2015年全国医学博士入学统一考试英语真题及答案解析

2015年全国医学博士入学统一考试英语真题及答案解析
Part I: Listening comprehension(略)
Part II: Vocabulary(10%)
Section A
Direction: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four word or phrases marked A,B,C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word the word or phrase that best completes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
31. Despite his doctor’s note of caution, he never____from dring and smorking.
A. retained
B. dissuaded
C. alleviated
D. abstained
32. people with a history of recurrent infections are warned that the use of personal stereos with headsets is likely to____their hearing.
A. rehabilitate
B. jeopardize
C. tranquilize
D. supplement
33. impartial observers had to acknowledge that lack of formal education did not seem to____larry in any way in his success.
A. refute
B. ratify
C. facilitate
D. impede
34. when the supporting finds were reduced, they should have revised their plan______.
A. accordingly
B. alternatively
C. considerably
D. relatively
35. it is increasingly believed among the expectant parents that prenatal education of classical music can_____ future adults with appreciation of music.
A. acquaint
B. familiarized
C. endow
D. amuse
36. if the gain of profit is solely due to rising energy prices, then inflation should be subsided when energy prices_____
A. level out
B. stand out
C. come off
D. wear off
37. heat stroke is a medical emergency that demands immediate_____ from qualified medical personnel.
A. prescription
B. palpation
C. intervention
D. interposition
38. asbestos exposure results in Mesothelioma, asbestosis and internal organ cancers, and_____ of these diseases is often decades after the initial exposure.
A. offset
B. intake
C. outlet
D. onset
39. ebola, which spreads through body fluid or secretions such as urine,______ and semen, can kill up to 90% of those infected.
A. saline
B. saliva
C. scabies
D. scrabs
40. the newly designed system is ____ to genetic transfections, and enables an incubation period for studying various genes.
A. comparable
B. transmissible
C. translatable
D. amenable Section B
Directions: each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is
substituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
41. every year more than 1000 patients in Britain die on transplant waiting lists, prompting scientists to consider other ways to produce organs.
A. propelling
B. prolonging
C. puzzling
D. promising
42. improved treatment has changed the outlook of HIV patients, but there is still a serious stigma attached to AIDS.
A. disgrace
B. discrimination
C. harassment
D. segregation
43. surviviors of the shipwreck were finally rescued after their courage of persistence lowered to zero by their physical lassitude.
A. depletion
B. dehydration
C. exhaustion
D. handicap
44. scientists have invented a 3D scan technology to read the otherwise illegible wood-carved stone, a method that may apply to other areas such as medicine.
A. negative
B. confusing
C. eloquent
D. indistinct
45. top athletes scrutinize both success and failure with their coach to extract lessons from them, but they are never distracted from long-term goals.
A. anticipate
B. clarify
C. examine
D. verify
46. his imperative tone of voice reveals his arrogance and arbitrariness.
A. challenging
B. solemn
C. hostile
D. demanding
47. the discussion on the economic collaboration between the United States and the European Union may be eclipsed by the recent growing trade friction.
A. erased
B. triggered
C. shadowed
D. suspended
48. faster increases in prices foster the belief that the future increases will be also stronger, so that higher prices fuel demand rather than quench it.
A. nurture
B. eliminate
C. assimilate
D. puncture
49. some recent developments in photography allow animals to be studied in previously inaccessible places and in unprecedented detail.
A. unpredictable
B. unconventional
C. unparalleled
D. unexpected
50. a veteran negotiation specialist should be skillful at manipulating touchy situation.
A. estimating
B. handling
C. rectifying
D. anticipating
Part III Cloze(10%)
Direction: in this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
A mother who is suffering from cancer can pass on the disease to her unborn child in extremely rare cases 51 a new case report published in PNAS this week.
According to researchers in Japan and at the Institute for Cancer Research in Sutton, UK, a Japanese mother had been diagnosed with leukemia a few weeks after giving birth 52 tumors were discovered in her daughter’s cheek and lung when she was 11 months old. Genetic analysis showed that the baby’s cancer cells had the same mutation as the cancer cells
of the mother. But the cancer cells contained no DNA whatsoever from the father 53 would be expected if she had inherited the cancer from conception. That suggests the cancer cell made it into the unborn child’s body across the placental barrier.
The Guardian claimed this to be the fires 54 case of cells crossing the placental barrier. But this is not the case----microchimerism 55 cells are exchanged between a mother and her unborn child, is thought to be quite common, with some cells thought to pass from fetus to mother in about 50 to 70 percent of cases and to go the other way about half,56.
As the BBC pointed out, the greater 57 in cancer transmission from mother to fetus had been how cancer cells that have slipped through the placental barrier could survive in the fetus without being killed by its immune system. The answer, in this case at least, lies in a second mutation of the cancer cells, which led to the 58 of the specific features that would have allowed the fetal immune system to detect the cells as foreign. As a result, no attack against the invaders was launched.
59, according to the researchers there is little reason for concern of “cancer danger”. Only 17 probable cases have been reported worldwide and the combined 60 of cancer cells both passing the placental barrier and having the right mutation to evade the baby’s immune system is extremely low.
51. A. suggests B. suggesting C. having suggested D. suggested
52. A. since B. although C. whereas D. when
53. A. what B. whom C. who D. as
54. A. predicted B. notorious C. proven D. detailed
55. A. where B. when C. if D. whatever
56. A. as many B. as much C. as well D. as often
57. A. threat B. puzzle C. obstacle D. dilemma
58. A. detection B. deletion C. amplification D. addition
59. A. therefore B. furthermore C. nevertheless D. conclusively
60. A. likelihood B. function C. influence D. flexibility
Part IV Reading Comprehension(30%)
Directions: in this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
Passage One
The American Society of Clinical Oncology wrapped its annual conference this week, going through the usual motions of presenting a lot of drugs that offer some added quality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases. But buried deep in an AP story are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review, including one treatment study where 100 percent of patients saw their cancer diminish by
half.
First of all, it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the main cost-effective one-size-first-all approach to drug development and embracing the long cancer treatments, engineering drugs that only work for a small percentage of patients but work very effectively within that group.
Pfizer announced that one such drug it’s pushing into late-stage testing is target for 4% of lung cancer patients. But more than 90% of that tiny cohort responded to the drug initial tests, and 9 out of ten is getting pretty close to the ideal ten out of ten. By gearing toward more boutique treatments rather than broad umbrella pharmaceuticals that try to fit for everyone it seems cancer researchers are making some headway. But how can we close the gap on that remaining ten percent?
Ask Takeda Pharmaceutical and Celgene, two drug makers who put aside competitive interests to test a novel combination of their treatments. In a test of 66 patients with the blood disease multiple myeloma, a full 100 percent response to a cancer drug(or in this case a drug cocktail) is more or less unheard of. Moreover, this combination never would’ve been two competing companies hadn’t sat down and put their heads together.
Are there more potentially effective drug combos out there separated by competitive interest and proprietary information? Who’s to say, but it seems like with the amount of money and research being pumped into cancer drug development, the outcome pretty good. And if researchers can start pushing more of their response numbers toward 100 percent, we can more easily start talking about oncology’s favorite four-letter word: cure.
61. which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
A. Competition and Cooperation
B.Two Competing Pharmaceutical Companies
C. The promising Future of Pharmaceuticals
D. Encouraging News: a 100% Response to a Cancer Drug
62. in cancer drug development, according to the passage, the pharmaceuticals now ____
A. are adopting the cost-effective one-size-fits-all approach
B. are moving towards individualized and targeted treatments
C. are investing the lion’s shares of their money
D. care only about their profits
63. from the encouraging advance by the two companies, we can infer that____
A. the development can be ascribed to their joint efforts and collaboration
B. it was their competition that resulted in the accomplishment
C. other pharmaceuticals will join them in the research
D. the future cancer treatment can be nothing but cocktail therapy
64. from the last paragraph it can be inferred that the answer to the question___
A. is nowhere to be found
B. can drive one crazy
C. can be multiple
D. is conditional
65. the tone of the author of this passage seems to be_____
A. neutral
B. critical
C. negative
D. potimist
Passage Two
Liver disease is the 12th leading cause of death in the US, chiefly because once it’s determined that a patient needs a new liver it’s difficult to get one. Even in case where a suitable donor match is found, there’s guarantee a transplant will be successful. But researchers Massachusetts General Hospital have taken a huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab, successfully transplanting culture-grown livers into rats.
The livers aren’t grown from scratch, but rather within the infrastructure of a donor liver. The liver cells in the donor organ are washed out with a detergent that gently strips away the liver cells, leaving behind a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture that is very hard to duplicate synthetically.
With all of that complicated infrastructure already in place, the researchers then seeded the scaffold(支架) with liver cells isolated from health livers, as well as some special endothelial cells to line the bold vessels. Once repopulated with healthy cells, these livers lived in culture for 10 days.
The team also translated some two-day-old recellularized livers back into rats, where they continued to thrive for eight hours while connected into the rat’s vascular systems. However, the current method isn’t perfect and can not seem to repopulate the blood vessels quite densely enough and the transplanted livers can’t keep functioning for more than about 24 hours(hence the eight-hour maximum for the rat thansplant).
But the initial successes are promising, and the team thinks they can overcome the blood vessel problem and get fully functioning livers into rats within two years. It still might be a decade before the tech hits the clinic, but if nothing goes horribly wrong—and especially if stem-cell research established a reliable way to create health liver cells from the every patients who need transplants-lab-generated livers that are perfect matches for their recipients could become a reality.
66. it can be inferred from the passage that the animal model was mainly intended to____
A. investigate the possibility of growing blood vessels in the lab
B. explore the unknown functions of the human liver
C. reduce the incidence of liver disease in the US.
D. address the source of liver transplants
67. what does the author mean when he says that the livers aren’t grown from scratch?
A. the making of a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture
B. a huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab
C. the building of the infrastructure of a donor liver
D. growing liver cells in the donor organ
68. the biological scaffold was not put into the culture in the lab until____
A. duplicated synthetically
B. isolated from the healthy liver
C. repopulated with the healthy cells
D. the addition of some man-made blood vessels
69. what seems to be the problem in the planted liver?
A. the rats as wrong recipients
B. the time point of the transplantation
C. the short period of the recellularization
D. the insufficient repopulation of the blood vessels
70. the research team holds high hopes of_____
A. creating lab-generated livers for patients within two years
B. the timetable for generating human livers in the lab
C. stem-cell research as the future of medicine
D. building a fully functioning liver into rats
Passage Three
Patients whose eyes have suffered heat or chemical bums typically experience severe damage to the cornea—the thin, transparent front of the eye that refracts light and contributes most of the eye’s focusing ability. In a long-term study, Italian researchers use stem cells taken from the limbus, the border between the cornea and the white of the eye, to cultivate a graft of healthy cells in a lab to help restore vision in eyes. During the 10-years study, the researchers implanted the healthy stem cells into the damaged cornea in 113 eyes of 112 patients. The treatment was fully successful in more than 75 percent of the patients, and partially successful in 13 percent. Moreover, the restored vision remained stable over 10 years. Success was defined as an absence of all symptoms and permanent restoration of the cornea.
Treatment outcome was initially assessed at one year, with up to 10 years of follow-up evaluations. The procedure was even successful on several patients whose bum injuries had occurred years earlier and who had already undergone surgery.
Current treatment for burned eyes involves taking stem cells from a patient’s healthy eye, or from the eyes of another person, and transferring them to the burned eye. The new procedure, however, stimulates the limbal stem cells from the patient’s own eye to reproduce in a lab culture. Several types of treatments using stem cells have proven successful in restoring blindness, but the long-term effectiveness shown here is significant. The treatment is only for blindness caused by damage to the cornea; it is not effective for repairing damaged retinas or optic nerves.
Chemical eye burns often occur in the workplace, but can also happen due to mishaps involving household cleaning products and automobile batteries.
The result of the study, based at Italy’s University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, were published in the June 23 online issue of the New England Journal
of Medicine.
71. what is the main idea of this passage?
A. stem cells can help restore vision in the eyes blinded by bums.
B. the vision in the eyes blinded by bums for 10 years can be restored
C. the restored vision of the burned eyes treated with stem cells can last for
10 years
D. the burned eyes can only be treated with stem cells from other healthy persons
72. the Italian technique reported in this passage_____
A. can repair damaged retinas
B. is able to treat damaged optic nerves
C. is especially effective for burn injuries in the eyes already treated surgically
D. shows a long-term effectiveness for blindness in vision caused by damage to cornea
73. which of the following is NOT mentioned about eye bums?
A. the places in which people work
B. the accidents that involve using household cleaning products
C. the mishaps that involved vehicles batteries
D. the disasters caused by battery explosion at home
74. what is one of the requirements for the current approach?
A. the stem cells taken from a healthy eye
B. the patient physically healthy
C. the damaged eye with partial vision
D. the blindness due to damaged optic nerves
75. which of the following words can best describe the author’s attitude towards the new method?
A. sarcastic
B. indifferent
C. critical
D. positive
Passage Four
Here is a charming statistic: divide the us by race, sex and county of residence, and differences in average life expectancy across the various groups can exceed 30 years. The most disadvantaged look like denizens of a poor African country: a boy born on a Native American reservation in Jackson County, South Dakota, for example, will be lucky to reach his 60th birthday, a typical child in Senegal can expect to live longer than that.
America is not alone in this respect. While the picture is extreme in other rich nations, health inequalities based on race, sex and class exist in most societies—and are only party explained by access to healthcare.
But fresh insights and solutions may soon be at hand. An innovative project in Chicago to unite sociology and biology is blazing the trail(开创), after discovering that social isolation and fear of crime can help to explain the alarmingly high death rate from breast cancer among the city’s black women. Living in these conditions seems to make tumors more aggressive by changing gene activity, so that cancer cells can use nutrients more effectively.
We are already familiar with the lethal effect of stress on people clinging to the bottom rungs of the societal ladder, thanks to pioneering studies of British civil servants conducted by Michael Marmot of University College London. What’s exciting about the Chicago project is that it both probes the mechanisms involved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies that it both probes the mechanisms invlilved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies. There are drugs that may stave tumors of nutrients and community coordinators could be employed to help reduce social isolation. Encouraged by the US National Institutes of Health , similar projects are springing up to study other pockets of poor health, in populations ranging from urban black men to while poor women in rural Appalachia.
To realize the full potential of such projects, biologists and sociologists will have to start treating one other with a new respect and learn how to collaborate outside their comfort zones. Too many biomedical researchers still take the arrogant view that sociology is a “soft science” with little that’s serious to say about health. And too many sociologists reject any biological angle—fearing that their expertise will be swept aside and that this approach will be used to bolster discredited theories of eugenics, or crude race-based medicine.
It’s time to drop these outdated attitudes and work together for the good of society’s most deprived members. More important, it’s time to use this fusion of biology and sociology to inform public policy. This endeavor has huge implications, not least in cutting the wide health gaps between blacks and whites, rich and poor.
76. as shown in the 1st paragraph, the shaming statistic reflects______.
A. injustice everywhere
B. racial discrimination
C. a growing life span
D. health inequalities
77. which of the following can have a negative impact on health according to the Chicago-based project?
A. where to live
B. which race to belong to
C. how to adjust environmentally
D. what medical problem to suffer
78. the Chicago-based project focuses its management on_____
A. a particular medical problem and its related social issue
B. racial discrimination and its related social problems
C. the social ladder and its related medical conditions
D. a specific disease and its medical treatment
79. which of the following can most probably neglected by sociologists?
A. the racial perspective
B. the environmental aspect
C. the biological dimension
D. the psychological angel
80. the author is a big fan of______
A. the combination of a traditional and new way of thinking in promoting health
B. the integration of biologists and sociologists to reduce health inequalities
C. the mutual understanding and respect between races
D. public education and health promotion
Passage Five
American researchers are working on three antibodies that many mark a new step on the path toward an HIV vaccine, according to a report published online Thursday, July 8,2010, in the journal Science.
One of the antibodies suppresses 91 percent of HIV strains, more than any AIDS antibody ever discovered, according to a report on the findings published in the Wall Street Journal. The antibodies were discovered in the cells of a 60-year-old African-American gay man whose body produced them naturally. One antibody in particular is substantially different from its precursors, the Science study says.The antibodies could be tried as a treatment for people already infected with HIV, the WSJ reports. At the very least, they might boost the efficacy of current antiretroviral drugs.
It is welcome news for the 33 million people the United Nations estimated were living with AIDS at the end of 2008.
The WSJ outlines the painstaking method the team used to find the antibody amid the cells of the African—American man, known as Donor 45. First they designed a probe that looks just like a spot on a particular molecule on the cells that HIV infects. They used the probe to attract only the antibodies that efficiently attack that spot. They screened 25 million of Donor 45’s cell to find just 12 cells that produced the antibodies.
Scientists have already discovered plenty of antibodies that either don’t work at all or only work on a couple of HIV strains. Last year marked the first time that researchers found ”broadly neutralizing antibodies”, which knock out many HIV strains. But none of those antibodies neutralized more than about 40 percent of them, the WSJ says. The newest antibody, at 91 percent neutralization , is a marked improvement.
Still, more work needs to be done to ensure the antibodies would activate the immune system to produce natural defenses against AIDS, the study authors say. They suggest there test methods that blend the three new antibodies together—in raw form to prevent transmission of the virus, such as from mother to child; in a microbicide gel that women or gay men could use before sex to prevent infection; or as a treatment for HIV/AIDS, combined with antiretroviral drug.
If the scientists can find the right way to stimulate production of the antibodies, they think most people could produce then, the WSJ says.
81. we can learn from the beginning of the passage that_______
A. a newly discovered antibody defeats 91% of the HIV strains
B. a new antiretroviral drug has just come on the market
C. American researchers have developed a new vaccine for HIV
D. the African—American gay man was cured of this HIV infection
82. what is the implication of the antibodies discovered in the cells of the African—American gay man?
A. they can cure the 33 million AIDS patients in the world
B. they may strengthen the effects of the existing antiretroviral drugs
C. they will kill all the HIV viruses
D. they will help make a quick diagnosis of an HIV infection
83. the newest antibody found in Donor 45 reflects a dramatic advance in terms of_____.
A. pathology
B. pharmacology
C. HIV neutralization
D. HIV epidemiology
84. according to the study authors, the three test methods are intended to____.
A. advance the technology in condom production to prevent HIV infection
B. facilitate the natural immune defense against AIDS
C. develop more effective antiretroviral drugs
85. the passage is most likely_____.
A. a news report
B. a paper in Science
C. an excerpt from an Immunology Textbook
D. an episode in a science fiction novel.
Passage Six
Whitening the world's roofs would offset the emissions of the world's cars for 20 years, according to a new study from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.Overall, installing lighter-colored roofs and pavement can cancel the heat effect of two years of global carbon dioxide emissions, Berkeley Lab says. It's the first roof-cooling study to use a global model to examine the issue.
Lightening-up roofs and pavement can offset 57 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide, about double the amount the world emitted in 2006, the study found. It was published in the journalEnvironmental Research Letters.
Researchers used a conservative estimate of increased albedo, or solar reflection, suggesting that purely white roofs would be even better. They increased the albedo of all roofs by 0.25 and pavement by 0.15. That means a black roof, which has an albedo of zero, would only need to be replaced by a roof of a cooler color -- which might be more feasible to implement than a snowy white roof, Berkeley Lab says.
The researchers extrapolated a roof's CO2 offset over its average lifespan. If all roofs were converted to white or cool colors, they would offset about 24 gigatons (24 billion metric tons) of CO2, but only once. But assuming roofs last about 20 years, the researchers came up with 1.2 gigatons per year. That equates to offsetting the emissions of roughly 300 million cars, all the cars in the world, for 20 years.
Pavement and roofs cover 50 to 65 percent of urban areas, and cause a heat-island effect because they absorb so much heat. That's why cities are
significantly warmer than their surrounding rural areas. This effect makes it harder -- and therefore more expensive -- to keep buildings cool in the summer. Winds also move the heat into the atmosphere, causing a regional warming effect.
Energy Secretary Steven Chu, a Nobel laureate in physics (and former Berkeley Lab director), has advocated white roofs for years. He put his words into action Monday by directing all Energy Department offices to install white roofs. All newly installed roofs will be white, and black roofs might be replaced when it is cost-effective over the lifetime of the roof.
"Cool roofs are one of the quickest and lowest-cost ways we can reduce our global carbon emissions and begin the hard work of slowing climate change," he said in a statement.
86. which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
A. a Decline in Car Emissions
B. white Roofs or Black Pavements
C. the Effect of Linghting-up Roofs
D. climate Change and Extreme Weathers
87. a indicated by the passage, black roofs______
A. are better than snowy white ones
B. reflect not heat from the sun
C. are more expensive to build in the urban areas
D. are supposed to be placed by snowy white ones
88. if they are converted to white or cooler colors, all roofs in the world in their lifetime_____
A. can absorb 1.2 gigattons of CO2 a year
B. could serve as 300 million cars in terms of emission
C. would offset the emissions from 300 million cars
D. would offset about 24 gigatons of CO2 as emitted from the cars
89. according to the passage, it is hard and expensive to keep the urban buildings cool because of______
A. the heat-island effect
B. the lack of seasonal winds
C. the local unique weather
D. the fast urban shrinkage
90. energy Secretary Steven Chu implies that_____
A. nothing could be more effective in cooling global warming than method he has advocated
B. the method in question still needs to be justified in the future
C. our global carbon emissions can be reduced by half if cool roofs are installed
D. weather change and global warming can be addressed in no time
Part V Writing(20%)
Directions: in this part there is an essay in Chinese. Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the passage.
什么是健康？
人的健康包括身体健康和心理健康两个方面。

一个人的身体和心理都健康才。