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Organizational Culture

Organizational Culture（组织文化）作者：Edgar H. Schein出处：American Psychologist Feb. 1990, 109-119壹、缘起本文作者史屈恩教授是研究企业文化的大师，出生于1928年。

1964年毕业于芝加哥大学，曾在史丹佛大学进修，1952年获得哈佛大学社会心理学博士。

他是开创「组织心理学」研究领域的学者之一；对管理理论有很大的影响力。

先后着有组织心理学、组织文化与领导等书。

史屈恩教授对组织文化的定义是：『一个基本假设的型式由一个既定团体学着去克服外部适应与内部整合问题所发明及发展出来的；而这些假设因运作良好而被承认有其效度，并以之对有关适应与整合问题的正确知觉、思考及感受方式教导给新进成员。

』史屈恩教授的这个定义，视文化为成员自然而然的一种行为表露，可见文化是一种深入人心的内化作用，而经长期融洽后的成果，故研究文化需要深入了解各个表面现象所隐含的背后意义。

此外，史屈恩教授亦强调了学习的重要性，此点道出组织文化是不断地在变迁，并且也是要从日积月累的学习中获得。

史屈恩教授在组织文化的领域内是举足轻重的，他首先提出关于文化本质的概念，在本文中，则是他研究内容的重点回顾，包括文化的构成因素、如何分析文化，文化的层次，产生文化的动力等，这些也是化在此领域内的重要成就。

貳、内容摘要------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 摘要：组织文化的观念近年来逐渐受到专家学者等重视，文章中作者说明文化如何被应用于组织心理学的领域，并以历史及两个例子来说明如何分析文化及思考文化的变迁。

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------要撰写一篇组织文化评论文章有些困难，因为对于文化观念及其定义尚无定论。

在英语作文中组织观点的不同方法

在英语作文中组织观点的不同方法The process of organizing ideas in an English essay can take various forms depending on the writer's purpose, the nature of the topic, and the intended audience. Effective organization is crucial in ensuring that the essay flows logically and that the key points are conveyed clearly to the reader. In this essay, we will explore three distinct approaches to organizing ideas in an English essay chronological order, compare and contrast, and cause and effect.Organizing ideas in chronological order is a common and straightforward method that involves presenting information in the order in which events occurred or in which a process unfolded. This approach is particularly useful when writing about historical events, personal narratives, or the step-by-step progression of a phenomenon. By structuring the essay in chronological order, the writer can guide the reader through a sequence of occurrences, allowing them to follow the narrative or process in a natural and intuitive manner.For example, an essay about the life of a famous inventor could beorganized chronologically, starting with their early life and education, moving on to their initial inventions and breakthroughs, and culminating in the widespread adoption and impact of their innovations. This structure helps the reader understand the inventor's journey and the evolution of their work over time. Similarly, an essay about the development of a new technology could be organized chronologically, tracing the key milestones from the initial concept to the final product.One of the advantages of the chronological approach is its inherent sense of progression and flow. By presenting information in the order in which it occurred, the writer can create a natural and logical progression that is easy for the reader to follow. Additionally, this method can be particularly effective in creating a sense of narrative and engaging the reader's interest, as they are drawn into the unfolding story or process.However, it is important to note that the chronological approach may not always be the most suitable or effective way to organize an essay. In some cases, the writer may need to deviate from strict chronological order to highlight important connections, draw comparisons, or emphasize key points. In such instances, the compare and contrast approach can be a powerful alternative.The compare and contrast method involves examining thesimilarities and differences between two or more related concepts, ideas, or phenomena. This approach allows the writer to delve deeper into the nuances of a topic and to draw insightful connections that may not be as apparent in a purely chronological structure.For example, an essay comparing and contrasting the education systems of two different countries could explore the similarities and differences in curriculum, teaching methods, assessment practices, and educational outcomes. By highlighting both the common ground and the distinctive features of these systems, the writer can provide the reader with a more comprehensive understanding of the topic.One of the key advantages of the compare and contrast approach is its ability to facilitate critical analysis and deeper engagement with the subject matter. By examining the relationships and distinctions between different elements, the writer can encourage the reader to think more deeply about the topic and to draw their own conclusions. Additionally, this method can be particularly effective in highlighting the unique qualities or advantages of one subject over another, or in identifying areas for improvement or reform.However, the compare and contrast approach may not always be the most appropriate choice for an essay. In some cases, the writer mayneed to focus on the causal relationships between different events, ideas, or phenomena. In such instances, the cause and effect method can be a valuable organizational strategy.The cause and effect approach involves exploring the underlying reasons for a particular outcome or phenomenon and the consequences that arise from those causes. This method can be particularly useful when writing about complex issues or when the writer wants to delve into the root causes of a problem and its potential solutions.For example, an essay on the impact of climate change could be organized using a cause and effect structure. The writer could start by examining the primary causes of climate change, such as greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation, and industrial activities. They could then explore the wide-ranging effects of climate change, including rising sea levels, more frequent natural disasters, and disruptions to ecosystems and food production. By establishing these causal relationships, the writer can help the reader understand the interconnected nature of the issue and the importance of addressing the underlying causes.One of the key advantages of the cause and effect approach is its ability to provide a deeper level of analysis and insight. By exploring the relationships between different factors, the writer can help thereader understand the complexities of a given issue and the potential implications of various actions or inactions. Additionally, this method can be particularly useful in persuasive or argumentative essays, where the writer seeks to convince the reader of a particular course of action or policy.However, it is important to note that the cause and effect approach may not always be the most appropriate choice for an essay. In some cases, the writer may need to focus on presenting a more balanced or nuanced perspective, which may be better suited to a compare and contrast or chronological structure.In conclusion, the process of organizing ideas in an English essay can take various forms, each with its own strengths and potential limitations. The chronological order, compare and contrast, and cause and effect approaches offer writers different tools to effectively communicate their ideas and engage their readers. By understanding the unique characteristics and applications of these organizational strategies, writers can choose the approach that best suits their purpose, topic, and intended audience, ultimately enhancing the clarity, coherence, and impact of their essays.。

英语作文常用的顺序

英语作文常用的顺序英文回答：There are various types of organizational patterns that can be used in English essays, each serving a specific purpose and contributing to the overall coherence and effectiveness of the writing. Here are some commonly used organizational patterns:1. Chronological order: This pattern arranges events or ideas in the order in which they occurred or will occur. It is commonly used in narratives, historical accounts, and procedural texts.2. Spatial order: This pattern organizes information based on physical location or spatial relationships. It is often used in descriptions of places, landscapes, or objects.3. Comparative order: This pattern compares andcontrasts two or more subjects, ideas, or perspectives. It can be used to highlight similarities, differences, advantages, or disadvantages.4. Problem-solution order: This pattern presents a problem and then offers one or more solutions. It is commonly used in persuasive essays, technical reports, and troubleshooting guides.5. Cause-effect order: This pattern examines the relationship between causes and effects. It can be used to explain the origins of events, phenomena, or behaviors.6. Inductive order: This pattern starts with specific examples or observations and then draws a general conclusion or theory. It is often used in scientific writing, research papers, and literary analysis.7. Deductive order: This pattern starts with a general statement or theory and then provides supporting evidence or examples. It is commonly used in academic writing, persuasive essays, and speeches.8. Topical order: This pattern organizes information into separate sections or paragraphs, each focusing on a specific topic or subtopic. It is often used in longer essays, reports, and technical documents.9. Circular order: This pattern begins and ends with the same idea, creating a sense of unity and closure. It can be used in narratives, essays, and speeches.The choice of organizational pattern depends on the writer's purpose, the type of essay, and the audience. By selecting the appropriate pattern and organizing information effectively, writers can ensure that their essays are clear, coherent, and persuasive.中文回答：常见的英语作文顺序。

organizational capabilities例子

4. 市场营销能力：组织具备市场分析、品牌推广和销售策略等能力，能够有效地吸引和保留客户，并实现销售增长。
organizational capabilities例子ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
5. 人才管理能力：组织能够招募、培养和留住高素质的员工，建立良好的团队合作和人力资源管理体系。
6. 组织学习能力：组织具备学习和适应能力，能够快速响应市场变化和新的商业机会，不断改进和发展。
organizational capabilities例子
组织能力（Organizational capabilities）是指组织内部所拥有的、能够支持其实现战略目标和竞争优势的核心能力和资源。它们是组织在特定领域或业务中具备的独特能力，可以帮助组织应对挑战、创造价值并取得成功。
以下是一些组织能力的例子：
1. 创新能力：组织具备创造性思维和创新方法，能够不断提出新的创意和创新解决方案，推动产品和服务的改进和发展。
organizational capabilities例子
2. 技术能力：组织拥有先进的技术和专业知识，能够应对复杂的技术挑战并提供高质量的技术解决方案。
3. 运营能力：组织具备高效的运营管理能力，能够有效地管理供应链、生产和物流等运营活动，确保产品和服务的及时交付和高品质。
7. 客户关系管理能力：组织能够建立和维护良好的客户关系，提供个性化的客户体验，增加客户忠诚度和满意度。
organizational capabilities例子
8. 制度和流程管理能力：组织拥有完善的制度和流程，能够有效地管理和控制各项业务活动，并确保高效的运作和卓越的执行。
这些组织能力的例子展示了组织在不同方面的核心能力，它们相互作用并共同支持组织的发展和成功。不同的组织可能会有不同的核心能力，这取决于其行业、战略定位和竞争环境。

(完整版)英文跨文化沟通复习资料

1.The importance of learning about culture1.Understanding foreign cultures is not only important for companies that operate in more than one global area and market internationally. It is just important for organizations at home that employ workers from more than one culture.2.Understanding culture is also important for individuals who work in the global workplace.3.the two important reasons for understanding culture are to learn how others make sense of（搞清.的意思）their environment, and to prevent mistakes and miscommunications.2. 对待差异的态度（Responding to Different Cultures）：1.hostility (敌对) to difference 2.Curiosity about difference3.Denying difference: Assumptions of superiority(优越); Ethnocertrism(民族中心论); Assumptions of universality4.cooperating with difference3. Minimize and prevent mistakes across cultures:1.Knowledge about one’s own culture, with this, knowledge about another culture is easier to learn.2.motivation, the drive to know and to use the knowledge.3.implementing（贯彻）knowledge, and behaving in a way that makes sense in the other culture, the one in which you want to do business.4. culture is the coherent, , shared view of a group of people about life’s concerns, expressed in symbols and activities, that ranks what is important, furnishes（提供）attitudes about what things are appropriate, and dictates behavior.5.文化三特征:1Coherent:each culture, past or present, is coherent and complete within itself—an entire view of the universe2.Learned:culture is not something we born with3.The view of a group of people:is shared by a society.三功能：1.Ranks what is important: teaches values or priorities.2.Furnishes Attitudes:attitudes are based on beliefs as well as on values.3 Dictates how to behave:behavior comes directly from attitudes about how significant something is –how it is valued.6.Onstage and backstage:Onstage culture is the behavior we display,it is easy to change.(interchangeable)Backstage culture is not so visible, it is difficult to change.(the essence of people’s culture)7.Transaction culture:a transaction culture exists when interactants respond to cultural cues and modify their own behavior, creating-or co-creating—a new, temporary culture.(调整行为，适应对方or共同产生新行为) The amount of adjusted behavior depends on several factors:1 their level of knowledge about the other culture2 their willingness to experiment with new behaviors and attitudes 3their previous experience with successful intercultural interactions.8.Culture shock:Culture shock is the sense of dislocation（转位）and the problems-psychological and even physical-that result from the stress of trying to make the hundreds of adjustments necessary for living in a foreign culture.7.Transaction culture四个阶段:1. Experiencing a new culture is usually euphoria(欣快)2.Downturn as disillusionment(幻灭)and frustration(沮丧)arise3.adjustment4.integration(融合)Euphoria: everything about the exciting new adventure is wonderful—no longer two weeks.The second stage is a downturn as disillusionment and frustration arise. It is a feeling of not being in step with the members of the culture.Adjustment.---as the sojourner（寄居者）learns more about the backstage culture and how the other culture works, he or she is able to cooperate more effectively with members of the host culture. the fourth stage, integration, occurs when a sojourner becomes fluent enough in the other culture to move easily within it and not be thrown by the different attitudes, beliefs, and values, and the behaviors they generate.Reverse culture shock: a similar adjustment period with its accompanying symptoms usually occurs when a sojourner returnsa9.Self-knowledge and understanding one’s own culture: Having a good understanding of one’s own culture is the best foundation for developing the ability to understand the communication behavior of people from other cultures. To achieve it---Mental representation: use mental categories that hold information items grouped together.10.Mental Representation三个心里表征：prejudice（racism，ageism）;bias; discrimination11. Prejudice generalizations that are based on limited knowledge, and that express an evaluation-usually negative-are prejudices.Bias a bias for something is really nothing more than a preference. A bias against something is a negative attitude that ranks it lowDiscrimination when biases or prejudices are acted on, the actor is showing discrimination. Discrimination is the act of sifting（过滤）out and selecting according to bias toward something or someone, and treating them differently.12. Are cultures merging into one global culture? (文化定义；onstage，backstage)13. Approaches to studying cultures:1.focus on a culture as a whole (emic studies一个文化不同层面, etic studies多种文化的共性)2 focus on individual(individuals may have any number of experiences, personal insights, personal goals, interests and expectations that are part of their idetities.14. Emic studiesStudies that concentrate on one culture alone are called emic studies.Etic studiesStudies that look for factors that exist in more than one culture are called etic studies.Cultural generalizationsStudies about whole culture give us conclusions that are generalizations about the culture.15. Cultural dimensionsCharacteristics that could be the basis of comparisons from culture to culture is called cultural dimensions.16. Stereotypes: Stereotyping means using oversimplified generalizations to understand people1stereotypes are fixed, firm, inflexible mental categories2prototypes（原型）are the original concepts or models for something.3nor are all stereotypes bad, some are positive.17. Self-identity: identity is as sth formed in part by the self and in part by group membership.Self-concept can be formed in three general ways.①Social Psychology---experience.②Communication---core symbols, labels and norms.③Critical---social contexts (history, economics, polities, public discourse).18. Self-construal(自我建构) is how we see ourselves in relation to others, with regard to feelings, thoughts, and behavior. In general, western culture have an independent self-construal, and eastern cultures have an interdependent（相互依赖的）self-construal.19. Individualism values individual achievements, failures, and rights over the collective.Collectivism values the group above the individual, and individuals have a responsibility to the group that supersedes（取代）individual needs or rights.20. 文化维度1.语境：a.高High-context cultures rely on the context, either the actual physical environment of communication or an internalized（内在化的）social context, or both, to convey a large part or even all of a message’s meaning. It is elliptical省略的，indirect，allusive（暗指的）.低:Low-context cultures entrust（委托）the meaning almost entire the words.it is explicit，direct, completely.2.集体个人a.定义b集体-关系导向型，个人-结果导向型c. A characteristic of individualist culture is competitiveness; the corresponding value in collectivist cultures is cooperation.Collectivism: relationships, old, permanent, public, high power distance (hierarchical), high-context culture, hide emotion, cooperation, harmony, dependence.Individualism:results, youth, temporary, private, low power distance (horizontal), low-context culture, express Emotion, competitiveness, independence.3.权力距离：Power distance is the degree to which less-powerful members of an organization tolerate unequal distribution of power, say, between managers and employees.cultures with a smaller power distance are more horizontal, less hierarchical, and less authoritarian than are cultures with a high power distance.Cultures with high power distance are inequality in power, less horizontal, more hierarchical, and more authoritarian.21. High-context cultures: value relationships, teamwork, and long-term group membership. It rely on subjective information that is internalized (elliptical, indirect, allusive).Low-context cultures: value independent decisions, activity that achieves goals, and individual accountability (explicit, direct, completely).22. High culture refers to those cultural activities that are often the domain of the elite or well-to-do :ballet, sumphony, opera, great literature, and fine art. International; timeless; transcendent(超然的);Low culture refers to the activities of the nonelite: music videos, game shows, professional wrestling, stock car racing, graffiti art, tv talk shows, and so on.23. Where can information about cultures be found: 1. ask people who are members of the culture you want to understand. 2. Another good source may be someone who has spent considerable time in that culture but is not a native member of it.3. You can inquire(询问) into a culture by reading fiction from that culture.4. find out what people of a culture say about themselves. rmation about cultures also comes from studies by anthropologists who research cultures in the field, going to live among the members of the culture they want to understand.24. Does Knowing Come from Concepts or Experience:1.knowing by secondhand information from a reliable source.2.in English-speaking or European cultures, abstract（提取）concepts philosophy arguments reaching back in history.3.knowing and being wise come with age 4.intuition(知觉),meditation（冥想）25. Does Learning Come from Asking Questions or Mastering Received Wisdom:1.In the United States ,students who ask questions are rewarded.2. In many cultures in Asia, Latin America, the Middle East, and Southern Europe, learning means receiving and taking in what is given by teachers.26. Does Knowledge Have Limits:the more you learn, the less you know. E.g. nonscientists who have faith in what science can achieve27. How Do People Reason:1.Western cultures primarily（首先）use a cause-and-effect pattern of thinking.(Linear Logic); two opposite things cannot both be true. 2. Other cultures use other patterns. (Spiral Logic)a. In Asian: thinking is linkage; the opposites co-exist28. Is Doing Important or Is Being Important:1.Doing: western cultures: activity-oriented, peace of life, crowded agendas（日程）. 2.Being: stillness, collectedness, serenity（平静）, silence(members of doing cultures view silence as waste, members of cultures that value being also often value silence).29. Are Tasks Done Sequentially or Simultaneously：1. performing tasks one-by-one in a sequence 误解disorganized 2. performing multiple tasks simultaneously 误解；inflexible30. Do Results or Relationships Take Priority1.Individulism:a.cause-and-effect,goals-oriented,to make progress （进步）. b. identify goals and work toward them c. Strategy to achievement. d. measure how close you have come 2.collectivism:a.relationship-oriented b.Value the relationship as a means to an end.31. Is Uncertainty(不确定性) Avoided or Tolerated:1.uncertainty-averse:Doing：avoid uncertainty, strive toprotect themselves from the unknown 2.uncertaimty-tolerant:Being, tolerant uncertainty; be more open to accepting the unexcepted.32. Is Luck an Essential Factor or an Irrelevance:1. Luck is irrelevant, in cultures that think in cause-and-effect patterns and that value results, planning—not luck—is the key to success. 2. In some cultures, luck or fate or destiny plays a large part, peoples role in achieving success has less effect than forces outside themselves.33. Are Rules to Be Followed or Bent: 1. Followed: neat，predictable behavior, uncertain avoidance（逃避）. 2. Bent: flexibility to meet human needs; uncertain（无常的）tolerance.34. Is Change Positive or Negative:1.The culture of the United States thinks of change as desirable and positive. New means better.2.Traditionally, agrarian cultures typically view change is negative. It means disruption（破坏）to the established patterns of life.35. Is Death the End of Life or Part of Life: Some cultures view death as the end of life, a quenching（熄灭）of the light. It is dreaded（令人畏惧的）. Some cultures view death as another phase in life, a necessary step in the pattern of life. It is accepted.简36. Relationship between Language and culture:1. culture and language are intertwined(缠绕的) and shape each other. It is impossible to separate the two.2.All languages have social questions and information questions.3. Language reflects the environment in which we live; language reflects cultural values; Sometimes different cultures use identical words that have rather different meanings.37. 不重视语言的问题1.Acronyms(首字母缩略词)2.implication of the language barrier. (字同音不同，异国异含义)38. Selection of the right language: 1. Linguistic Considerations 2. Business Considerations 3. Political Considerations 4. The Appropriate Level of Fluency39. Communication with nonnative speakers: Effective Face-to-Face Communication： a.enunciate b. speak slowly c. Avoid Slang and Colloquialisms（白话）d. Be Careful about Jokes. e. Be Sincere g. Be Culturally Sensitiveh. Keep a Sense of Humor40. Effective Written Communication a. Use Plenty of White Space b. Use Correct Titles and Spellings of Namesc.Understand Patterns of Organizationd. Use Headingse. Be Careful with Numbersf. Be Careful with Datesg. Avoid Abbreviationsh. Follow the Conventions of Written Communication41.技术对沟通的影响：1.telephone；2.skype 3. Email,texting and twitters42. 非语言交流影响因素：1. Cultural background 2.socialeconomic background 3. Education4. Gender 5. Age 6. Personal preferences and idiosyncrasies（特质）43. Paralanguage 1.vocal qualifiers: The term vocal qualifiers refers to volume（音量）, pitch（音高）, and the overall intonation（声调）or melody（旋律）of the spoken word.2.vocalization: All cultures use nonword noises such as ahem, um, er, sucking in one’s breath, and clicking one’s tongue.44. Nonverbal business conventions：1.eye contact （a sign of honesty/privacy）2. Facial expression（不同文化频率frequency强度intensity不同a. smiling (indicate joy, embarrassment or avoid embarrassment.)b.showing anger(milder form-frowning; hide anger) 3.gesture(head/arm movements; posture) 4.timing in spoken exchanges(an environment that emphasizes equality; seniority and hierarchy;the role of men.)5.touching(people from low-context cultures tend to be feel crowded by people from high-context cultures, and people from high-context cultures feel left out and rejected by people from low-context cultures. 6. The language of space (private/ office/ public space)7.Appearance（a.不同国家穿衣风格不同b.in most cultures, dress also identifies a person as belonging to a specific group and having a certain status.）8.Silence:(高语境文化更倾向于使用沉默，低语境：silence often is interpreted as the absence of communication)45. Signals of respect: it can be different from culture to culture, and it may take some time to learn what isexcepted behavior. Positions of authority Dress as a symbol of authority46权威的象征：1.tone and nguage(indicator)3.Family and societal structures(indicator) Assertiveness(魄力) v.s Harmony.:1.standing up for one’s own rights(individualism,low power distance)2.Preserving harmony(collectivism,high power distance)47绩效的认可及奖励：1.monetary recognition 2.nonmonetary rewards48自我认同1.Self-identity—A Social Psychology Approach：（experiences）we can think about self-concept is that we build up our sense of self from childhood, based on experiences we have had that contribute to our sense of self. 2.Self-identity—A Communication Approach（communication）：Identities（身份）are communicated in core symbols, labels, and norms.49.Self-identity—A Critical Approach(social context): The critical approach to self-identity uses history, economics, politics, and public discourse.50 Age: Is Seniority Valued or Discounted: a. In cultures that value age, the older a businessperson is the more credibility he or she has. b. in youth-oriented cultures being young seems to mean having more choices, more power, more energy, and more freedom.51 Gender: Are Women Equals or Subordinates: a.In traditional cultures, the two facts are related. Child-bearing and child-nurturing are the main roles of women. b. management rolea52 Social organization :1 Group Membership: Temporary or Permanent: a. Individuals in the United States are members of many groups simultaneously; group membership is impermanent b. In other cultures, the responsibilities of membership come before rights; group membership is permanent, belonging starts with the family.53 three functions of group communication:1.Give and Save Face 2. Displaywhere individual responsibility, results, and privacy are valued, guilt is a potent way for a culture to enforce（实施）rules of behavior. b. In collectivist cultures where group membership, relationships, and public knowledge of one’s life are important, shame enforces the rules of conduct.)54 form: Important or Untrustworthy（靠不住的）: Behaving according to form means behaving correctly.55 Personal Matters: Private or Public: a. In Europe,as in Britain, Canada, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand, a person’s work life is kept fairly separate from private life.b. cultures that emphasize relationships, view group member-ship as long term, and value harmony have a blurred （模糊不清的）distinction（区别）between what is private and what is public (or at least what is “group”).56 Social Organizational Patterns: Horizontal or Hierarchical:1.monarchies(君主制): at one extremeare rigid（严格的）vertical levels in society,2.Democracies: movement between them is very limited; at the other extreme, society is horizontal and operates with few levels.57 Approach to Authority: Direct or Mediated:1. in many cultures, the approach to authority is indirect.2. In New Zealand, in which horizontality has priority, the approach to authority is direct.58 Communicating about problems: 1.in low-context cultures: direct 2.in high-context culture: indirect, put a high priority on keeping harmony, preventing anyone important from losing face, and nurturing relationship.59 Saying no:1.it is done with delay and indirectness in low-context cultures, the rationale（基本原理）is to explain why first. 2.it is more difficult for high-context culture, which is often saying yes.60 Gift giving; 1. in many cultures, it is appropriate to take small gifts when one is invited to enjoy hospitality（好客）. 2.the way people from different cultures express appreciation for hospitality varies. 3.the timing of greetings is also important61 Managing conflicts: conflict is a clash between people or between ideas that engages（吸引）people in a struggle against each other. 1. In individualist culture (result-oriented) people are responsible for theconsequence of their own individual activities.2. in collectivist culture(relationship-oriented):they value on relationship, problems are not an individual responsibility.解决方式peting2.collaborating（合作）promising4.avoiding5.accommodating（调节）62.Popular culture refers to those systems or artifacts that most people share and that most people know63 . it's produced by culture industries.it's differs from folk culture.it's everywhere.it's fills a social function.64It differs from folk culture.Popular culture: mass-producedand mass-marketed cultureFolk culture: more authentic "folk" culturea65 CollectivismThink about the family's welfare,reputation,and honor.Marriage and birth-giving, instead of personal affairs, are taken care by all the others in your group which basically is your family.66 IndividualismTakes the marriage as one's own business.Put yourself in the first place thinking of your own happiness, interests67 The concept of face.Concern for face probably appears in many cultures, but is seen as more salient（显著的）for the Chinese than for people from other cultures. Face in Chinese culture refers to one's moral character, a person's reputation or prestige（威望）. It is the positive social value that a person claims（主张）for himself by the line others assume he has taken during a particular.68 Chinese culture has three values: face (public esteem); a reciprocal（互惠的）network of connections with others; lasting membership in groups.69 Encoding(编码): the construction of textual meaning by popular culture institution—within specific social context. the process of creating messages for others to understand.70 Decoding: the interpretation of the text’s meaning by receivers— is performed by various audiences in different social contexts. Decoding is the process of interpreting a message.71 Sequentially(循序地) or simultaneously?Some cultures value one who works efficiently as one who accomplishes several things at once. Other cultures value a one-thing-at-a-time approach as the most efficient. 72 Do results or relationships taking priority?Relationship-oriented cultures tend to be collectivistic. The relationships that connect people in networks are more significant than the tasks people accomplish. Results-oriented cultures value the outcomes of actions, especially measurable outcomes, as what matters at work and in life.73 Is obligation a burden or a benefit? Collectivist cultures tend to see it as a benefit to nurturing relationships. Individualist cultures tend to see it as a burden to independence.74 Is social organization horizontal or hierarchical? The general pattern in society also is reflected in companies. Where hierarchy(等级制度) characterizes（具有.特质）the national or social culture, companies also will have a clearly defined corporate ladder（阶梯）. The levels are generally agreed upon by members of the collective. In horizontal（水平的）cultures, people can move from their birth level up or down as their individual achievements（业绩）and desires warrant. Mobility（移动性）depends on the accomplishments（成就）of individuals, although their families may partake of（分享）the new status.。

Organizational Patterns

Identifying Organizational Patterns段落组织模式When you are trying to comprehend a passage or an essay it is helpful to examine how the author arranges the sentences to convey his/her message. Authors want readers to comprehend the message and ideas in a passage, so they will organize the information in a way to make it clear and easily understood. This method of organizing and arranging sentences within an essay or passage is referred to as an "organizational pattern." Organizational patterns are the way authors arrange and organize their text.I. Patterns that ListII. Patterns that ExplainIII. Patterns that AnalyzeIdentifying Organizational PatternsI. Patterns that List1; Simple listingIn this pattern, the author presents facts, detail, examples, cases, ideas, and other support in list form. This organizational pattern resembles a grocery list, since it contains items that are not in any particular order. It is very important to remember that in the simple listing organizational pattern the order of the items is not important for the author's meaning or argument to be understood.2; Order of importanceIn this pattern, the details and examples of the passage are presented in a very specific order. The author organizes the details either so the most important detail comes first or last, depending upon the author's writing technique and style.• Time orderThis pattern is also referred to as "chronological order." In this pattern, the author presents the events of a story or the details of a passage in the order in which they occurred in time.3; Sequence/ProcessIn this pattern, the author presents a list of details in a very specific order. Unlike the "order of importance" organizational pattern, the sequence/process pattern relies on the presentation of events, stages, or steps that must occur in a specific and definite order for the reader to properly comprehend the information. The sequence/process organizational pattern is commonly thought of as the "direction" pattern, since it is often used by authors to describe the detailed steps needed to complete a task. This organizational pattern may also be used by authors to explain processes that change over time, as in Psychology texts that refer to childhood development stages.4; Spatial/Place OrderIn this pattern, the author describes the location of items in relation to each other and to a larger context. In spatial/place order organizational patterns, the author creates a visual picture that permits you to 'see' where various details exist in relation to other details. For example, when an author introduces you to a setting in a novel by describing the main house in the novel, its exact location in the yard, the location of specific trees, and the position of a favorite tree swing, the author is using spatial/place order.5; SummaryIn this pattern, the author condenses the important points from a longer selection or essay. A summary organizational pattern can be used in a brief or lengthy summary passage, depending upon density of the original material being summarized and the author's writing style.Identifying Organizational PatternsII. Patterns that Explain1; Example/IllustrationThis pattern is also known as "generalization and example." In this pattern a general statement is made and then supported with multiple examples, with specific cases, or with an extended illustration. When an author illustrates a point, he/she shows you the point by providing specific examples and details. For example, if an author were writing about gun safety in homes with children, he/she would illustrate the importance of locked gun cabinets by presenting specific cases where children were injured by guns their parents owned and stored in unlocked locations.2; ClarificationThis organizational pattern is also known as "statement and clarification" or "generalization and clarification". In this organizational pattern uses repetition to simplify or more fully explain certain terms, ideas, or concepts. The clarification organizational pattern attempts to clarify the author's point by examining its meaning two, three, four, or more times.3; DefinitionIn this organizational pattern, the author attempts to clarify a term or phrase with a brief or an extended definition.More than one type of definition may be used in this organizational pattern. The author may use a standard dictionary-style definition (denotation) or he/she may focus on the word's connotation. Denotation refers to the literal meaning of a word, while connotation refers to the shades of meaning associated with a word.The author's task when writing using the definition organizational pattern is to focus on the features that make the term or concept distinctly apart from other similar terms and concepts.4; DescriptionIn this organizational pattern the author uses language that indicates the size, shape, color, mass, texture, length, and so forth. BE CAREFUL In order to make a passage more interesting, authors usually use some description in their writing. It is you task to determine if the passage or paragraph you are referred to by the CLAST question is using description as its primary organizational pattern.Identifying Organizational PatternsIII. Patterns that Analyze1; Division/ClassificationIn the division organizational pattern, the author takes apart a whole by dividing it into sections for further explanation. Division is similar to analysis, since the author is breaking down a larger entity to examine the component parts.In the classification organizational pattern, the author takes the division organizational pattern one step further. In the classification organizational pattern the individual sections and categorizes this individual2; Cause/EffectIn the cause/effect organizational pattern the author explains why or how things happen and what the result of these actions may is or might be. The cause is the source of a certain outcome. The cause is the reason or the motive behind what results. The effect is this outcome or result. The effect is the consequence of the cause that preceded it.3; ComparisonIn this organizational pattern the author explains and highlights similarities between ideas, concepts, and examples.4; ContrastIn this organizational pattern the author explains and highlights the differences between ideas, concepts, and examples.5; Compare/ContrastTo clarify, it is important to note that on the compare and the contrast organizational patterns are often joined together. When an author weighs alternatives, or takes two choices, objects, or ideas and considers their similarities and differences, the organizational pattern is compare/contrast.。

5Love is a Fallacy(张汉熙高级英语 2)

Time allocation
1. Terms in logic (15 min.) 2. Detailed study of the text (110 min.) 3. Structure analysis (15 min.) 4. Lan) 5. Exercise (25 min.)
--- The analogy is false because the two items don't have strong enough similarities to predict that what happens in one will happen in the other.
Dicta Simpliciter
Evading the issue
There are a number of handy fallacies that people press into service to side step a problem while appearing to pursue the point. (文不对题)
-- This fallacy assumes that if event Y happened after event X, then X must be the cause of Y.
Circular Reasoning
or Begging the question:
"Juan is an impressive speaker because he always touches his listeners deeply."
3）Ad misericordian (an appeal to pity)
"Look at this fourteen-year-old child who's run away from home to hide her shame-- pregnant, unwashed, friendless. penniless, at the mercy of our social service agencies. Can you till claim that sex should be taught in the classroom?"

组织段落方法英语作文

组织段落方法英语作文(中英文实用版)Organizing paragraphs is a crucial aspect of essay writing, as it helps readers follow the flow of ideas in a coherent and logical manner.A well-structured essay provides a clear roadmap for the reader, ensuring that each paragraph serves a specific purpose and contributes to the overall argument.In this piece, we will explore various methods to organize paragraphs effectively in an English essay.在英语作文中，组织段落是一个至关重要的方面，它帮助读者以一种连贯和逻辑的方式跟随思路的流转。

一个结构良好的文章为读者提供了清晰的路线图，确保每个段落都有其特定的目的，并对整体论点有所贡献。

在本篇文章中，我们将探讨在英语作文中有效组织段落的几种方法。

The first method is to use a chronological approach, where paragraphs are arranged in the order of events as they occurred.This method is particularly useful for narrative essays or when discussing a process with a clear beginning and end.By presenting information in a sequential manner, the reader can easily grasp the timeline and progression of events.第一种方法是采用编年史方法，即按照事件发生的顺序来排列段落。

写作 classification

About creating categories
Remember the categories of a classification must not overlap or contain items already contained within another entry. Otherwise, the classification will become illogical.
Exercise
Mattresses:queen; twin; firm; double;
Single basis:
size
Exercises: fatigue; swimming; jogging; gymnastics;
Single basis:
field
Churches: Roman Catholic; Baptism; Protestant; Orthodox;
Single basis:
branch
Vacation: Seashore; winter; summer; weekends;
Single basis:
time
Related Expression
About creating categories
Once you are given a topic, you will create categories by organizing elements according to a common feature. Decide how to organize elements of your topic into categories. With your categories created, identify common features of each category.

organizational mindset

organizational mindsetAn organizational mindset refers to the collective thinking patterns, values, beliefs, and attitudes that shape the behavior and decisions of individuals within an organization. It reflects the overall culture and mindset of the organization and influences how people approach their work, interact with others, and make decisions.A positive organizational mindset is characterized by openness to change, a collaborative and inclusive approach, a focus on continuous improvement, and a willingness to take risks and innovate. It fosters a sense of shared purpose, encourages creativity and problem-solving, and promotes teamwork and cooperation.On the other hand, a negative organizational mindset can be characterized by resistance to change, a rigid and hierarchical approach, a fear of failure, a silo mentality, and a focus on maintaining the status quo. It can hinder innovation, hinder effective communication and collaboration, and lead to a lack of motivation and engagement among employees.Developing a positive organizational mindset requires leadership commitment, clear communication of values and expectations, creating a supportive and inclusive work environment, empowering employees to make decisions and take risks, providing opportunities for learning and development, and recognizing and rewarding individuals who demonstrate the desired mindset.Ultimately, an organizational mindset plays a vital role in shaping the overall performance, productivity, and success of anorganization. It influences how people approach their work, collaborate with others, and adapt to changes, ultimately determining the organization's ability to thrive in a dynamic and competitive environment.。

OrganizationStructure组织结构

Integration is achieve through structural mechanisms that enhance collaboration and coordination. Any job activity that links different work units performs an integrative function. Remember, the more highly differentiated your firm, the greater the need for integration among the different units.一体化可以通过促进合作和协调的机制实现。任何一项连接不同工作单位的行动都执行着一体化的职能。
The numerous tasks that must be carried out in an organization make specialization and division of labor necessities. Otherwise the complexity of the overall work of the organization would be too much for any individual.在组织中需要完成众多不同的任务，从而使专业化和劳动分工成为必然，要不然，组织中工作的复杂性是任何个人都难以全部胜任的。Differentiation is high when there are many subunits and many kinds of specialists who think differently.当下属单位数量较多，众多专家的思维方式不同时，差异化程度较高。
Secretaries and accountants specialize in, and perform, different jobs; similarly, marketing, finance, and human resources tasks are divided among those respective departments.秘书和会计具有不同的专长因而从事不同的工作；与此类似，营销、财务、和人力资源工作被划分为不同的部门。

通用学术英语(技能篇)_西安交通大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年

通用学术英语（技能篇）_西安交通大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.The following claim is against which dimension of the ARS triangle?Claim: The college entrance examination（高考） in China should be banned because my friend told me that the validity of the exam is weak.答案:Acceptability2.Which logic dose the following reasoning belong to?Fact 1: The victims of cyber bullying are emotionally upset.Fact 2: The victims of cyber bullying are likely to withdraw from family members and friends.Fact 3: The victims of cyber bullying may avoid school or groupgathering.Conclusion: Cyber bullying is harmful.答案:Induction.3.We can use a startling fact, an emotional example and a quote from areliable source to start a cause and effect essay.Do you think thestatement is true or false?答案:True.4.Which of the following description is from the perspective ofconsequences ?答案:Those who suffer from procrastination（拖延症）are likely to cram from a task.5.Suppose that you are listening to a lecture. You heard that “In theprevious lecture, we have talked about how mammals giving birth to babies. Today, we are going to discuss …” What functions do thesesentences have?答案:Review of the previous lecture and topic today.6.Do you think the following statement is true or false ?Statement: An abstract of a research article can be regarded as asummary.答案:True.7.Which of the following is true about the organizational patterns of acontrast essay ?答案:The point-by-point pattern is essential if your material is complicated.8.What are the two strategies that you adopt to identify similarities anddifferences of subject ?答案:Venn diagram and table.9.Which of the following is NOT true in terms of the structure of aresearch article ?答案:The four sections (IMRD) are the only components in a research article.10.Which of the following is NOT true in terms of the major information ineach section of a research article ?答案:Researchers usually explains thoroughly the findings they obtained in theResults section.11.Things are classified into different categories in a tree structure, orpossibly a forest structure. What type of classification does it belong to ?答案:Hierarchical classification.12.Read the original sentence (below) and decide which paraphrase (1 to 3) isthe best.Throughout most of the developed world, universities have seen a steadyincrease in the number of women enrolling in engineering courses.答案:The number of women studying engineering at university has been rising steadily in the majority of developed countries.13.If you are reading the introduction part of a chapter, what do you thinkthe chapter is about?Team work is vital in business. A plan must be developed for dividingwork among the members of the management team. Each member must be given enough authority to be able to accomplish the assigned talk.Moreover, for the greatest efficiency the authority of each member must be expanded by various means.答案:Ways to expand each member's authority.14.Which of the following is a good paraphrase for the sentence below:The car industry began in France and Germany, but took off in theUnited States.答案:France and Germany initiated the car industry, which was later accelerated in the United States.15. In ARS triangle, A refers to acceptability, R stands for relevance, S is theacronym of ______.答案:sufficiency16.Which of the following is a FACT ?答案:Hummingbirds are the only bird that can fly backwards.17.From which aspect does the following sentence extend the definition?“A population is the number of living things that live together in the same place. The world population was estimated to have reached 7.5 billion in April 2017. Asia is the most populous continent, with its 4.3 billion inhabitants being 60% of the world population.”答案:Examples.18.Which strategy is the following note possibly employing?答案:Mapping.19.The table shows the number of school days each month during the lastschool year.Which of the graphs best represents the data?答案: Graph 2.20.If a lecturer talks about the following content in his lecture: camouflage,mobbing, running away, chemical weapons of animals on the topic“How animals protect themselves”, which of the following is thepossible organization of the lecture?答案:Classification.21.You and your classmate are having a discussion in class. If your partnerasks “What do you mean by phototropism? ”, what type of question does it belong to?答案:Asking for clarification.22.What is the communicative function of the following sentence in 3MT?Now historians have tended to use adults' reflective sources such asautobiographies to tell us about childhood, but I argue that we really need touse and hear the children's voices. So I use hundreds of evacuee letters in my work.答案:Methods23.What is the communicative function of the following sentence in 3MT?The big question that we want to know is how effective are these readingprograms for these struggling readers, considering their limited resources.答案:Termination。

自考商务英语写作名词解释题

写作目的(writing purpose)受众/读者(audience)构思过程(thought process)演绎式组织模式(deductive organizational patterns)归纳式组织模式(inductive organizational patterns)直接组织模式(direct organizational patterns)间接组织模式(indirect organizational patterns)写作修改的3个步骤(three distinct stages of revision: adding on; moving around; cutting out)管理沟通(managerial communication)组织沟通(organizational communication)人际关系与团队建设(human relationships and team building)销售沟通(sales communication)商务文件(business documentation)国际交流（跨文化交际）(international communication/ intercultural communication)表达式写作(expressive writing)沟通式写作(communicative writing)简洁风格(clarity)简易风格(the plain style)简明风格(concision)附件说明信函(cover letters of résumé)3类求职信函(three general types of cover letters for job applications: the application letter; the prospecting letter; networking letter )后续询问信函(follow-up letter)致谢信函(thank-you letter)谢绝工作回复(job rejection letter)接受工作回复(job acceptance letter)辞职信函(resignation letter)告别信函(farewell letter)常见履历表格式(common résumé formats)：按年月顺序(chronological résumé format) 按任职顺序(functional résumé format) 复合式(combination résumé format)简短文件(short document)信息咨询函(message to obtain information)谈判便函(messages that negotiate)说服沟通便函(persuasive messages)商务便函的特征（8C）：清晰性（clarity）正确性（correctness）具体性（concreteness）完整性（completeness）周到性（consideration）礼貌性（courtesy）简洁性（conciseness）一致性（coherence）商务备忘录版式(format of a business memo)商务备忘录功能(function of a business memo)信函结构(structure of a letter)信件和信封格式(styles of letter and envelop)会议纪要(minutes)逐字记录(verbatim minutes)决议记录(minutes of resolution)陈述记录(minutes of narration)记录内容版式(minutes’ content format)会议议程(meeting agenda)会议筹划(meeting preparations)会议程序（3个环节）(meeting process: planning & preparing, conducting, and following-up) 会议后续工作(follow-up activities)后续文案职责(accountability of follow-ups)书面发言写作策略(writing strategies for business presentation)书面发言的材料组织(wring organization for business presentation)书面发言用语(language used in a presentation)书面发言避讳用语(language avoided in a presentation)人际沟通的功能(functions of interpersonal communication)人际沟通的目的(purpose of interpersonal communication)人际沟通的4个阶段(four general stages in interpersonal communication)团队的特征(group characteristics)团队的角色(group roles)团队影响力(group influence)沟通结构(communication structures)企业前景(vision)企业使命(mission)企业价值观(corporate values)企业目标(goal)战略计划(strategies)政策与流程(policies and procedures)业务流程的构成要素（15个）(content of procedures)业务流程的版式及内容(format of a procedure)商务文件的层次结构（3个）(tiers of documentation)ISO 9000质量体系(ISO 9000 Quality System )商务蓝皮书(blueprint)商务计划书(business plan)战略性计划书(strategic plan)战术性计划书(tactical plan)操作性计划书(operational plan)操作性管理(operational control)战术性管理(tactical control)战略性管理(strategic control)商务背景(business background)市场计划(marketing plan)财务预测(financial projections)行动计划(action plans)商务提案(business proposal)内部提案(internal proposal)外部提案(external proposal)招标提案(solicited proposal)非招标提案(unsolicited proposal)提案写作的简单模式(simple form for proposal writing)提案写作的复杂模式(detailed form for proposal writing)外部提案的结构要素（6个）(elements of the external proposal: introduction; problem identified and defined; objective & goal set; solutions proposed; implementation & measuring; costs and timeframe estimated)内部提案模式的内容版式(content format of internal proposal)征集提案(Request for Proposal, RFP)征集启示的基本要素(basic components of a RFP)提案评估(proposal evaluation)议程报告(agenda)行程安排(itinerary)费用支出报告(expense reports)项目进程报告(progress report)人事评估报告(personnel evaluation)第一手资料来源(primary sources)第二手资料来源(secondary sources)引证信息(documenting information)解析数据(interpreting data)常规商务报告(routine reports)任务报告(task reports)条目清单功能(itemized lists)图表辅助功能(graphic aids)标题的功能(headings)协议的本质(essence of a deal)合同的修订(contractual modifications)违约与补偿(breach of contract and remedy)律师费用条款(attorneys fees clause)合同免责(escape from contract)第三方签字(third party signature)合同追加条款(contract rider)合同授权(authorization)商务谈判(contract negotiation)合同起草(contract drafting)合同实施(execution)合同终止(closeout)合同(contract)合同有效性(validity of contracts)要约(offer) 接受(acceptance)法定权力(capacity)Sales contracts 买卖合同Contracts for supply of power ,water,gas or heat 供应电、水、气、热力合同Contracts for loan of money 借款合同Leasing contracts 租赁合同Financial leasing contracts 承揽合同Contracts for construction projects建设工程合同Carriage contracts运输合同Technology contracts 技术合同Safekeeping contracts 保管合同Warehousing contracts 仓库合同Agency appointment contracts 委托合同Trading-trust contracts行纪合同Brokerage contracts居间合同。

组织规律英文作文模板

组织规律英文作文模板英文：Organizational patterns are essential in daily life to ensure efficiency and productivity. Whether it's in the workplace or at home, having a structure in place helps us manage our time and resources effectively. In my personal experience, I've found that creating a to-do list and prioritizing tasks based on urgency and importance has been a useful organizational tool.Another organizational pattern that I've found helpful is grouping similar tasks together. For example, if I need to make several phone calls, I'll do them all at once instead of spreading them out throughout the day. This saves time and allows me to focus on other tasks without interruption.In the workplace, having clear job responsibilities and a chain of command is crucial. This ensures that everyoneknows their role and can work together towards a common goal. Additionally, having regular meetings and communication channels in place helps to keep everyone on the same page and avoid misunderstandings.Overall, organizational patterns are essential for success in both personal and professional settings. By implementing these patterns, we can increase productivity, reduce stress, and achieve our goals more efficiently.中文：组织规律对于日常生活中的效率和生产力至关重要。

组织规律英文作文

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Inaugural Address 【结构、修辞、文章特点】

6
❤understatement
• Understatement的修辞功能在肯尼迪这篇演说辞中，首先体现在它是一种政界辞令。整篇文章没有直截了当地对国际形势进行分析，更没有一处提到一个国家的名字或具体事例，一切都隐晦委婉模糊不清。
7
❤parallelism
• … not because the Communists may be doing it, not because we seek their votes, but because it is right. (para8)
17
❤parallelism
• Now the trumpet summons us again —not as a call to bear arms, though arms we need: not as a call to battle, though embattled we are；but a call to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle… (para22) • I do not…I do not… (para24)
22
7.More repetition in the structure of paragraphs, which gives the address a certain you (￣ˇ￣)
• Background & author of the text---BaiXue • Words & sentences---HanXue • Structure & rhetoric ----JiaWei
3. The style is rigid.
– It is made beforehand. So it is a sort of written language.

ClassificationPPT优秀课件

discussed in this unit.
2
Warm-up activities
• Talk about different kinds of books in your university library. Put down what you know in the following box. Discuss what you have written down and try to make it as exclusive as possible. On the basis of group discussion, reorganize the information in the following table.
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• 在这个段落中，第一句为主题句，点明了段落的主题：家庭可分为两种类型，即核心型家庭和扩展型家庭。接着分别阐述了这两种家庭的构成和特点。
14
• The pattern of a paragraph of classification
A paragraph of classification usually consists of a topic sentence, a body, and a concluding sentence. The topic sentence has a clear subject and indicates the number of categories into which you are going to classify the subject. The body explains each category one by one in a logical order. The concluding sentence brings readers’ attention back to the topic.

商务英语阅读高分技巧

Similarly, all businesses have common structural operating components, each of which has a specific purpose. Each component must fulfill its own purpose while simultaneously fitting in with the others. And just like automobiles made by different companies, the way these components look and fit together varies from company to company. Thus, we will define organizational structure as the specification of the jobs to be done within a business and how those jobs relate to one another. Every institution—be it a for-profit company or a government agency—must develop the most appropriate structure for its own unique situation. What works for Texas Instruments will not work for the U.S. Department of
今后的职业前途打下扎实的语言和专业方面的基础。的基础。但是本课程也是比较难的一门课程。但是本课程也是比较难的一门课程。其学习难点在于：语言理解和专业知识的理解；难点在于：1. 语言理解和专业知识的理解；利用所学的专业知识和专业语言， 2. 利用所学的专业知识和专业语言，从事国际商务交际活动。际商务交际活动。由于英语系学生受所学专业及所修课程知识的限制，业及所修课程知识的限制，他们缺乏国际经济和基础国际贸易专业方面的知识，济和基础国际贸易专业方面的知识，加之实践经验的缺乏，践经验的缺乏，也使得他们不可能对经济贸易方面专业性较强的内容有感性方面的认识，所以他们在理

高级英语

2. How did the men prepare for the hurricane ? Why was a generator necessary?
Firstly, he filled bathtubs and pails, because water might be damaged. Second, they checked out batteries for the portable radio and flashlights, and fuel for the lantern. Because the generator into the downstairs hallway, wired several light bulbs to it and prepared a connection to the refrigerator ,so that it can help them keep the food fresh and provide them enough food.
He didn’t think his family was in any real danger, His former house had been demolished by Hurricane Betsy for it only sto od a few feet above sea level. His present house was 23 feet a bove sea level and 250 yards away from the sea. He thought t hey would be safe here as in any place else. Besides, he had t alked the matter over with his father and mother and consulte d his longtime friend, Charles Hill, before making his decisio n to stay and face the hurricane.