学术英语写作Unit-9.Discussion

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研究生学术英语6-9单元作文

研究生学术英语6-9单元作文Academic writing is a fundamental aspect of the research student experience, as it allows for the clear and concise communication of complex ideas and findings. In the context of research student academic English, units 6-9 focus on various elements of effective academic writing, including the organization and structure of research papers, the use of appropriate language and tone, and the effective incorporation of sources and citations.One of the key elements covered in these units is the structure and organization of a research paper. A well-structured paper can help to guide the reader through the author's argument and findings, making the content more accessible and easier to understand. Unit 6 explores the typical structure of a research paper, including the introduction, literature review, methodology, results, and discussion sections. Students learn how to effectively structure each section to present their research in a logical and coherent manner.The introduction section is particularly important, as it sets the stage for the rest of the paper. In this section, the author must clearlyarticulate the research question or problem being addressed, provide relevant background information, and outline the scope and objectives of the study. Effective introductions are concise yet informative, and they help to engage the reader and pique their interest in the research.The literature review section is another crucial component of a research paper. In this section, the author must demonstrate their familiarity with the existing body of research on the topic and identify any gaps or limitations in the current understanding. This section requires the careful selection and synthesis of relevant sources, as well as the ability to critically analyze and evaluate the existing literature.The methodology section is where the author outlines the research methods and procedures used in the study. This section must be detailed and precise, providing the reader with a clear understanding of how the research was conducted and the rationale behind the chosen methods. Effective methodology sections also address any potential limitations or biases in the research design.The results section is where the author presents the findings of the study. This section must be organized in a clear and logical manner, with the use of appropriate visual aids such as tables and figures to help the reader understand the data. The author must also bemindful of the language and tone used in this section, ensuring that the presentation of the results is objective and impartial.Finally, the discussion section is where the author interprets the findings of the study and discusses their implications. This section requires the author to critically analyze the results, identify any limitations or alternative explanations, and situate the findings within the broader context of the existing literature. Effective discussion sections also suggest avenues for future research and highlight the practical or theoretical significance of the study.Throughout the research paper, the author must also be mindful of the language and tone used. Academic writing requires a formal and objective style, with the use of appropriate vocabulary and sentence structure. Unit 7 explores the use of academic language, including the use of precise and concise language, the avoidance of colloquialisms and contractions, and the appropriate use of passive voice and hedging language.The effective incorporation of sources and citations is another key element of academic writing. Unit 8 focuses on the use of in-text citations and reference lists, providing guidance on the appropriate use of different citation styles (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago) and the effective integration of source material into the text. Proper citation and referencing not only demonstrate the author's familiarity withthe existing literature but also help to ensure the integrity and credibility of the research.Finally, unit 9 explores the importance of proofreading and editing in the academic writing process. Effective proofreading and editing can help to identify and correct errors in grammar, spelling, and punctuation, as well as improve the overall clarity and coherence of the writing. This process is essential for ensuring that the final research paper is of the highest quality and effectively communicates the author's ideas and findings.In conclusion, the research student academic English units 6-9 provide a comprehensive overview of the key elements of effective academic writing. By mastering these skills, research students can develop the necessary competencies to produce high-quality research papers that effectively communicate their ideas and findings to the academic community. Through a focus on organization, language, citation, and proofreading, research students can enhance their academic writing abilities and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in their respective fields.。

SCI写作高频词-词组系列”讨论(Discussion)部分总结

SCI写作高频词-词组系列”讨论（Discussion）部分总结讨论部分是SCI论文写作难度最大，也是最能体现文章深度和创新性的部分。

一般分四大部分进行描述：第一部分，精要概括文章的研究背景以及本课题的主要研究目的、实验手段以及发现的结果。

第二部分，深入讨论结果部分中的重要研究发现。

通过比对引用前人的研究结果，讨论自己的研究结果。

讨论的角度可以从课题设计、分析方法、实验技术改进等方面进行切入。

如果课题中的研究结果是验证前人的研究发现，就不需要深入讨论, 要把讨论重点放在和前人研究结果不一样，或者前人没有发现过的独特的有创新性的结果。

第三部分，指明自己研究的不足之处。

可以从课题设计、实验手段、分析方法、是否需要进一步实验验证入手。

因为任何课题都不会是完美的，能把自己的不足主动列出来并说明对本课题“有限”的影响，会让审稿人觉得作者对自己课题是很了解的，有的时候也就不会让作者再补充相关实验。

第四部分，再次总结文章的实验发现和研究意义、贡献以及下一步的研究方向。

有的期刊要求把这部分独立出来称为“Conclusion”。

讨论部分的时态一般为过去时，在介绍前人研究时，则一般采用过去时或现在完成时。

第一部分总结概括研究背景和实验结果1. “本研究”的多样化表达：in this study, these data, these observations, our work, these results2. “目前研究的不足”如何阐述：bridge the gap between, this experimental bottleneck, remainsa significant challenge, have largely been ignored as, remain a daunting challenge, has been constrained by,3. “之前的研究”表述方法：previous results have shown that, it was previously found that,4. 时间的描述方法，“最近”怎么表达：until recently, to date, more recently, recently,5. “次序”的表达方法：followed by, then, lastly, furthermore, in addition, moreover, additionally,6. “因此”的表达方法：therefore, thus, hence, it is therefore important to,7. “转折”的描述方法：however, whereby, whereas, while, nevertheless, regardless of, in contrast, even if, conversely,8. “执行”的描述动词：analyze, screen, measure, govern, design, present a strategy, generated,9. 研究的“改善”的表达方法：has greatly improved the ability to10. 研究进展的表述方法：the advent of, recent advances,11. 结果表明的论述方法：show, suggest, demonstrate, imply, illustrate,第二部分深入讨论结果部分的重要发现1. 数量的表述方法：a diverse set of, a larger diversity of, large-scale, a large number of, a series of,2. 用于比较的描述方法：compared to prior methods, likewise, are similar to, Compared with,3. “合适”的合适表达：be well-suited for, match, adaptable for,4. “模拟”的表述方法：closely mirrored,5. “使得”我们做什么实验，“使得”的描述：allow us to, enable us to,6. “相互作用”的花样表达：interplay, map interaction, interact with,7. “关系”的描述词：relationship, association, link,8. “进一步”解释的暗示词：indeed, importantly, further, more generally,9. “来源”的描述方法：obtained from, result from,10. “借助”的用词方式：by, applied, used this method, via,11. “鉴于”的表达方式：supporting this notion, given that, considering that,12. “与......一致”的表述方法：in line with this, consistent with,第三部分指明本课题研究过程中的不足1. 结果“引发”的描述方法：lead to, contribute to, driven by, induced, in response to,2. 如何“引起读者注意”的词：remarkably, accordingly, notably, it is important to note that, interestingly,3. “自我反省”时的悔过方面：data quality, cost, scale, data-driven approach,4. “优点”的描述方法：offers unique advantages and disadvantages, the major advantage of,5. “缺点”的描述方法：a disadvantage of XX is that, these limitations, another limitation is that ,6. 用于推断的情态动词：may be, could be, should be, it is possible that, perhaps the reason that. ... is due to,7. 发挥作用的表述方式：serve this function, play an important/a crucial role in,第四部分再次回顾总结展望未来的研究1. 研究很“重要”，“重要”如何凸显：be crucial to, importantly, specifically,2. “揭示、表明”的论述方法：uncover, suggest, show, demonstrate, imply, indicate, it was found that, illustrate,3. 研究展望的描述方法：provide new insights into, ultimately reveal new molecular mechanisms, as an understudied and important potential next frontier, shed light on the molecular basis of , future investigations using strategies reported XXX will likely illuminate novel function of, the data as a continuing source for future discoveries, XXX will be an important question for future investigation, our next challenge is to, can be another strategy for XXX, lays the groundwork for future therapeutic strategies4. “整合”的描述方法：integrated into, integration of,5. “预见/认为”的下结论方法：foresee, speculate, these predictions are supported by6. 总结概括的描述方法：ultimately, altogether, taken together, in summary, together, in conclusion7. “侧重于, 强调”的表述方法：focus on, concentrate on, highlight,8. 研究价值的表述方法：particularly useful,。

英文作文discussion

英文作文discussion下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。

文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!As a teenager living in the digital age, I find myself constantly surrounded by technology. Whether it's my smartphone, laptop, or tablet, these devices have become an integral part of my daily life. They allow me to stay connected with friends and family, access information instantly, and entertain myself with various apps and games. However, this reliance on technology has its drawbacks.One of the main concerns is the impact it has on our social interactions. With the rise of social media platforms, it's become easier than ever to connect with others online. While this can be beneficial in many ways,it also means that face-to-face interactions are becoming less common. We often find ourselves glued to our screens, scrolling through endless feeds, instead of engaging in meaningful conversations with those around us.Another issue is the effect of technology on our mental health. The constant exposure to social media can lead tofeelings of inadequacy and low self-esteem. Seeing others' seemingly perfect lives can make us question our own worth and happiness. Moreover, the pressure to constantly be connected and available can lead to stress and anxiety.It's important to find a balance and take breaks from technology to prioritize our mental well-being.Furthermore, technology has also had a significant impact on our physical health. Spending long hours on screens can lead to sedentary behavior, which in turn can contribute to obesity and other health problems. Additionally, the blue light emitted by screens can disrupt our sleep patterns, making it harder to get a good night's rest. It's crucial to be mindful of our screen time and incorporate physical activity into our daily routines.In addition to these concerns, there are also ethical issues surrounding technology. The collection and use of personal data by tech companies have raised questions about privacy and security. We need to be aware of how our data is being used and take steps to protect our privacy. Moreover, the development of artificial intelligence raisesethical dilemmas, such as the potential loss of jobs and the responsibility for the actions of autonomous machines.Despite these challenges, it's important to acknowledge the positive aspects of technology. It has revolutionized various industries, making our lives more convenient and efficient. It has also provided us with access to a wealth of information and educational resources. Technology has the power to connect people from different parts of the world and foster global collaboration.In conclusion, while technology has undoubtedly brought about numerous benefits, it's important to be mindful ofits negative consequences. We must strive to find a balance between our digital lives and our real-life interactions. By being aware of the potential pitfalls and taking steps to mitigate them, we can make the most of the digital age while safeguarding our well-being.。

学术讨论英文作文

学术讨论英文作文英文：As an academic, I believe that discussion is key to the advancement of knowledge and understanding. Through sharing ideas and debating different perspectives, we can arrive at new insights and solutions to complex problems.One example of this is in the field of psychology, where researchers often have differing opinions on the nature of human behavior and the best ways to study it. By engaging in respectful debate and presenting evidence to support their arguments, psychologists can refine their theories and develop more accurate models of the mind.Another example is in the realm of politics, where people with different ideologies and beliefs often clash. By engaging in civil discourse and listening to eachother's perspectives, we can work towards finding common ground and creating policies that benefit everyone.Of course, not all discussions are productive. Sometimes people can become too entrenched in their own views and refuse to consider alternative perspectives. In these cases, it's important to remain respectful and open-minded, but also to recognize when it's time to move on and focus on more fruitful discussions.Overall, I believe that academic discourse is essential for the growth and development of knowledge. By engaging in respectful and thoughtful discussions, we can push the boundaries of what we know and make progress towards a better future.中文：作为一名学者，我相信讨论是推动知识和理解进步的关键。

学术讨论的通知英语作文

学术讨论的通知英语作文Notice of Academic Discussion。

Dear all,。

We are pleased to announce an upcoming academic discussion that will be held on __________ (date) at__________ (time) in __________ (venue). The theme of the discussion is __________ (theme), and we have invited several distinguished scholars to share their insights and research findings on the topic.The discussion will be divided into several sessions, each focusing on a specific aspect of the theme. Our keynote speakers include __________ (speaker 1), __________ (speaker 2), and __________ (speaker 3), who will present their latest research and engage in a lively exchange of ideas with the audience. In addition, we will also have a panel discussion where experts from different fields will discuss the implications of the theme for their respectiveareas of study.We believe that this academic discussion will provide a valuable platform for scholars, researchers, and students to share their knowledge and ideas, and to foster interdisciplinary collaboration. We encourage all those who are interested in the theme to attend and participate in the discussion.Please RSVP by __________ (date) to confirm your attendance. For more information, please contact __________ (contact person) at __________ (contact email/phone).We look forward to seeing you at the discussion.Sincerely,。

学术英语写作Unit-9.Discussion

8
• 8. The writer notes that one of the achievements or contributions of this work is its novelty.
• 9. The writer refines the implications of the results, including possible applications.
• 3. The writer revisits the methodology used in this study.
• 4. The writer revisits and summarizes the
results.
7
• 5. The writer shows where and how the present work fits into the research ‘map’ in this field.
• When you discuss the results, you should
• (1) focus on the major findings • (2) explain what is new in your
work and why your results are important
11
9
Contents of Discussion
• (1) review of the original purpose of research
• (2) introduction to major findings • (3) explanation of major findings • (4) comparison and contrast between your

英语课文Discussion

Discussion（6）
As such, plagiarism can be seen as an attack on the principles of scholarship (Freewood et al., 2003), rather than a transgression of rules.It is important to bear in mind that ideas of the importance of originality are not objective but stem from the particular cultural context of western and European academic institutions (Larkham, 2003). Haggis has suggested that some students may have problems with the concepts involved in academic literacy rhetoric, such as‘argument’ and ‘evidence’, and in the process of ‘concretizing’ these abstractions may commit plagiarism (Haggis, 2003). The challenge of academic writing can be daunting and confusing for students (Johnston, 2003).
Differences in the way staff, students and institutions define plagiarism can influence the implementation of policy in a number of ways. Firstly, the fact that staff have internalized definitions means that all instances of plagiarism are mediated by these before consulting policy. This may result in inconsistent application of policy and differential treatment of students.Our data suggest this occurs both within and between particular subject groups or schools.

人教版英语八年级下unit9写作素材与话题讨论

人教版英语八年级下unit9写作素材与话题讨论本文将为您提供人教版英语八年级下册第九单元的写作素材和话题讨论。

写作素材1. Cultural differences: Discussing the cultural differences between China and other countries, such as customs, traditions, festivals, and food.2. Environmental protection: Exploring the importance of environmental protection and discussing ways to reduce pollution and promote sustainability.3. Leisure activities: Sharing different leisure activities that teenagers enjoy, such as sports, music, reading, and hobbies.4. School life: Describing the daily routines, subjects, and extracurricular activities in a typical Chinese middle school.5. Dream jobs: Exploring various dream jobs that students may aspire to and discussing the skills and qualifications required for those jobs.话题讨论1. 青少年与传统文化的关系：探讨现代青少年对传统文化的理解和态度的变化，以及对传统文化的保护和传承的意义。

2. 如何保护环境：讨论人们应该如何参与环境保护，提出个人和社会层面上的解决方案，如节约能源、减少废物等。

研究生学术英语写作教程Unit 9 referencing

Unit 9 ReferencingObjectives- Know significance of referencing- Understand different styles of referencingContents- Reading and discussion: Science and MLA reference styles?- Language focus: information order- Writing practice: Referencing as required.1.Reading ActivityAs a part of an academic community, it is important that you show the reader where you have used someone else’s ideas or words. Failure to properly reference may make the reader think that you are cheating by claiming someone e lse’s work as your own. In the academic environment, we call this plagiarism and it is seen as a very serious offence. Please remember that plagiarism is not just when you directly copy words from another student’s or expert’s work. Plagiarism also occur s when you re-word someone else’s ideas in your own work and you do not give credit to the original source.All of the sources you refer to in the main body of your assignment need to be listed at the end of the assignment in a reference list. You need to list only those sources from which you have either quoted or paraphrased. For example, you do not have to list books you used for background reading purposes.1.1Pre-reading TaskAnswer the following questions:Why do we reference?How do we usually reference?How do we create a reference list?How many referencing styles do you know?1.2Reading PassageScience uses a numbering system for references and notes. This allows explanatory or more detailed notes to be included with the references. Journal names are abbreviated by using common abbreviations to save space.GENERAL NOTESPlace citation numbers for references and notes within parentheses, italicized: (18, 19) (18-20) (18,20-22). Do not use superscript numbers. Citations are numbered sequentially, first in the text, then through the references and notes, then through the figure and table captions, and finally through the supporting online material. The acknowledgments follow as an unnumbered note.Each reference can be listed only once. Separate individual references from other references and from any text notes. (This is a change from our previous style to simplify referencing and facilitate online linking of references.) Each reference should have its own number and not include other text.Any reference to a personal communication should be given a number in the text and placed, in correct sequence, in the references and notes. It must be accompanied by a written letter of permission. At the time of publication, all cited references must be published. Papers that are "in press" can be cited in a submission, but the paper must be available to provide to reviewers, and an accepted paper will be held until all references are published. Data supporting the results or conclusions should be included in the paper or Supporting Online Material or must be archived in an appropriate database a t the time of publication and made available for reviewers.Notes should be used for information aimed at the specialist (e.g., procedures) or to provide definitions or further information to the general reader that are not essential to the data or arguments. Notes can cite other references (by number).Please do not place tables within notes.If you are including materials and methods in supporting online material, please cite this (wherever appropriate) as a single numbered note in the text, in the same fashion as other notes. For the note, use a form such as this: "Information on materials and methods is available on Science Online." (The correct Web address will be appended by Science staff.) For information on how to reference othersupporting online material in the manuscript text, please see our specific guidelines on this material.There should be one reference list that includes papers cited in the main paper and then papers cited only within the supporting online material. Citations in the supporting online material can cite papers already cited in the main paper by number. We will include the full reference list online.For cited papers that have been published only electronically, please include the DOI.CREATING THE REFERENCE LISTFor journal articles, list initials first for all authors, separated by a space: A. B. Opus, B. C. Hobbs. Do not use "and". Use et al. (italics) for more than five authors. Titles of cited articles can now be included, with words in lower case except for proper nouns, followed by a period (see samples). Journal titles are in italics; volume numbers follow, in boldface. Do not place a comma before the volume number or before any parentheses. You may give the full inclusive pages of the article. Journal years are in parentheses: (1996). End each listing with a period. Do not use ibid. or op. cit. (these cannot be linked online).For whole books, monographs, memos, or reports, the style for author or editor names is as above; for edited books, insert "Ed.," or "Eds.," before the title. Italicize the book title and use initial caps. After the title, provide (in parentheses) the publisher name, publisher location, edition number (if any), and year. If these are unavailable, or if the work is unpublished, please provide all information needed for a reader to locate the work; this may include a URL or a Web or FTP address. For unpublished proceedings or symposia, supply the title of meeting, location, inclusive dates, and sponsoring organization. There is no need to supply the total page count. If the book is part of a series, indicate this after the title (e.g., vol. 23 of Springer Series in Molecular Biology).For chapters in edited books, the style is as above, except that "in" appears before the title, and the names of the editors appear after the title. After the information in parentheses, provide the complete page number range (or chapter number) of the cited material.For research first published in Science Express, online journals, and preprints available on the Internet, see the examples below. These are considered published work.STYLE EXAMPLESJournals1. N. Tang, On the equilibrium partial pressures of nitric acid and ammonia in the atmosphere. Atmos. Environ.14, 819-834 (1980). [one author]2. William R. Harvey, Signe Nedergaard, Sodium-independent active transport of potassium in the isolated midgut of the Cecropia silkworm. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.51, 731-735 (1964). [two or more authors]Books1. M. Lister, Fundamentals of Operating Systems (Springer-Verlag, New York, ed. 3, 1984), pp. 7-11. [third edition]2. J. B. Carroll, Ed., Language, Thought and Reality, Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1956).Published Online Only1. N. H. Sleep, Stagnant lid convection and carbonate metasomatism of the deep continental lithosphere. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 10, Q11010 (2009), doi:10.1029/2009GC002702.Technical reports1. G. B. Shaw, "Practical uses of litmus paper in Möbius strips" (Tech. Rep. CUCS-29-82, Columbia Univ., New York, 1982).Paper presented at a meeting (not published)1. M. Konishi, paper presented at the 14th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, Anaheim, CA, 10 October 1984. [sponsoring organization should be mentioned if it is not part of the meeting name]Theses and personal communications1. B. Smith, thesis, Georgetown University (1973).Passage 2：Modern Language Association (MLA) styleThe MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing(2008) is the third edition of The MLA Style Manual, first published by the Modern Language Association of America in 1985. It is an academic style guide widely used in the United States, Canada, and other countries, providing guidelines for writing and documentation of research in the humanities, especially in English studies. The MLA's guidelines are also used by over 1,100 scholarly and literary journals, newsletters, and magazines and by many university and commercial presses, and they are followed throughout North America and in Brazil, China, India, Japan, Taiwan, and other countries around the world.Book with one authorReference: Author last name, First name. Title. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of publication.Example: McDonagh, Sean. Why are we Deaf to the Cry of the Earth. Dublin: Veritas, 2001.In-text citation :(Author Last name page No.)(Page No.)ExampleIn another study (McDonagh 80)….McDonagh has discussed (80)….Book with two or three authorsReference : Author(s) last name, First name and last author’s First name Last name. Title. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of publication.Example: McLean, Bethany and Peter Elkind. The Smartest Guys in the Room: The Amazing Rise and Scandalous Fall of Enron. New York: Portfolio, 2004.In-text citation:(Author(s) last name and last author last name page No.)(Page No.)ExampleOthers highlight a different factor (McLean and Elkind 122)….Bethany and McLean (122) highlight….Book with an editorReference: Editor’s last name and first name. Title. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of publication.Example: Booth, David. Ed. Rethinking Social Development: Theory, Research and Practice. Essex: Longman, 1994.In-text citation:(Editor’s last name page No.)(Page No)ExampleAnother approach (Booth 55) shows….Booth (55) argues….Chapter in an edited bookReference: Author(s) last name, First name and last author’s First name Last name. "Title of chapter.” Title of Collection. Ed. Editor(s) First name last name and last editor First name Last name. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of publication. Page range.Example: Jonson, Ben. "To the Memory of My Beloved, the Author Mr. William Shakespeare." The Norton Anthology of Poetry. Ed. Alexander Allison et al. New York: Norton, 1983. 239-40.In-text citation:(Author(s) Last name page No.)(Page No.)ExampleAnother approach (Jonson 239)….Jonson (239) writes….Print Journal articleReference : Author(s) last name, f irst name and last author’s first name last name. "Title of Article." Title of Journal volume. Issue (year): pages.Example: Mann, Susan. "Myths of Asian Womanhood." Journal of Asian Studies. 59.1 (2000): 835-62.In-text citation:(Author(s) last name page No.)(Page No.)ExampleAnother author (Mann 850) argues….Mann (850) argues….E-journal articleReference : Author(s) last name, f irst name and last author’s first name last name. "Title of Article." Journal title V olume. Issue (Year): Page numbers. Database. Web. Day Month Year accessed.Example: Faris, Marc. “That Chicago Sound: Playing with (Local) Identity in Underground Rock.” Popular Music & Society 27.4 (2004): 429-454. EBSCOhost. Web. 5 April 2011.In-text citation:(Author(s) Last name page No.)(Page No.)ExampleExploring this topic (Faris 440)….Faris (440) highlights the role….ConferencesReference: Author(s) last name, f irst name and last author’s first name last name. “Title of paper.” Title of conference proceedings. Place of publication: Publisher, Y ear. Pages. Format.Example: O’Connor, John. "Towards a Greener Ireland.” Discovering Our Natural Sustainable Resources: Future Proofing, University College Dublin, 15–16 March 2009. Dublin: Irish Environmental Institute, 2009. 65 – 69. Print.In-text citation: (Author(s) last name)Example: According to another source (O’Connor 68)….ThesesReference: Author Last name, First name. “Title.” Degree statement.Degree-awarding body, Year. Format.Example: Allen, Sean. "The Social and Moral Fibre of Celtic Tiger Ireland." PhD thesis. University College Dublin, 2009. Print.In-text citation:(Author Last name page No.)(Page No.)Example:As argued elsewhere (Allen 55)….Allen (55) disagrees with this….1.3Reading Comprehension1.3.1 List the differences in book and journal references between Science and MLA style.Science MLABook referenceJournal reference1.3.2 Please identify the sources of the following 10 references.1.N. Tang, On the equilibrium partial pressures of nitric acid and ammonia in the atmosphere. Atmos. Environ.14, 819-834 (1980).2.Matarrita-Cascante, David. "Beyond Growth: Reaching Tourism-Led Development." Annals of Tourism Research 37.4 (2010): 1141-63. Print.3. William R. Harvey, Signe Nedergaard, Sodium-independent active transport of potassium in the isolated midgut of the Cecropia silkworm. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.51, 731-735 (1964).4. J. B. Carroll, Ed., Language, Thought and Reality, Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1956).5. M. Konishi, paper presented at the 14th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, Anaheim, CA, 10 October 1984.6. Ahmedi, Fauzia Erfan. "Welcoming Courtyards: Hospitality, Spirituality, and Gender." Feminism and Hospitality: Gender in the Host/Guest Relationship. Ed.Maurice Hamington. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2010. 109-24. Print.7. Henley, Patricia. The Hummingbird House. Denver: MacMurray, 1999. Print8. Francis, R. Douglas, Richard Jones, and Donald B. Smith. Destinies: Canadian History since Confederation. Toronto: Harcourt, 2000. Print.9.Ferrer, Ada. "Cuba 1898: Rethinking Race, Nation, and Empire." Radical History Review 73 (1999): 22-49. Print.10. S. F. Cannon, Science in Culture: The Early Victorian Period (Dawson, New York, 1978).nguage Focus: Information orderOne of the significant differences between reference styles of different journals is the presentation order of cited work information. The following two exercises are designed to make sure that you know the presentation order of a reference entry of Science and MLA.2.1 Please fill out the blanks of the omitted information of the Science reference entry.1)First author first name ____________, second author __________last name, paper title. ___________.issue , _____________( __________ ).2)_____________ _______________, book name ( _______________, New York, ed. 3, __________), _____________.[third edition]3)______________, thesis, ________________ (________).2.2 Please transform the following information of the cited works into MLA reference entry.1) The article "The Third Man: Pulp Fiction and Art Film." written by Glenn K.S.Man published in Literature Film Quarterly , volume 21 issue 3 in 1993 from page 171to 178 in Print form.2）Ada Ferrer had an article "Cuba 1898: Rethinking Race, Nation, and Empire." published in Radical History Review volume73 in 1999 from page 22 to 49 in paper form.3)Lewis Mumford had The Culture of Cities in New York by Harcourt in 1938 in print form.4)A. H. Buss had the book Self-Consciousness and Social Anxiety published in San Francisco by Freeman in 1991 in print form.5) Andrew Piper had“Rethinking the Print Object: Goethe and the Book of Everything”published in PMLA volume 121 issue 1 in 2006 p rinted on page 124-38.3.Writing Practice3.1 Please correct the errors in the following references according to Science style. 1) Allen, Sean. "The Social and Moral Fibre of Celtic Tiger Ireland." PhD thesis. University College Dublin, 2009. Print._____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2) Wang, M. & Koda, K. (2005). Commonalities and differences in word identification skills among English second language learners. Language Learning, 55(1), 73-100._____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 3) Zeelenberg, R., & Pecher, D. (2003). Evidence for long-term language repetition priming in conceptual implicit memory tasks. Journal of Memory and Language, 49, 80–94._____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 4) von Studnitz, R. E., & Green, D. (2002). Interlingual homograph interference in German-English bilinguals: Its modulation and locus of control. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 51, 1–23._____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 3.2 Please create a reference list of the following work information according to the MLA style.1.The book Why are we Deaf to the Cry of the Earth written by Sean McDonaghpublished in Dublin by Veritas in 2001.2.The book Rethinking Social Development: Theory, Research and Practice edited byDavid Booth in Essex by Longman in 1994.3.The article Myths of Asian Womanhood written by Susan Mann published inV olume 59 issue1 on page 835-62 of Journal of Asian Studies in 2000.4.The conference paper Towards a Greener Ireland written by John O’Connorpublished at the conference Discovering Our Natural Sustainable Resources: Future Proofing, University College Dublin, 15–16 March 2009 in Dublin by Irish Environmental Institute in 2009 on page 65 – 69 in Print format.4.Writing ProjectThe following passage is a part of Introduction of a research article ready to be published in Science. Please revise the in-text reference and reference list according to the Science style.When bilinguals read or listen to words in their second language (L2), information about words in their first language (L1) is also active (e.g., Dijkstra &Van Heuven, 2002; Jared & Kroll, 2001; Marian & Spivey, 2003). From a developmental perspective, finding evidence for language nonselectivity even among highly skilled bilinguals is surprising. One might think that with increasing skill, learners become capable of functioning autonomously in L2 (e.g., Segalowitz & Hulstijn, 2005). However, recent evidence that demonstrates parallel activation of words in both languages during visual and spoken word recognition suggests that acquiring proficiency in L2 does not imply that the individual has acquired the ability to switch off the influence of L1. Furthermore, these cross-language influences are not limited to the effects of L1 on L2. Even when proficient bilinguals process words in their L1 alone—without any reason to believe that L2 is relevant—there are effects of L2 on L1 (e.g., Van Hell & Dijkstra, 2002; Van Wijnendaele & Brysbaert, 2002).Despite the compelling evidence for parallel activation of both languages during lexical access in proficient bilinguals, very little research has addressed the consequences of cross-language activity in less proficient L2 processing. This question is the focus of the work we report here: What lexical information is active in the learner’s L1 during L2 processing? The present study investigates the influence of L1 on L2 during lexical processing in a laboratory setting.References:Dijkstra, A., & Van Heuven, W. J. B. (2002). The architecture of the bilingual word recognition system:From identification to decision+ Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 23, 175–197._____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Jared, D., & Kroll, J. F. (2001). Do bilinguals activate phonological representations in one or both of their languages when naming words? Journal of Memory and Language, 44, 2–31._____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Marian, V., & Spivey, M. (2003). Bilingual and monolingual processing of competing lexical items.Applied Psycholinguistics, 24, 173–193._____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Segalowitz, N., & Hulstijn, J. H. (2005). Automaticity in bilingualism and second language learning. In J. F. Kroll & A. M. B. De Groot (Eds)., Handbook of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic approaches (pp. 371–388). Oxford: Oxford University Press._____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Van Hell, J. G., & Dijkstra, A. (2002). Foreign language knowledge can influence native language performance in exclusively native contexts. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9, 780–789._____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Van Wijnendaele, I., & Brysbaert, M. (2002). Visual word recognition in bilinguals: Phonological priming from the second to the first language. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 28, 616–627._____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.Final ChecklistThis checklist is for you to make sure that your reference is ready for publication. Tick the item if it is done.。

academic discussion 官方范文

Academic DiscussionIntroductionAcademic discussion plays a crucial role in the field of education and research. It provides a platform for scholars, researchers, and students to exchange ideas, debate theories, and challenge existing knowledge. This article aims to explore the significance of academic discussion,its benefits, and the various methods used to facilitate productive discussions.Importance of Academic DiscussionAcademic discussion fosters critical thinking, encourages intellectual growth, and enhances the overall learning experience. It allows individuals to explore diverse perspectives, evaluate evidence, and develop logical reasoning skills. Moreover, academic discussions provide an opportunity to refine ideas, identify knowledge gaps, and stimulate further research.Benefits of Academic Discussion1.Enhancement of Knowledge: Engaging in academic discussionsenables participants to gain a deeper understanding of the subject matter. Through the exchange of ideas and information, individuals can broaden their knowledge base and explore new areas of study.2.Cultivation of Critical Thinking: Academic discussions promotecritical thinking by encouraging participants to analyze, evaluate, and question existing theories and concepts. This helps in thedevelopment of analytical skills and the ability to thinkindependently.3.Stimulates Creativity: By engaging in academic discussions,individuals are exposed to different perspectives and ideas. Thisexposure stimulates creativity and encourages innovative thinking, leading to the generation of new research ideas and approaches.4.Collaborative Learning: Academic discussions provide anopportunity for collaborative learning. Participants can learnfrom each other’s experiences, share resources, and collaborateon research projects, leading to a more comprehensiveunderstanding of the subject matter.Methods to Facilitate Productive Academic Discussions1.Establishing Ground Rules: To ensure productive discussions, itis essential to establish ground rules such as maintaining respect for others’ opinions, active listening, and avoiding personalattacks. These rules create a safe and inclusive environment forparticipants to freely express their ideas.2.Moderation and Facilitation: A skilled moderator or facilitatorcan guide the discussion, maintain focus, and ensure equalparticipation. They can also encourage participants to delvedeeper into the topic, ask thought-provoking questions, andprovide relevant examples.ing Structured Formats: Structured formats, such as debates,panel discussions, and roundtable discussions, can be employed to facilitate academic discussions. These formats provide a framework for organized and structured conversations, allowing participants to present arguments, counter-arguments, and evidencesystematically.4.Incorporating Technology: Technology can play a significant rolein facilitating academic discussions, especially in virtual oronline settings. Platforms such as discussion forums, videoconferences, and collaborative document editing tools enableparticipants to engage in discussions regardless of geographicallocation.ConclusionIn conclusion, academic discussions are an integral part of the educational and research landscape. They promote critical thinking, foster collaboration, and contribute to the advancement of knowledge. By establishing ground rules, employing effective moderation techniques, utilizing structured formats, and leveraging technology, productive academic discussions can be facilitated, leading to intellectual growth and innovation.。

关于学术讨论的英语作文

关于学术讨论的英语作文I think academic discussions are really important because they allow us to exchange ideas and perspectives with others in our field. It's a great way to learn from each other and to challenge our own thinking.When I participate in academic discussions, I alwaystry to listen carefully to what others are saying and to ask questions to clarify their points. I think it's important to be open-minded and willing to consider different viewpoints.Sometimes academic discussions can get heated, especially if people have strong opinions about aparticular topic. I think it's important to remember to stay respectful and to focus on the ideas being discussed rather than getting personal.One thing I really like about academic discussions is that they can help us to see things from a different angle.Sometimes I'll hear someone say something that completely changes the way I think about a topic, and I find that really exciting.I also think it's important to be prepared when participating in academic discussions. It's helpful to have a good understanding of the topic being discussed and to have thought through your own ideas and arguments in advance. That way, you can contribute meaningfully to the conversation.In my experience, academic discussions can be really energizing and motivating. It's inspiring to be surrounded by people who are passionate about the same things you are, and I always come away from these discussions feeling more engaged and enthusiastic about my work.。

学术英语(第二版)医学教师用书Unit 9

UNIT 9 Medical EducationTeaching ObjectivesAfter learning Unit 9, Ss are expected to accomplish the following objectives:Teaching Activities and ResourcesPart 1 ReadingText ALead-inSuggested teaching plan1.To begin with, ask Ss to brainstorm the personal attributes that a qualifiedphysician should possess. In doing so, Ss need not only to write down the words denoting these qualities such as “caring”, “compassionate”, “knowledgeable”, etc., but to provide the reasons as well. When explaining why a particular attribute is essential, Ss may recount the current healthcare situations or their past medical experiences.The following is a list of suggested key words:A good physician is usually•motivated, mature, compassionate, organized, adaptable, stress-resilient;•with high level of integrity and strong leadership;• a good listener and communicator;…2.Make a summary on the discussion and introduce the topic of Text A.Text ComprehensionSuggested teaching plan1.Analyze the text and lead Ss to discuss, integrating Task 2 / Critical reading andthinking / Text A into analysis and discussion. The presentation topics should be assigned to individual Ss for preparation at least one week in advance. Ask other Ss to preview the text with the guidance of the presentation topics.2.Integrate Task 2 / Language building-up / Text A when the signpost language ofreformulation is covered.3.To conclude the discussion of the text, lead Ss to do Task 1 / Critical readingand thinking / Text A, which will enable Ss to not only understand individual words, sentences and paragraphs in the text, but also see its structure clearly.Language focus1.I have suggested on several occasions that in order for the medical educationcommunity to be clear about the kind of changes that are needed, the community needs to define more clearly the purpose of the educational program. (P210, Para. 1)… in order for the medical education community to be clear about … 中可以省略in order。

英语作文万能模板初二unit9

英语作文万能模板初二unit9Unit 9: The World of Work。

In Unit 9, we have learned about the world of work and the different careers and jobs that people have. We have also learned about the skills and qualities that are important for success in the workplace. In this article, we will discuss some of the key concepts and ideas that wehave explored in Unit 9.One of the main themes of Unit 9 is the idea of career exploration. We have learned about the importance of exploring different career options and finding a job thatis a good fit for our skills, interests, and values. Wehave also learned about the different factors that can influence our career choices, such as our family background, our education, and our personal experiences.Another important concept that we have explored in Unit 9 is the idea of career readiness. We have learned aboutthe skills and qualities that are important for success in the workplace, such as communication skills, teamwork, problem-solving abilities, and a strong work ethic. We have also learned about the importance of developing a positive attitude and a growth mindset, and the importance of being adaptable and open to learning new things.Unit 9 has also introduced us to the concept of career planning. We have learned about the importance of setting goals and creating a plan for our future career. We have also learned about the different resources and tools that are available to help us with career planning, such as career assessments, job shadowing, and informational interviews.In addition to these key concepts, Unit 9 has also introduced us to the world of work and the different types of jobs and careers that are available. We have learned about the different sectors of the economy, such as the service sector, the manufacturing sector, and the technology sector. We have also learned about the different types of jobs that are available within each sector, suchas healthcare, engineering, finance, and education.Overall, Unit 9 has provided us with a comprehensive overview of the world of work and the different aspects of career exploration, career readiness, and career planning. We have learned about the skills and qualities that are important for success in the workplace, and we have explored the different types of jobs and careers that are available. As we continue to explore these concepts and ideas, we will be better prepared to make informed decisions about our future careers and to pursue our goals with confidence and determination.。

关于dscuss的英文作文

关于dscuss的英文作文英文：Discussing a topic is an essential part of communication and learning. It allows us to share our thoughts, exchange ideas, and gain new perspectives. When we discuss a topic, we can deepen our understanding and develop critical thinking skills.For example, when I was in college, I had a discussion with my classmates about the impact of social media on society. We shared our personal experiences and opinions, and it was fascinating to hear different viewpoints. Through this discussion, I learned about the positive and negative effects of social media, and it helped me to see the issue from various angles.Furthermore, discussing a topic can also help us to build relationships and connect with others. When we engage in meaningful conversations, we show respect for eachother's opinions and create a sense of community. It's a great way to bond with others and form strong connections.In addition, discussing a topic can lead to problem-solving and decision-making. By brainstorming and exchanging ideas, we can come up with creative solutions and make informed choices. For instance, when my colleagues and I discussed a project at work, we were able to collaborate and find a way to overcome challenges together.Overall, discussing a topic is a valuable way to learn, grow, and connect with others. It allows us to broaden our horizons, develop empathy, and build a sense of unitywithin our communities.中文：讨论一个话题是交流和学习的重要部分。

英国雅思培训机构的写作指南——discussion

Discussion(如何展开讨论) 一文选自英国曼切斯特大学英语文学专业语料库写作教材，英文版，选此文的原因是因为关于如何展开讨论讲解的非常详细同时因为是英文版也让众烤鸭们习惯一下国外原汁原味的教材如果你现在就要崩溃了那么LZ为你今后的留学生涯感到捉急啊= = 加油！！转载请注明出处DiscussionsThe term discussion has a variety of meanings in English. In academic writing, however, it usually refers to two types of activity: a) considering both sides of an issue, or question, b) considering the results of research and the implications of these. Discussion sections in dissertations and research articles are probably the most complex in terms of their elements. The most common elements and some of the language that is typically associated with them are listed below:Background information (reference to literature or to research aim/question)A strong relationship between X and Y has been reported in the literature.Prior studies that have noted the importance of ......In reviewing the literature, no data was found on the association between X and Y.As mentioned in the literature review, ......Very little was found in the literature on the question of .....This study set out with the aim of assessing the importance of X in ......The third question in this research was ......It was hypothesized that participants with a history of ......The present study was designed to determine the effect of ......Statements of result (usually with reference to results section)The results of this study show/indicate that .......This experiment did not detect any evidence for ......On the question of X, this study found that ......The current study found that ......The most interesting finding was that ......Another important finding was that .....The results of this study did not show that ....../did not show any significant increase in ......In the current study, comparing X with Y showed that the mean degree of ......In this study, Xs were found to cause .....X provided the largest set of significant clusters of ......It is interesting to note that in all seven cases of this study......Unexpected outcomeSurprisingly, X was found to .......Surprisingly, no differences were found in ......One unanticipated finding was that .....It is somewhat surprising that no X was noted in this condition ......What is surprising is that ......Contrary to expectations, this study did not find a significant difference between ....... However, the observed difference between X and Y in this study was not significant. However, the ANOVA (one way) showed that these results were not statistically significant. This finding was unexpected and suggests that ......Reference to previous research (support)This study produced results which corroborate the findings of a great deal of the previous work in this field.The findings of the current study are consistent with those of Smith and Jones (2001) who found ......This finding supports previous research into this brain area which links X and Y.This study confirms that X is associated with ......This finding corroborates the ideas of Smith and Jones (2008), who suggested that ......This finding is in agreement with Smith's (1999) findings which showed .......It is encouraging to compare this figure with that found by Jones (1993) who found that ..... There are similarities between the attitudes expressed by X in this study and those described by (Smith, 1987, 1995) and Jones (1986)These findings further support the idea of .....Increased activation in the PCC in this study corroborates these earlier findings.These results are consistent with those of other studies and suggest that ......The present findings seem to be consistent with other research which found ......This also accords with our earlier observations, which showed that ......Reference to previous research (contradict)However, the findings of the current study do not support the previous research.This study has been unable to demonstrate that ......However, this result has not previously been described.In contrast to earlier findings, however, no evidence of X was detected.Although, these results differ from some published studies (Smith, 1992; Jones, 1996), they are consistent with those of ......These results results differ from X's 2003 estimate of Y, but they are broadly consistent with earlier .....Explanations for results:There are several possible explanations for this result.These differences can be explained in part by the proximity of X and Y.A possible explanation for this might be that .....Another possible explanation for this is that ......This result may be explained by the fact that ...../ by a number of different factors.It is difficult to explain this result, but it might be related to ......It seems possible that these results are due to ......The reason for this is not clear but it may have something to do with ......It may be that these students benefitted from ......This inconsistency/discrepancy may be due to ......This rather contradictory result may be due to ......These factors may explain the relatively good correlation between X and Y.There are, however, other possible explanations.The possible interference of X can not be ruled out.The observed increase in X could be attributed to .....The observed correlation between X and Y might be explained in this way. .....Some authors 9,30 have speculated that ......Since this difference has not been found elsewhere it is probably not due to ......A possible explanation for some of our results may be the lack of adequate ......Advising cautious interpretationThese data must be interpreted with caution because ......These results therefore need to be interpreted with caution.However, with a small sample size, caution must be applied, as the findings might not be transferable to ......These findings cannot be extrapolated to all patients.Although exclusion of X did not reduce the effect on X, these results should be interpreted with caution.However, with a small sample size, caution must be applied, as the findings might not be transferable to ......Suggesting general hypothesesThe value of X suggests that a weak link may exist between .....It is therefore likely that such connections exist between .....It can thus be suggested that ......It is possible to hypothesise that these conditions are less likely to occur in ......It is possible/likely/probable therefore that ......Hence, it could conceivably be hypothesised that ......These findings suggest that ......It may be the case therefore that these variations ......In general, therefore, it seems that ......It is possible, therefore, that ......Therefore, X could be a major factor, if not the only one, causing ......It can therefore be assumed that the ......This finding, while preliminary, suggests that……Noting implicationsThis finding has important implications for developing .....An implication of this is the possibility that ......One of the issues that emerges from these findings is ......Some of the issues emerging from this finding relate specifically to ......This combination of findings provides some support for the conceptual premise that ..... Commenting on findingsHowever, these results were not very encouraging.These findings are rather disappointing.The test was successful as it was able to identify students who ......The present results are significant in at least major two respects.The results of this study do not explain the occurrence of these adverse events.Suggestions for future workHowever, more research on this topic needs to be undertaken before the association between X and Y is more clearly understood.Further research should be done to investigate the ......Research questions that could be asked include .....Future studies on the current topic are therefore recommended.A further study with more focus on X is therefore suggested.Further studies, which take these variables into account, will need to be undertaken.Further work is required to establish this.In future investigations it might be possible to use a different X in which ......This is an important issue for future research.。

discussion text例文

1.A discussionCan secondary school students to use computers?I think we can.Because the computer can help us to get a lot of useful informations/information and send and receive e-mails fast and convenient/conveniently.Computers can help us to learn English, listen to musics, watch films, make friends and chat with each other…Computers is very necessary in our lives.2.A discussion.In university education, teaching can be conducted in different forms. Two very popular ways of teaching are lecture and discussion. Normally in lecture, more students can be accommodated in one lecture room. However,individual care is seriously compromised. Hence, many students do not have lecture as it lacks lecture-student interaction. In contrast, discussion can solve the problem of passive listening that happens so often in lecuture rooms. In dicussion section, there is always a discussion leader, who leads the discussion. Less students participate in discussion than in lecture so that everyone can voice their opinions on the topic. Ideas can be exchanged and improved though discussion section. Thus,discusion facilitates active learning. Nonetheless, in many universities, lecutre is still the main way to conduct lessons.This is because discussion requires large amount of capital input which cannot fit the current situation in china. Thus, in my opinion, a combination of some lectures and some discussion would be a wonderful way of learning provided that there is enough education resources.一、Discussion类特点“Do you think it is a positive or negative development / Discuss both views and give your opinions.一般是讨论利弊或者从正方两面阐述观点，再阐述自己的观点。

英文讨论类作文模板

英文讨论类作文模板Title: Discussion Essay Template。

Introduction。

The discussion essay is a common type of academic writing that requires students to analyze a specific topic and present their arguments and opinions in a clear and structured manner. This type of essay is often used in university courses and exams to assess students' critical thinking and analytical skills. In this article, we will discuss the structure and key components of a discussion essay, as well as provide some tips for writing an effective and persuasive piece of writing.Structure of a Discussion Essay。

A discussion essay typically consists of an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. The introduction should provide some background information on the topic and clearly state the main point or argument that the essay will address. It should also include a thesis statement, which is a concise summary of the main argument that the essay will make.The body paragraphs of a discussion essay should each focus on a specific aspect of the topic and present evidence and analysis to support the main argument. Each paragraph should begin with a topic sentence that introduces the main point of the paragraph, followed by supporting evidence and examples. It is important to use clear and logical transitions between paragraphs to ensure a smooth flow of ideas.The conclusion of a discussion essay should summarize the main points and arguments made in the body paragraphs and restate the thesis statement. It should also provide some final thoughts or recommendations on the topic, and leave the reader with a strong impression of the writer's position.Key Components of a Discussion Essay。