情感）with abandon 放任，无拘无束can’t abide 无法容忍keep abreast of 和。
齐头并进of one’s own accord 自愿地，自动地of no account 不重要on account of 因为，由于on no account 决不act up 捣蛋；出毛病clear the air 消除误会off the air 停播on the air 在播up in the air 尚未决定allow for 考虑到make allowance(s) for 考虑到，顾及；体谅，体贴all along 始终in the final/last analysis 归根结底angle for 谋取，寻求anything like 多少有点像for anything 无论如何on approval 试用assert oneself 坚持自己的主张，表现坚定avail oneself of 利用（机会，提议）of no avail 没有用be/stand awe of 对。
敬畏back and forth =to and fro 来来回回back down/off 放弃，让步back out 退出bail out 保释；帮助（某人）脱离困境know…backward(s) 对。
极其熟悉badly off 拮据，贫穷；境况不好be badly off for sth 短缺in the balance 悬而未决，未定的bargain for/on (常与否定词连用) 预料到，料想到barge in 闯入，插嘴，打岔keep/hold sth. at bay 不让（敌人）接近；防止（问题恶化）bear down on sb/sth 冲向，咄咄逼近；压住bear on/upon 有关，涉及bear sb/sth out 证实bear up 挺住，不气馁bear with 容忍，忍受beat down 砸开；（阳光）强烈照射beat it 滚开，走开beat up 痛打，狠揍become of 发生于，使遭遇beg off 反悔，推辞，恳求免除（某种义务）in behalf of sb/ in sb’s behalf 为帮助某人on behalf of sb/ on sb’s behalf 代表某人；因为某人bring into being 使出现，使存在come into being 出现，形成，成立bend over backward 竭尽全力for the benefit of 为了beside oneself （情绪）失控at best 充其量，至多get/have the best of sth 战胜get/have the better of 战胜，在。
中科院博士学位英语大纲词组
Aabandon oneself to 放纵自己，使自己沉溺于with abandon 放任，无拘无束keep abreast of 与……齐头并列absent from 缺席in the abstract 理论上的，抽象意义的in abundance 多，富足have access to 可以得到/接近of one's accord 自动的，自愿的in accord with 相符合，相一致with one accord 一致地of on account 不重要的(to)on account of 由于，因为on no account 决不take account of 考虑take...into account 把……考虑进去be (get) accustomed to 习惯于act on 起作用act up 捣蛋in the act of 正在……时out of action 不再活动，不再运转take action 采取行动(to)，提起诉讼(against)，开始起作用adapt to 适应于，使适应于add up 把…加起来，言之有理，有意义，合理，符合预期值add up to 总计，合计be addicted to 上瘾，沉迷于in addition 另外in addition to 除……之外adjust to 适应于in advance 预先，提前have the advantage over 胜过，优于take advantage of 利用to advantage 有利于again and again 再三地in the aggregate 总共，作为总体agree on 取得一致agree to 同意，接受agree with 赞同clear the air 消除误会in the air 在空中，悬而未决up in the air 尚未决定off the air 停止播放on the air 在播放on the alert 保持警觉above all 尤其是，最重要的是after all 毕竟，终究all but 几乎all in all 总的来说all over 遍及，到处at all 完全，根本not at all 一点也不for all 尽管in alliance with 与……联盟allow for 考虑到make allowance(s) for 考虑到，顾及；体谅，体贴leave alone 听其自然，不要去管let alone 更不用说all along 始终along with 与一起by analogy 用类推的方法in the final/last analysis 归根结底one after another 一个接一个one another 相互anything but 根本不，除……以外任何事情anything like 多少有点像for anything 无论如何apart from 除去appeal to 请求，吸引to all appearances 就外表来看apply to 申请，要求，实用于on approval 供试商品，包退包换的approval of 赞成arm in arm 手挽手as … as 象……一样as for /to 至于，关于as if/though 好象，仿佛as it is 实际上as it were 可以说，某中程度上not as/so…as 和……不一样aside from 除……之外ask after 探问，问起……健康情况assert oneself 坚持自己的权利，显示自己的权威attach to 属于，与……有关pay attention to 注意avail oneself of 利用of no avail 没用on the/an average 通常，平均上be aware of 意识到be/stand in awe of 对某人充满敬畏之情Bback and forth 来来回回back down/off 放弃，让步in back of 在……后面，在……背后back out 退出，食言back up 支持，倒车behind one’s back 暗中，背着某人turn one’s back on 轻视，不理采know… backward(s) 对……极其熟悉go from bad to worse 每况愈下badly off 贫困的，缺少in the balance 平衡off balance 失去平衡behind bars 在狱中bargain for/on 讨价还价drive a hard bargain 杀价，迫使对方接受苛刻条件barge in 闯入，干预on the basis of 以……为基础keep/hold sth.at bay 阻止，隔离bear down 压倒，击败bear on/upon 对……有影响，和……有关bear out 证实bear up 支持，气馁bear with 忍受，容忍have a bearing on 对……有影响beat down 太阳照射强烈，雨大，打倒beat it 跑掉，走开beat up 痛打，狠揍become of 发生于，使遭遇beg off 恳求免除义务begin with 以……开始to begin with 首先，第一on/in behalf of 代表bring into being 使出现，使存在come into being 出现，形成beyond belief 难以置信believe to 信任，信赖，相信……的效用belong to 属于，是……的成员bend over backwards 竭尽全力benefit from 获益for the benefit of 为了beside oneself 极度兴奋，对感情失去控制at best 最多at one’s best 处于最佳状态do/try one’s best 尽力，努力get/have one’s best of 利用had best/better 最好make the best of 充分利用better off 情况更好，生活更优裕for the better 好转get/have the better of 战胜，在……中占上风in between 在中间fit the bill 符合要求，符合需要a bird in (the) hand 已成定局kill two birds with one stone 一举两得by birth 血统上，天生give birth to 生（孩子），产生bit by bit 渐渐地do one’s bit 做分内的事情，尽自己的力量every bit 完全，从头到尾black and blue 遍体鳞伤in the black and white 白纸黑字be to blame 该受指责，该承担责任at full blast 大力地，最有效地blaze a trail 开拓道路，作先导turn a blind eye(to) 漠不关心，视而不见on the blink 运转不灵，出故障black off 封锁，封闭block up 堵住，阻塞in the cold blood 蓄意残忍地in (full) blossom 正开着花blot out 遮蔽，使模糊blow out 吹灭，中止blow up 爆炸，炸飞；充气，打气；发怒come to blows 互相打斗（吵嘴）out of the blue 出乎意料，突然call o ne’s bluff 要求某人摊派，向某人挑战across the board 全面的，包括一切的above board 光明正大的board up 用木版封闭或遮盖on board 在（船、车或飞机上）boast about 夸口boast of 吹嘘in the same boat 处境相同boil down (to) 意味着，归结为boil over 激动，发怒a bolt from/out of the blue 意外事件，晴天霹雳have a bone to pick with 有理由来抱怨和争论make no bones about 直言不讳book in = check inby the book 按规则，依照惯例both … and 不仅……而且be bound to 注定be bound up in 热衷于，忙于be bound up with 与……有密切联系know no bounds 无限bow out 鞠躬，低头，退出，辞职pick sb.’s brains 向……请教rack one’s brains 绞尽脑汁branch out 扩充，扩大break away from 脱离，逃跑break down 损坏，崩溃break in 非法闯入，打断，插嘴break into 强行进入break off 中断，突然停止break out 爆发，突然出现break through 突围，冲破break up 中止打碎catch one’s breath 屏息，歇口气hold one’s breath 屏息而待out of breath 喘不过气来take sb.’s breath away 使惊羡不已under on e’s breath 压着嗓子，低声地brim over (with) 充满，拿来bring out 导致，引起bring around/round 使恢复，说服，使信服bring back 唤起，重新实行bring down 打倒，挫伤，降低bring forth 产生，提出bring forward 提出，建议bring in 产生，引进bring off 使实现，做成bring on 引起，助长，促进bring out 使出现，使显明bring through 使脱险，使安全度过bring to 使恢复知觉bring up 教育，培养bristle with 充满，布满brush aside 不理，不顾brush off 不愿听见，打发掉brush up 重温，再练buck up 使振奋，使打起精神buckle down 倾全力build in 使成为固定物build into 固定于build on/upon 建立，以……为基础build up 逐步建立，增进，增强in bulk 大批，大量bump into 碰见，偶然遇见bundle up 打捆，捆扎，暖和do a bunk 匆忙逃走burn down 烧毁burn out 熄灭，烧光burn up 烧掉烧毁burst in on 打断，打搅burst into 突然发作burst out 突然……起来beat around/about the bush 转弯摸角，旁敲侧击get down to business 着手办正事out of business 歇业have no business 无权，没有理由in business 经商，经营mind your business 少管闲事on business 因公，出差mean business 是认真的but for 要不是cannot but 不得不，不禁要butt in 插手，干涉on the button 准确地，准时地buy off 行贿，收买buy out 买下……的全部股份，出钱摆脱by and by 不久，迟早by and large 大体上，总的来说by the by 顺便提一句Ccall back 回电话call for 叫某人来，要求，需要call forth 使产生，引起，使起作用call in 叫……近来，召来call off 取消call on/upon 访问，拜访；号召，呼吁call up 打电话，召集，使人想起calm down 平静下来，镇定下来capable of 有……能力；能……的，有……可能的care about 对……赶兴趣，关心，注意；为……担忧care for 照顾，照料；喜欢take care 当心，小心take care of 爱护，照料；承担，处理，负责carry forward 推进carry off 夺走carry on 继续，进行；从事，经营carry out 执行，实行；完成，实现carry over 继续下去，将……延后carry through 实现，完成，坚持下去；使渡过困难（或麻烦）carve out 创业，发财carve up 分割，瓜分a case in point 有关的事例，例证in any case 无论如何，总之in case 假使，以防（万一）in case of 假如，如果发生in no case 决不cash down 现金支付cash in on 靠……赚钱，乘机利用cast about/around for 到处寻找，试图找到cast aside 把……丢一边，去掉cast doubt on 使对……产生怀疑cast off 抛弃，丢弃cast out 赶出，驱逐catch at 试图抓住，拼命抓catch on 流行起来，懂得，理解catch out 发觉……错误（或做坏事）catch up with 赶上for certain 肯定地，确切地make certain 确定by chance 偶然，碰巧by any chance 万一，也许chance on/upon 偶然找到，偶然stand a chance of 有……希望，有……的可能take a chance 冒险，投机change for the better/worse 变好（坏）in character （与自身特性）相符out of character (与自身特性)不相符charge with 控告in charge of 管理，负责take charge 开始管理，接管check in 登记，报到check out 结帐离去；检验，检查check up(on) 核查，核实in check 受抑制的，受控制的cheer on 为……鼓气，向……喝彩cheer up （使）高兴起来，（使）振作起来chock back 忍住，抑制choke up （因激动等）说不出话来in chorus 一齐，一致，共同in/under the circumstances 在这种情况下，（情况）既然如此in/under no circumstance 无论如何不，决不lay claim to 声称对……有利clamp down 对……进行压制（或取缔）clean out 把……打扫干净clean up 把……收拾干净；清除罪犯；解释，澄清clear away 把……清除掉，收拾clear off 离开，溜掉clear out 清楚，把……腾空；走开，赶出clear up 清理；澄清，解决；放晴around(round) the clock 日夜不停地close by 在近旁，在旁边close down 关闭，歇业close in(on) 包围，围住close up 堵住，关闭come/draw to a close 渐进结束catch (a) cold 感冒come about 发生，产生come across 偶然遇见，碰上come along 出现，发生；进步，进展come apart 破碎，崩溃come around/round 苏醒，复原；顺便来访come at 攻击，冲向；达到，了解come back 回来；记起；恢复原状，重新流行come between 分开，离间；妨碍某人做某事come by 得到，获得；访问，看望come down （物价）下跌；落魄，潦倒come down to 可归结为come in for 受到，遭到come off 脱落，分开；结果，表现come on 表示鼓励、催促等；进步，进展；开始，发生come out 出现，显露；出版，发表；结果是come through 经历……活着，安然度过come to 苏醒；总是为，结果是come to a point 谈到要点，直截了当地说come true 实现come up 出现，发生come up against 突然（或意外），碰到（困难、反对等）come up to 达到，符合come up with 提出，提供in common 共用的，共有的keep…company 与……交往，与……结伴part … company (with) 与……分离，决裂beyond/without compare 无与伦比compare … to 把……比做compare … with 与……相比by/in comparison 相比之下in comparison with 与……比较起来compete with/against 与……竞争complain of/about 抱怨be composed of 由……组成as/so far as … be concerned 就……而言be concerned with 关于，与……有关concern about 关心in conclusion 最后，总之jump to a conclusion 过早下结论on condition that 在……条件下out of condition 健康不佳in confidence 私下地，秘密地take into one’s confidence 把……作为知己in conflict (with) 与……抵触in conjunction with 与……共同，连同in connection with 关于in (all/good) conscience 凭良心on one’s conscience 问心无愧by common consent 经一致同意in consequence 因此，结果in consequence of 由于，因为……缘故in consideration of 考虑到，由于；作为对……的报酬take into consideration 考虑到，顾及consist in 在于consist of 由……构成consult(with) …about … 商议，交换意见come(get) into contact (with) 接触到in contact with 与……有联系out of contact with 与……失去联系lose contact with 失去联系contrary to 与……相反on the contrary 相反to the contrary 相反的（地）by/in contrast 对比之下in contrast to/with 与……对比起来，与……形成对比contribute to 捐助；为……写稿in control of 掌握着，控制着out of control 失去控制under control 被控制住cool down/off 冷却，（使）冷静下来cook up 捏造，编造cope with 应付to the core 透顶的，十足的around/round the corner 附近；即将来临cut corners 走捷径，省钱（或人力，时间等）turn the corner 出现转机at all costs 不惜任何代价，无论如何at any cost 不惜任何代价，无论如何at the cost of 以……为代价keep one’s own counsel 将意见（或计划）保密count against (被)认为对……不利count down （发射火箭等时）到记数count in 把……算入count on/upon 依靠，指望count out 逐一数出；不把……算入count up 把……相加in the course of 在……期间，在……过程中in due course 到时候，在今后适当时候of course 当然(by) courtesy of 蒙……的好意，蒙……提供cover of 代替；为……掩护cover up 掩盖，掩饰cover … with 遮盖，覆盖take cover 隐蔽under cover 秘密地，暗地里crack down 镇压crack up 撞坏crawl with 爬满，缓慢地行进like crazy 发疯似的，拼命地credit card 信用卡to sb’s credit 在（某人）名下，（某人）值得赞扬critical of 吹毛求疵的，爱挑剔的，对……表示不满的cross off/out 划掉，取消a far cry from 与……相差很远cry out for 迫切需要on cue 恰好在这时候take one’s cue from 学……的样，听……的劝告off the cuff 未经准备的，即席curl up 卷起，撅起（嘴）；使卷曲cut across 抄近路，走捷径cut back 削减，缩减cut down 削减，减少cut in 插嘴，打断；（汽车）上当cut off 切断，使隔绝；剪去，删去；打断，停止cut out 删除Din danger of 有……的危险out of danger 脱离危险in the dark （对某事）毫不知情dash off 匆匆地写或画；迅速离去date back to 自……时代存在至今out of date 过时的to date 到目前为止up to date 新式的，切合目前情况的dawn (up) on 被理解，变得为人所明白call it to day 结束，到此为止day and night 日日夜夜day by day 一天天，逐日day in ,day out 日复一日，不间断one day （过去）某一天，（将来）有一天to a/the day 恰好，一天不差a good/great deal 大量deal in 经营，买卖；对待deal with 与……相处；对待put to death 杀死，处死to death 极度；以致死亡in debt 欠债in sb.’s debt 受某人恩惠decide on/upon 决定，选定dedicate .. to 把（自己，一生等）献给，把（时间，精力等）用于deep down 实际上，在心底in default of 因为没有……，因缺乏……in defiance of 无视，不顾by degrees 逐渐地，渐渐地in/to some degree 某中程度上，（多少）有一点to a certain degree 在一定程度上，有几分take (a) delight in 以……为乐in demand 所需要on demand 一经要求，承索depend on 视……而定，决定于deprive … of 剥夺in depth 深入地out of one’s depth 非……所能理解derive from 得自，由来，衍生go into detail(s) 详细说明in detail 详细地be determined to 决心做某事devote to 把……献给die away （风、声音）渐息，渐弱die down 渐渐消失，平息die of 因某病死去die off 相继死去die out 消失，灭绝on a diet 吃规定的饮食make a/the difference 对……有影响或作用make no difference 对……无作用影响in difficulty 处于……困难中dig into 钻研，掘进去dig up 崛起，挖出，发现a dime a dozen 多的很，不稀罕dine out 外出吃饭dip into 浏览，稍加研究disagree with … on/about 与……在某方面意见不同in disgrace 失宠的in disguise 伪装，化装dish out 端上（菜），盛于盘中dispense with 免除，省却，无需at sb’s disposal 任某人处置in dispute 在争论中，未决的in the distance 在远处at a distance 有相当距离keep a distance 与保持一定距离distinguish … from 区别，识别divide among 在……间分配，分开divide into 除，除尽，把……做除数do away with 废除，去掉do for 对……有效，代替，干掉do up 扎，缚，捆do with 想要，需要do without 没有……也行have sht. to do with 和……有（点）关系next door 隔壁out of doors 在户外，在露天double up 弯腰，把……折起来beyond (a) doubt 无疑地in doubt 拿不准，不能确定no doubt 无疑，必定down with 打倒，把……拿下doze off 打瞌睡drag on/out 拖延draw in (火车，汽车)到站draw on 动用，利用；吸，抽烟draw up 写出，画出；草拟；停住dream up 空想出，构思，创造，设计（发明无等）dress up 穿上盛装，打扮得漂亮drink in 吸收drive at 意志，用意所在drop by/in 顺便来访drop off 减弱，减少drop out 退出drum up 招徕，鼓吹dry out 使干透dry up 使枯竭，停止提供due to 因为，由于in due course 及时地，在适当时in duplicate 一式两份地off duty 下班on duty 值班，上班dwell on/upon 凝思，详述Eeach other 互相early on 在早期in earnest 认真地，诚挚地on earth 究竟，到底at ease 安逸，自由自在ease off/up 放松，缓和，减轻take it easy 从容，不紧张，松懈，轻松eat up 吃光，耗尽at a low ebb 处于低潮ebb and flow 涨落，盛衰，消长on edge 紧张，急切bring/carry/put into effect 使生效，使起作用come/go into effect 生效，实施in effect 有效，实际上to the effect that 大意是，意思是make an effort 努力either … to … 或……或，不是……就是，不论……还是or else 否则，要不然in embryo 在酝酿（考虑，计划）中end in 以……为结果end up 结束，告终no end 非常，无限on end 竖着；连续地end with 以……结束put an end to 使终止，毁掉engage in 使从事于，参加enjoy oneself 过得快乐enter into 进入，参加，成为……一部分enter on/upon 开始，着手equal to 等于，胜任be equipped with 用……装备err on the side of 为求……而故作不合算的行动in essence 大体上，实质上of the essence 绝对需要的，极重要的break even 打成平手，得失相当even as 正巧在……的时候，正如even if/though 即使，虽然get even (with) 报复at all events 无论如何in any event 无论如何in the event 结果，如果in the event that 如果，在……情况下in the event of 万一，如果发生every now and then 常常，不时地every other 每隔in evidence 作为证据for example 例如make an example of 惩罚，罚一儆百except for/that 除……之外take exception to 反对with the exception of 除……之外without exception 毫无例外地，一律in excess of 超过to excess 过度in exchange for 交换，以此易彼exert oneself 努力，尽力make an exhibition of oneself 当众出丑in existence 存在，现有at the expense of 归……付费，在损害……的情况下make an experiment on/in/with 做……实验，对……做实验explain away 把……解释过去to a certain extent 在一定程度上to some extent 某种程度上go to extreme （说话或行动）走极端in the extreme 极端，非常catch sb’s eye 引人注目keep an eye on 留意，照看see eye to eye （与某人）看法完全一致Fface to face 面对面地face to up 大胆面对in the face of 面对，在……面前；不顾，即使to one’s face 当着某人的面子，直率地lose one’s face 失面子，丢脸make face 做鬼脸save one’s face 挽救某人的面子as a matter of fact 事实上，其实in fact 其实，实际上without fail 必定，无疑，确然in good faith 处于善意lose faith to 不再信任fall back 后退，退却fall back on 求助于，转而依靠fall behind 落后fall for 爱上，倾心fall in with 同意，与……一致；碰见fall on/upon 袭击，攻击fall out 争吵，结果是fall through 落空，失败fall to 开始，开始吃be familiar with/to 熟悉famous for 以……闻名take a fancy to 喜欢as far as 远至，到……程度by far ……得多，最far and wide 到处，广泛地far from 远非，远离in so far as 到……的程度，在……范围内so far 迄今为止hold fast to 抓紧at fault 感到困惑，有故障find fault with 埋怨，挑剔in favor of 有利于，便于，赞成，支持do a favor/kindness to 帮忙做……，帮（某人）忙be favorable to 赞成far fear of/that 为了避免，害怕in fear of 怕be fed up about 极其厌倦（或不满的）be fed up with 感到厌烦feel like 欲，想要on the fence 保持中立态度，两面派few and for between 稀少quite a few 相当多的，还不少fit a fiddle 非常健康play second fiddle to 担任第二小提琴受，而把手figure out 算出，估计，推测on file 存档，记录下来备查fill in 填充，填写fill out 填充，填写fill up 填补，装满find out 查明keep one’s fingers crossed 祈祷，祷告catch (on) fire 着火make a fire 生火on fire 烧火play with fire 玩火set fire to 点燃under fire 受攻击first of all 首先，第一fish for 摸索，寻找fit in 相合，相处融洽be fit for 适合于fix on 确定，决定fix up 安排；修补，修理flake out 睡着，打瞌睡flatter oneself 自以为in the flesh 以肉体形式，活着的，本人，flick through 浏览as follows 如下follow through 完成球棒/拍击球后的弧形动作，坚持到底follow up 穷追，把……探究到底fool about/around 闲荡，干蠢事make a fool of 玩弄，愚弄in force 有效，实施中come/go into force 生效，实施to the fore 在近处，在手头，在前面，在显著的地位first and foremost 首先，首要地and so forth 等等for free 免费set free 释放free from 使自由，免除free of 免去……的be friends with 对……友好，与……交上朋友make friends with 交朋友，友好相处in front of 在……前面in full 充足；以全文，用完整的词for/in fun 开玩笑地make fun of 取消，嘲弄make a fuss of/over 娇养（某人），过分关怀（某人）in (the) future 今后，从现在开始Ggain on 逼近，超过，侵蚀gamble away 赌光take a gamble 冒险从事（某事）give the game away 泄露秘密（计划），露出马脚gear up 使唤快当，促进，增加in general 通常，大体上get about 走动，旅行，参加社会活动get across 解释清楚，使人了解get ahead （使）走在前面，进步，获得成功get along (with) 进展；相处融洽；生活，过活get around/round 走动，旅行；（消息）传开get at 得到，接近；意思是get away 逃脱，离开get back 回来，恢复，找回（失物）get by 通过，勉强过活get down 从……下来；写下get in 进入，收获，收集get into 进入，陷进get off 从……下来，离开，动身，开始get out 出去，离开，逃脱，泄露，摆脱get over 克服，（从病中）恢复过来get through 结束，完成；接通电话13get together 集合，聚集get up 起床；增加，增强ginger up 使更有生气，使更为奋发give away 泄露，分送give oneself away 泄露，露马脚give back 送还，恢复give birth to 生产（婴儿）；产生，造成give in 交上；投降，屈服give off 放出，释放give out 分发，放出give over to 交付给某人give up 放弃，停止give oneself up 自首，投降，投案at a glance 一眼（便）at first glance 乍看上去glued to 紧附，似用胶固定go about 着手做，从事，走动，传开go after 追求go against 反对，违反，不利于go along 前进，进行，赞同，支持go along with 一起去，赞同，附和go around/round 足够分配go at 扑向，着手干，尽全力于go back on/upon/from 违背go by 过去go down 下降，降低；被载入，传下去go for 竭力想取得；喜爱，支持，拥护go in for 从事，致力于，追求，沉迷于go into 进入，研究调查go off 爆炸，发射；动身，离开go out 外出，熄灭go over 检查，审查go through 经历，经受；详细检查go under 下沉，沉没；失败，破产go up 上升，增加；建起go with 伴随，与……协调go without 没有……也行on the go 在进行活动，忙碌to go 剩下的，有待于完成be going to 要，会，将要as good as 和……几乎一样，实际上等于do sb good 对某人有益do good/harm to 有益/害于for good 永久地good at 擅长……good for 有效，使用，胜任in good time 及时地，迅速地make good 成功，实现with good grace 欣然地make the grade 成功，爬上陡坡take for granted 想当然，认为理所当然come to grief 遭难，受伤，失败grin and bear it 逆来顺受grind out 机械地做出，用功做出come/get to grips（认真）对付（或处理）gain ground 发展，普及get off the ground 开始，取得进展on (the) grounds of 根据，以……为理由grow on 引起……爱好，越来越被喜爱grow out of 长得太高大与……不相符；由……而来grow up 长大，成人，崛起off (one’s) guard 不警惕on (one’s) guard 警惕，防范guard against 提放，预防hate sb’s guts 狠之入骨Hin the habit of 有……的习惯，常常hack into 作为黑客进入hack through 披荆斩棘前进hail from 来自get in sb’s hair 激怒某人make sb’s hair stand on end 使人毛骨悚然in half 成两半go halves 平分hammer away 苦心研究hammer out 锤成，苦心想出，推敲出at hand 在手边，在附近，即将到来by hand 用手change hand 转手hand down 流产下来，传给，往下传hand in 交上，递交hand in hand 手拉手，携手hand on 传下来，依次传递hand out 分发，散发，发给hand over 交出，移交，让与have one’s hands full 忙的不可开交in hand 在控制中，在进行中in sb’s hands 在……掌握中join hands 携手，同……联合，合伙lend sb a hand 帮助on hand 在手边，临近on(the) one hand 一方面on the other hand 另一方面out of hand 无法控制，脱手take/have a hand to 参与，介入，起一份作用wash one’s hands of 洗手不干hang about/around 闲荡，徘徊，逗留hang on 抓住不放，继续下去，等一下hang on to 紧握住，坚持下去hang out 挂出hang together 结合在一起hang up 挂断（电话）hardly any 几乎没有，几乎什么也不hardly … when/before 刚一……就……come to no harm 未受损伤15in harmony (with) 相配，与……一致in haste 急忙地，草率地talk through one’s hat 吹牛，胡说八道have had it 受够了，忍无可忍了have got to 必须做……have it in for 厌恶have on 穿着，戴着have to 不得不，必须have to do with 与……有关above/over one’s head 在某人头上，太高深而超过某人的理解能力come to a head 出脓，成熟，到紧要关头head for 驶向，走向head on 迎头，迎面head over heels 头朝下，颠倒；完全地lose sb’s head 不知所措put one’s heads together 集思广益，共同商量hear about/of 听说at heart 在内心，实质上break sb’s head 使……悲痛万分get/learn/know sth. By heart 记住，背顺from( the bottom of ) one’s heart 衷心地heart and soul 全心全意in one’s heart of hearts 在内心深处lose heart 丧失信心，失去勇气set one’s heart on 渴望take heart 振作take … to heart 认真考虑某事to one’s heart’s content 尽兴地the hell 表示惊讶，不信，厌恶等的语气词like hell 拼命地to hell with 让……见鬼去can/could not help 禁不住，不得不help oneself 自取所需（食物等）help out 帮助（某人）here and now 眼下，立刻，马上here and there 到处，处处neither here nor there 无关紧要，不相干over the hill 上年岁的，走下坡路的hinge on/upon 靠……转动，以……为转移make history 创造历史，作出永垂史册的事业hit on/upon 偶然发现catch/get/take hold of 抓住，掌握hold back 踌躇，退缩；阻止，抑制hold down 压制，缩减hold forth 滔滔地说，提供hold off 不接近，拖延hold on 继续，握住不放hold on to/onto 紧紧抓住，坚持hold one’s breath 屏息hold out 维持，支持；坚持，不屈服hold over 拖延，以……威胁hold up 举起，承载；阻挡，停止；抢劫，拦截hold with 赞同，容忍at home 在家，在国内；自在，自如b ing … home to 使认识到do the honors 尽地主之谊in honor of 为纪念，向……表示敬意on/upon one’s honor 以某人名誉担保hook up 以钩钩住off the hook 摆脱困境，脱身hope against hope 抱一线希望on the horizon 在地平线上be hostile to 对……有敌意，反对on the hour 准点地bring the house down 博得全场喝彩或鼓掌keep house 管理家务，做家务on the house 主人开销的，免费的how about … ? ……如何，……怎样how come …? ……怎么会……为什么……hundreds of 数以白计，许多hunger after/for 渴望hunt down 穷追直至抓住hunt for 搜寻hurry up （使）赶快，迅速完成in a hurry 匆忙地，急于Iif only 要是……多好；要是，只要be ignorant of 不知道improve on/upon 改进on (the) impulse (of…) 凭（……的）冲动be in for 肯定会经历，注定要遭受；参加（竞赛）in that 因为，既然every inch 完全，在各方面，从头到尾be inclined to 倾向于，欲……的，想……的on the increase 正在增长independent of 与…无关，不依靠，不取决于，不受…限制inferior to 在…之下，次于，不如inform of/about 通知，告诉，报告inquire after 询问起inquire into 盘查，调查inquire sth. of sb 询问，打听inside out 里子朝外地，彻底地for instance 例如in the first instance 最初，首先instead of 代替，而不是……to all intents (and purposes) 实际上in the interest(s) of 为了，为了……的利益interfere with 妨碍，打扰in the interim 在间歇的，期间的；暂时的，临时的at intervals 不时，时时involve in 卷入，陷入iron out 烫平，熨衣服by itself 独自地，单独地in itself 在本质上，完全地J17be jealous of 妒忌on the job 工作着joint venture 合资get the jump on 抢在……之前行动just about 几乎just now 刚才，不久以前bring to justice 使……受到法律制裁do justice to 公平对待，说句公道话，充分地评判kkeep at 坚持不懈地做谋事keep back 阻止，阻挡；隐瞒，保留；扣下，留下keep down 控制，压制；咽下，不吐出；压低声音keep from 使……不（做）keep off 不接近，避开keep on 继续，保持keep one’s words 守信keep out of 躲开，置身于……之外keep/hold pace with 并驾齐驱keep to 坚持，保持；不离开keep up 继续，坚持keep up with 跟上，不落后，赶上kick about/around 粗暴对待，虐待kick off 开始kick up 踢起（灰尘）；激起，引起all kinds of 各种各样的in kind 以同样的方式（回敬）of a kind 徒有其名的bring to one’s knee 使某人屈服knock about/around 虐待；厮混；漫游，漂泊knock down 把……撞倒，把……击倒knock off 下班休息knock out 击倒，击昏know about 知道……，了解……know as 被认为是……，被称为是……know better than 懂道理，有头脑，不会上当know of 知道有……to one’s knowledge 据某人所知Llack of 缺乏，不足lap up （贪梦地）舐光；欣然接受at large 一般，大体上by and large 总的来说，大体上lash out (at) 猛打at (long) last 终于at the latest 最迟of late 最近later on 其后，以后laugh at 讥笑laugh off 用笑摆脱lay aside 把……放在一边；积蓄lay down 放下，阁下；制订，拟订；铺设lay off （临时）解雇；休息，停止lay out 布置，安排；陈列，展示；设计，制订lay over （旅途中）稍作停留lay up 贮存；使卧病在床；使（船）进坞修理lead the way 带路，示范lead to 通向，导致，引起leaf through 迅速翻阅turn over a new leaf 翻开新的一页，改过自新，重新做人leak out 泄露lean on 靠在……上，依靠by/in leaps and bounds 突飞猛进learn by heart 记住learn from 向……学习at least 至少least of all 最不not in the least 一点也不to say the least 至少（可以这样说），退一步说leave alone 不管，不理会leave behind 留下，忘带leave off 停止，结束leave out 省去，遗漏leave word 流言take one’s leave of 告别not th have a leg to stand on 站不住脚的at leisure 有空，闲着无事，从从容不迫lend itself to 适合于lend to 借给at length 最后，终于；详细地go to great lengths 竭尽全力做……on less than 有……之多，多大，和……一样，不亚于let alone 更不用说let down 放下，降低；使失望leg go (of) 放开，松手；放弃let in 让……进入，放……进来let off 免除职责，准予离开；宽恕；放（枪，烟火）let out 加宽，放宽（衣服）；放出，放掉，发出let up 停止，中止；减弱to the letter 严格按照字句level off/out 达到稳定be liable for 有责任的，有义务的；be liable to 易受…影响的，易遭受或经历一些不好的事情或风险的at liberty 自由，随意lie in 在于take lying down 逆来顺受bring to life 使恢复知觉come to life 变得活跃，变得兴奋for life 终生，直到生命终结bring to light 发现，揭发come to light 暴露，被发现，众所周知in (the) light of 鉴于，基于……的考虑light up 点燃，照亮throw/cast light on/upon 使明白，阐明in line 成一直线，排成一行19。
作文及翻译中常用短语2
III. Expressions & Patterns
应用： 应用：下面是几个在自己的 事业中表现出了强烈兴趣并 做出不懈努力的人们的典型 例子。 例子。强烈的兴趣和不懈努 力是人类一切活动成功的关 键因素。 键因素。 Here are some typical examples of people showing in their careers intense interest plus persistent effort, which is the key factor to the success in every human activity.
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III. Expressions & Patterns
全力以赴 to put one’s best effort forth / to do one’s utmost
活学活用
为了祖国的利益， 为了祖国的利益， 我定会全力以赴。 我定会全力以赴。 I will put my best effort forth if it is for the sake of my motherland.
III. Expressions & Patterns
原句: 原句: But I believe that all the answers lie in human error, mechanical problems, strange atmospheric events, or unusual magnetic phenomenon. (L. 51)
III. Expressions & Patterns
生活的节奏 the pace of life
活学活用
考博英语(翻译和写作常用短语)
一、政治类：二、把…捐给慈善机构 donate …to charities三、把…看成社会公敌 look upon … as a threat to society四、把…列为基本国策 list…..as fundamental national policies五、把…作为指导 take… as the guide六、把理论和实际结合起来 integrate theory with practice …七、把握大局 grasp the overall situation八、摆脱贫穷落后 get rid of poverty and backwardness九、保护妇女权利不受侵犯 guarantee (protect) women’s rights against infringement十、采取各种措施 adopt various measures十一、参政、议政 participate in the management of State affairs十二、充满信心和力量 be filled with confidence and strength十三、打破僵局 break the deadlock十四、打破禁区 break off a forbidden zone十五、得出结论 draw ( arrive at, come to reach ) a conclusion十六、锻造一支人民军队 forge a people’s army十七、对…具有深远的影响 have a far-reaching impact on十八、对…做出重要(巨大)贡献 make important (great, major )contributions to十九、反对各种形式的恐怖主义 be opposed to all forms of terrorism二十、反腐倡廉 combat corruption and build a clean government二十一、高举伟大旗帜 hold high the great banner二十二、给…带来机遇和挑战 present (bring) both opportunities and challenges to二十三、根除 (防止,消除)*** root out (prevent, eliminate) corruption二十四、观察当今世界 observe the present-day world二十五、缓和紧张状况 ease the tension二十六、回顾奋斗历程 review the course of struggle二十七、加快改革步伐 accelerate the speed of reform二十八、加强舆论监督 ensure that the correct orientation is maintained in public二十九、opinion三十、坚持改革开放政策 adhere to the reform and open policy三十一、坚持统一，反对分裂，增加 persist in reunification, oppose separation, increase 三十二、了解，化解歧见 understanding and iron out differences三十三、减轻农民负担 alleviate farmer’s burden三十四、解放思想 emancipate our minds三十五、解决温饱问题 solve the problem of food and clothing三十六、解决新问题 resolve new problems三十七、进入世界先进行列 edge into the advanced ranks in the world三十八、进入新时期 enter a new period三十九、进行和谈 hold peace talks四十、进行战略性调整 make strategic readjustment四十一、就…接受妥协 accept a compromise on四十二、开发西部 remake the west开始生效go into effect (enter into force)开拓前进open up new ways forward科教兴国rejuvenate our country through science and education理顺关系rationalize the relationship履行权利和义务perform the responsibilities and obligations迈出重要的一步make an important step热爱和平love peace深化改革deepen the reform审时度势size up the situation实现发展繁荣bring about development and prosperity实现民族独立realize national independence实现夙愿fulfill the long-cherished wishes实现小康目标achieve the goal of ensuring our people a relative comfortable life 实现中华民族伟大复兴bring about a great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation实行新政策practice new policies受到全世界广泛关注attract extensive attention worldwide缩小差别bridge (narrow) the gap完成中华民族的振兴大业implement the revitalization of our nation维护世界和平maintain world peace吸收各国文明的先进成果absorb what is advanced in other civilizations下放权力给delegate the management of ... (to ...)响应号召respond to the call修改法律amend the laws宣布…召开announce the opening of徇私枉法bend the law for the benefit of relatives or friends依法治国govern the country according to law引起全国的关注arouse the concern of the whole nation引起全世界广泛关注attract extensive attention worldwide赢得一个又一个胜利win one victory after another在…中起(至关)重要作用play a major (crucial, an important ) role in增强凝聚力enhance the rally power增强综合国力和国际竞争enhance comprehensive (overall) national strength and international competitiveness展望伟大征程look into the great journey展现生机和活力display one’s vigor and vitality战胜无数的困难overcome numerous difficulties振兴西部revive the west振兴中华民族rejuvenate (revitalize) our nation政企不分mix up the functions of the government and enterprises政企分开separate government functions from enterprise management政务公开make government affairs public主张各国政府采取行动urge governments of all countries to take action抓住机遇seize the opportunity转变政府职能transform (shift) the government functions追求进步pursue progress追求真理seek the truth走进新时代march (stride) into the new era.遵纪守法、廉洁奉公observe the relevant code of conduct and the law and honestly perform one's official duties遵循规则follow the principles二、经济类爱岗敬业cherish posts and devote wholeheartedly to work保持国民经济发展的良好势头maintain a good momentum of growth in the national economy保持国有股keep the State-held shares保证下岗职工的基本生活guarantee the basic needs of laid-off workers被指控接受贿赂be accused of accepting bribes采取不同的办法adopt various methods采取反垄断措施take anti-monopoly measures承担风险bear (take) risk筹集足够的资金raise enough funds (capital, proceeds)创收外汇earn foreign exchange (currency)刺激国内经济需求spur domestic demand刺激国内需求stimulate domestic demand从粗放经济转变为集约经济shift from extensive economy to intensive economy从国外引进先进技术和管理introduce from abroad the advanced technology and经验management expertise促进地区间的合作promote regional cooperation促进改革promote reform促进全球经济一体化foster integration with the global economy打黑crack down on speculation and profiteering打假take strong measures against fake and shoddy products (crack down on counterfeit goods)打破垄断break the monopoly对…提出控告(投诉) lodge complaints against…对…造成(构成)威胁form (pose) a threat to…夺回失去的市场take back lost market发挥自身优势give full play to one’s advantages防范和化解金融风险take precautions against and reduce financial risks改善投资环境improve the environment for investment赶超先进surpass the advanced给…带来积极影响bring a more positive impa ct on…根据市场作出调整gear ourselves to the market orientation公证财产notarize the properties和…达成(签订)协议reach (sign) an agreement with和…进一步合作further cooperation with和…有合作关系have cooperative ties with活跃市场enliven the market集中精力把经济建设搞上去go all out for economic development。
备考中科院考博英语词汇
备考中科院考博英语词汇备考中科院考博英语必备词汇做英语阅读，词汇是基础，中科院考博英语阅读的篇幅和内容是相当之大，为了帮助大家备考中科院考博英语，小编整理了一些考博英语词汇，希望能帮到大家!consensus n. 共识，一致，合意 n. [生理]交感tour n. 旅游, 观光旅行, 任期 v. 旅行, 周游nationwide adj. 全国性的 adv. 在全国范围内aboard adv. 在船上,在火车上,在飞机上 prep. 上船，上飞机，上车substitute n. 代替者,代用品 v. 代替 vi. (for)代替 vt. 用...代替,代以stone n.石头; 宝石; 矿石; (膀胱或肾脏中的)结石 vt.向扔石块; 用石头铺; 以石掷向; 除(水果的)硬核 adj.石制的; 石头似的; [S-]石器时代的; 粗陶制的 adv.石一般的narrow adj. 狭窄的，有限的;勉强的;精密的;度量小的n. 海峡;狭窄部分，隘路 vt. 使变狭窄 vi. 变窄motorist n. 驾车旅行的人，开汽车的人chestnut n. 栗子，栗树，栗色，栗色马，七叶树，马的胼胝，陈词滥调 adj. 栗色的wheat n. 小麦, 小麦色variety n. 多样, 种类, 杂耍poorly adv. 贫穷地，不充份地，贫乏地 adj. 身体不舒服的，心情恶劣的thrift adj. 节约, 节俭 n. 节俭, 节约thirst v. 渴望,渴求 vi. (for)渴望,渴求 vt.&n. 渴,渴望orchard n. 果园prefix n. 前缀 vt. 加...作为前缀,置于前面 adj. 前缀的eager adj. 渴望的, 热切的.reserve n. 预备品, 贮存, 候补 n. 克制, 含蓄 vt. 保留, 预订, 延期noble adj. 高尚的, 宏伟的, 贵族的, 高贵的 n. 贵族caravan n. (穿越沙漠的)旅行队, 商队，大篷车electric adj. 电的,令人激动的,鲜亮的 n. 供电cardinal n.红衣主教，鲜红色，基数，北美红雀adj. 主要的，深红色的fiddle n. 小提琴 v. 虚度时光, 拉小提琴basement n. 根基，地下室 n.(新英格兰)特别指学校中的公厕proficiency n. 熟练,精通commitment n. 委托,实行,承诺,保证(律)拘禁令，奉献，献身cocker vt. 娇养, 溺爱, 放纵 n. 西班牙长耳猎犬 n. 斗鸡的人uphold v. 支撑, 赞成, 鼓励cleanse vt. 使...清洁, 净化, 使...纯洁devotion n. 虔诚,祈祷,献身,奉献remnant adj. 剩余的 n. 残(剩)余reality n. 现实,实际,真实closet n. 壁橱,衣帽间 adj.(用于名词前)隐藏(身分等)的;不公开(个人信息)的 vt. 把…关在房间里(尤指为了私下会谈或避免他人打扰) truthful adj. 诚实的，真实的fertile adj. 肥沃的,能繁殖的 n. 多产,肥沃magnifier n. 放大镜，放大器vital adj. 至关重要的, 生死攸关的, 有活力的, 充满生机的dough n.生面团,浆糊futile adj. 无效的, 无用的brief n. 摘要,简报,公事包 adj. 简短的,简洁的 v. 对...作简报,摘要。
写作与翻译中的常用短语
写作与翻译中的常用短语写作与翻译中的常用短语有很多，下面将为您介绍一些常用的短语。
1. In my opinion（在我看来）：在写作中表达个人意见常用的短语。
2. It is believed that（有人认为）：用于提出一种观点或理论，表示有人认为某事是真实的。
3. As a matter of fact（事实上）：用于强调某个事实是正确的，常用于写作中引入一个新观点或事实。
4. According to（根据）：表示某个观点或事实是基于某种理由或来源的。
5. On the one hand, on the other hand（一方面，另一方面）：用于表达对两种不同观点或情况的描述。
6. In addition（此外）：用于引入一个额外的观点或事实。
7. Furthermore（而且）：用于表示一个更进一步的观点或事实。
8. Therefore（因此）：用于表示一个结论或结果是由前面所述事实或观点引起的。
9. Nevertheless（然而）：用于引出一个相反的观点或事实，以表示对前面所述内容的不同看法。
10. In conclusion（总之）：用于总结前文，表达最后的观点或结论。
11. It goes without saying that（不言而喻）：用于表达一个众所周知或不言自明的事实。
12. To sum up（总结起来）：用于总结前文，引出重要的观点或结论。
13. On the contrary（相反）：用于引出一个与前文相反的观点或事实。
14. In contrast（对比之下）：用于比较两种不同观点或情况。
15. It is worth noting that（值得注意的是）：用于引出一个值得关注或重要的观点或事实。
16. It is worth mentioning that（值得一提的是）：用于引出一个值得提及的观点或事实。
17. It is important to mention that（重要的是要提到）：用于强调某个观点或事实的重要性。
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中科院考博英语培训资料（作文）写作和翻译中的常用短语写作Commonly Used Phrases and Patterns.Reduce the CO2 emissionGlobal warming greenhouse gases glacier melting gases Develop new energy—solar energy, wind energy, etc.安居工程housing project for low-income urban residents信息化information-based; informationization智力密集型concentration of brain power; knowledge-intensive西部大开发Development of the West Regions 可持续性发展sustainable development风险投资risk investment 扩大内需to expand domestic demand 计算机辅助教学computer-assisted instruction ( CAI )学生减负to reduce study load拉关系try to curry favor with 劳动合同制labor contract system老生常谈，陈词滥调cut and dried 老字号an old and famous shop or enterprise礼尚往来Courtesy calls for reciprocity. 猎头公司head-hunting company廉政建设construction of a clean and honest administration廉政、勤政、务实、高效政an honest, diligent, pragmatic and efficient government联合兼并conglomeration and merger of enterprises两个文明一起抓place equal emphasis on material and ethical progress两院院士academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Engineering老少边穷地区former revolutionary base areas, areas inhabited by minority nationalities, remote and border areas and poverty-stricken areas劣等品shoddy goods; substandard goods;留得青山在，不怕没柴烧Where there is life, there is hope.留职停薪retain the job but suspend the salary留学咨询：consulting on the study abroad流动人口transient population乱收费、乱摊派、乱罚款arbitrary charges, fund-raising quotas and fines论文答辩(thesis) oral defense 绿地覆盖率forest coverage rate绿化afforestation 绿色食品organic food满意度degree of satisfaction 民族凝聚力national cohesion买一送一buy one get one free磨洋工dawdle along 模拟测试mock test; simulated exam莫失良机make hay while the sun shines目标管理management by objectives难得糊涂Where ignorance is bliss, it's folly to be wise.南水北调South-to-North water diversion南水北调工程divert water from the south to the north project闹情绪be disgruntled; be in a fit of pique内环路inner ring road 泡沫经济bubble economy能进能出，能上能下competent to work both at the top and at the grass roots贫富悬殊polarization of rich and poor 平均主义equalitarianism瓶颈制约“bottleneck”restrictions 企业文化corporate culture 强化班intensive training class 勤工俭学work-study program全面实施以德育为核心、以创新精神和实践能力为重点的素质教育carry on the quality education centering on moral education and emphasizing creativity and practice裙带风nepotism; petticoat influence人才流失brain drain 人浮于事overstaffing人工智能artificial intelligence 人机交互human-computer interaction人际交往human communication 三角债chain debt塞翁失马，焉知非福Misfortune may be an actual blessing."三个代表" "three represents" theory (The Party should always represent the development needs of China's advanced social productive forces, always represent the onward direction of China's advanced culture, and always represent the fundamental interests of the largest member of the Chinese people.)"三讲"教育（讲学习、讲政治、讲正气）"three emphases" education (to stress theoretical study, political awareness and good conduct)三资企业three kinds of foreign-invested enterprises or ventures: Sino-foreign joint ventures(中外合资企业), cooperative businesses （中外合作企业）and exclusively foreign-owned enterprises in China（外商独资企业）"扫黄"、"打非" eliminate pornography and illegal publications商品房空置的现象the vacancy problem in commercial housing上网to get on the Internet 事业单位public institution社会热点问题hot issues of society 沙尘暴sand storm; dust storm社会治安情况public security situation 涉外经济foreign-related business申办奥运会bid for the Olympic Games 身体素质physique; physical constitution 生态农业environmental-friendly agriculture 弹性工资flexible pay实践是检验真理的唯一标准Practice is the sole criterion for testing truth.实现小康目标to achieve the goal of ensuring our people a relative comfortable life时不我待Time and tide wait for no man. 试用期probationary period受灾地区disaster-affected area 素质教育education for all-around development跳槽者job-hopper 跳槽job-hopping土地沙化desertification of land; desert encroachment推广科研成果turning laboratory achievements into commercial/mass production; commercialization of laboratory achievements退耕还林还草grain for green脱贫致富cast (shake, throw) off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity挖墙脚undermine the foundation of sth..; cut the ground from under sb's feet网民netizen; net citizen; cyber citizen 网上冲浪surf the Internet网上交易平台online trading platform 网友net friend文科liberal arts 无形资产intangible assets无中生有make/create something out of nothing效益工资achievements-related wages; wages based on benefits效益农业profitable agriculture 下岗laid-off workers心理素质psychological quality 义务教育compulsory education应试教育examination-oriented education system与国际市场接轨integrate with the world market; become integrated into the global market远景计划long-term development targets 欲速则不达Haste does not bring success.再就业服务中心re-employment service center 远程教育distance education政府上网工程Government Online Project政府职能转变transform/shift the government functions政企不分without a clear line between the functions of the government and enterprises; the functions of the government and enterprises mixed up政企分开separate government functions from enterprise management政务公开make government affairs public中关村科技园区Zhongguancun Science and Technology Park中流砥柱mainstay, chief corner stone 抓住机遇seize the opportunity众口难调It is difficult to cater to all tastes.; One man's meat is another man's poison. 自然保护区natural reserve; nature preservation zone自律机制the self-discipline system自我保护意识self-protection awareness转基因食品GM food (genetically modified food)Appendix IIIPart Ⅰ: Useful expressions( A ). For Opening an essay1. sayWhen asked about the (vast) majority of believeWhen it comes to ... , most/many people claimFaced with thinkargue----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------regardview/see as...that..., but other people think of ... differently.considerconceive----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2. development/improvement/rise/growth of...general recognition/realization/acknowledgement of...With (the) women/children playing an increasingly big role in society/family life,----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.a general discussion on issueThere is much debate today about the problempublic controversy nowadays overas to----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------criticizeof ... . Those who ...argue that...object to----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------advocateThey believe that ..., but people who ..., on the otherfavorhand, argue that...----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Currently , there is a (n) general In recent years widespreadIn the past few years has been growingFor many years now widely-held----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------feeling towards feelingconcern over concern thatattitude towards trendtrend towards ... awarenessawareness of realization thatrealization of beliefillusion of----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5. growing beginningNow people in ever-increasing numbers are coming tosignificant getting----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------believerrealizerecognizeunderstand thatacceptseebe aware----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6. believedcommonly thought think Now, it is widely held that..., they ..., butGenerally accepted believeIncreasingly feltrecognizedacknowledged----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I wonder whether...doubt----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------astonishing proportion teenagers7. Recently there is a (n) increasing percentage of whosizable population studentssignificant number----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------sudden8. In the past 5 years there has been a dramatic rise in the crimeratesharp increase divorce ratemarked teenage smoking-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------problem brought to public attention9.. Recently the issue of... has been posed among peoplequestion in the limelight----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------loomed controversial10. The problem of... has now arisen asissue cropped up noteworthy----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------idea untrueopinion foolishview dangerousNo belief more undesirable thannotion is basic now the one that...issue so important astrend essentialattitude emotion-rousing---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- widely(which is now commonly held by...)generally---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12. Never in Chinese history idea evidentNowhere in the world has the issue of ... been more popular than...change( B ) Transitional words1) Sample writing:What explains the growing trend toward delayed childbearing?First,In the first place,To start with, the high divorce rate is making newlyweds think twice about starting aFor one thing, family right away.First of all,Secondly,Besides,In addition,Furthermore, many young couples want to be more financially secure before having children.What's more,For another thing,Finally,Above all, More married women prefer to devote time to their careers before having a baby.Thirdly,2) Connectives and transitional phrases for chronological development:first, second, etc. soon eventuallyin the meantime then thereuponat the same time next thereafterafter an interval now afterpresently later afterwardsomewhat later finally at last3) Connectives and transitional phrases for analytical development:first, second, etc. now for this purposebut as a result furthermorefinally at last moreoveralso consequently likewiseanother for example nextyet for instance on the contraryonce in addition in summarysuch in this case on the. other handthen otherwise in conclusionthus in closing therefore4) Connectives and transitional phrases for comparisons:another furthermore moreoverequally important too, also at the same timebesides then accordinglyin fact in addition to like, likewisesimilarly just as... so in the same way5) Connectives and transitional phrases for contrasts:on the contrary different from/in contraston the other hand todespite in spite ofyet, but whereasunlike neverthelessnot only .... but also here ....thereyears ago ....today- this ....thatthe former ....the latter then ....nowthe first ... whereas the second some ....otherson the one hand .... on the other once .... now( C ) Phrases to Sum UpIn summary,In short,On the whole, This trend represents a sharp break with this nation's traditional In conclusion, preoccupation with the needs of children.In a word,( D ) A special group of sentence structures汉语中有许多习惯用语。